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Mehta MJ, Kim HJ, Lim SB, Naito M, Miyata K. Recent Progress in the Endosomal Escape Mechanism and Chemical Structures of Polycations for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300366. [PMID: 38226723 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies are seeing a spiralling surge. Stimuli-responsive polymers, especially pH-responsive ones, are gaining widespread attention because of their ability to efficiently deliver nucleic acids. These polymers can be synthesized and modified according to target requirements, such as delivery sites and the nature of nucleic acids. In this regard, the endosomal escape mechanism of polymer-nucleic acid complexes (polyplexes) remains a topic of considerable interest owing to various plausible escape mechanisms. This review describes current progress in the endosomal escape mechanism of polyplexes and state-of-the-art chemical designs for pH-responsive polymers. The importance is also discussed of the acid dissociation constant (i.e., pKa) in designing the new generation of pH-responsive polymers, along with assays to monitor and quantify the endosomal escape behavior. Further, the use of machine learning is addressed in pKa prediction and polymer design to find novel chemical structures for pH responsiveness. This review will facilitate the design of new pH-responsive polymers for advanced and efficient nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit J Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Been Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Wang B, Xu XJ, Fu Y, Ren B, Yang XD, Yang HY. A tumor-targeted and enzyme-responsive gold nanorod-based nanoplatform with facilitated endo-lysosomal escape for synergetic photothermal therapy and protein therapy. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2120-2130. [PMID: 38180436 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To tackle the obstacles related to tumor targeting and overcome the limitations of single treatment models, we have developed a nanoplatform that is both tumor-targeted and enzyme-responsive. This nanoplatform integrates photothermal gold nanorods (AuNRs) and protein drugs into a single system. This nanosystem, known as AuNRs@HA-mPEG-Deta-LA, was fabricated by modifying gold nanorods (AuNRs) with a polymeric ligand called hyaluronic acid-grafted-(mPEG/diethylenetriamine-conjugated-lipoic acid). The purpose of this fabrication was to load cytochrome c (CC) and utilize it for the synergetic protein-photothermal therapy of cancer. The resulting nanoplatform exhibited a high efficiency in loading proteins and demonstrated excellent stability in different biological environments. Additionally, CC-loaded AuNRs@HA-mPEG-Deta-LA not only enabled localized hyperthermia for photothermal therapy (PTT) with laser irradiation but also facilitated the release of CC under the action of hyaluronidase, an enzyme known to be overexpressed in tumor cells. The confocal imaging results demonstrated that the presence of a specific polymeric ligand on this nanoparticle enhances the internalization of CD44-positive cancer cells, accelerates endo/lysosomal escape, and facilitates the controlled release of CC within the cells. Furthermore, the results of the MTT assay also showed that AuNRs@HA-mPEG-Deta-LA as a protein nanocarrier demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. Importantly, this synergistic therapeutic strategy effectively induced apoptosis in A549 cancer cells by increasing the intracellular concentration of CC and utilizing the photothermal conversion of AuNRs, which was observed to be more effective compared to using only protein therapy or PTT. Therefore, this study showcased a nanoplatform based on AuNRs that has great potential for tumor-targeted protein delivery in combination with PTT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Jun Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Bo Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Dong Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, China.
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3
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Huang X, Li J, Li G, Ni B, Liang Z, Chen H, Xu C, Zhou J, Huang J, Deng S. Cation-free siRNA-cored nanocapsules for tumor-targeted RNAi therapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 161:226-237. [PMID: 36898473 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Cation-associated cytotoxicity limits the systemic administration of RNA delivery in vivo, demanding the development of non-cationic nanosystems. In this study, cation-free polymer-siRNA nanocapsules with disulfide-crosslinked interlayer, namely T-SS(-), were prepared via the following steps: 1) complexation of siRNA with a cationic block polymer cRGD-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[(2-aminoethanethiol)aspartamide]-b-poly{N'-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-ethylimino-1-aminomethyl]aspartamide}, abbreviated as cRGD-PEG-PAsp(MEA)-PAsp(C=N-DETA), 2) interlayer crosslinking via disulfide bond in pH 7.4 solution, and 3) removal of cationic DETA pendant at pH 5.0 via breakage of imide bond. The cationic-free nanocapsules with siRNA cores not only showed great performance (such as efficient siRNA encapsulation, high stability in serum, cancer cell targeting via cRGD modification, and GSH-triggered siRNA release), but also achieved tumor-targeted gene silencing in vivo. Moreover, the nanocapsules loaded with siRNA against polo-like kinase 1 (siRNA-PLK1) significantly inhibited tumor growth without showing cation-associated toxicity side effects and remarkably improved the survival rate of PC-3 tumor-bearing mice. The cation-free nanocapsules could potentially serve as a safe and effective platform for siRNA delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cation-associated toxicity limits the clinical translation of cationic carriers for siRNA delivery. Recently, several non-cationic carriers, such as siRNA micelles, DNA-based nanogels, and bottlebrush-architectured poly(ethylene glycol), have been developed to deliver siRNA. However, in these designs, siRNA as a hydrophilic macromolecule was attached to the nanoparticle surface instead of being encapsulated. Thus, it was easily degraded by serum nuclease and often induced immunogenicity. Herein, we demonstrate a new type of cation-free siRNA-cored polymeric nanocapsules. The developed nanocapsules not only showed capacities including efficient siRNA encapsulation, high stability in serum, and cancer cell targeting via cRGD modification, but also achieved an efficient tumor-targeted gene silencing in vivo. Importantly, unlike cationic carriers, the nanocapsules exhibited no cation-associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Huang
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guanyi Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Samii Medical Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Binyu Ni
- Department of Paediatrics, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ziji Liang
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chaozhang Xu
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Shaohui Deng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, China.
