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Murugan M, Ramasamy SK, Venkatesan G, Lee J, Barathi S, Kandasamy S, Sarangi PK. The comprehensive review on 3D printing- pharmaceutical drug delivery and personalized food and nutrition. Food Chem 2024; 459:140348. [PMID: 38991438 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is one of the emerging technologies that is gaining interest from the pharmaceutical industry as it provides an opportunity to customize drugs according to each patient's needs. Combining different active pharmaceutical ingredients, using different geometries, and providing sustained release enhances the effectiveness of medicine. One of the most innovative uses of 3D printing is producing fabrics, medical devices, medical implants, orthoses, and prostheses. This review summarizes the various 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography, inkjet printing, thermal inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling, extrusion printing, semi-solid extrusion printing, selective laser sintering, and hot-melt extrusion. Also, discusses the drug relies profile and its mechanisms, characteristics, and applications of the most common types of 3D printed API formulations and its recent development. Here, Authors also, summarizes the central flow of 3D food printing process and knowledge extension toward personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Murugan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala -133207, Haryana, India
| | - Selva Kumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala -133207, Haryana, India
| | - Geetha Venkatesan
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Barathi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea..
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore - 641004, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sarangi
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India..
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Sharma A, Rathi R, Sharma S, Sangnim T, Huanbutta K, Singh I. 3D-printed immediate release solid dosage forms: a patent evaluation of US11622940B2. Pharm Pat Anal 2024; 13:45-51. [PMID: 39316578 PMCID: PMC11449147 DOI: 10.1080/20468954.2024.2389774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the most flexible technologies for preparing tablets, offering controlled drug release profiles. The current patent describes the preparation of immediate-release 3D-printed tablets of hydrochlorothiazide to improve disintegration and dissolution profile. The patent involves the preparation of drug-loaded filament via hot-melt extrusion and utilizing the same filaments for printing 3D-printed tablets using fused deposition modeling. The tablets were printed with different shapes and sizes by incorporating channels within the tablet spaces, termed as gaplets. The introduction of channels within the tablet design improves the disintegration and dissolution profile of the drug significantly. The morphological characteristic of 3D-printed tablets was studied by using scanning electron microscopy and revealed the presence of gaplets in the tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ritu Rathi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sanchay Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Thanyaburi, Thailand
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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3
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Leão J, Winck VL, Petzhold CL, Collares FM, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR. Pimobendan controlled release guar gum printlets: Tailoring drug doses for personalised veterinary medicines. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124017. [PMID: 38508429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Treating chronic heart diseases in dogs is challenging due to variations in mass within and between species. Pimobendan (PBD), a veterinary drug only, is prescribed in specific cases of chronic heart disease in dogs and is available on the market in only a few different doses. Furthermore, the therapy itself is challenging due to the large size of the chewable tablets and the requirement for twice-daily administration. The development of customised and on-demand PBD medicines by three-dimensional (3D) printing has been proposed to circumvent these disadvantages. In this study, we designed controlled-release flavoured printlets containing PBD. We evaluated the use of two natural polymers, guar or xanthan gums, as the main component of the printing inks. Guar gum showed the better rheological behavior and printability by semisolid extrusion. The printlets were produced in three different shapes and sizes to allow dose customisation. Guar gum printlets showed a PBD controlled release profile, regardless of their shape or size. Therefore, we have demonstrated a novel approach for controlling PBD drug release and tailoring the dose by employing a natural polymer to produce 3D-printed tablets. This study represents a significant step towards the development of 3D-printed guar gum controlled-release formulations for veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Leão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D Em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Valeria Luiza Winck
- Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D Em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Cesar Liberato Petzhold
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Mezzomo Collares
- Laboratório de Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Fontana de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D Em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D Em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil.
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4
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Couți N, Porfire A, Iovanov R, Crișan AG, Iurian S, Casian T, Tomuță I. Polyvinyl Alcohol, a Versatile Excipient for Pharmaceutical 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:517. [PMID: 38399895 PMCID: PMC10893462 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing in the pharmaceutical field allows rapid manufacturing of a diverse range of pharmaceutical dosage forms, including personalized items. The application of this technology in dosage form manufacturing requires the judicious selection of excipients because the selected materials must be appropriate to the working principle of each technique. Most techniques rely on the use of polymers as the main material. Among the pharmaceutically approved polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the most used, especially for fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. This review summarizes the physical and chemical properties of pharmaceutical-grade PVA and its applications in the manufacturing of dosage forms, with a particular focus on those fabricated through FDM. The work provides evidence on the diversity of dosage forms created using this polymer, highlighting how formulation and processing difficulties may be overcome to get the dosage forms with a suitable design and release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (N.C.); (R.I.); (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (T.C.); (I.T.)
