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Ren X, Liu S, Virlogeux A, Kang SJ, Brusch J, Liu Y, Dymecki SM, Han S, Goulding M, Acton D. Identification of an essential spinoparabrachial pathway for mechanical itch. Neuron 2023; 111:1812-1829.e6. [PMID: 37023756 PMCID: PMC10446756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The sensation of itch is a protective response that is elicited by either mechanical or chemical stimuli. The neural pathways for itch transmission in the skin and spinal cord have been characterized previously, but the ascending pathways that transmit sensory information to the brain to evoke itch perception have not been identified. Here, we show that spinoparabrachial neurons co-expressing Calcrl and Lbx1 are essential for generating scratching responses to mechanical itch stimuli. Moreover, we find that mechanical and chemical itch are transmitted by separate ascending pathways to the parabrachial nucleus, where they engage separate populations of FoxP2PBN neurons to drive scratching behavior. In addition to revealing the architecture of the itch transmission circuitry required for protective scratching in healthy animals, we identify the cellular mechanisms underlying pathological itch by showing the ascending pathways for mechanical and chemical itch function cooperatively with the FoxP2PBN neurons to drive chronic itch and hyperknesis/alloknesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ren
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biology Graduate Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shijia Liu
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biology Graduate Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amandine Virlogeux
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sukjae J Kang
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy Brusch
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- NIDCR, National Institute of Health, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan M Dymecki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sung Han
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - David Acton
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Wong JJW, Lorenz S, Selbo PK. All-trans retinoic acid enhances the anti-tumour effects of fimaporfin-based photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113678. [PMID: 36108391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; tretinoin) has anticancer potential. However, lack of clinical success has prevented its approval for solid tumours. Herein, we propose combining short-term low-dose ATRA with fimaporfin-based photodynamic therapy (ATRA+PDT) for the improved treatment of solid cancers. Compared to monotherapies, ATRA+PDT induced synergistic cytotoxic responses including promotion of apoptosis in colon and breast carcinoma cell lines. Neither enhanced activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) nor increased expression of CD133 was detected after ATRA treatment indicating that the improved therapeutic effect of ATRA+PDT is independent of the differentiation state of the cancer cells. In the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29, the effect of ATRA+PDT on gene expression was evaluated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified 1129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after ATRA+PDT compared to PDT. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) predicted the unfolded protein response (UPR), interferon (IFN) signaling and retinoic acid-mediated apoptosis signaling as strongly activated canonical pathways after ATRA+PDT compared to PDT. A validation of the RNA-sec data by RT-qPCR revealed that ATRA+PDT elevated mRNA expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and strongly the stress-induced activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), of which was confirmed on the protein level. In addition, ATRA+PDT abolished mRNA expression of regenerating islet-derived protein 4 (REG4). During the first 20 days post-ATRA+PDT, we obtained significant anti-tumour responses in HT-29 xenografts, including complete responses in 2/5 mice. In conclusion, ATRA+PDT represent a novel combination therapy for solid tumours that should be further tested in immunocompetent preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jing Wen Wong
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, P.b. 4953 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Lorenz
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, P.b. 4953 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, P.b. 4953 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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A Novel 89Zr-labeled DDS Device Utilizing Human IgG Variant (scFv): "Lactosome" Nanoparticle-Based Theranostics for PET Imaging and Targeted Therapy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020158. [PMID: 33670777 PMCID: PMC7923095 DOI: 10.3390/life11020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
“Theranostics,” a new concept of medical advances featuring a fusion of therapeutic and diagnostic systems, provides promising prospects in personalized medicine, especially cancer. The theranostics system comprises a novel 89Zr-labeled drug delivery system (DDS), derived from the novel biodegradable polymeric micelle, “Lactosome” nanoparticles conjugated with specific shortened IgG variant, and aims to successfully deliver therapeutically effective molecules, such as the apoptosis-inducing small interfering RNA (siRNA) intracellularly while offering simultaneous tumor visualization via PET imaging. A 27 kDa-human single chain variable fragment (scFv) of IgG to establish clinically applicable PET imaging and theranostics in cancer medicine was fabricated to target mesothelin (MSLN), a 40 kDa-differentiation-related cell surface glycoprotein antigen, which is frequently and highly expressed by malignant tumors. This system coupled with the cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified and photosensitizer (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TPP))-loaded Lactosome particles for photochemical internalized (PCI) driven intracellular siRNA delivery and the combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a promising nano-theranostic-based cancer therapy via its targeted apoptosis-inducing feature. This review focuses on the combined advances in nanotechnology and material sciences utilizing the “89Zr-labeled CPP and TPP-loaded Lactosome particles” and future directions based on important milestones and recent developments in this platform.