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4
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Methods for CRISPR-Cas as Ribonucleoprotein Complex Delivery In Vivo. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:181-195. [PMID: 35322386 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficient delivery of CRISPR-Cas components is still a key and unsolved problem. CRISPR-Cas delivery in the form of a Cas protein+sgRNA (ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP complex), has proven to be extremely effective, since it allows to increase on-target activity, while reducing nonspecific activity. The key point for in vivo genome editing is the direct delivery of artificial nucleases and donor DNA molecules into the somatic cells of an adult organism. At the same time, control of the dose of artificial nucleases is impossible, which affects the efficiency of genome editing in the affected cells. Poor delivery efficiency and low editing efficacy reduce the overall potency of the in vivo genome editing process. Here we review how this problem is currently being solved in scientific works and what types of in vivo delivery methods of Cas9/sgRNA RNPs have been developed.
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Yang HY, Jang MS, Li Y, Du JM, Liu C, Lee JH, Fu Y. pH-responsive dynamically cross-linked nanogels with effective endo-lysosomal escape for synergetic cancer therapy based on intracellular co-delivery of photosensitizers and proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112638. [PMID: 35772354 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Co-delivery of photosensitizers (PSs) and protein drugs represents great potentiality for enhancing the efficiency of synergistic cancer therapy. However, the intricate tumor-microenvironment and the lack of nanoplatforms to co-deliver both into cancer cells and activate their functions significantly hinder the clinical translation of this combined approach for cancer treatment. Herein, a chlorine e6 (Ce6)-functionalized and pH-responsive dynamically cross-linked nanogel (Ce6@NG) is fabricated by formation of benzoic imine linkages between Ce6-modified methoxy poly (ethyleneglycol)-block-poly (diethylenetriamine)-L-glutamate-Ce6 [MPEG-b-P(Deta)LG-Ce6] and terephthalaldehyde as cross-linkers for effective intracellular co-delivery of Ce6 and cytochrome c (CC), which could form a novel combination therapy system (CC/Ce6@NGs). The pH-sensitive benzoic imine bonds in the CC/Ce6@NGs endow them with excellent systemic stability under normal physiological environment while this nanosystem can be further cationized to enhance cell uptake in acidic extracellular environment. Upon cellular internalization, CC/Ce6@NGs can rapidly escape from the endo/lysosomal compartments and subsequently activate Ce6 to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon laser irradiation and release of CC to induce programmed cell death by complete cleavage of benzoic imines at more acidic intracellular environments. Importantly, the catalase-like activity of CC can decompose H2O2 to produce O2 for hypoxia alleviation and improvement of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Moreover, this enhanced synergistic anticancer activity is confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. In view of the versatile chemical conjugation, this research offers a promising and smart nanosystem for intracellular co-delivery of PSs and therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Li
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering & Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City 314001, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jia Meng Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Changling Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China.
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6
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Rouatbi N, McGlynn T, Al-Jamal KT. Pre-clinical non-viral vectors exploited for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: an overview. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3410-3432. [PMID: 35604372 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a potent and versatile tool for efficient genome editing. This technology has been exploited for several applications including disease modelling, cell therapy, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases including cancer. The in vivo application of CRISPR/Cas9 is hindered by poor stability, pharmacokinetic profile, and the limited ability of the CRISPR payloads to cross biological barriers. Although viral vectors have been implemented as delivery tools for efficient in vivo gene editing, their application is associated with high immunogenicity and toxicity, limiting their clinical translation. Hence, there is a need to explore new delivery methods that can guarantee safe and efficient delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 components to target cells. In this review, we first provide a brief history and principles of nuclease-mediated gene editing, we then focus on the different CRISPR/Cas9 formats outlining their potentials and limitations. Finally, we discuss the alternative non-viral delivery strategies currently adopted for in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rouatbi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Tasneem McGlynn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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7
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Zelcak A, Unal YC, Mese G, Bulmus V. A diaminoethane motif bearing low molecular weight polymer as a new nucleic acid delivery agent. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Yang HY, Meng Du J, Jang MS, Mo XW, Sun XS, Lee DS, Lee JH, Fu Y. CD44-Targeted and Enzyme-Responsive Photo-Cross-Linked Nanogels with Enhanced Stability for In Vivo Protein Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3590-3600. [PMID: 34286578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges of the protein delivery system is to realize stable and high protein encapsulation efficiency in blood circulation and rapid release of protein in the targeted tumor cells. To overcome these hurdles, we fabricated enzyme-responsive photo-cross-linked nanogels (EPNGs) through UV-triggered chemical cross-linking of cinnamyloxy groups in the side chain of PEGylation hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44-targeted transport of cytochrome c (CC). The EPNGs showed high loading efficiency and excellent stability in different biological media. Notably, CC leakage effectively suppressed under physiological conditions but accelerated release in the presence of hyaluronidase, an overexpressed enzyme in tumor cells. Moreover, thiazolylblue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) results indicated that the vacant EPNGs showed excellent nontoxicity, while CC-loaded EPNGs exhibited higher killing efficiency to CD44-positive A549 cells than to CD44-negative HepG2 cells and free CC. Confocal images confirmed that CC-loaded EPNGs could effectively be internalized by CD44-mediated endocytosis pathway and rapidly escape from the endo/lysosomal compartment. Human lung tumor-bearing mice imaging assays further revealed that CC-loaded EPNGs actively target tumor locations. Remarkably, CC-loaded EPNGs also exhibited enhanced antitumor activity with negligible systemic toxicity. These results implied that these EPNGs have appeared as stable and promising nanocarriers for tumor-targeting protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Jia Meng Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Wang Mo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Liu Y, Yin L. α-Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA)-derived