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Mishra Y, Mishra V, Aljabali AAA, El-Tanani M, Naikoo GA, Charbe N, Chava SR, Tambuwala MM. 3D Printed Personalized Colon-targeted Tablets: A Novel Approach in Ulcerative Colitis Management. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1211-1225. [PMID: 37718525 DOI: 10.2174/1567201821666230915150544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that are increasing in frequency and incidence worldwide, particularly in highly industrialized countries. Conventional tablets struggle to effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs since the inflammation is localized in different areas of the colon in each patient. The goal of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutics is to create personalized drug delivery systems (DDS) that are tailored to each individual's specific needs. This review provides an overview of existing 3D printing processes, with a focus on extrusion-based technologies, which have received the most attention. Personalized pharmaceutical products offer numerous benefits to patients worldwide, and 3D printing technology is becoming more affordable every day. Custom manufacturing of 3D printed tablets provides innovative ideas for developing a tailored colon DDS. In the future, 3D printing could be used to manufacture personalized tablets for UC patients based on the location of inflammation in the colon, resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes and a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)-144411, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)-144411, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah PC 211, Oman
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS. United Kingdom
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Durga Prasad Reddy R, Sharma V. Investigations of hybrid infill pattern in additive manufactured tablets: A novel approach towards tunable drug release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1869-1882. [PMID: 37294096 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The significance of 3D printing has risen exponentially in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Its potential in the field of fabricating drug delivery systems, by virtue of processing biocompatible polymers, has been very lucrative. This work aims to tap the interstitial drug delivery kinetics that are often inaccessible through machine-specific infill patterns in additive manufactured tablets fabricated using PVA biopolymer as an excipient. In this regard, a myo-inositol containing tablet has been printed using Fused Deposition Modeling preceded by Hot Melt Extrusion drug loading route. Two machine-specific infill patterns were taken, namely straight and grid. Later, these two distinct patterns were juxtaposed to obtain novel hybrid infill patterns in the tablets. Then, these tablets and their filament were subjected to various thermal, mechanical, imaging and pharmaceutical characterization tests to assess the feasibility of the research attempt. Finally, dissolution tests were conducted to evaluate their dissolution behavior over a time period. The characterization tests proved the scientific viability of this attempt along with amorphous existence of drug in the polymeric filament. The dissolution results showed favorable drug release by achieving interstitial dissolution timings with surface area/volume (SA/V) ratio being found to be the principal factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Durga Prasad Reddy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing (ASM) Laboratory, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Varun Sharma
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Ebrahimi F, Xu H, Fuenmayor E, Major I. A comparison of droplet deposition modelling, fused filament fabrication, and injection moulding for the production of oral dosage forms containing hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123400. [PMID: 37696342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) possesses a transformative potential to revolutionize personalized medicine fabrication. Fused filament fabrication (FFF), an advanced AM technique, enables the development of tailored medicines with customizable dosages and controlled release properties. Nevertheless, filament prerequisites impose material limitations and present considerable challenges, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of mechanical, rheological, and thermal characteristics to circumvent complications during the FFF process. Droplet deposition modeling (DDM), an innovative AM approach derived from injection molding (IM) technology, processes granulate feedstock to facilitate the production of personalized medicines. This study delves into the effects of FFF, DDM, and IM techniques on the release profiles of Hydrochlorothiazide, a widely employed drug for hypertension and edema treatment. By varying infill density, the investigation assesses the manufactured tablets using DDM and FFF methods. Our findings show that tablets made with FFF and DDM with identical infill densities had distinct microstructures, resulting in variable drug release profiles. Decreasing the infill densities resulted in higher sample porosity, leading to an accelerated drug release rate. A comparative analysis of drug release profiles from DDM and IM fabricated tablets demonstrated notable differences, despite DDM's origins in injection molding technology. This comprehensive study underscores the significance of not only infill densities but also the choice of manufacturing technique, as both factors can profoundly influence drug release profiles. By shedding light on these considerations, the research contributes to the ongoing advancement of personalized medicine through additive manufacturing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Ebrahimi
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Han Xu
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Evert Fuenmayor
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
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Digkas T, Porfire A, Van Renterghem J, Samaro A, Borodi G, Vervaet C, Crișan AG, Iurian S, De Beer T, Tomuta I. Development of Diclofenac Sodium 3D Printed Cylindrical and Tubular-Shaped Tablets through Hot Melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition Modelling Techniques. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1062. [PMID: 37630976 PMCID: PMC10459775 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop 3D printed dosage forms, using custom-made filaments loaded with diclofenac sodium (DS). The printed tablets were developed by implementing a quality by design (QbD) approach. Filaments with adequate FDM 3D printing characteristics were produced via hot melt extrusion (HME). Their formulation included DS as active substance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer, different types of plasticisers (mannitol, erythritol, isomalt, maltodextrin and PEG) and superdisintegrants (crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium). The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and tensile measurements. In addition, cylindrical-shaped and tubular-shaped 3D dosage forms were printed, and their dissolution behaviour was assessed via various drug release kinetic models. DSC and XRD results demonstrated the amorphous dispersion of DS into the polymeric filaments. Moreover, the 3D printed tablets, regardless of their composition, exhibited a DS release of nearly 90% after 45 min at pH 6.8, while their release behaviour was effectively described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Notably, the novel tube design, which was anticipated to increase the drug release rate, proved the opposite based on the in vitro dissolution study results. Additionally, the use of crospovidone increased DS release rate, whereas croscarmellose sodium decreased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryfon Digkas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Jeroen Van Renterghem