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Lim MSH, Nishiyama Y, Ohtsuki T, Watanabe K, Kobuchi H, Kobayashi K, Matsuura E. Lactosome-Conjugated siRNA Nanoparticles for Photo-Enhanced Gene Silencing in Cancer Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1788-1798. [PMID: 33529684 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The A3B-type Lactosome comprised of poly(sarcosine)3-block-poly(l-lactic acid), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric nanomicelle, was reported to accumulate in tumors in vivo via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Recently, the cellular uptake of Lactosome particles was enhanced through the incorporation of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), L7EB1. However, the ability of Lactosome as a drug delivery carrier has not been established. Herein, we have developed a method to conjugate the A3B-type Lactosome with ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) siRNA for inducing in vitro apoptosis in the cancer cell lines PANC-1 and NCI-H226. The L7EB1 peptide facilitates the cellular uptake efficiency of Lactosome but does not deliver siRNA into cytosol. To establish the photoinduced cytosolic dispersion of siRNA, a photosensitizer loaded L7EB1-Lactosome was prepared, and the photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra-kis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPFPP) showed superiority in photoinduced cytosolic dispersion. We exploited the combined effects of enhanced cellular uptake by L7EB1 and photoinduced endosomal escape by TPFPP to efficiently deliver ABCG2 siRNA into the cytosol for gene silencing. Moreover, the silencing of ABCG2, a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) transporter, also mediated photoinduced cell death via 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PpIX accumulated photodynamic therapy (PDT). The synergistic capability of the L7EB1/TPFPP/siRNA-Lactosome complex enabled both gene silencing and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Siaw Han Lim
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishiyama
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Neutron Therapy Research Centre, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre for OMIC, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Production of Recombinant Gelonin Using an Automated Liquid Chromatography System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080519. [PMID: 32823678 PMCID: PMC7472732 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in recombinant DNA technology have opened up new possibilities of exploiting toxic proteins for therapeutic purposes. Bringing forth these protein toxins from the bench to the bedside strongly depends on the availability of production methods that are reproducible, scalable and comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP). The type I ribosome-inhibiting protein, gelonin, has great potential as an anticancer drug, but is sequestrated in endosomes and lysosomes. This can be overcome by combination with photochemical internalization (PCI), a method for endosomal drug release. The combination of gelonin-based drugs and PCI represents a tumor-targeted therapy with high precision and efficiency. The aim of this study was to produce recombinant gelonin (rGel) at high purity and quantity using an automated liquid chromatography system. The expression and purification process was documented as highly efficient (4.4 mg gelonin per litre induced culture) and reproducible with minimal loss of target protein (~50% overall yield compared to after initial immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC)). The endotoxin level of 0.05–0.09 EU/mg was compatible with current standards for parenteral drug administration. The automated system provided a consistent output with minimal human intervention and close monitoring of each purification step enabled optimization of both yield and purity of the product. rGel was shown to have equivalent biological activity and cytotoxicity, both with and without PCI-mediated delivery, as rGelref produced without an automated system. This study presents a highly refined and automated manufacturing procedure for recombinant gelonin at a quantity and quality sufficient for preclinical evaluation. The methods established in this report are in compliance with high quality standards and compose a solid platform for preclinical development of gelonin-based drugs.
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Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020528. [PMID: 32075165 PMCID: PMC7073817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a unique intervention which involves the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. PCI is based on the use of photosensitizers placed in endocytic vesicles that, following light activation, lead to rupture of the endocytic vesicles and the release of the macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. This technology has been shown to improve the biological activity of a number of macromolecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus and oligonucleotides and certain chemotherapeutics, such as bleomycin. This new intervention has also been found appealing for intracellular delivery of drugs incorporated into nanocarriers and for cancer vaccination. PCI is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Data from the first-in-human phase I clinical trial as well as an update on the development of the PCI technology towards clinical practice is presented here.
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Olsen CE, Cheung LH, Weyergang A, Berg K, Vallera DA, Rosenblum MG, Selbo PK. Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of scFvCD133/rGelonin: A CD133-Targeting Recombinant Immunotoxin for Use in Combination with Photochemical Internalization. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010068. [PMID: 31888091 PMCID: PMC7019722 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and explore a novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin (IT) for use in combination with the endosomal escape method photochemical internalization (PCI). scFvCD133/rGelonin was recombinantly constructed by fusing a gene (scFvCD133) encoding the scFv that targets both non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms of both human and murine CD133/prominin-1 to a gene encoding the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) gelonin (rGelonin). RIP-activity was assessed in a cell-free translation assay. Selective binding and intracellular accumulation of scFvCD133/rGelonin was evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. PCI of scFvCD133/rGelonin was explored in CD133high and CD133low cell lines and a CD133neg cell line, where cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay. scFvCD133/rGelonin exhibited superior binding to and a higher accumulation in CD133high cells compared to CD133low cells. No cytotoxic responses were detected in either CD133high or CD133low cells after 72 h incubation with <100 nM scFvCD133/rGelonin. Despite a severe loss in RIP-activity of scFvCD133/rGelonin compared to free rGelonin, PCI of scFvCD133/rGelonin induced log-fold reduction of viability compared to PCI of rGelonin. Strikingly, PCI of scFvCD133/rGelonin exceeded the cytotoxicity of PCI of rGelonin also in CD133low cells. In conclusion, PCI promotes strong cytotoxic activity of the per se non-toxic scFvCD133/rGelonin in both CD133high and CD133low cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (C.E.O.); (A.W.); (K.B.)
| | - Lawrence H. Cheung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.H.C.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (C.E.O.); (A.W.); (K.B.)
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (C.E.O.); (A.W.); (K.B.)
| | - Daniel A. Vallera
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Michael G. Rosenblum
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.H.C.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (C.E.O.); (A.W.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-22781469
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Hadi LM, Yaghini E, Stamati K, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. Therapeutic enhancement of a cytotoxic agent using photochemical internalisation in 3D compressed collagen constructs of ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:80-92. [PMID: 30267880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a method for enhancing delivery of drugs to their intracellular target sites of action. In this study we investigated the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxic agent on spheroid and non-spheroid compressed collagen 3D constructs of ovarian cancer versus conventional 2D culture. The therapeutic responses of two human carcinoma cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) were compared using a range of assays including optical imaging. The treatment was shown to be effective in non-spheroid constructs of both cell lines causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability measured at 48 or 96 h post-illumination. In the larger spheroid constructs, PCI was still effective but required higher saporin and photosensitiser doses. Moreover, in contrast to the 2D and non-spheroid experiments, where comparable efficacy was found for the two cell lines, HEY spheroid constructs were found to be more susceptible to PCI and a lower dose of saporin could be used. PCI treatment was observed to induce death principally by apoptosis in the 3D constructs compared to the mostly necrotic cell death caused by PDT. At low oxygen levels (1%) both PDT and PCI were significantly less effective in the constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Assessment of new drugs or delivery systems for cancer therapy prior to conducting in vivo studies often relies on the use of conventional 2D cell culture, however 3D cancer constructs can provide more physiologically relevant information owing to their 3D architecture and the presence of an extracellular matrix. This study investigates the efficacy of Photochemical Internalisation mediated drug delivery in 3D constructs. In 3D cultures, both oxygen and drug delivery to the cells are limited by diffusion through the extracellular matrix unlike 2D models, and in our model we have used compressed collagen constructs where the density of collagen mimics physiological values. These 3D constructs are therefore well suited to studying drug delivery using PCI. Our study highlights the potential of these constructs for identifying differences in therapeutic response to PCI of two ovarian carcinoma lines.