synthetic polypeptides for nucleic acids delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:139-163. [PMID: 33333206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has come into the spotlight for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. Polypeptides have been widely used in mediating nucleic acid delivery, due to their versatilities in chemical structures, desired biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity. Chemistry plays an essential role in the development of innovative polypeptides to address the challenges of producing efficient and safe gene vectors. In this Review, we mainly focused on the latest chemical advances in the design and preparation of polypeptide-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles. We first discussed the synthetic approach of polypeptides via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), and introduced the various types of polypeptide-based gene delivery systems. The extracellular and intracellular barriers against nucleic acid delivery were then outlined, followed by detailed review on the recent advances in polypeptide-based delivery systems that can overcome these barriers to enable in vitro and in vivo gene transfection. Finally, we concluded this review with perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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11
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Shaabani E, Sharifiaghdam M, De Keersmaecker H, De Rycke R, De Smedt S, Faridi-Majidi R, Braeckmans K, Fraire JC. Layer by Layer Assembled Chitosan-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced siRNA Delivery and Silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E831. [PMID: 33467656 PMCID: PMC7830320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides one of the most powerful strategies for downregulation of therapeutic targets. Despite the widely explored capabilities of this strategy, intracellular delivery is hindered by a lack of carriers that have high stability, low toxicity and high transfection efficiency. Here we propose a layer by layer (LBL) self-assembly method to fabricate chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs) as a more stable and efficient siRNA delivery system. Direct reduction of HAuCl4 in the presence of chitosan led to the formation of positively charged CS-AuNPs, which were subsequently modified with a layer of siRNA cargo molecules and a final chitosan layer to protect the siRNA and to have a net positive charge for good interaction with cells. Cytotoxicity, uptake, and downregulation of enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) in H1299-eGFP lung epithelial cells indicated that LBL-CS-AuNPs provided excellent protection of siRNA against enzymatic degradation, ensured good uptake in cells by endocytosis, facilitated endosomal escape of siRNA, and improved the overall silencing effect in comparison with commercial transfection reagents Lipofectamine and jetPEI®. Therefore, this work shows that LBL assembled CS-AuNPs are promising nanocarriers for enhanced intracellular siRNA delivery and silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Shaabani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; (E.S.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Maryam Sharifiaghdam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; (E.S.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium and VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; (E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C. Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.D.K.); (S.D.S.); (J.C.F.)
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12
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Freitag F, Wagner E. Optimizing synthetic nucleic acid and protein nanocarriers: The chemical evolution approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:30-54. [PMID: 32246984 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing synthetic nanocarriers is like searching for a needle in a haystack. How to find the most suitable carrier for intracellular delivery of a specified macromolecular nanoagent for a given disease target location? Here, we review different synthetic 'chemical evolution' strategies that have been pursued. Libraries of nanocarriers have been generated either by unbiased combinatorial chemistry or by variation and novel combination of known functional delivery elements. As in natural evolution, definition of nanocarriers as sequences, as barcode or design principle, may fuel chemical evolution. Screening in appropriate test system may not only provide delivery candidates, but also a refined understanding of cellular delivery including novel, unpredictable mechanisms. Combined with rational design and computational algorithms, candidates can be further optimized in subsequent evolution cycles into nanocarriers with improved safety and efficacy. Optimization of nanocarriers differs for various cargos, as illustrated for plasmid DNA, siRNA, mRNA, proteins, or genome-editing nucleases.
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Xu Y, Liu R, Dai Z. Key considerations in designing CRISPR/Cas9-carrying nanoparticles for therapeutic genome editing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21001-21014. [PMID: 33078813 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9, the breakthrough genome-editing technology, has emerged as a promising tool to prevent and cure various diseases. The efficient genome editing technology strongly relies on the specific and effective delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 cargos. However, the lack of a safe, specific, and efficient non-viral delivery system for in vivo genome editing remains a major limit for its clinical translation. In this review, we will first briefly introduce the working mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 and the patterns of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. Furthermore, the physiological obstacles for the delivery process in vivo are elaborated. Finally, the key considerations will be deeply discussed in designing non-viral nanovectors for therapeutic CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vivo, including the effective encapsulation of large-size macromolecules, targeting specific tissues and cells, efficient endosomal escape and safety concerns of the vector systems, in the hope of inviting more comprehensive studies on the development of safe, specific, and efficient non-viral nanovectors for delivering a CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Renfa Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Intracellular delivery of cytochrome C using hypoxia-responsive polypeptide micelles for efficient cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:111069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Magana JR, Sproncken CCM, Voets IK. On Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: Structure-Function Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1953. [PMID: 32872312 PMCID: PMC7565781 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-assembly of ionic-neutral block copolymers with oppositely charged species produces nanometric colloidal complexes, known, among other names, as complex coacervates core micelles (C3Ms). C3Ms are of widespread interest in nanomedicine for controlled delivery and release, whilst research activity into other application areas, such as gelation, catalysis, nanoparticle synthesis, and sensing, is increasing. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the functional roles that C3Ms can fulfil in these and other fields, focusing on emerging structure-function relations and remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.R.M.); (C.C.M.S.)