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Aseel Samaro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Gheorghe Borodi
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 65-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Andrea Gabriela Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.); (J.V.R.); (T.D.B.)
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
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Ilieva S, Georgieva D, Petkova V, Dimitrov M. Study and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Formulations for 3D Printlets Obtained via Fused Deposition Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1867. [PMID: 37514053 PMCID: PMC10384282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a new promising technique for the production of personalized dosage forms and medical devices. Polyvinyl alcohol is prominently used as a source material to produce 3D-printed medicines via fused deposition modeling (FDM)-a technology that combines hot melt extrusion and 3D printing. A preliminary screening of three grades of PVA indicated that partially hydrolyzed PVA with a molecular weight (MW) of 31,000-50,000 and plasticized with sorbitol was most suitable for 3D printing. Paracetamol was used as a model drug. The materials and the produced filaments were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The complex viscosity (η*) of the polymer melts was determined as a function of the angular frequency (ω) at the printing temperature to assess their printability. Three-dimensional printlets with a 40% infill exhibited an immediate release of the API, while tablets with a higher infill were prone to a prolonged release regardless of the filament drug loading. A factorial design was used to give more insight into the influence of the drug-loading of the filaments and the tablet infill as independent variables on the production of 3D printlets. The Pareto chart confirmed that the infill had a statistically significant effect on the dissolution rate after 45 min, which was chosen as the response variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Ilieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dilyana Georgieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valentina Petkova
- Department of Organisation and Economics of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milen Dimitrov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ahmad J, Garg A, Mustafa G, Mohammed AA, Ahmad MZ. 3D Printing Technology as a Promising Tool to Design Nanomedicine-Based Solid Dosage Forms: Contemporary Research and Future Scope. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1448. [PMID: 37242690 PMCID: PMC10220923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology in medicine is gaining great attention from researchers since the FDA approved the first 3D-printed tablet (Spritam®) on the market. This technique permits the fabrication of various types of dosage forms with different geometries and designs. Its feasibility in the design of different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms is very promising for making quick prototypes because it is flexible and does not require expensive equipment or molds. However, the development of multi-functional drug delivery systems, specifically as solid dosage forms loaded with nanopharmaceuticals, has received attention in recent years, although it is challenging for formulators to convert them into a successful solid dosage form. The combination of nanotechnology with the 3D printing technique in the field of medicine has provided a platform to overcome the challenges associated with the fabrication of nanomedicine-based solid dosage forms. Therefore, the major focus of the present manuscript is to review the recent research developments that involved the formulation design of nanomedicine-based solid dosage forms utilizing 3D printing technology. Utilization of 3D printing techniques in the field of nanopharmaceuticals achieved the successful transformation of liquid polymeric nanocapsules and liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) to solid dosage forms such as tablets and suppositories easily with customized doses as per the needs of the individual patient (personalized medicine). Furthermore, the present review also highlights the utility of extrusion-based 3D printing techniques (Pressure-Assisted Microsyringe-PAM; Fused Deposition Modeling-FDM) to produce tablets and suppositories containing polymeric nanocapsule systems and SNEDDS for oral and rectal administration. The manuscript critically analyzes contemporary research related to the impact of various process parameters on the performance of 3D-printed solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuj Garg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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Doolaanea A, Latif N, Singh S, Kumar M, Safa'at MF, Alfatama M, Edros R, Bhatia A. A Review on Physicochemical Properties of Polymers Used as Filaments in 3D-Printed Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:116. [PMID: 37160772 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has presently been explored widely in the field of pharmaceutical research to produce various conventional as well as novel dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, oral films, pellets, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and vaginal rings. The use of this innovative method is a good choice for its advanced technologies and the ability to make tailored medicine specifically for individual patient. There are many 3D printing systems that are used to print tablets, implants, and vaginal rings. Among the available systems, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely utilized. The FDM has been regarded as the best choice of printer as it shows high potential in the production of tablets as a unit dose in 3D printing medicine manufacturing. In order to design a 3D-printed tablet or other dosage forms, the physicochemical properties of polymers play a vital role. One should have proper knowledge about the polymer's properties so that one can select appropriate polymers in order to design 3D-printed dosage form. This review highlighted the various physicochemical properties of polymers that are currently used as filaments in 3D printing. In this manuscript, the authors also discussed various systems that are currently adopted in the 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdAlmonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
