1
|
Caputo F, Favre G, Borchard G, Calzolai L, Fisicaro P, Frejafon E, Günday-Türeli N, Koltsov D, Minelli C, Nelson BC, Parot J, Prina-Mello A, Zou S, Ouf FX. Toward an international standardisation roadmap for nanomedicine. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01646-2. [PMID: 38865038 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The French National Metrology Institute (LNE) initiated a series of events to identify priorities for test methods and their harmonisation that directly address regulatory needs in Nanomedicine. One of these workshops entitled "The International Standardisation Roadmap for Nanomedicine" held in October 2023 (Paris, France) brought together key experts in the characterisation of nanomedicines and medical products containing nanomaterials, including the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, SINTEF Industry and the metrology institutes of France, the UK, the USA and Canada, two flagship initiatives of the European Commission (PHOENIX and SAFE-n-MEDTECH Open Innovation Test Beds), representatives of a working party on mRNA vaccines at the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and members of international standardisation and pre-normative organisations (including CEN, ISO, ASTM, VAMAS). Two take-home message came out from the discussion. First, developing standard test methods and Reference Materials (RMs) for nanomedicines is a key priority for the European Commission and various stakeholders. Furthermore, there was a unanimous recognition of the need for a unified approach between standardisation committees, regulators and the nanomedicine community. At the USA, Canadian and European level, examples of success stories and of future initiative have been discussed. Future perspectives include the creation of a dedicated Working Group under CEN/TC 352 to consolidate efforts and develop a nanomedicine standardisation roadmap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), ZA Trappes-Elancourt, 29 Rue Roger Hennequin, 78190, Trappes, France.
- NanoMesureFrance, LNE, 1 rue Gaston Boissier Paris Cedex 15, Paris, 75724, France.
| | - Georges Favre
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), ZA Trappes-Elancourt, 29 Rue Roger Hennequin, 78190, Trappes, France.
- NanoMesureFrance, LNE, 1 rue Gaston Boissier Paris Cedex 15, Paris, 75724, France.
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), ZA Trappes-Elancourt, 29 Rue Roger Hennequin, 78190, Trappes, France
| | - Emeric Frejafon
- BRGM.Fr- Service Geological National, Orleans, 45100, France
| | | | | | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Bryant C Nelson
- NIST- Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jérémie Parot
- SINTEF Industry, Biotechnology and Nanomedicine department, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin 8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shan Zou
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - François-Xavier Ouf
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), ZA Trappes-Elancourt, 29 Rue Roger Hennequin, 78190, Trappes, France.
- NanoMesureFrance, LNE, 1 rue Gaston Boissier Paris Cedex 15, Paris, 75724, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castillo Henríquez L, Bahloul B, Alhareth K, Oyoun F, Frejková M, Kostka L, Etrych T, Kalshoven L, Guillaume A, Mignet N, Corvis Y. Step-By-Step Standardization of the Bottom-Up Semi-Automated Nanocrystallization of Pharmaceuticals: A Quality By Design and Design of Experiments Joint Approach. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306054. [PMID: 38299478 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanosized drug crystals have been reported with enhanced apparent solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy compared to microcrystal materials, which are not suitable for parenteral administration. However, nanocrystal design and development by bottom-up approaches are challenging, especially considering the non-standardized process parameters in the injection step. This work aims to present a systematic step-by-step approach through Quality-by-Design (QbD) and Design of Experiments (DoE) for synthesizing drug nanocrystals by a semi-automated nanoprecipitation method. Curcumin is used as a drug model due to its well-known poor water solubility (0.6 µg mL-1, 25 °C). Formal and informal risk assessment tools allow identifying the critical factors. A fractional factorial 24-1 screening design evaluates their impact on the average size and polydispersity of nanocrystals. The optimization of significant factors is done by a Central Composite Design. This response surface methodology supports the rational design of the nanocrystals, identifying and exploring the design space. The proposed joint approach leads to a reproducible, robust, and stable nanocrystalline preparation of 316 nm with a PdI of 0.217 in compliance with the quality profile. An orthogonal approach for particle size and polydispersity characterization allows discarding the formation of aggregates. Overall, the synergy between advanced data analysis and semi-automated standardized nanocrystallization of drugs is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo Henríquez
- CNRS, INSERM, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Group (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Badr Bahloul
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5060, Tunisia
| | - Khair Alhareth
- CNRS, INSERM, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Group (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Feras Oyoun