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Meng
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Cancer Center Houston Methodist Hospital Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY 10065 USA
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17
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Yang HY, Li Y, Jang MS, Fu Y, Wu T, Lee JH, Lee DS. Green preparation of pH-responsive and dual targeting hyaluronic acid nanogels for efficient protein delivery. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Multifunctional hyaluronic acid-mediated quantum dots for targeted intracellular protein delivery and real-time fluorescence imaging. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Kim BS, Kim HJ, Osawa S, Hayashi K, Toh K, Naito M, Min HS, Yi Y, Kwon IC, Kataoka K, Miyata K. Dually Stabilized Triblock Copolymer Micelles with Hydrophilic Shell and Hydrophobic Interlayer for Systemic Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery to Solid Tumor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5770-5780. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beob Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shigehito Osawa
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | | | - Hyun Su Min
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Yi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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20
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Jackson MA, Bedingfield SK, Yu F, Stokan ME, Miles RE, Curvino EJ, Hoogenboezem EN, Bonami RH, Patel SS, Kendall PL, Giorgio TD, Duvall CL. Dual carrier-cargo hydrophobization and charge ratio optimization improve the systemic circulation and safety of zwitterionic nano-polyplexes. Biomaterials 2019; 192:245-259. [PMID: 30458360 PMCID: PMC6534819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While polymeric nano-formulations for RNAi therapeutics hold great promise for molecularly-targeted, personalized medicine, they possess significant systemic delivery challenges including rapid clearance from circulation and the potential for carrier-associated toxicity due to cationic polymer or lipid components. Herein, we evaluated the in vivo pharmacokinetic and safety impact of often-overlooked formulation parameters, including the ratio of carrier polymer to cargo siRNA and hydrophobic siRNA modification in combination with hydrophobic polymer components (dual hydrophobization). For these studies, we used nano-polyplexes (NPs) with well-shielded, zwitterionic coronas, resulting in various NP formulations of equivalent hydrodynamic size and neutral surface charge regardless of charge ratio. Doubling nano-polyplex charge ratio from 10 to 20 increased circulation half-life five-fold and pharmacokinetic area under the curve four-fold, but was also associated with increased liver enzymes, a marker of hepatic damage. Dual hydrophobization achieved by formulating NPs with palmitic acid-modified siRNA (siPA-NPs) both reduced the amount of carrier polymer required to achieve optimal pharmacokinetic profiles and abrogated liver toxicities. We also show that optimized zwitterionic siPA-NPs are well-tolerated upon long-term, repeated administration in mice and exhibit greater than two-fold increased uptake in orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenografts compared to commercial transfection reagent, in vivo-jetPEI®. These data suggest that charge ratio optimization has important in vivo implications and that dual hydrophobization strategies can be used to maximize both NP circulation time and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sean K Bedingfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mitchell E Stokan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Miles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Curvino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ella N Hoogenboezem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shrusti S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd D Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Schumann C, Nguyen DX, Norgard M, Bortnyak Y, Korzun T, Chan S, Lorenz AS, Moses AS, Albarqi HA, Wong L, Michaelis K, Zhu X, Alani AWG, Taratula OR, Krasnow S, Marks DL, Taratula O. Increasing lean muscle mass in mice via nanoparticle-mediated hepatic delivery of follistatin mRNA. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5276-5288. [PMID: 30555546 PMCID: PMC6276093 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy occurs during chronic diseases, resulting in diminished quality of life and compromised treatment outcomes. There is a high demand for therapeutics that increase muscle mass while abrogating the need for special dietary and exercise requirements. Therefore, we developed an efficient nanomedicine approach capable of increasing muscle mass. Methods: The therapy is based on nanoparticle-mediated delivery of follistatin messenger RNA (mRNA) to the liver after subcutaneous administration. The delivered mRNA directs hepatic cellular machinery to produce follistatin, a glycoprotein that increases lean mass through inhibition of negative regulators of muscle mass (myostatin and activin A). These factors are elevated in numerous disease states, thereby providing a target for therapeutic intervention. Results: Animal studies validated that mRNA-loaded nanoparticles enter systemic circulation following subcutaneous injection, accumulate and internalize in the liver, where the mRNA is translated into follistatin. Follistatin serum levels were elevated for 72 h post injection and efficiently reduced activin A and myostatin serum concentrations. After eight weeks of repeated injections, the lean mass of mice in the treatment group was ~10% higher when compared to that of the controls. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results demonstrating an increased muscle mass as well as restricted fat accumulation, this nanoplatform might be a milestone in the development of mRNA technologies and the treatment of muscle wasting disorders.