- IKOP SdnBhd, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - NurFaezah Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | | | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Raihana Edros
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
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12
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Tan M, Dharani D, Dong X, Maiorana C, Chaudhuri B, Nagapudi K, Chang SY, Ma AWK. Pilot-scale binder jet 3D printing of sustained release solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122540. [PMID: 36566828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The additive nature and versatility of 3D printing show great promise in the rapid prototyping of solid dosage forms for clinical trials and mass customization for personalized medicine applications. This paper reports the formulation and process development of sustained release solid dosage forms, termed "printlets", using a pilot-scale binder jetting (BJT) 3D printer and acetaminophen (APAP) as the model drug. With the inclusion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a release retardant polymer in the print powder, the drug release time of APAP increased considerably from minutes to hours. However, given the swelling propensity of HPMC, a thicker layer of powder must be laid down during printing to avoid any shape distortion of the printlets. For a fixed print volume, the level of binder saturation (i.e., ratio between the liquid binder and powder in the as-printed sample) is inversely proportional to the thickness of the spread powder layer. An increase in the spread powder layer inadvertently resulted in a lower level of binder saturation and consequently weaker printlets. By increasing the level of binder saturation with jetting from more print heads, the mechanical strength of printlets containing 18% HPMC was successfully restored. The resultant printlets have a drug release time of 3.5 h and a breaking force of 12.5 kgf that is comparable to the fast-disintegrating printlets containing no HPMC and surpasses manually pressed tablets with the same HPMC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dehil Dharani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Christopher Maiorana
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Genentech, 465 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shing-Yun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anson W K Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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13
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Mogan J, Harun WSW, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Foudzi FM, Sulong AB, Tarlochan F, Ahmad F. Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymer Composite: A Progress. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010028. [PMID: 36616377 PMCID: PMC9823360 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) highlights developing complex and efficient parts for various uses. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most frequent fabrication procedure used to make polymer products. Although it is widely used, due to its low characteristics, such as weak mechanical properties and poor surface, the types of polymer material that may be produced are limited, affecting the structural applications of FDM. Therefore, the FDM process utilises the polymer composition to produce a better physical product. The review's objective is to systematically document all critical information on FDMed-polymer composite processing, specifically for part fabrication. The review covers the published works on the FDMed-polymer composite from 2011 to 2021 based on our systematic literature review of more than 150 high-impact related research articles. The base and filler material used, and the process parameters including layer height, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and screw type are also discussed in this review. FDM is utilised in various biomedical, automotive, and other manufacturing industries. This study is expected to be one of the essential pit-stops for future related works in the FDMed-polymeric composite study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mogan
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W. S. W. Harun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - K. Kadirgama
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - D. Ramasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F. M. Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. B. Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. Tarlochan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - F. Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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14
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Moazami Goudarzi N, Samaro A, Vervaet C, Boone MN. Development of Flow-Through Cell Dissolution Method for In Situ Visualization of Dissolution Processes in Solid Dosage Forms Using X-ray μCT. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112475. [PMID: 36432667 PMCID: PMC9696340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualization of the dynamic behavior of pharmaceutical dosage forms during the dissolution process offers a better understanding of the drug release mechanism, enabling the design of customized dosage forms. In this study, an X-ray tomography-based approach is proposed to monitor and analyze the dynamics of the structure at the pore scale level during the dissolution process. A flow-through cell dissolution apparatus was developed, capable of mimicking the standard in vitro dissolution process, which can be easily positioned in an X-ray tomography setup. The method was utilized to study the dissolution of a Capa® (polycaprolactone)-based sustained-release 3D printed tablet. The impact of the flow rate on the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) release rate was studied and 16 mL/min was selected as a suitable flow rate. Furthermore, cesium chloride (CsCl) was used as a contrast agent to increase the contrast between the sample and the dissolution medium. Data obtained with this novel technique were in a good agreement with the released drug rate acquired by the standard in vitro dissolution test (the similarity factor (f2) = 77%). Finally, the proposed approach allowed visualizing the internal structure of the sample, as well as real-time tracking of solution ingress into the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Moazami Goudarzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Radiation Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Aseel Samaro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N. Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Radiation Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.N.B.)