- CNRS, INSERM, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Group (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Markéta Frejková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague, CZ-162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague, CZ-162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague, CZ-162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Luc Kalshoven
- EuroAPI France, Particle Engineering and Sizing Department, Vertolaye, F-63480, France
| | - Alain Guillaume
- EuroAPI France, Particle Engineering and Sizing Department, Vertolaye, F-63480, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- CNRS, INSERM, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Group (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Yohann Corvis
- CNRS, INSERM, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Group (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simon CG, Bozenhardt EH, Celluzzi CM, Dobnik D, Grant ML, Lakshmipathy U, Nebel T, Peltier L, Ratcliffe A, Sherley JL, Stacey GN, Taghizadeh RR, Tan EHP, Vessillier S. Mechanism of action, potency and efficacy: considerations for cell therapies. J Transl Med 2024; 22:416. [PMID: 38698408 PMCID: PMC11067168 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of developing advanced cell therapy products (CTPs) is defining the mechanism of action (MOA), potency and efficacy of the product. This perspective examines these concepts and presents helpful ways to think about them through the lens of metrology. A logical framework for thinking about MOA, potency and efficacy is presented that is consistent with the existing regulatory guidelines, but also accommodates what has been learned from the 27 US FDA-approved CTPs. Available information regarding MOA, potency and efficacy for the 27 FDA-approved CTPs is reviewed to provide background and perspective. Potency process and efficacy process charts are introduced to clarify and illustrate the relationships between six key concepts: MOA, potency, potency test, efficacy, efficacy endpoint and efficacy endpoint test. Careful consideration of the meaning of these terms makes it easier to discuss the challenges of correlating potency test results with clinical outcomes and to understand how the relationships between the concepts can be misunderstood during development and clinical trials. Examples of how a product can be "potent but not efficacious" or "not potent but efficacious" are presented. Two example applications of the framework compare how MOA is assessed in cell cultures, animal models and human clinical trials and reveals the challenge of establishing MOA in humans. Lastly, important considerations for the development of potency tests for a CTP are discussed. These perspectives can help product developers set appropriate expectations for understanding a product's MOA and potency, avoid unrealistic assumptions and improve communication among team members during the development of CTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Simon
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Erich H Bozenhardt
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Regenerative Medicine Operations, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christina M Celluzzi
- Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Dobnik
- Niba Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Melanie L Grant
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Marcus Center for Cellular and Gene Therapies, Correlative Studies Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Uma Lakshmipathy
- Pharma Services, Science and Technology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thiana Nebel
- Medical Education, Sports Medicine and Orthobiologics, Medical Sales Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda Peltier
- Cellular Therapy Lab, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Glyn N Stacey
- International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, Barley, Herts, UK
- National Stem Cell Resource Centre, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Eddie H P Tan
- Cell and Gene Therapy Facility, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- Science, Research and Innovation Group, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nogueira SS, Samaridou E, Simon J, Frank S, Beck-Broichsitter M, Mehta A. Analytical techniques for the characterization of nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114235. [PMID: 38401742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-assisted RNA delivery has gotten a tremendous boost over the last decade and made a significant impact in the development of life-changing vaccines and therapeutics. With increasing numbers of emerging lipid- and polymer-based RNA nanoparticles progressing towards the clinic, it has become apparent that the safety and efficacy of these medications depend on the comprehensive understanding of their critical quality attributes (CQAs). However, despite the rapid advancements in the field, the identification and reliable quantification of CQAs remain a significant challenge. To support these efforts, this review aims to summarize the present knowledge on CQAs based on the regulatory guidelines and to provide insights into the available analytical characterization techniques for RNA-loaded nanoparticles. In this context, routine and emerging analytical techniques are categorized and discussed, focusing on the operation principle, strengths, and potential limitations. Furthermore, the importance of complementary and orthogonal techniques for the measurement of CQAs is discussed in order to ensure the quality and consistency of analytical methods used, and address potential technique-based differences.