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Eng MS, Kaur J, Prasmickaite L, Engesæter BØ, Weyergang A, Skarpen E, Berg K, Rosenblum MG, Mælandsmo GM, Høgset A, Ferrone S, Selbo PK. Enhanced targeting of triple-negative breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma by photochemical internalization of CSPG4-targeting immunotoxins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:539-551. [PMID: 29565434 PMCID: PMC8728892 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and malignant melanoma are highly aggressive cancers that widely express the cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4/NG2). CSPG4 plays an important role in tumor cell growth and survival and promotes chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, suggesting that CSPG4 is an attractive target in cancer therapy. In the present work, we applied the drug delivery technology photochemical internalization (PCI) in combination with the novel CSPG4-targeting immunotoxin 225.28-saporin as an efficient and specific strategy to kill aggressive TNBC and amelanotic melanoma cells. Light-activation of the clinically relevant photosensitizer TPCS2a (fimaporfin) and 225.28-saporin was found to act in a synergistic manner, and was superior to both PCI of saporin and PCI-no-drug (TPCS2a + light only) in three TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435 and SUM149) and two BRAFV600E mutated malignant melanoma cell lines (Melmet 1 and Melmet 5). The cytotoxic effect was highly dependent on the light dose and expression of CSPG4 since no enhanced cytotoxicity of PCI of 225.28-saporin compared to PCI of saporin was observed in the CSPG4-negative MCF-7 cells. The PCI of a smaller, and clinically relevant CSPG4-targeting toxin (scFvMEL-rGel) validated the CSPG4-targeting concept in vitro and induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth in the amelanotic melanoma xenograft A-375 model. In conclusion, the combination of the drug delivery technology PCI and CSPG4-targeting immunotoxins is an efficient, specific and light-controlled strategy for the elimination of aggressive cells of TNBC and malignant melanoma origin. This study lays the foundation for further preclinical evaluation of PCI in combination with CSPG4-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Eng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - L Prasmickaite
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Ø Engesæter
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Skarpen
- Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - M G Rosenblum
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P K Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Giansanti F, Flavell DJ, Angelucci F, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R. Strategies to Improve the Clinical Utility of Saporin-Based Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020082. [PMID: 29438358 PMCID: PMC5848183 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) including the type I RIP Saporin have been used for the construction of Immunotoxins (ITxs) obtained via chemical conjugation of the toxic domain to whole antibodies or by generating genetic fusions to antibody fragments/targeting domains able to direct the chimeric toxin against a desired sub-population of cancer cells. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and especially the possibility to express recombinant fusions in yeast, make Saporin a well-suited tool for anti-cancer therapy approaches. Previous clinical work on RIPs-based Immunotoxins (including Saporin) has shown that several critical issues must be taken into deeper consideration to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. This review focuses on possible combinatorial strategies (chemical and genetic) to augment Saporin-targeted toxin efficacy. Combinatorial approaches may facilitate RIP escape into the cytosolic compartment (where target ribosomes are), while genetic manipulations may minimize potential adverse effects such as vascular-leak syndrome or may identify T/B cell epitopes in order to decrease the immunogenicity following similar strategies as those used in the case of bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas Exotoxin A or as for Type I RIP Bouganin. This review will further focus on strategies to improve recombinant production of Saporin-based chimeric toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory (Leukaemia Busters), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 8AT, UK.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Olsen CE, Weyergang A, Edwards VT, Berg K, Brech A, Weisheit S, Høgset A, Selbo PK. Development of resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in human breast cancer cells is photosensitizer-dependent: Possible mechanisms and approaches for overcoming PDT-resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 144:63-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Woodhams JH, Pye H, Hamoudi RA, Moore CM, MacRobert AJ. Efficacy of photochemical internalisation using disulfonated chlorin and porphyrin photosensitisers: An in vitro study in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:68-75. [PMID: 28223166 PMCID: PMC5360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the therapeutic outcome of Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) in prostate cancer in vitro surpasses that of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and could improve prostate PDT in the clinic, whilst avoiding chemotherapeutics side effects. In addition, the study assesses the potential of PCI with two different photosensitisers (TPCS2a and TPPS2a) in prostate cancer cells (human PC3 and rat MatLyLu) using standard 2D monolayer culture and 3D biomimetic model. Photosensitisers were used alone for photodynamic therapy (PDT) or with the cytotoxin saporin (PCI). TPPS2a and TPCS2a were shown to be located in discrete cytoplasmic vesicles before light treatment and redistribute into the cytosol upon light excitation. PC3 cells exhibit a higher uptake than MatLyLu cells for both photosensitisers. In the 2D model, PCI resulted in greater cell death than PDT alone in both cell lines. In 3D model, morphological changes were also observed. Saporin-based toxicity was negligible in PC3 cells, but pronounced in MatLyLu cells (IC50 = 18 nM). In conclusion, the study showed that tumour features such as tumour cell growth rate or interaction with drugs determine therapeutic conditions for optimal photochemical treatment in metastatic prostate cancer. The efficacy of PCI surpasses that of PDT in vitro. PCI could improve prostate cancer treatment and minimise side effects. 3D model observations confirm findings in previous 2D PCI investigations. Tumour features (i.e. doubling rate, interaction with drugs) will determine conditions for optimal photochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Structures and Ribosomal Interaction of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111588. [PMID: 27879643 PMCID: PMC6273143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) including ricin, Shiga toxin, and trichosanthin, are RNA N-glycosidases that depurinate a specific adenine residue (A-4324 in rat 28S ribosomal RNA, rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rRNA. RIPs are grouped into three types according to the number of subunits and the organization of the precursor sequences. RIPs are two-domain proteins, with the active site located in the cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. It has been found that the basic surface residues of the RIPs promote rapid and specific targeting to the ribosome and a number of RIPs have been shown to interact with the C-terminal regions of the P proteins of the ribosome. At present, the structural basis for the interaction of trichosanthin and ricin-A chain toward P2 peptide is known. This review surveys the structural features of the representative RIPs and discusses how they approach and interact with the ribosome.