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15
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Deon M, dos Santos J, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR. A critical review of traditional and advanced characterisation tools to drive formulators towards the rational development of 3D printed oral dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Moya-Lopez C, González-Fuentes J, Bravo I, Chapron D, Bourson P, Alonso-Moreno C, Hermida-Merino D. Polylactide Perspectives in Biomedicine: From Novel Synthesis to the Application Performance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1673. [PMID: 36015299 PMCID: PMC9415503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incessant developments in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, particularly, customised solutions for specific diseases with targeted therapeutic treatments, require the design of multicomponent materials with multifunctional capabilities. Biodegradable polymers offer a variety of tailored physicochemical properties minimising health adverse side effects at a low price and weight, which are ideal to design matrices for hybrid materials. PLAs emerge as an ideal candidate to develop novel materials as are endowed withcombined ambivalent performance parameters. The state-of-the-art of use of PLA-based materials aimed at pharmaceutical and biomedical applications is reviewed, with an emphasis on the correlation between the synthesis and the processing conditions that define the nanostructure generated, with the final performance studies typically conducted with either therapeutic agents by in vitro and/or in vivo experiments or biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moya-Lopez
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Joaquín González-Fuentes
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Unidad NanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - David Chapron
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Patrice Bourson
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS), CentraleSupélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Unidad NanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Lagoas-Marcosende Campus, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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17
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Fabrication of three dimensional printed tablets in flexible doses: A comprehensive study from design to evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Hu Z, Xu P, Zhang J, Bandari S, Repka MA. Development of controlled release oral dosages by density gradient modification via three-dimensional (3D) printing and hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Varghese R, Sood P, Salvi S, Karsiya J, Kumar D. 3D printing in the pharmaceutical sector: Advances and evidences. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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20
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21
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Mallakpour S, Tabesh F, Hussain CM. A new trend of using poly(vinyl alcohol) in 3D and 4D printing technologies: Process and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 301:102605. [PMID: 35144173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, 3D/4D printing technologies have been the researchers' interest, and they are getting improved more important. They are applicable in various fields like medical fields, pharmaceutics, construction, tissue engineering, dentistry, water treatment, etc. These technologies overcame the difficulty of the conventional methods in producing complicated structures. They can be fed by different materials such as nanomaterials, smart polymers, responsive polymers, metamaterials, synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and so forth. One of the smart and stimuli-responsive polymers is poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). In addition to numerous applications of PVA like medicine, environmental fields, etc., researchers are showing a tendency to use PVA in 3D/4D printing technologies. The main reasons for PVA's increased interest in 3D/4D printing technologies are suitable flowability, stimuli-responsivity, extrudability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and other features. This review aims to introduce the 3D/4D printing technologies' knowledge and then the applications of PVA as a feed in these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Farbod Tabesh
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark N J 07102, USA
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22
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Li R, Pan Y, Chen D, Xu X, Yan G, Fan T. Design, Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Core–Shell Fused Deposition Modelling 3D-Printed Verapamil Hydrochloride Pulsatile Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020437. [PMID: 35214169 PMCID: PMC8876819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate core–shell pulsatile tablets by combining the advantages of FDM 3D printing and traditional pharmaceutical technology, which are suitable for a patient’s individual medication and chronopathology. The tablets were designed and prepared with the commercial verapamil hydrochloride tablets as core inside and the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed shell outside. Filaments composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) and used for fabrication of the shell. Seven types of printed shells were designed for the tablets by adjusting the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. A series of evaluations were then performed on the 3D-printed core–shell tablets, including the morphology, weight, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), in vitro drug release and CT imaging. The results showed that the tablets prepared by FDM 3D printing appeared intact without any defects. All the excipients of the tablet shells were thermally stable during the extruding and printing process. The weight, hardness and in vitro drug release of the tablets were affected by the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. The pulsatile tablets achieved personalized lag time ranging from 4 h to 8 h in the drug release test in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Therefore, the 3D-printed core–shell pulsatile tablets in this study presented good potential in personalized administration, thereby improving the therapeutic effects of the drug for circadian rhythm disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Di Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.X.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guangrong Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.X.); (G.Y.)