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22
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Park HM, Liu H, Wu J, Chong A, Mackley V, Fellmann C, Rao A, Jiang F, Chu H, Murthy N, Lee K. Extension of the crRNA enhances Cpf1 gene editing in vitro and in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3313. [PMID: 30120228 PMCID: PMC6098076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of the Cpf1 crRNA has the potential to enhance its gene editing efficiency and non-viral delivery to cells. Here, we demonstrate that extending the length of its crRNA at the 5' end can enhance the gene editing efficiency of Cpf1 both in cells and in vivo. Extending the 5' end of the crRNA enhances the gene editing efficiency of the Cpf1 RNP to induce non-homologous end-joining and homology-directed repair using electroporation in cells. Additionally, chemical modifications on the extended 5' end of the crRNA result in enhanced serum stability. Also, extending the 5' end of the crRNA by 59 nucleotides increases the delivery efficiency of Cpf1 RNP in cells and in vivo cationic delivery vehicles including polymer nanoparticle. Thus, 5' extension and chemical modification of the Cpf1 crRNA is an effective method for enhancing the gene editing efficiency of Cpf1 and its delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Liu
- GenEdit Inc., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joann Wu
- GenEdit Inc., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Christof Fellmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anirudh Rao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fuguo Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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23
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Benner NL, Near KE, Bachmann MH, Contag CH, Waymouth RM, Wender PA. Functional DNA Delivery Enabled by Lipid-Modified Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters (CARTs). Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2812-2824. [PMID: 29727572 PMCID: PMC6542359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective DNA delivery systems are required to enable or enhance clinical strategies and research involving gene therapy and DNA vaccinations. To address this delivery problem, a series of charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) with varied lipid content were prepared and evaluated for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery into cultured cells. These lipid-modified CART co-oligomers were synthesized in only two steps via sequential organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of lipid-containing cyclic carbonate monomers and morpholinone monomers. Lipid variations of the CARTs substantially impacted the delivery efficiency of pDNA, with oleyl- and linoleyl-based CARTs showing enhanced performance relative to the commercial transfection agent Lipofectamine 2000 (L2000). The best-performing oleyl CART was carried forward to study stable luciferase transfection with a Sleeping Beauty ( SB) transposon system. The oleyl CART outperformed the L2000 positive control with respect to stable transfection efficiency. CART-pDNA complexes represent a new DNA delivery system for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine E. Near
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael H. Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Cabral H, Miyata K, Osada K, Kataoka K. Block Copolymer Micelles in Nanomedicine Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6844-6892. [PMID: 29957926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are demonstrating high potential as nanomedicines capable of controlling the distribution and function of loaded bioactive agents in the body, effectively overcoming biological barriers, and various formulations are engaged in intensive preclinical and clinical testing. This Review focuses on polymeric micelles assembled through multimolecular interactions between block copolymers and the loaded drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids as translationable nanomedicines. The aspects involved in the design of successful micellar carriers are described in detail on the basis of the type of polymer/payload interaction, as well as the interplay of micelles with the biological interface, emphasizing on the chemistry and engineering of the block copolymers. By shaping these features, polymeric micelles have been propitious for delivering a wide range of therapeutics through effective sensing of targets in the body and adjustment of their properties in response to particular stimuli, modulating the activity of the loaded drugs at the targeted sites, even at the subcellular level. Finally, the future perspectives and imminent challenges for polymeric micelles as nanomedicines are discussed, anticipating to spur further innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14, Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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25
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Nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR into the brain rescues a mouse model of fragile X syndrome from exaggerated repetitive behaviours. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:497-507. [PMID: 30948824 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Technologies that can safely edit genes in the brains of adult animals may revolutionize the treatment of neurological diseases and the understanding of brain function. Here, we demonstrate that intracranial injection of CRISPR-Gold, a nonviral delivery vehicle for the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein, can edit genes in the brains of adult mice in multiple mouse models. CRISPR-Gold can deliver both Cas9 and Cpf1 ribonucleoproteins, and can edit all of the major cell types in the brain, including neurons, astrocytes and microglia, with undetectable levels of toxicity at the doses used. We also show that CRISPR-Gold designed to target the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) gene can efficiently reduce local mGluR5 levels in the striatum after an intracranial injection. The effect can also rescue mice from the exaggerated repetitive behaviours caused by fragile X syndrome, a common single-gene form of autism spectrum disorders. CRISPR-Gold may significantly accelerate the development of brain-targeted therapeutics and enable the rapid development of focal brain-knockout animal models.
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26
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Sun M, Wang K, Oupický D. Advances in Stimulus-Responsive Polymeric Materials for Systemic Delivery of Nucleic Acids. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:10.1002/adhm.201701070. [PMID: 29227047 PMCID: PMC5821579 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials that respond to a variety of endogenous and external stimuli are actively developed to overcome the main barriers to successful systemic delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Here, an overview of viable stimuli that are proved to improve systemic delivery of nucleic acids is provided. The main focus is placed on nucleic acid delivery systems (NADS) based on polymers that respond to pathological or physiological changes in pH, redox state, enzyme levels, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species levels. Additional discussion is focused on NADS suitable for applications that use external stimuli, such as light, ultrasound, and local hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - David Oupický
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
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27
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Chen Y, Li J, Oupický D. Conjugate Polyplexes with Anti-Invasive Properties and Improved siRNA Delivery In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:296-305. [PMID: 29338191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on a simple method to prepare siRNA-polycation conjugate polyplexes by in situ thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. The conjugate polyplexes are prepared using thiol-terminated siRNA and a bioreducible branched polycationic inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor (rPAMD). The rPAMD-SS-siRNA conjugate polyplexes exhibit improved colloidal stability and resistance against disassembly with heparin, serum, and physiological salt concentrations when compared with control conventional rPAMD/siRNA polyplexes. Coating the polyplexes with human serum albumin masks the positive surface charge and contributes to the enhanced in vitro gene silencing and improved safety in vivo. The conjugate polyplexes display improved in vivo reporter gene silencing following intravenous injection in tumor-bearing mice. Because the conjugate polyplexes retained the ability of rPAMD to inhibit CXCR4 and restrict cancer cell invasion, the developed systems show promise for future combination anti-metastatic siRNA therapies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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28
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Ding L, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Klok HA, Zhong Z. pH-Sensitive Coiled-Coil Peptide-Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Nanogels: Synthesis and Targeted Intracellular Protein Delivery to CD44 Positive Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:555-562. [PMID: 29284258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical translation of protein drugs that act intracellularly is limited by the absence of safe and efficient intracellular protein delivery vehicles. Here, pH-sensitive coiled-coil peptide-cross-linked hyaluronic acid nanogels (HA-cNGs) were designed and investigated for targeted intracellular protein delivery to CD44 overexpressing MCF-7 breast cancer cells. HA-cNGs were obtained with a small size of 176 nm from an equivalent mixture of hyaluronic acid conjugates with GY(EIAALEK)3GC (E3) and GY(KIAALKE)3GC (K3) peptides, respectively, at pH 7.4 by nanoprecipitation. Circular dichroism (CD) proved the formation of coiled-coil structures between E3 and K3 peptides at pH 7.4 while fast uncoiling at pH 5.0. HA-cNGs showed facile loading of cytochrome C (CC) and greatly accelerated CC release under mild acidic conditions (18.4%, 76.8%, and 91.4% protein release in 24 h at pH 7.4, 6.0, and 5.0, respectively). Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry displayed efficient internalization of CC-loaded HA-cNGs and effective endosomal escape of CC in MCF-7 cancer cells. Remarkably, HA-cNGs loaded with saporin, a ribosome inactivating protein, exhibited significantly enhanced apoptotic activity to MCF-7 cells with a low IC50 of 12.2 nM. These coiled-coil peptide-cross-linked hyaluronic acid nanogels have appeared as a simple and multifunctional platform for efficient intracellular protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.,Laboratoire des Polymères, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