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Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070200. [PMID: 27376327 PMCID: PMC4963833 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
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Preparation and Characterization of Gelonin-Melittin Fusion Biotoxin for Synergistically Enhanced Anti-Tumor Activity. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2218-2228. [PMID: 27251414 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the applicability of fusion biotoxins combining pore-forming toxins (PFTs) and ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) for the anti-cancer treatment. METHODS Membrane active PFTs tend to destabilize cell membranes of tumor cells, but lack a warhead inducing significant cause of cell death. Cell-impermeable RIPs possess a powerful warhead, yet not able to enter the tumor cells. To address these challenges for anti-tumor effects, we introduced a fusion strategy of conjugating melittin (a PFT) and gelonin (a type 1 RIP) via chemical and recombinant methods, followed by in vitro assays and in vivo animal studies. RESULTS In vitro characterization results confirmed that the chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion proteins retained equivalent intrinsic activity to that of unmodified gelonin in inhibiting protein translation. However, chemically conjugated gelonin-melittin (cGel-Mel) and recombinant chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion (rGel-Mel) exhibited greater cell uptake, yielding a significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity over treatment of gelonin, melittin or physical mixture of gelonin and melittin. Remarkably, cGel-Mel and rGel-Mel displayed 32- and 10-fold lower IC50 than gelonin in the cell lines. The superior anti-tumor efficacy of multivalent cGel-Mel to monovalent rGel-Mel suggested that valency could be a crucial factor for the extent of melittin-mediated cell uptake. Tumoricidal effects observed from animal studies were in good accordance with our findings from the cellular assays. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully demonstrated that fusion of biotoxins could provide a simple yet effective way to synergistically augment their anti-tumor activity.
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Simon N, FitzGerald D. Immunotoxin Therapies for the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent Cancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050137. [PMID: 27153091 PMCID: PMC4885052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers rely on enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive proliferation and survival pathways. Development of therapeutics to target EGFR signaling has been of high importance, and multiple examples have been approved for human use. However, many of the current small molecule or antibody-based therapeutics are of limited effectiveness due to the inevitable development of resistance and toxicity to normal tissues. Recombinant immunotoxins are therapeutic molecules consisting of an antibody or receptor ligand joined to a protein cytotoxin, combining the specific targeting of a cancer-expressed receptor with the potent cell killing of cytotoxic enzymes. Over the decades, many bacterial- or plant-based immunotoxins have been developed with the goal of targeting the broad range of cancers reliant upon EGFR overexpression. Many examples demonstrate excellent anti-cancer properties in preclinical development, and several EGFR-targeted immunotoxins have progressed to human trials. This review summarizes much of the past and current work in the development of immunotoxins for targeting EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Ohtsuki T, Miki S, Kobayashi S, Haraguchi T, Nakata E, Hirakawa K, Sumita K, Watanabe K, Okazaki S. The molecular mechanism of photochemical internalization of cell penetrating peptide-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18577. [PMID: 26686907 PMCID: PMC4685267 DOI: 10.1038/srep18577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many drug delivery strategies, an inefficient transfer of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids to the cytosol often occurs because of their endosomal entrapment. One of the methods to overcome this problem is photochemical internalization, which is achieved using a photosensitizer and light to facilitate the endosomal escape of the macromolecule. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism of photochemical internalization of cell penetrating peptide-cargo (macromolecule)-photosensitizer conjugates. We measured the photophysical properties of eight dyes (photosensitizer candidates) and determined the respective endosomal escape efficiencies using these dyes. Correlation plots between these factors indicated that the photogenerated 1O2 molecules from photosensitizers were highly related to the endosomal escape efficiencies. The contribution of 1O2 was confirmed using 1O2 quenchers. In addition, time-lapse fluorescence imaging showed that the photoinduced endosomal escape occurred at a few seconds to a few minutes after irradiation (much longer than 1O2 lifetime), and that the pH increased in the endosome prior to the endosomal escape of the macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shunya Miki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shouhei Kobayashi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, NICT, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, NICT, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho,Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sumita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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18
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Moore CM, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Woodhams JH. Enhancing the efficacy of cytotoxic agents for cancer therapy using photochemical internalisation. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1049-57. [PMID: 25758607 PMCID: PMC4973841 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for improving cellular delivery of certain bioactive agents which are prone to sequestration within endolysosomes. There is a wide range of agents suitable for PCI‐based delivery including toxins, oligonucleotides, genes and immunoconjugates which demonstrates the versatility of this technique. The basic mechanism of PCI involves triggering release of the agent from endolysosomes within the target cells using a photosensitiser which is selectively retained with the endolysosomal membranes. Excitation of the photosensitiser by visible light leads to disruption of the membranes via photooxidative damage thereby releasing the agent into the cytosol. This treatment enables the drugs to reach their intended subcellular target more efficiently and improves their efficacy. In this review we summarise the applications of this technique with the main emphasis placed on cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Selbo PK, Bostad M, Olsen CE, Edwards VT, Høgset A, Weyergang A, Berg K. Photochemical internalisation, a minimally invasive strategy for light-controlled endosomal escape of cancer stem cell-targeting therapeutics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1433-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in radio-, chemo- and photodynamic-therapy (PDT) of cancer, treatment resistance still remains a major problem for patients with aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Victoria Tudor Edwards
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST)
- Institute for Cancer Research
- Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
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20
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Enhanced efficacy of bleomycin in bladder cancer cells by photochemical internalization. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:921296. [PMID: 25101299 PMCID: PMC4101207 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent widely used in cancer treatment. However, its efficacy in different cancers is low, possibly due to limited cellular internalization. In this study, a novel approach known as photochemical internalization (PCI) was explored to enhance bleomycin delivery in bladder cancer cells (human T24 and rat AY-27), as bladder cancer is a potential indication for use of PCI with bleomycin. The PCI technique was mediated by the amphiphilic photosensitizer disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a) and blue light (435 nm). Two additional strategies were explored to further enhance the cytotoxicity of bleomycin; a novel peptide drug ATX-101 which is known to impair DNA damage responses, and the protease inhibitor E-64 which may reduce bleomycin degradation by inhibition of bleomycin hydrolase. Our results demonstrate that the PCI technique enhances the bleomycin effect under appropriate conditions, and importantly we show that PCI-bleomycin treatment leads to increased levels of DNA damage supporting that the observed effect is due to increased bleomycin uptake. Impairing the DNA damage responses by ATX-101 further enhances the efficacy of the PCI-bleomycin treatment, while inhibiting the bleomycin hydrolase does not.