| | - Tianyuan Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-5123
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23
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Eleftheriadis GK, Genina N, Boetker J, Rantanen J. Modular design principle based on compartmental drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113921. [PMID: 34390776 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current manufacturing solutions for oral solid dosage forms are fundamentally based on technologies from the 19th century. This approach is well suited for mass production of one-size-fits-all products; however, it does not allow for a straight-forward personalization and mass customization of the pharmaceutical end-product. In order to provide better therapies to the patients, a need for innovative manufacturing concepts and product design principles has been rising. Additive manufacturing opens up a possibility for compartmentalization of drug products, including design of spatially separated multidrug and functional excipient compartments. This compartmentalized solution can be further expanded to modular design thinking. Modular design is referring to combination of building blocks containing a given amount of drug compound(s) and related functional excipients into a larger final product. Implementation of modular design principles is paving the way for implementing the emerging personalization potential within health sciences by designing compartmental and reactive product structures that can be manufactured based on the individual needs of each patient. This review will introduce the existing compartmentalized product design principles and discuss the integration of these into edible electronics allowing for innovative control of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalja Genina
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Boetker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Hydrophilic Excipient-Independent Drug Release from SLA-Printed Pellets. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101717. [PMID: 34684010 PMCID: PMC8541594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, specifically stereolithography (SLA) technology, has recently created exciting possibilities for the design and fabrication of sophisticated dosages for oral administration, paving a practical way to precisely manufacture customized pharmaceutical dosages with both personalized properties and sustained drug release behavior. However, the sustained drug release achieved in prior studies largely relies on the presence of hydrophilic excipients in the printing formulation, which unfortunately impedes the printability and formability of the corresponding printing formulations. The current study developed and prepared mini-sized oral pellets using the SLA technique and successfully accomplished a hydrophilic excipient-independent drug release behavior. With ibuprofen as the model drug, the customized photopolymerizable printing formulation included polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as a monomer and diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) as a photoinitiator. The produced mini-sized pellets were thoroughly investigated for various factors, including their printability, physical properties, microscopic features, drug content, and drug-release profiles. The drug release profiles from the printed pellets that were larger size (3 mm and 6 mm) followed the Ritger–Peppas model, demonstrating that the release was influenced by both the diffusion of the dissolved drug and by the erosion of the hydrophilic excipients (PEG400). The profiles from the smaller printed pellets (1 mm and 2 mm) followed first release kinetics, not only illustrating that the release was impacted only by drug diffusion, but also indicating that there is a size boundary between the dependent and independent hydrophilic excipients. These results could create practical benefits to the pharmaceutical industry in terms of the design and development personalized dosages using the SLA printing technique with controllable drug release by manipulating size alone.