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Matsumoto A, Miyahara Y. 'Borono-lectin' based engineering as a versatile platform for biomedical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:18-30. [PMID: 29296128 PMCID: PMC5738650 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1411143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Boronic acids are well known for their ability to reversibly interact with the diol groups, a common motif of biomolecules including sugars and ribose. Due to their ability to interact with carbohydrates, they can be regarded as synthetic mimics of lectins, termed 'borono-lectins'. The borono-lectins can be tailored to elicit a broad profile of binding strength and specificity. This special property has been translated into many creative biomedical applications in a way interactive with biology. This review provides a brief overview of recent efforts of polymeric materials-based engineering taking advantage of such virtue of 'borono-lectins' chemistry, related to the field of biomaterials and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC-KAST), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Leiske MN, Sobotta FH, Richter F, Hoeppener S, Brendel JC, Traeger A, Schubert US. How To Tune the Gene Delivery and Biocompatibility of Poly(2-(4-aminobutyl)-2-oxazoline) by Self- and Coassembly. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:748-760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Nanoparticle delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and donor DNA in vivo induces homology-directed DNA repair. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:889-901. [PMID: 29805845 PMCID: PMC5968829 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics, especially those that can correct gene mutations via homology directed repair (HDR), have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of genetic diseases. However, HDR-based therapeutics are challenging to develop because they require simultaneous in vivo delivery of Cas9 protein, guide RNA and donor DNA. Here, we demonstrate that a delivery vehicle composed of gold nanoparticles conjugated to DNA and complexed with cationic endosomal disruptive polymers can deliver Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and donor DNA into a wide variety of cell types, and efficiently correct the DNA mutation that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mice via local injection, with minimal off-target DNA damage.
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32
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Cavallaro G, Sardo C, Craparo EF, Porsio B, Giammona G. Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: Production and applications. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:313-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Lee K, Mackley VA, Rao A, Chong AT, Dewitt MA, Corn JE, Murthy N. Synthetically modified guide RNA and donor DNA are a versatile platform for CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. eLife 2017; 6:e25312. [PMID: 28462777 PMCID: PMC5413346 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical modification of the gRNA and donor DNA has great potential for improving the gene editing efficiency of Cas9 and Cpf1, but has not been investigated extensively. In this report, we demonstrate that the gRNAs of Cas9 and Cpf1, and donor DNA can be chemically modified at their terminal positions without losing activity. Moreover, we show that 5' fluorescently labeled donor DNA can be used as a marker to enrich HDR edited cells by a factor of two through cell sorting. In addition, we demonstrate that the gRNA and donor DNA can be directly conjugated together into one molecule, and show that this gRNA-donor DNA conjugate is three times better at transfecting cells and inducing HDR, with cationic polymers, than unconjugated gRNA and donor DNA. The tolerance of the gRNA and donor DNA to chemical modifications has the potential to enable new strategies for genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anirudh Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Anthony T Chong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Mark A Dewitt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jacob E Corn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Pärnaste L, Arukuusk P, Langel K, Tenson T, Langel Ü. The Formation of Nanoparticles between Small Interfering RNA and Amphipathic Cell-Penetrating Peptides. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624185 PMCID: PMC5363680 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are delivery vectors widely used to aid the transport of biologically active cargoes to intracellular targets. These cargoes include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that are not naturally internalized by cells. Elucidating the complexities behind the formation of CPP and cargo complexes is crucial for understanding the processes related to their delivery. In this study, we used modified analogs of the CPP transportan10 and investigated the binding properties of these CPPs to siRNA, the formation parameters of the CPP/siRNA complexes, and their stabiliy to enzymatic degradation. We conclude that the pH dependent change of the net charge of the CPP may very well be the key factor leading to the high delivery efficiency and the optimal binding strength between CPPs to siRNAs, while the hydrophobicity, secondary structure of the CPP, and the positions of the positive charges are responsible for the stability of the CPP/siRNA particles. Also, CPPs with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions may assemble into nanoparticles that could be described as core-shell formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Pärnaste
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kent Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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35
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Zhao J, Han F, Zhao P, Wen X, Lin C. Dextranated poly(urethane amine)s designed for systemic gene delivery in ovarian cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6119-6127. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dextranated poly(urethane amine)s can be designed for robust ovarian cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Fei Han
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Chao Lin
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
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36
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Yang HY, Fu Y, Jang MS, Li Y, Lee JH, Chae H, Lee DS. Multifunctional Polymer Ligand Interface CdZnSeS/ZnS Quantum Dot/Cy3-Labeled Protein Pairs as Sensitive FRET Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:35021-35032. [PMID: 27983790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-quality CdZnSeS/ZnS alloyed core/thick-shell quantum dots (QDs) as energy donors were first exploited in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) applications. A highly efficient ligand-exchange method was used to prepare low toxicity, high quantum yield, stabile, and biocompatible CdZnSeS/ZnS QDs densely capped with multifunctional polymer ligands containing dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). The resulting QDs can be applied to construct QDs-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems by their high affinity interaction with dye cyanine 3 (Cy3)-labeled human serum albumin (HSA). This QD-based FRET protein complex can serve as a sensitive sensor for probing the interaction of clofazimine with proteins using fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The ability of FRET imaging both in vitro and in vivo not only reveals that the current FRET system can remain intact for 2 h but also confirms the potential of the FRET system to act as a nanocarrier for intracellular protein delivery or to serve as an imaging probe for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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38
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Kim HJ, Kim A, Miyata K, Kataoka K. Recent progress in development of siRNA delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 104:61-77. [PMID: 27352638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in RNA biology has broadened the scope of therapeutic targets of RNA drugs for cancer therapy. However, RNA drugs, typically small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are rapidly degraded by RNases and filtrated in the kidney, thereby requiring a delivery vehicle for efficient transport to the target cells. To date, various delivery formulations have been developed from cationic lipids, polymers, and/or inorganic nanoparticles for systemic delivery of siRNA to solid tumors. This review describes the current status of clinical trials related to siRNA-based cancer therapy, as well as the remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish a successful therapy. It, then introduces various promising design strategies of delivery vehicles for stable and targeted siRNA delivery, including the prospects for future design.