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21
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Ma D, Lin QM, Zhang LM, Liang YY, Xue W. A star-shaped porphyrin-arginine functionalized poly(l-lysine) copolymer for photo-enhanced drug and gene co-delivery. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Weyergang A, Cheung LH, Rosenblum MG, Mohamedali KA, Peng Q, Waltenberger J, Berg K. Photochemical internalization augments tumor vascular cytotoxicity and specificity of VEGF121/rGel fusion toxin. J Control Release 2014; 180:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Bull-Hansen B, Cao Y, Berg K, Skarpen E, Rosenblum MG, Weyergang A. Photochemical activation of the recombinant HER2-targeted fusion toxin MH3-B1/rGel; Impact of HER2 expression on treatment outcome. J Control Release 2014; 182:58-66. [PMID: 24637464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast tumors and is associated with aggressiveness and increased risk of recurrence and death. The HER2 protein is internalized as a part of its activity, and may therefore be utilized as a target for the specific intracellular delivery of drugs. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology now undergoing clinical evaluation for its ability to improve the release into the cytosol of drugs entrapped in the endo/lysosomal compartment. PCI employs an amphiphilic photosensitizer which localizes in the membranes of endo/lysosomes. Subsequent light exposure (visible light) causes destabilization of the endo/lysosomal membranes. PCI has been proven highly effective for improving the cytosolic delivery of targeted toxins based on type I ribosome inactivating protein toxins such as gelonin. We examined the impact of the level of target antigen expression on PCI efficacy. Four human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT-20, Zr-75-1 and SK-BR-3) covering a wide range of HER2 expression were included in the present study. PCI of the HER2-targeted fusion toxin MH3-B1/rGel was found to be highly effective in all four cell lines. The increase in PCI-mediated efficacy was not directly correlated with the cellular levels of HER2 as assessed by western blots, the overall uptake of MH3-B1/rGel as measured by flow cytometry, the amount of MH3-B1/rGel localized to endo/lysosomes assessed by confocal microscopy or the cell sensitivity to the photochemical treatment itself (photosensitizer and light without MH3-B1/rGel). However, correcting the PCI efficacy for the baseline cellular sensitivity to rGel revealed a linear correlation (R(2)=0.80) with HER2 expression. The present report therefore concludes the cellular sensitivity to the toxin as an important parameter for PCI efficacy and also indicates PCI of a HER2-targeted fusion toxin as an attractive treatment alternative for breast cancer patients with both HER2-low and -high expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Bull-Hansen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Yu Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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24
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Yaghini E, Giuntini F, Eggleston IM, Suhling K, Seifalian AM, MacRobert AJ. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and FRET-induced intracellular redistribution of Tat-conjugated quantum dot nanoparticles through interaction with a phthalocyanine photosensitiser. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:782-792. [PMID: 24031023 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of Tat-conjugated PEGylated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD) with the amphiphilic disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine photosensitiser is investigated in aqueous solution and in a human breast cancer cell line. In aqueous solution, the QDs and phthalocyanine form stable nanocomposites. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements combined with singlet oxygen detection, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is observed with the QDs acting as donors, and the phthalocyanine photosensitiser, which mediates production of singlet oxygen, as acceptors. In cells, the Tat-conjugated QDs localise in lysosomes and the QD fluorescence lifetimes are close to values observed in aqueous solution. Strong FRET-induced quenching of the QD lifetime is observed in cells incubated with the nanocomposites using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Using excitation of the QDs at wavelengths where phthalocyanine absorption is negligible, FRET-induced release of QDs from endo/lysosomes is confirmed using confocal imaging and FLIM, which is attributed to photooxidative damage to the endo/lysosomal membranes mediated by the phthalocyanine acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- National Medical Laser Centre, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science and UCL Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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25
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Vikdal M, Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Vascular endothelial cells as targets for photochemical internalization (PCI). Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1185-92. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vikdal
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | | | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
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26
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Park SJ, Na K. Photo-mediated internalization of nanocomplex for effective gene delivery to adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:177-85. [PMID: 23974003 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To deliver efficiently osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic induction genes, such as Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α, to adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), a photo-mediated nanocomplex internalization gene delivery system was designed using chlorin e6 as a photosensitizer (PS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a gene delivery carrier. In this system, gene delivery efficacy was significantly increased in ADSCs by photo irradiation. The gene transfection efficiency of Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α was increased by 8.6-, 6.7- and 9.3-fold, respectively, by applying 0.7J/cm(2) of irradiation. Osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation was confirmed by differentiation-related markers and histological analysis. ADSCs transfected with Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α genes via photo irradiation indicated enhanced differentiation in comparison to the non-irradiated cells. These findings demonstrate that photo-mediated internalization is a promising system for efficient gene delivery and differentiation in ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-jung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokkok2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
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27
