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Vera JM, McIlwain SJ, Fye S, Palmenberg A, Bochkov Y, Li H, Pinapati R, Tan J, Gern JE, Seroogy C, Ong IM. Assessing Immune Factors in Maternal Milk and Paired Infant Plasma Antibody Binding to Human Rhinoviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.17.565204. [PMID: 38187517 PMCID: PMC10769182 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.17.565204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Before they can produce their own antibodies, newborns are protected from infections by transplacental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies and after birth through breast milk IgA antibodies. Rhinovirus (RV) infections are extremely common in early childhood, and while RV infections often result in only mild upper respiratory illnesses, they can also cause severe lower respiratory illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. We used high-density peptide arrays to profile infant and maternal antibody reactivity to capsid and full proteome sequences of three human RVs - A16, B52, and C11. Numerous plasma IgG and breast milk IgA RV epitopes were identified that localized to regions of the RV capsid surface and interior, and also to several non-structural proteins. While most epitopes were bound by both IgG and IgA, there were several instances where isotype-specific and RV-specific binding were observed. We also profiled 62 unique RV-C dominant protein loop sequences characteristic of this species' capsid VP1 protein. Many of these RV-C sites were highly bound by IgG from one-year-old infants, indicating recent or ongoing active infections, or alternatively, a level of cross-reactivity among homologous RV-C sites.
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Zheng P, Liao B, Yang J, Cheng H, Cheng ZJ, Huang H, Luo W, Sun Y, Zhu Q, Deng Y, Yang L, Zhou Y, Wu W, Wu S, Cai W, Li Y, Mo X, Tan X, Li L, Ma H, Sun B. Utilizing Protein-Peptide Hybrid Microarray for Time-Resolved Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2436. [PMID: 37894092 PMCID: PMC10609375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic methods to identify and track the disease. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as PCR and serological assays, have limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and timeliness. To investigate the potential of using protein-peptide hybrid microarray (PPHM) technology to track the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients and evaluate the prognosis of patients over time. A discovery cohort of 20 patients with COVID-19 was assembled, and PPHM technology was used to track the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of these patients. The results were analyzed to classify the patients into different disease severity groups, and to predict the disease progression and prognosis of the patients. PPHM technology was found to be highly effective in detecting the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients. Four polypeptide antibodies were found to be particularly useful for reflecting the actual status of the patient's recovery process and for accurately predicting the disease progression and prognosis of the patients. The findings of this study emphasize the multi-dimensional space of peptides to analyze the high-volume signals in the serum samples of COVID-19 patients and monitor the prognosis of patients over time. PPHM technology has the potential to be a powerful tool for tracking the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients and for improving the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Baolin Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Jiao Yang
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Hu Cheng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhangkai J. Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Huimin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Yiyue Sun
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
| | - Yi Deng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenya Wu
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shanhui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Weiping Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Yueping Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiaoneng Mo
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Xinghua Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China; (B.L.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (X.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.Y.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (P.Z.); (Z.J.C.); (H.H.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
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Abstract
The diversity of the antigen-specific humoral immune response reflects the interaction of the immune system with pathogens and autoantigens. Peptide microarray analysis opens up new perspectives for the use of antibodies as diagnostic biomarkers and provides unique access to a more differentiated view on humoral responses to disease. This review focuses on the latest applications of peptide microarrays for the serologic medical diagnosis of autoimmunity, infectious diseases (including COVID-19), and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Bello AM, Roshorm YM. Recent progress and advances towards developing enterovirus 71 vaccines for effective protection against human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Biologicals 2022; 79:1-9. [PMID: 36089444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogen causing severe and neurotrophic hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is enterovirus A71 (EV71). EV71 infection is among the major cause of serious public health burden and economic loss especially in the Asia-pacific region. Yet, no specific anti-viral treatment against this life-threatening infection is currently available. Thus, the best way to control EV71 infection is by vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Several strategies are being employed to develop vaccines against EV71. These include conventional and modern recombinant vaccine strategies. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated EV71 vaccines are the most studied and advanced vaccines against HFMD. Recombinant HFMD vaccines developed based on the recombinant DNA technology have been employed but are mostly at early or late preclinical development stage. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and advances in modern recombinant strategies of EV71 vaccine development including subunit, VLP, epitope-based, DNA, and vector-based vaccines, as well as conventional approaches, focusing on their various prospects, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Rosenfeld AB, Shen EQL, Melendez M, Mishra N, Lipkin WI, Racaniello VR. Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses against Nonpoliovirus Enteroviruses. mBio 2022; 13:e0366021. [PMID: 35038922 PMCID: PMC8764532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03660-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human viral pathogens. Infection with members of a subgroup of viruses within this genus, the nonpoliovirus enteroviruses (NPEVs), can result in a broad spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a polio-like childhood paralysis; neonatal sepsis; aseptic meningitis; myocarditis; and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite the diverse primary sites of virus infection, including the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and an array of diseases associated with these infections, there is significant genetic and antigenic similarity among NPEVs. This conservation results in the induction of cross-reactive antibodies that are either able to bind and neutralize or bind but not neutralize multiple NPEVs. Using plaque reduction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based binding assays, we define the antigenic relationship among poliovirus and NPEVs, including multiple isolates of EV-D68, EV-A71, EV-D70, EV-94, EV-111, Coxsackievirus A24v, and rhinovirus. The results reveal extensive cross-reactivity among EVs that cannot be predicted from phylogenetic analysis. Determining the immunologic relationship among EVs is critical to understanding the humoral response elicited during homologous and heterologous virus infections. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses (EVs) are common human pathogens. Although infection with EVs leads to cross-reactive antibodies, the clinical relevance of these antibodies is unclear given the estimated incidence of EV infections in the general population of one per year. The hypothesis that anti-EV cross-reactive antibodies can bind and neutralize heterologous EVs was investigated using polyclonal sera collected from animals immunized with individual EVs. Both binding and neutralization activities against heterologous EVs was observed in these sera, and we speculate that cross-reactive antibodies may modulate infection and disease severity. Defining the antigenic relationship among EVs may provide insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edmund Qian Long Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michaela Melendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent R. Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Gu S, Liu Z, Lin L, Zhong S, Ma Y, Li X, Ye G, Wen C, Li Y, Tang L. Identification and Mapping of HBsAg Loss-Related B-Cell Linear Epitopes in Chronic HBV Patients by Peptide Array. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767000. [PMID: 34721439 PMCID: PMC8554339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of immunogenic targets against hepatitis B virus (HBV)-encoded proteins will provide crucial advances in developing potential antibody therapies. In this study, 63 treatment-naïve patients with chronic HBV infection and 46 patients who achieved hepatitis B surface antigen loss (sAg loss) following antiviral treatment were recruited. Moreover, six patients who transitioned from the hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic infection phase (eAg+CInf) to the hepatitis phase (eAg+CHep) were enrolled from real-life clinical practice. Additionally, telbivudine-treated eAg+CHep patients and relapsers or responders from an off-treatment cohort were longitudinally studied. The frequencies and function of B cells were assessed by flow cytometry. We devised a peptide array composed of 15-mer overlapping peptides of HBV-encoded surface (S), core (C), and polymerase (P) proteins and performed a screening on B-cell linear epitopes with sera. Naïve B cells and plasmablasts were increased, whereas total memory, activated memory (AM), and atypical memory (AtM) B cells were reduced in sAg- patients compared with sAg+ patients. Importantly, longitudinal observations found that AtM B cells were associated with successful treatment withdrawal. Interestingly, we identified six S-specific dominant epitopes (S33, S34, S45, S76, S78, and S89) and one C-specific dominant epitope (C37) that reacted with the majority of sera from sAg- patients. Of note, more B-cell linear epitopes were detected in CHep patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares than in nonflare CInf patients, and five B-cell linear epitopes (S4, S5, S10, S11, and S68) were overwhelmingly recognized by ALT flare patients. The recognition rates of epitopes on C and P proteins were significantly increased in CHep patients relative to CInf patients. Strikingly, a statistically significant elevation in the number of positive epitopes was observed when ALT nonflare patients shifted into the flare phase. Moreover, S76 identified at baseline was confirmed to be associated with a complete response after 48 weeks of telbivudine therapy. Taken together, we identified several functional cure-related B-cell linear epitopes of chronic HBV infection, and these epitopes may serve as vaccine candidates to elicit neutralizing antibodies to treat HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Spatiotemporal characters and influence factors of hand, foot and mouth epidemic in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254223. [PMID: 34428212 PMCID: PMC8384200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth (HFM) disease is a common childhood illness. The paper aims to capture the spatiotemporal characters, and investigate the influence factors of the HFM epidemic in 15 regions of Xinjiang province from 2008 to 2017, China. Descriptive statistical analysis shows that the children aged 0-5 years have a higher HFM incidence, mostly boys. The male-female ratio is 1.5:1. Through the scanning method, we obtain the first cluster high-risk areas. The cluster time is usually from May to August every year. A spatiotemporal model is proposed to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on HFM disease. Comparing with the spatial model, the model is more effective in terms of R2, AIC, deviation, and mean-square error. Among meteorological factors, the number of HFM cases generally increases with the intensity of rainfall. As the temperature increases, there are more HFM patients. Some regions are mostly influenced by wind speed. Further, another spatiotemporal model is introduced to investigate the relationship between HFM disease and socioeconomic factors. The results show that socioeconomic factors have significant influence on the disease. In most areas, the risk of HFM disease tends to rise with the increase of the gross domestic product, the ratios of urban population and tertiary industry. The incidence is closely related to the number of beds and population density in some regions. The higher the ratio of primary school, the lower the number of HFM cases. Based on the above analysis, it is the key measure to prevent and control the spread of the HFM epidemic in high-risk areas, and influence factors should not be ignored.