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39
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Tammam SN, Azzazy HME, Lamprecht A. How successful is nuclear targeting by nanocarriers? J Control Release 2016; 229:140-153. [PMID: 26995759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is ultimately the final target for many therapeutics treating various disorders including cancers, heart dysfunction and brain disorders. Owing to their specialized cell uptake and trafficking mechanisms, nanoparticles (NPs) allow drug targeting where degradation sensitive therapeutics could be delivered to their target tissues and cell in active form and sufficient concentration. However, it has recently become increasingly obvious that cytosolic internalization of a drug molecule does not entail its interaction with its subcellular target and hence careful nanoparticle design and optimization is required to enable nuclear targeting. This review, discusses the barriers to NP nuclear delivery; crossing the cell membrane, endo/lysosomal escape, cytoplasmic trafficking and finally nuclear entry focusing on how NP synthesis and modification could allow for bypassing each of the aforementioned barriers and successfully reaching the nucleus. Examples of nuclear targeted NPs are also discussed, stressing on the critical aspects of nuclear targeting and pointing out how the disease state might change the normal NP path and how such change could be exploited to increase efficiency of nuclear targeting. Finally, the criteria set for the evaluation of nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are discussed highlighting that quantitative rather than qualitative evaluation is required to evaluate how successful nanocarriers for nuclear delivery are, particularly with regards to the amount of drug delivered and released in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
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40
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Structural modifications in polymeric micelles to impart multifunctionality for improved drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:73-87. [PMID: 26769002 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are macromolecular nanoconstructs which are formed by self-assembly of synthetic amphiphilic block copolymers. These copolymers could be chemically modified to expand their functionality and hence obtain a multifunctional micelle which could serve several functions simultaneously, for example, long circulation time along with active targeting, smart polymeric micelles providing on-demand drug release for example, pH responsive micelles, redox- and light-sensitive micelles, charge-conversion micelles and core/shell cross-linked micelles. Additionally, micelles could be tailored to carry a contrast agent or siRNA/miRNA along with the drug for greater clinical benefit. The focus of the current commentary would be to highlight such chemical modifications which impart multifunctionality to a single carrier and discuss challenges involved in clinical translation of these multifunctional micelles.
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41
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Abstract
Polyion complex (PIC) micelles can be prepared through the spontaneous assembly of cationic block copolymers with oppositely charged short interfering RNAs (SiRNAs). Their core-shell architectures offer a delivery platform for vulnerable SiRNA, improving their biological activities for medicinal applications such as tumor-targeted therapy. Here, we report a protocol for the preparation of SiRNA-loaded PIC micelles using a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(aspartamide) derivative, providing the physicochemical criteria for well-defined micellar formulation. In addition, we describe protocols for a stability assay for SiRNA-loaded PIC micelles in the presence of serum using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and a luciferase assay for cultured cancer cells stably expressing luciferase, thus providing the biological criteria for further medicinal applications.
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42
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Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing has shown prominent therapeutic effects in treating various diseases. However, adequate delivery and persistent gene silencing remain challenging. A nanoparticle-based delivery system which assembled by layering siRNAs between protease degradable polypeptides to show ultra-long gene silencing effect in vivo is developed. Gold nanoparticle is used as a scaffold for its unique properties including uniform size, biocompatibility, ready synthesis, and easy functionalization. A simple layer-by-layer fabrication approach, based on the electrostatic interaction between positively and negatively charged polymers, is applied to package the therapeutic siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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43
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Multifunctional cationic polyurethanes designed for non-viral cancer gene therapy. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:155-167. [PMID: 26621697 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nano-polyplexes from bioreducible cationic polymers have a massive promise for cancer gene therapy. However, the feasibility of cationic polyurethanes for non-viral gene therapy is so far not well studied. In this work, a linear cationic polyurethane containing disulfide bonds, urethane linkages and protonable tertiary amino groups was successfully generated by stepwise polycondensation reaction between 2,2'-dithiodiethanol bis(p-nitrophenyl carbonate) and 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAP). We confirmed that the cationic polyurethane (denoted as PUBAP) displayed superior gene delivery properties to its cationic polyamide analogue, thus causing higher in vitro transfection efficiency in MCF-7 and SKOV-3 cells. Besides, further folate-PEGylation and hydrophobic deoxycholic acid (DCA) conjugation to amino-containing PUBAP can be conducted to afford multifunctional polyurethane gene delivery system. After optimization, folate-decorated nano-polyplexes from the PUBAP conjugated with 8 folate-PEG chains and 12 DCA residues exhibited superb colloidal stability under physiological conditions, and performed rapid uptake via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis, efficient intracellular gene release and nucleus translocation into SKOV-3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, PUBAP based polyplexes possess low cytotoxicity as a result of PUBAP biodegradability. Therefore, marked growth inhibition of SKOV-3 tumor xenografted in Balb/c nude mice was achieved with negligible side effects on the mouse health after intravenous administration of PUBAP based polyplexes with a therapeutic plasmid encoding for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. This work provides a new insight into biomedical application of bio-responsive polyurethanes for cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we have confirmed that disulfide-based cationic polyurethane presents a new non-viral vector for gene transfer and cancer gene therapy. The significance of this work includes: (1) design and synthesis of a group of novel disulfide-based cationic polyurethane by non-isocyanate chemistry; (2) comparative study of transfection activity between cationic polyurethanes and cationic polyamides; (3) feasibility of bioreducible cationic polyurethanes for in vivo cancer gene therapy.