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Vikdal M, Generalov R, Berg K. The photosensitizer disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine reduces uptake and alters trafficking of fluid phase endocytosed drugs in vascular endothelial cells--impact on efficacy of photochemical internalization. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:748-58. [PMID: 23876343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cancer vasculature is an emerging field in cancer treatment. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a drug delivery technology based on photochemical lysis of drug-bearing endocytic vesicles originally designed to target cancer cells. Recent investigations have revealed a lower PCI efficacy in vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro than in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. This manuscript aims to explore the limiting factor for the PCI effect in HUVECs. Cellular uptake of the photosensitizers AlPcS(2a) and TPPS(2a), and a model compound for macromolecular drugs taken up by fluid phase endocytosis, Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran, was explored by flow cytometry. The uptake of AlPcS(2a) and TPPS(2a) was 3.8-fold and 37-fold higher in HUVECs than in HT1080 cells, respectively, while the Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake was 50% lower. AlPcS(2a) (but not TPPS(2a)) was shown to reduce Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in 66% and 33% attenuation of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake at 20 μg/ml AlPcS(2a) in HUVECs and HT1080 cells respectively. Studies of intracellular localization of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran and AlPcS(2a) by confocal microscopy in HUVECs uncovered a concentration-dependent AlPcS(2a)-induced inhibition of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran trafficking into AlPcS(2a)-stained and acidic vesicles. The localization of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran to AlPcS(2a)-localizing compartments was reduced by 40% when the AlPcS(2a) concentration was increased from 5 to 20 μg/ml. The treatment dose of AlPcS(2a) was found to influence on the efficacy of PCI of saporin, but to a lesser extent than expected considering the data from cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran. The implications of these results for further development of vascular targeting-PCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vikdal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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Ma D, Zhao Y, Zhou XY, Lin QM, Zhang Y, Lin JT, Xue W. Photoenhanced Gene Transfection by a Star-Shaped Polymer Consisting of a Porphyrin Core and Poly(L
-lysine) Dendron Arms. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1221-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical College; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Qian-Ming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jian-Tao Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research Institute; Guangdong Medical College; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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Wang JTW, Berg K, Høgset A, Bown SG, MacRobert AJ. Photophysical and photobiological properties of a sulfonated chlorin photosensitiser TPCS2afor photochemical internalisation (PCI). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:519-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Photochemical internalization (PCI) of HER2-targeted toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1849-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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The transfection efficiency of photosensitizer-induced gene delivery to human MSCs and internalization rates of EGFP and Runx2 genes. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6485-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Photochemical internalisation: the journey from basic scientific concept to the threshold of clinical application. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:434-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Tseng CL, Lin FH. PREPARATION OF GELATIN NANOPARTICLES WITH EGFR SELECTION ABILITY VIA BIOTINYLATED-EGF CONJUGATION FOR LUNG CANCER TARGETING. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237208000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most malignant cancer today, and specific drug delivery has been developed for superior outcome. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles (GPs) were firstly employed as native carriers. Second, NeutrAvidinFITC was then grafted on the particle surface (GP-Av); finally much more amount of biotinylated EGF were able to be conjugated with NeutrAvidinFITC forming ligand- binding nanoparticles (GP-Av-bEGF) to enhance the targeting efficiency. These nanoparticles were applied as EGFR-seeking agents to detect lung cancer cells. Results of particle characterization show that the modification process had no influence on size (230 nm). Round and smooth nanoparticles were observed by AFM. The surface property of nanoparticles was characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and flowcytometry analysis as well as by examining the interaction of the modified EGF on particle surface with the ability to recognize EGFR. The binding ability of GPs with or without EGF modification is different. SPR assay showed that EGF-conjugated particles (GP-Av-bEGF) have stronger and faster bonding signal than the unmodified one (GP-Av). Free EGF competition results from SPR and A549 cell (lung adenocarcinoma cells) culture also confirmed the EGF receptormediated endocytosis mechanism for nanoparticles with EGF-modified binding. The in vitro targeting ability was confirmed by the uptake rate of different cells via flow cytometry assay. GP-Av-bEGF resulted in higher entrance efficiency on A549 than on normal lung cells (HFL1) and U2-OS (osteosarcoma cells) due to A549 possessing more amounts of EGFR. The targeting ability of GP-Av-bEGF nanoparticles with specific EGFR tracing ability was proved, which holds promise for further anticancer drug applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Li Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-ai Rd, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 1, Ren-ai Rd, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
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Strongly amphiphilic photosensitizers are not substrates of the cancer stem cell marker ABCG2 and provides specific and efficient light-triggered drug delivery of an EGFR-targeted cytotoxic drug. J Control Release 2012; 159:197-203. [PMID: 22349185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of anti-cancer drugs are substrates of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2/CD338/BCRP/MXR, which is thought to play an important role in multi-drug resistance (MDR) and protection of cancer stem cells (CSC) against chemotherapeutics and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Hence, it is of importance to develop drugs that are not substrates of ABCG2. The aim of this study was to elucidate if photosensitizers utilized for the endo-lysosomal release drug delivery method photochemical internalization (PCI) are substrates for ABCG2. The breast carcinoma cell line MA11, with a Hoechst 33342 side population of >50% was used as an ABCG2high model. The photosensitizer Pheophorbide A (PhA) and Hoechst 33342 were used as positive control substrates of ABCG2. ABCG2-inhibition by fumitremorgin C (FTC) did neither induce an increased accumulation of three different PCI-photosensitizers (di-sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine (TPPS(2a)), di-sulfonated meso-tetraphenylchlorin (TPCS(2a)) and di-sulfonated aluminium phtalocyanine (AlPcS(2a))) nor enhanced the photosensitization (P=0.65 for TPCS(2a)-PDT) of these PCI-based photosensitizers in the MA11 cells. The same results were also obtained with TPPS(2a) in the malignant glioma cell line U87 having a SP of ~0.1%. In contrast, both uptake and PDT-induced cytotoxicity was strongly enhanced for PhA when combined with FTC (P<0.001)). Specific and efficient light-controlled killing of EGFR+/ABCG2+ MA11 cells was obtained by PCI of the targeting toxin EGF-saporin. The novel data obtained in this study demonstrates that strongly amphiphilic photosensitizers used for PCI-based drug delivery are not substrates of ABCG2. This important findings warrant further development of the PCI technology as a strategy for efficient and site-specific eradication of MDR cells and CSC.