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Yi Z, Ling Y, Zhang X, Chen J, Hu K, Wang Y, Song W, Ying T, Zhang R, Lu H, Yuan Z. Functional mapping of B-cell linear epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 convalescent population. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1988-1996. [PMID: 32844713 PMCID: PMC7534331 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1815591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has caused unprecedented mortalities. Vaccine is in urgent need to stop the pandemic. Despite great progresses on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, the efficacy of the vaccines remains to be determined. Deciphering the interactions of the viral epitopes with the elicited neutralizing antibodies in convalescent population inspires the vaccine development. In this study, we devised a peptide array composed of 20-mer overlapped peptides of spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins, and performed a screening with 120 COVID-19 convalescent sera and 24 non-COVID-19 sera. We identified five SARS-CoV-2-specific dominant epitopes that reacted with above 40% COVID-19 convalescent sera. Of note, two peptides non-specifically interacted with most of the non-COVID-19 sera. Neutralization assay indicated that only five sera completely blocked viral infection at the dilution of 1:200. By using a peptide-compete neutralizing assay, we found that three dominant epitopes partially competed the neutralization activity of several convalescent sera, suggesting antibodies elicited by these epitopes played an important role in neutralizing viral infection. The epitopes we identified in this study may serve as vaccine candidates to elicit neutralizing antibodies in most vaccinated people or specific antigens for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ling
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - HongZhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Epitope-Containing Short Peptides Capture Distinct IgG Serodynamics That Enable Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals for Live-Attenuated Vaccines. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01573-19. [PMID: 31896600 PMCID: PMC7158722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01573-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategies have been central enabling techniques in several successful viral disease elimination programs. However, owing to their long and uncertain development process, no DIVA-compatible vaccines are available for many important diseases. We report herein a new DIVA strategy based on hybrid protein-peptide microarrays which can theoretically work with any vaccine. Leading from our findings from peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus, we found 4 epitope-containing short peptides (ECSPs) which have distinct IgG serodynamics: anti-ECSP IgGs only exist for 10 to 60 days postvaccination (dpv), while anti-protein IgGs remained at high levels for >1,000 dpv. These data enabled the design of a DIVA diagnostic microarray containing 4 ECSPs and 3 proteins, which, unlike competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNTs), enables ongoing monitoring of serological differences between vaccinated individuals and individuals exposed to the pathogen. For 25 goats after 60 dpv, 13 were detected with positive anti-ECSP IgGs, indicating recent infections in vaccinated goat herds. These DIVA diagnostic microarrays will almost certainly facilitate eradication programs for (re)emerging pathogens and zoonoses.IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as pseudorabies (PR), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and PPR viruses, led to economic losses reaching billions of dollars. Both PR and FMD were eliminated in several countries via large-scale vaccination programs using DIVA-compatible vaccines, which lack the gE protein and nonstructural proteins, respectively. However, there are still extensive challenges facing the development and deployment of DIVA-compatible vaccines because they are time-consuming and full of uncertainty. Further, the negative marker strategy used for DIVA-compatible vaccines is no longer functional for live-attenuated vaccines. To avoid these disadvantageous scenarios, a new strategy is desired. Here, we made the exciting discovery that different IgG serodynamics can be monitored when using protein-based assays versus arrays comprising ECSPs. This DIVA microarray strategy should, in theory, work for any vaccine.
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10
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Saarinen NVV, Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Mazur MA, Vuorinen T, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31936473 PMCID: PMC7020046 DOI: 10.3390/v12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. Due to the abundance of enterovirus infections it is hard to distinguish between on-going and previous infections using immunological assays unless the IgM fraction is studied. METHODS In this study we show using Indirect ELISA and capture IgM ELISA that an IgG antibody response against the nonstructural enteroviral proteins 2A and 3C can be used to distinguish between IgM positive (n = 22) and IgM negative (n = 20) human patients with 83% accuracy and a diagnostic odds ratio of 30. Using a mouse model, we establish that the antibody response to the proteases is short-lived compared to the antibody response to the structural proteins in. As such, the protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and therefore they are a potential marker for acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Magdalena A. Mazur
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology and University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
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11
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Grifoni A, Mahajan S, Sidney J, Martini S, Scheuermann RH, Peters B, Sette A. A survey of known immune epitopes in the enteroviruses strains associated with acute flaccid myelitis. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:923-929. [PMID: 31451291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are potentially linked to the emergence of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM), a rare but very serious condition that affects the nervous system. AFM has been associated with coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and enterovirus D68 (EVD68). Little is known about host-pathogen interactions for these viruses, and whether immune responses may have a protective or immunopathological role in disease presentations. Towards addressing this issue, we used the Immune Epitope Database to assess the known inventory of B and T cell epitopes from enteroviruses, focusing on data related to human hosts. The extent of conservation in areas that are targets of B and T cell immune responses were examined. This analysis sheds light on regions of the enterovirus polypeptide that can be probed to induce a specific or cross-reactive B or T cell the immune response to enteroviruses, with a particular focus on coxsackievirus A16, EVA71 and EVD68. In addition, these analyses reveal the current gap-of-knowledge in the T and B cell immune responses that future studies should aim to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Swapnil Mahajan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sheridan Martini
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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12
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Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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13
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Zhang J, Huang H, Xu L, Lou C, Pan M. Screening and Identification of Linear B Cell Epitopes Within the Nonstructural Proteins of Enterovirus 71. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:84-88. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Huiqi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Lian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Chaonan Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Mi Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
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