Collapse
|
5
|
Glaubitz C, Bazzoni A, Ackermann-Hirschi L, Baraldi L, Haeffner M, Fortunatus R, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Balog S, Petri-Fink A. Leveraging Machine Learning for Size and Shape Analysis of Nanoparticles: A Shortcut to Electron Microscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:421-427. [PMID: 38229591 PMCID: PMC10788956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Characterizing nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial in nanoscience due to the direct influence of their physiochemical properties on their behavior. Various experimental techniques exist to analyze the size and shape of NPs, each with advantages, limitations, proneness to uncertainty, and resource requirements. One of them is electron microscopy (EM), often considered the gold standard, which offers visualization of the primary particles. However, despite its advantages, EM can be expensive, less accessible, and difficult to apply during dynamic processes. Therefore, using EM for specific experimental conditions, such as observing dynamic processes or visualizing low-contrast particles, is challenging. This study showcases the potential of machine learning in deriving EM parameters by utilizing cost-effective and dynamic techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. Our developed model successfully predicts the size and shape parameters of gold NPs based on DLS and UV-vis results. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practicality of our model in situations in which conducting EM measurements presents a challenge: Tracking in situ the synthesis of 100 nm gold NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Glaubitz
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Bazzoni
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Baraldi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Moritz Haeffner
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fortunatus
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Chemistry
Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cho TJ, Reipa V, Gorham JM, Pettibone JM, Tona A, Johnston-Peck A, Liu J, Nelson BC, Hackley VA. Stability-Enhanced Cisplatin Gold Nanoparticles As Therapeutic Anticancer Agents. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:10.1021/acsanm.3c04935. [PMID: 38846932 PMCID: PMC11155487 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Using dendron chemistry, we developed stability enhanced, carboxylate surface modified (negatively charged dendron) AuNPs (Au-NCD). Since the carboxylate surface of Au-NCD is optimal for complexation with cisplatin (Pt) moieties, we further synthesized Pt loaded Au-NCD (Au-NCD/Pt) to serve as potential therapeutic anticancer agents. The size distribution, zeta potential and surface plasmon resonance of both Au-NCDs and Au-NCD/Pt were characterized via dynamic light scattering, scanning transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Surface chemistry, Pt uptake, and Pt release were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Colloidal stability in physiological media over a wide pH range (1 to 13) and shelf-life stability (up to 6 months) were also assessed. Finally, the cytotoxicity of both Au-NCD and Au-NCD/Pt to Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO K1; as a normal cell line) and to human lung epithelial cells (A549; as a cancer cell line) were evaluated. The results of these physicochemical and functional cytotoxicity studies with Au-NCD/Pt demonstrated that the particles exhibited superlative colloidal stability, cisplatin uptake and in vitro anticancer activity despite low amounts of Pt release from the conjugate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Joon Cho
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vytas Reipa
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Justin M. Gorham
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - John M. Pettibone
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alessandro Tona
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Aaron Johnston-Peck
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Bryant C. Nelson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vincent A. Hackley
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roger E, Franconi F, Do TAT, Simonsson C, Siegler B, Perrot R, Saulnier P, Gimel JC. Evidence of residual micellar structures in a lipid nanocapsule dispersion. A multi-technique approach. J Control Release 2023; 364:700-717. [PMID: 37951474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are metastable emulsions in the nanometric range which can be obtained using low-energy processes. A decade ago, it was demonstrated that a non-negligible amount of residual surfactant micelles may coexist with the oil nanodroplets in a model oil/surfactant system. Those micelles were called "wasted" micelles as they did not participate in the formation of the nanodroplets. Little attention has been focused on the potential presence or effect of such secondary structures in nanoemulsions used as drug delivery systems. Here, we present an extensive characterization of lipid nanocapsules, a nanoemulsion obtained from a medium-chain triglyceride mixed with a pegylated surfactant by a process comprising a temperature-dependent phase inversion followed by a cold-water quench. Lipid nanocapsules demonstrate a very good shelf stability. First, for clarity and academic purposes, we briefly present the pros and the cons of the various diffusion-based characterization techniques used i.e., multi-angle and single-angle dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and diffusometry nuclear magnetic resonance. Then, combining all these techniques, we show that up to 40 wt% of the surfactant is not involved in the lipid nanocapsule construction but forms residual micellar structures. Those micelles also contain a small quantity of medium-chain triglyceride (2 wt% of the initial amount) and encapsulate around 40 wt% of a fluorescent dye originally dispersed in the oily phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Roger
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Florence Franconi
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; Univ Angers, PRISM, SFR ICAT, Biogenouest, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Tran Anh Thu Do
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Carl Simonsson
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | | | | - Patrick Saulnier