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Tsai HC, Tsai CH, Lin SY, Jhang CR, Chiang YS, Hsiue GH. Stimulated release of photosensitizers from graft and diblock micelles for photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1827-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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36
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Wang JTW, Giuntini F, Eggleston IM, Bown SG, MacRobert AJ. Photochemical internalisation of a macromolecular protein toxin using a cell penetrating peptide-photosensitiser conjugate. J Control Release 2012; 157:305-13. [PMID: 21889554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a site-specific technique for improving cellular delivery of macromolecular drugs. In this study, a cell penetrating peptide, containing the core HIV-1 Tat 48-57 sequence, conjugated with a porphyrin photosensitiser has been shown to be effective for PCI. Herein we report an investigation of the photophysical and photobiological properties of a water soluble bioconjugate of the cationic Tat peptide with a hydrophobic tetraphenylporphyrin derivative. The cellular uptake and localisation of the amphiphilic bioconjugate was examined in the HN5 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Efficient cellular uptake and localisation in endo/lysosomal vesicles was found using fluorescence detection, and light-induced, rupture of the vesicles resulting in a more diffuse intracellular fluorescence distribution was observed. Conjugation of the Tat sequence with a hydrophobic porphyrin thus enables cellular delivery of an amphiphilic photosensitiser which can then localise in endo/lysosomal membranes, as required for effective PCI treatment. PCI efficacy was tested in combination with a protein toxin, saporin, and a significant reduction in cell viability was measured versus saporin or photosensitiser treatment alone. This study demonstrates that the cell penetrating peptide-photosensitiser bioconjugation strategy is a promising and versatile approach for enhancing the therapeutic potential of bioactive agents through photochemical internalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie T-W Wang
- National Medical Laser Centre, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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37
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Lu HL, Syu WJ, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Lai PS. Dendrimer phthalocyanine-encapsulated polymeric micelle-mediated photochemical internalization extends the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and overcomes drug-resistance in vivo. J Control Release 2011; 155:458-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berstad MEB, Bostad M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tumor-targeted protein toxins. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:721-33. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Polito L, Bortolotti M, Pedrazzi M, Bolognesi A. Immunotoxins and other conjugates containing saporin-s6 for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:697-720. [PMID: 22069735 PMCID: PMC3202841 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a family of plant toxins that permanently damage ribosomes and possibly other cellular substrates, thus causing cell death. RIPs are mostly divided in two types: Type 1 RIPs that are single-chain enzymatic proteins, and type 2 RIPs that consist of an active A chain (similar to a type 1 RIP) linked to a B chain with lectin properties. RIP-containing conjugates have been used in many experimental strategies against cancer cells, often showing great efficacy in clinical trials. Saporin-S6, a type 1 RIP extracted from Saponaria officinalis L. seeds, has been extensively utilized to construct anti-cancer conjugates because of its high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures, resulting in the efficient killing of target cells. This review summarizes saporin-S6-containing conjugates and their application in cancer therapy, considering in-vitro and in-vivo studies both in animal models and in clinical trials. The review is structured on the basis of the targeting of hematological versus solid tumors and on the antigen recognized on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental Pathology, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126-Bologna, Italy.
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40
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Gillmeister MP, Betenbaugh MJ, Fishman PS. Cellular Trafficking and Photochemical Internalization of Cell Penetrating Peptide Linked Cargo Proteins: A Dual Fluorescent Labeling Study. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:556-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Gillmeister
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Paul S. Fishman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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41
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Berg K, Nordstrand S, Selbo PK, Tran DTT, Angell-Petersen E, Høgset A. Disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a), a novel photosensitizer developed for clinical utilization of photochemical internalization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1637-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Høgset A, Norum OJ, Berstad MB, Vikdal M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization provides time- and space-controlled endolysosomal escape of therapeutic molecules. J Control Release 2010; 148:2-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Photochemical internalization: a new tool for gene and oligonucleotide delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:251-81. [PMID: 21504105 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles. Upon activation by light such photosensitizers induce a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to increase the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins, immunotoxins, plasmids, adenovirus, various oligonucleotides, dendrimer-based delivery of chemotherapeutica and unconjugated chemotherapeutica such as bleomycin and doxorubicin. This review will present the basis for the PCI concept and the most recent significant developments.
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Berg K, Weyergang A, Prasmickaite L, Bonsted A, Høgset A, Strand MTR, Wagner E, Selbo PK. Photochemical internalization (PCI): a technology for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 635:133-45. [PMID: 20552345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-697-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of macromolecules in therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly relevant. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve targeting and design of cytotoxic agents, DNA complexes, and other macromolecules for clinical applications. To achieve the expected biological effect of these macromolecules, in many cases, internalization to the cell cytosol is crucial. At an intracellular level, the most fundamental obstruction for cytosolic release of the therapeutic molecule is the membrane-barrier of the endocytic vesicles. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles that upon activation by light induces a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to potentiate the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, oligonucleotides, and the chemotherapeutic bleomycin. PCI has also been shown to enhance the treatment effect of targeted therapeutic macromolecules. The present protocol describes PCI of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted protein toxin (Cetuximab-saporin) linked via streptavidin-biotin for screening of targeted toxins as well as PCI of nonviral polyplex-based gene therapy. Although describing in detail PCI of targeted protein toxins and DNA polyplexes, the methodology presented in these protocols are also applicable for PCI of other gene therapy vectors (e.g., viral vectors), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), polymers, nanoparticles, and some chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Selbo PK, Rosenblum MG, Cheung LH, Zhang W, Berg K. Multi-modality therapeutics with potent anti-tumor effects: photochemical internalization enhances delivery of the fusion toxin scFvMEL/rGel. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6691. [PMID: 19690617 PMCID: PMC2723936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for drug delivery systems (DDS) that can enhance cytosolic delivery of anti-cancer drugs trapped in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Exposure of cells to specific photosensitizers followed by light exposure (photochemical internalization, PCI) results in transfer of agents from the endocytic compartment into the cytosol. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The recombinant single-chain fusion construct scFvMEL/rGel is composed of an antibody targeting the progenitor marker HMW-MAA/NG2/MGP/gp240 and the highly effective toxin gelonin (rGel). Here we demonstrate enhanced tumor cell selectivity, cytosolic delivery and anti-tumor activity by applying PCI of scFvMEL/rGel. PCI performed by light activation of cells co-incubated with scFvMEL/rGel and the endo-lysosomal targeting photosensitizers AlPcS(2a) or TPPS(2a) resulted in enhanced cytotoxic effects against antigen-positive cell lines, while no differences in cytotoxicity between the scFvMEL/rGel and rGel were observed in antigen-negative cells. Mice bearing well-developed melanoma (A-375) xenografts (50-100 mm(3)) were treated with PCI of scFvMEL/rGel. By 30 days after injection, approximately 100% of mice in the control groups had tumors>800 mm(3). In contrast, by day 40, 50% of mice in the PCI of scFvMEL/rGel combination group had tumors<800 mm(3) with no increase in tumor size up to 110 days. PCI of scFvMEL/rGel resulted in a synergistic effect (p<0.05) and complete regression (CR) in 33% of tumor-bearing mice (n = 12). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is a unique demonstration that a non-invasive multi-modality approach combining a recombinant, targeted therapeutic such as scFvMEL/rGel and PCI act in concert to provide potent in vivo efficacy without sacrificing selectivity or enhancing toxicity. The present DDS warrants further evaluation of its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål K Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Norum OJ, Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Giercksky KE, Berg K. Photochemical internalization (PCI) in cancer therapy: from bench towards bedside medicine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:83-92. [PMID: 19467605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PDT in cancer therapy has been reviewed several times recently and many published reports have been showing promising results. The clinical approvals for PDT include curative treatment of early or superficial cancers and palliative treatment of more advanced disease. Still PDT has yet to become a widely used cancer treatment. This may partly be due to limitations in current PDT regimens and partly due to effective alternative treatment modalities. If the specificity and selectivity of PDT could be improved, PDT would probably make substantial progress and comprise an even more competitive alternative in cancer treatment. The PCI technology is based on the same principles as PDT, the activation of a photosensitizer by light and subsequently followed by formation of reactive oxygen species. Unlike PDT, the photosensitizer used in PCI has to be located in the endocytic vesicles of the targeted cells and will, upon activation of light, induce a release of endocytosed therapeutic agents after a photochemically induced rupture of the endocytic vesicles. The endocytosed therapeutic agent will then be released and may reach their intracellular target of action before being degraded in lysosomes. This site-specific drug delivery induced by PCI will take place in addition to the well described cytotoxic, vascular and immunostimulatory effects of PDT. PCI has been shown to facilitate intracellular delivery of a large variety of macromolecules that do not otherwise readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), RIP-based immunotoxins, genes and some chemotherapeutic agents. Several animal models have been used for in vivo documentation of the PCI principle and more animal models of clinical relevance have recently been utilized for addressing clinical issues. This review will focus on the possibilities and limitations offered by PCI to overcome some of the challenges recognized in current PDT regimens in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Jacob Norum
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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47
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Lai CY, Wiethoff CM, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH, Nemerow GR. Vault nanoparticles containing an adenovirus-derived membrane lytic protein facilitate toxin and gene transfer. ACS NANO 2009; 3:691-699. [PMID: 19226129 PMCID: PMC2707358 DOI: 10.1021/nn8008504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonviral methods of gene delivery possess several advantages over that of viral-based vectors, including having increased safety. However, the ability to achieve effective transport of therapeutic molecules across host cell membranes via nonviral methods remains a significant goal. Cell-derived nanoparticles known as vaults have been proposed as novel candidate transfer vehicles for various foreign molecules. Recombinant vault particles enter cells via macropinocytosis or phagocytosis but lack demonstrable membrane penetrating activity. To explore the feasibility of improving vault penetration into target cells, we incorporated the membrane lytic domain of adenovirus protein VI (pVI) into the interior of recombinant vault particles via fusion to the vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (VPARP) interaction domain. The membrane lytic activity of the pVI domain was retained upon incorporation into vault particles. Moreover, internalization of vault-pVI complexes into murine macrophages promoted co-delivery of a soluble ribotoxin or a cDNA plasmid encoding GFP. These findings indicate that vault particles can be modified to enhance cell transfer of selected biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Lai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- DuPont Central R&D, Experimental Station - E328/203L, Wilmington, Delaware, 19880-0328 USA
| | - Chris M. Wiethoff
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, 60153 USA
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine and California NANOSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine and California NANOSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
| | - Glen R. Nemerow
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
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48
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Photochemical enhancement of DNA delivery by EGF receptor targeted polyplexes. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2008. [PMID: 18470645 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-248-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a physico-chemical targeting method that enables light directed delivery of nucleic acids into cells. The technology is based on photosensitizers that localize in the membranes of endocytic vesicles. A light activation of the photosensitizers induces photochemical reactions that lead to rupture of the vesicular membranes. This results in the release of endocytosed compounds (e.g., nucleic acids) into the cell cytosol. Physico-chemical and biological targeting techniques can be combined to promote efficient and specific gene delivery to target cells. The present protocol describes PCI of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted DNA polyplexes. The DNA polyplexes made are small (50-100 nm in diameter), and they contain polyethylenimine (PEI) conjugated with the EGF protein as a cell-binding ligand for EGFR-mediated endocytosis and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for masking the polyplex surface charge. PCI of such targeted PEG-PEI/DNA polyplexes enables high and EGFR-specific gene transfer activity in cells. Although describing in detail PCI of DNA polyplexes, the methodology presented in this protocol is also applicable for PCI of other gene therapy vectors (e.g. viral vectors), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and for vectors targeted to alternate cell surface receptors. Generally, PCI can be applied whenever 100% survival of the treated cell population is not required.
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Weyergang A, Kaalhus O, Berg K. Photodynamic therapy with an endocytically located photosensitizer cause a rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase with opposing effects on cell survival. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1740-50. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shieh MJ, Peng CL, Lou PJ, Chiu CH, Tsai TY, Hsu CY, Yeh CY, Lai PS. Non-toxic phototriggered gene transfection by PAMAM-porphyrin conjugates. J Control Release 2008; 129:200-6. [PMID: 18541326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of controllable and non-toxic gene transfection systems is a core issue in gene therapy. Photochemical internalization, an innovative strategy in cytosolic release, provides us with an opportunity to develop a light-inducible gene delivery system. In this study, a novel photochemical internalization (PCI)-mediated gene delivery system was synthesized by surface modification of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers via 5,10,15-tri(4-acetamidophenyl)-20-mono(4-carboxyl-phenyl)porphyrin (TAMCPP) conjugated to the generation 4 PAMAM dendrimer (G4). This water-soluble PAMAM-TAMCPP conjugate was characterized for cell viability, phototoxicity, DNA complexation, and in vitro transfection activity. The results show that TAMCPP conjugation did not increase the cytotoxicity of the PAMAM dendrimer below 20 microM, but significantly induced cell death after suitable irradiation. Under almost non-toxic G4-TAMCPP-mediated PCI treatment, the expression of green fluorescent protein determined by flow cytometry could be markedly enhanced in HeLa cells. Therefore, the G4-TAMCPP conjugate had an inducible and effective gene transfection activity, and showed considerable potential as a bimodal biomaterial for PCI-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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