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44
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Prabha S, Vyas R, Gupta N, Ahmed B, Chandra R, Nimesh S. RNA interference technology with emphasis on delivery vehicles—prospects and limitations. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1391-9. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1058808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Vyas
- Department of Biotechnology, The IIS University, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, The IIS University, Jaipur, India
| | - Bahar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, School of Life Sciences, Ajmer, India
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45
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Zheng N, Song Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zhang R, Yao C, Uckun FM, Yin L, Cheng J. Redox-responsive, reversibly-crosslinked thiolated cationic helical polypeptides for efficient siRNA encapsulation and delivery. J Control Release 2015; 205:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Marimani MD, Ely A, Buff MCR, Bernhardt S, Engels JW, Scherman D, Escriou V, Arbuthnot P. Inhibition of replication of hepatitis B virus in transgenic mice following administration of hepatotropic lipoplexes containing guanidinopropyl-modified siRNAs. J Control Release 2015; 209:198-206. [PMID: 25937322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurs commonly and complications that arise from persistence of the virus are associated with high mortality. Available licensed drugs have modest curative efficacy and advancing new therapeutic strategies to eliminate the virus is therefore a priority. HBV is susceptible to inactivation by exogenous gene silencers that harness RNA interference (RNAi) and the approach has therapeutic potential. To advance RNAi-based treatment for HBV infection, use in vivo of hepatotropic lipoplexes containing siRNAs with guanidinopropyl (GP) modifications is reported here. Lipoplexes contained polyglutamate, which has previously been shown to facilitate formulation and improve efficiency of the non-viral vectors. GP moieties were included in a previously described anti-HBV siRNA that effectively targeted the conserved viral X sequence. Particles had physical properties that were suitable for use in vivo: average diameter was approximately 50-200 nm and surface charge (zeta potential) was +65 mV. Efficient hepatotropic delivery of labeled siRNA was observed following systemic intravenous injection of the particles into HBV transgenic mice. Good inhibition of markers of viral replication was observed without evidence of toxicity. Efficacy of the GP-modified siRNAs was significantly more durable and formulations made up with chemically modified siRNAs were less immunostimulatory. An RNAi-mediated mechanism was confirmed by demonstrating that HBV mRNA cleavage occurred in vivo at the intended target site. Collectively these data indicate that GP-modified siRNAs formulated in anionic polymer-containing lipoplexes are effective silencers of HBV replication in vivo and have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa D Marimani
- Wits/SA MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SA MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Maximilian C R Buff
- Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Bernhardt
- Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim W Engels
- Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Scherman
- UTCBS, CNRS UMR8258, INSERM U1022, Université Paris Descartes, Chimie ParisTech, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Escriou
- UTCBS, CNRS UMR8258, INSERM U1022, Université Paris Descartes, Chimie ParisTech, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SA MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
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Cationic Polyrotaxanes as a Feasible Framework for the Intracellular Delivery and Sustainable Activity of Anionic Enzymes: A Comparison Study with Methacrylate-Based Polycations. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Lächelt U, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Using Polyplexes: A Journey of 50 Years (and Beyond). Chem Rev 2015; 115:11043-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
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49
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Tai Z, Wang X, Tian J, Gao Y, Zhang L, Yao C, Wu X, Zhang W, Zhu Q, Gao S. Biodegradable Stearylated Peptide with Internal Disulfide Bonds for Efficient Delivery of siRNA In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1119-30. [PMID: 25686200 DOI: 10.1021/bm501777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongguang Tai
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chong Yao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and
Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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50
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Yang Z, Gao D, Cao Z, Zhang C, Cheng D, Liu J, Shuai X. Drug and gene co-delivery systems for cancer treatment. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221938 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major killer and a leading cause of death in the world; thus, a growing number of new treatments have been focused on cancer therapy over the past few decades. Chemotherapy, which is thought to be a powerful strategy for cancer treatment, has been widely used in clinical therapy in recent years. However, due to the complexity of cancer, a single therapeutic approach is insufficient for the suppression of cancer growth and migration. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to the use of smart multifunctional carriers and combinatorially delivers chemotherapeutic drugs and functional genes in order to maximize therapeutic efficiency. Combination therapy using selected drugs and genes can not only overcome multidrug resistance and inhibit the cellular anti-apoptotic process but also achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect. Because multifunctional nanocarriers are important for achieving these goals, this review will illustrate and discuss some advanced biomaterial nanocarriers for co-delivering therapeutic genes and drugs, including multifunctional micelles, liposomes, polymeric conjugates and inorganic nanoparticles. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives for co-delivery systems, containing therapeutic drugs and genes to achieve better therapeutic effects for cancer treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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