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neuer AL, Herrmann IK, Gogos A. Biochemical transformations of inorganic nanomedicines in buffers, cell cultures and organisms. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18139-18155. [PMID: 37946534 PMCID: PMC10667590 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine is rapidly evolving, with new materials and formulations being reported almost daily. In this respect, inorganic and inorganic-organic composite nanomaterials have gained significant attention. However, the use of new materials in clinical trials and their final approval as drugs has been hampered by several challenges, one of which is the complex and difficult to control nanomaterial chemistry that takes place within the body. Several reviews have summarized investigations on inorganic nanomaterial stability in model body fluids, cell cultures, and organisms, focusing on their degradation as well as the influence of corona formation. However, in addition to these aspects, various chemical reactions of nanomaterials, including phase transformation and/or the formation of new/secondary nanomaterials, have been reported. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of biochemical transformations of medically relevant inorganic (composite) nanomaterials in environments related to their applications. We provide a refined terminology for the primary reaction mechanisms involved to bridge the gaps between different disciplines involved in this research. Furthermore, we highlight suitable analytical techniques that can be harnessed to explore the described reactions. Finally, we highlight opportunities to utilize them for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and discuss current challenges and research priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Neuer
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chan HW, Chow S, Zhang X, Kwok PCL, Chow SF. Role of Particle Size in Translational Research of Nanomedicines for Successful Drug Delivery: Discrepancies and Inadequacies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2371-2384. [PMID: 37453526 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant research progress in substantiating the therapeutic merits of nanomedicines and the emergence of sophisticated nanotechnologies, the translation of this knowledge into new therapeutic modalities has been sluggish, indicating the need for a more comprehensive understanding of how the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles affect their clinical applications. Particle size is a critical quality attribute that impacts the bio-fate of nanoparticles, yet precise knowledge of its effect remains elusive with discrepancies among literature reports. This review aims to address this scientific knowledge gap from a drug development perspective by highlighting potential inadequacies during the evaluation of particle size effects. We begin with a discussion on the major issues in particle size characterization along with the corresponding remedies. The influence of confounding factors on biological effects of particle size, including colloidal stability, polydispersity, and in vitro drug release, are addressed for establishing stronger in vitro-in vivo correlation. Particle size design and tailoring approaches for successful nanoparticulate drug delivery beyond parenteral administration are also illustrated. We believe a holistic understanding of the effect of particle size on bio-fate, combined with consistent nanoparticle manufacturing platforms and tailored characterization techniques, would expedite the translation of nanomedicines into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., China; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., China; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Krupnik L, Joshi P, Kappler A, Flühmann B, Alston AB, Digigow R, Wick P, Neels A. Critical nanomaterial attributes of iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles: Leveraging orthogonal methods to resolve the 3-dimensional structure. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106521. [PMID: 37423578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines are widely used to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia across a wide breadth of patient populations. These colloidal solutions of nanoparticles are complex drugs which inherently makes physicochemical characterization more challenging than small molecule drugs. There have been advancements in physicochemical characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurement, that have provided a better understanding of the physical structure of these drug products in vitro. However, establishment and validation of complementary and orthogonal approaches are necessary to better understand the 3-dimensional physical structure of the iron-carbohydrate complexes, particularly with regard to their physical state in the context of the nanoparticle interaction with biological components such as whole blood (i.e. the nano-bio interface).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Krupnik
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Materials meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland; Center for X-ray Analytics, Materials meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Prachi Joshi
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Beat Flühmann
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, Glattbrug 8152, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Materials meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Materials meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barton Alston A, Digigow R, Flühmann B, Wacker MG. Putting square pegs in round holes: why traditional pharmacokinetic principles cannot universally be applied to iron-carbohydrate complexes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00113-3. [PMID: 37142131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous iron-carbohydrate complexes are nanomedicines that are commonly used to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia of various etiologies. Many challenges remain regarding these complex drugs in the context of fully understanding their pharmacokinetic parameters. Firstly, the measurement of the intact iron nanoparticles versus endogenous iron concentration fundamentally limits the availability of data for computational modeling. Secondly, the models need to include several parameters to describe the iron metabolism which is not completely defined and those identified (e.g. ferritin) exhibit considerable interpatient variability. Additionally, modeling is further complicated by the lack of traditional receptor/enzyme interactions. The known parameters of bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion for iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines will be reviewed and future challenges that currently prevent the direct application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic or other computational modeling techniques will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo Digigow
