1
|
Jin R, Bandowe BAM, Zheng M, Liu G, Nežiková B, Prokeš R, Čupr P, Klánová J, Lammel G. Atmospheric deposition of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Europe analyzed by GC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61360-61368. [PMID: 34173951 PMCID: PMC8580896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs and BrPAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment. The sources, fate, and sinks in the atmosphere of these substances are largely unknown. One of the reasons is the lack of widely accessible analytical instrumentation. In this study, a new analytical method for ClPAHs and BrPAHs using gas-chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is presented. The method was applied to determine ClPAHs and BrPAHs in total deposition samples collected at two sites in central Europe. Deposition fluxes of ClPAHs and BrPAHs ranged 580 (272-962) and 494 (161-936) pg m-2 day-1, respectively, at a regional background site, Košetice, and 547 (351-724) and 449 (202-758) pg m-2 day-1, respectively, at a semi-urban site, Praha-Libuš. These fluxes are similar to those of PCBs and more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than those of the parent PAHs in the region. Seasonal variations of the deposition fluxes of these halogenated PAHs were found with maxima in summer and autumn, and minima in winter at Košetice, but vice versa at Praha-Libuš. The distribution of ClPAHs and BrPAHs between the particulate and dissolved phases in deposition samples suggests higher degradability of particulate BrFlt/Pyr and BrBaA than of the corresponding ClPAHs. A number of congeners were detected for the first time in the atmospheric environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Barbora Nežiková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin R, Bu D, Liu G, Zheng M, Lammel G, Fu J, Yang L, Li C, Habib A, Yang Y, Liu X. New classes of organic pollutants in the remote continental environment - Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105574. [PMID: 32078871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental organic pollutants. The abundance and sources of these compounds have not been studied in remote environments. We collected and analyzed air, soil, lichen, and moss samples from the Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.78-4.16 pg/m3 in air, 3.11-297 pg/g in soil, 260-741 pg/g in lichens, and 338-934 pg/g in mosses. Concentrations of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.15-0.59 pg/m3 in air, 0.61-72.3 pg/g in soil, 33.5-64.9 pg/g in lichens, and 20.5-72.5 pg/g in mosses. The dominant congeners were 9- and 2-chlorophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 3-chlorofluoranthene, and 1-bromopyrene. We found correlations between congener concentrations in lichens and in air, and lichens effectively predicted near-ground atmospheric concentrations of the pollutants. The enrichment of photochemically stable compounds in high-altitude environments is influenced by their physicochemical properties. Principal component analysis with multivariate linear regression of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in lichens provided an assessment of the relative source contributions, and suggested that in Medog County of Tibetan Plateau, 48% was likely from long-range combustion sources, 26% was from local burning sources, and 26% was from photochemical formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Duo Bu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Qi M, Yu Q, Ma X. Accelerated Cocrystallization of Cytosine and Succinic Acid Through Compaction+Grinding. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201700118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushuo Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 People's Republic of China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Engineering Technology for Clean Coal Conversion China
| | - Xiaoxun Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 People's Republic of China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Engineering Technology for Clean Coal Conversion China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goldfarb JL. Review of Sublimation Thermodynamics of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L. Goldfarb
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of New Hampshire; 33 Academic Way Durham New Hampshire 03824
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical and Vapor Pressure Behavior of Anthracene and Brominated Anthracene Mixtures. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2013; 342:10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036. [PMID: 24319314 PMCID: PMC3848959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the anthracene (1) + 2-bromoanthracene (2) and anthracene (1) + 9-bromoanthracene (3) systems. Solid-liquid equilibrium temperature and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate the existence of a minimum melting solid state near an equilibrium temperature of 477.65 K at x1 = 0.74 for the (1) + (2) system. Additionally, solid-vapor equilibrium studies for the (1) + (2) system show that the vapor pressure of the mixtures depends on composition, but does not follow ideal Raoult's law behaviour. The (1) + (3) system behaves differently from the (1) + (2) system. The (1) + (3) system has a solid solution like phase diagram. The system consists of two phases, an anthracene like phase and a 9-bromoanthracene like phase, while (1) + (2) mixtures only form a single phase. Moreover, experimental studies of the two systems suggest that the (1) + (2) system is in a thermodynamically lower energy state than the (1) + (3) system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:574-8. [PMID: 22213441 PMCID: PMC3288591 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical properties and phase behavior of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:486-493. [PMID: 22139714 PMCID: PMC3641849 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of vapor pressure of organic pollutants is essential in predicting their fate and transport in the environment. In the present study, the vapor pressures of 12 halogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), 9-chlorofluorene, 2,7-dichlorofluorene, 2-bromofluorene, 9-bromofluorene, 2,7-dibromofluorene, 2-bromoanthracene, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 9-bromophenanthrene, 9,10-dibromophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene, and 6,12-dibromochrysene, were measured using the Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range of 301 to 464 K. Enthalpies and entropies of sublimation of these compounds were determined via application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The data were also compared with earlier published literature values to study the influence of halogen substitution on vapor pressure of PACs. As expected, the halogen substitution decreases vapor pressure compared with parent compounds but does not necessarily increase the enthalpy of sublimation. Furthermore, the decrease of vapor pressure also depends on the substitution position and the substituted halogen, and the di-substitution of chlorine and/or bromine decreases the vapor pressure compared with single halogen-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the enthalpy of fusion and melting temperature of these 12 PACs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and melting point analysis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu J, Suuberg EM. Solid vapor pressure for five heavy PAHs via the Knudsen effusion method. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2011; 43:1660-1665. [PMID: 22021935 PMCID: PMC3196620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds resulting from incomplete combustion and many fuel processing operations, and they are commonly found as subsurface environmental contaminants at sites of former manufactured gas plants. Knowledge of their vapor pressures is the key to predict their fate and transport in the environment. The present study involves five heavy PAHs, i.e. benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which are all as priority pollutants classified by the US EPA. The vapor pressures of these heavy PAHs were measured by using Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range of 364 K to 454 K. The corresponding values of the enthalpy of sublimation were calculated from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The enthalpy of fusion for the 5 PAHs was also measured by using differential scanning calorimetry and used to convert earlier published sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure data to solid vapor pressure in order to compare with the present results. These adjusted values do not agree with the present measured actual solid vapor pressure values for these PAHs, but there is good agreement between present results and other earlier published sublimation data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fu J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of solid polybrominated diphenyl ethers determined via Knudsen effusion method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2216-9. [PMID: 21766320 PMCID: PMC3634866 DOI: 10.1002/etc.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. The solid vapor pressures of BDE 15 and BDE 209 were determined by using the Knudsen effusion method, and the values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 3.12 × 10(-3) and 9.02 × 10(-13) Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these compounds have also been estimated by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 102.0 ± 3.5 and 157.1 ± 3.5 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, the melting points and enthalpies of fusion were measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fu J, Rice JW, Suuberg EM. Phase Behavior and Vapor Pressures of the Pyrene + 9,10-Dibromoanthracene System. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2010; 298:219-224. [PMID: 21076624 PMCID: PMC2976556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the pyrene + 9,10-dibromoanthracene system. The phase diagram of the system has been studied using the thaw melt method and the results show the formation of non-eutectic multiphase mixtures. The temperatures of crystallization, and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of the system were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The system behavior can be divided into 5 regions. The X-ray diffraction results also indicated the existence of multiple phase characteristics. The solid-vapor equilibrium studies showed that for mixtures with high mole fractions of pyrene, two different preferred states exist that determine the vapor pressure. For those mixtures with moderate and low mole fractions of pyrene, only one preferred state exists that determines vapor pressure behavior. It was also demonstrated that the vapor pressure of the mixtures is independent of the mixture preparation technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
- 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
| | - James W. Rice
- Brown University Division of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University Division of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goldfarb JL, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressures and sublimation enthalpies of seven heteroatomic aromatic hydrocarbons measured using the Knudsen effusion technique. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2010; 42:781-786. [PMID: 20414454 PMCID: PMC2856104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The vapor pressures of seven heteroatom-containing cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging in molecular weight from (168.19 to 208.21) grams plus sign in circlemol(-1) were measured over the temperature range of (301 to 486) Kelvin using the isothermal Knudsen effusion technique. The compounds measured include: anthraquinone, 9-fluorenone, 9-fluorenone oxime, phenoxazine, phenoxathiin and 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole. These solid-state sublimation measurements provided values that are compared to vapor pressures of parent aromatic compounds (anthracene and fluorene) and to others with substituent groups in order to examine the effects of alcohol, ketone, pyridine, and pyrrole functionality on this property. The enthalpies and entropies of sublimation for each compound were determined from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Though there is no consistent trend in terms of the effects of substitutions on changes in the enthalpy or entropy of sublimation, we note that the prevalence of enthalpic or entropic driving forces on vapor pressure depend on molecule-specific factors and not merely molecular weight of the substituents.
Collapse
|
12
|
Goldfarb JL, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressures and thermodynamics of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured using Knudsen effusion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2008; 27:1244-9. [PMID: 18220445 PMCID: PMC3642867 DOI: 10.1897/07-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants resulting from the incomplete combustion of coal and fossil fuels. Their vapor pressures are key thermodynamic data essential for modeling fate and transport within the environment. The present study involved nine PAHs containing oxygen heteroatoms, including aldehyde, carboxyl, and nitro groups, specifically 2-nitrofluorene, 9-fluorenecarboxylic acid, 2-fluorenecarboxaldehyde, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthraldehyde, 1-nitropyrene, 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, and 1-bromo-2-naphthoic acid. The vapor pressures of these compounds, with molecular weights ranging from 194 to 251 g/mol, were measured using the isothermal Knudsen effusion technique in the temperature range of 329 to 421 K. The corresponding enthalpies of sublimation, calculated via the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, are compared to parent, nonoxygenated PAH compound data to determine the effect of the addition of these oxygen-containing heteroatoms. As expected, the addition of -CHO, -COOH, and -NO(2) groups onto these PAHs increases the enthalpy of sublimation and decreases the vapor pressure as compared to the parent PAH; the position of substitution also plays a significant role in determining the vapor pressure of these OPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| |
Collapse
|