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore
| | - Beat Flühmann
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huber MJ, Ivleva NP, Booth AM, Beer I, Bianchi I, Drexel R, Geiss O, Mehn D, Meier F, Molska A, Parot J, Sørensen L, Vella G, Prina-Mello A, Vogel R, Caputo F. Physicochemical characterization and quantification of nanoplastics: applicability, limitations and complementarity of batch and fractionation methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04689-5. [PMID: 37106123 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive physicochemical characterization of heterogeneous nanoplastic (NPL) samples remains an analytical challenge requiring a combination of orthogonal measurement techniques to improve the accuracy and robustness of the results. Here, batch methods, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as separation/fractionation methods such as centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS) and field-flow fractionation (FFF)-multi-angle light scattering (MALS) combined with pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS) or Raman microspectroscopy (RM) were evaluated for NPL size, shape, and chemical composition measurements and for quantification. A set of representative/test particles of different chemical natures, including (i) polydisperse polyethylene (PE), (ii) (doped) polystyrene (PS) NPLs, (iii) titanium dioxide, and (iv) iron oxide nanoparticles (spherical and elongated), was used to assess the applicability and limitations of the selected methodologies. Particle sizes and number-based concentrations obtained by orthogonal batch methods (DLS, NTA, TRPS) were comparable for monodisperse spherical samples, while higher deviations were observed for polydisperse, agglomerated samples and for non-spherical particles, especially for light scattering methods. CLS and TRPS offer further insight with increased size resolution, while detailed morphological information can be derived by electron microscopy (EM)-based approaches. Combined techniques such as FFF coupled to MALS and RM can provide complementary information on physical and chemical properties by online measurements, while pyGC-MS analysis of FFF fractions can be used for the identification of polymer particles (vs. inorganic particles) and for their offline (semi)quantification. However, NPL analysis in complex samples will continue to present a serious challenge for the evaluated techniques without significant improvements in sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Huber
- Institute of Water Chemistry (IWC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (NAT, Dep. Chemistry), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Water Chemistry (IWC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (NAT, Dep. Chemistry), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Andy M Booth
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Irina Beer
- Institute of Water Chemistry (IWC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (NAT, Dep. Chemistry), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ivana Bianchi
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Otmar Geiss
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Dora Mehn
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Alicja Molska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeremie Parot
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gabriele Vella
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization for Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization for Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Vogel
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fanny Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sonzini S, Caputo F, Mehn D, Calzolai L, Even Borgos S, Hyldbakk A, Treacher K, Li W, Jackman M, Mahmoudi N, Jayne Lawrence M, Patterson C, Owen D, Ashford M, Akhtar N. In depth characterization of physicochemical Critical Quality Attributes of a clinical drug-dendrimer conjugate. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122905. [PMID: 37003312 PMCID: PMC10157317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A deep and detailed understanding of drug-dendrimer conjugates key properties is needed to define the critical quality attributes that affect drug product performance. The characterization must be executed both in the formulation media and in biological matrices. This, nevertheless, is challenging on account of a very limited number of suitable, established methods for characterizing the physicochemical properties, stability, and interaction with biological environment of complex drug-dendrimer conjugates. In order to fully characterize AZD0466, a drug-dendrimer conjugate currently under clinical development by AstraZeneca, a collaboration was initiated with the European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory to deploy a state-of-the-art multi-step approach to measure physicochemical properties. An incremental complexity characterization approach was applied to two batches of AZD0466 and the corresponding dendrimer not carrying any drug, SPL-8984. Thus, the aim of this work is to guide in depth characterization efforts in the analysis of drug-dendrimer conjugates. Additionally, it serves to highlight the importance of using the adequate complementary techniques to measure physical and chemical stability in both simple and biological media, to drive a complex drug-dendrimer conjugate product from discovery to clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sonzini
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fanny Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sven Even Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Hyldbakk
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kevin Treacher
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Weimin Li
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Jackman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry and the North West Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Claire Patterson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - David Owen
- Starpharma Pty Ltd., 4-6 Southampton Cresent, Abbotsford, Victoria 3067, Australia
| | - Marianne Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Nadim Akhtar
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH-Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|