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25
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Pitzanti G, Mathew E, Andrews GP, Jones DS, Lamprou DA. 3D Printing: an appealing technology for the manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:1427-1449. [PMID: 34529072 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The traditional manufacturing methods of solid oral dosage forms (SODFs) are reported to be time-consuming, highly expensive and not tailored to the patient's needs. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an innovative emerging technology that can help to overcome these issues. The aim of this review is to describe the most employed 3DP technologies, materials and the state of the art on 3DP SODFs. Characterization techniques of 3DP SODFs, challenges and regulatory issues are also discussed. KEY FINDINGS The interest in the investigation of the suitability of 3DP as an alternative strategy for the fabrication of SODFs is growing. Different 3DP technologies and starting materials have been investigated for the development of SODFs. Numerous SODFs with complex geometries and composition, and with different release patterns, have been successfully manufactured via 3DP. Despite that, just one 3DP SODF has reached the market. SUMMARY 3DP can be a promising alternative to the classical SODFs manufacturing methods. However, numerous technically and regulatory challenges still need to be addressed in order 3DP to be extensively used in the pharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David S Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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26
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Xu X, Awwad S, Diaz-Gomez L, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Brocchini S, Gaisford S, Goyanes A, Basit AW. 3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091421. [PMID: 34575497 PMCID: PMC8464872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from punctal plugs made with 20% w/w PEG 400 and 80% w/w PEGDA, while punctal plugs made with 100% PEGDA exhibited prolonged releases for more than 21 days. Herein, our study demonstrates that DLP 3D printing represents a potential manufacturing platform for fabricating personalised drug-loaded punctal plugs with extended release characteristics for ocular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Sahar Awwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luis Diaz-Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (C.A.-L.)
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (C.A.-L.)
| | - Steve Brocchini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
- FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent TN24 8DH, UK
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-G.); (C.A.-L.)
- FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent TN24 8DH, UK
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (X.X.); (S.A.); (S.B.); (S.G.)
- FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent TN24 8DH, UK
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.W.B.)
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3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091401. [PMID: 34575475 PMCID: PMC8467731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.
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Gaurav, Hasan N, Malik AK, Singh V, Raza K, Ahmad FJ, Kesharwani P, Jain GK. Recent update of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutical formulation development. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:2306-2330. [PMID: 34387541 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1967702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In modern world, Pharma sector observes steep increase in demand of personalized medicine. Various unique ideas and technology were proposed and implemented by different researchers to prepare personalized medicine and devices. 3-dimensional printing (3DP) is one of the revolutionary technologies which can be used to prepare tailored medicine via CAD (Computer Aided Design) software. 3DP allows researchers to manufacture customized dosage form with desired modifications in geometry which would in turn alter dosage behaviour of the product with reduced side effects. Current achievement of 3DP includes personalized and adjustable dosage form, multifunction drug delivery systems, medical devices, phantoms, and implants specific to patient anatomy. Additionally, 3DP is employed for preparing tailored regenerative medicines. This review focuses on 3DP use in pharmaceuticals including drug delivery systems and medical devices with their method of fabrication. Additionally, different clinical trials as well as different patents done till date are cited in the paper. Furthermore, regulatory issues and future perspective related to 3 D printing is also well discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India
| | - Nazeer Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vanshikha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India
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Statistical design of experiment-based formulation development and optimization of 3D printed oral controlled release drug delivery with multi target product profile. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Direct Powder Extrusion 3D Printing of Praziquantel to Overcome Neglected Disease Formulation Challenges in Paediatric Populations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081114. [PMID: 34452075 PMCID: PMC8398999 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last 40 years, praziquantel has been the standard treatment for schistosomiasis, a neglected parasitic disease affecting more than 250 million people worldwide. However, there is no suitable paediatric formulation on the market, leading to off-label use and the splitting of commercial tablets for adults. In this study, we use a recently available technology, direct powder extrusion (DPE) three-dimensional printing (3DP), to prepare paediatric Printlets™ (3D printed tablets) of amorphous solid dispersions of praziquantel with Kollidon® VA 64 and surfactants (Span™ 20 or Kolliphor® SLS). Printlets were successfully printed from both pellets and powders obtained from extrudates by hot melt extrusion (HME). In vitro dissolution studies showed a greater than four-fold increase in praziquantel release, due to the formation of amorphous solid dispersions. In vitro palatability data indicated that the printlets were in the range of praziquantel tolerability, highlighting the taste masking capabilities of this technology without the need for additional taste masking excipients. This work has demonstrated the possibility of 3D printing tablets using pellets or powder forms obtained by HME, avoiding the use of filaments in fused deposition modelling 3DP. Moreover, the main formulation hurdles of praziquantel, such as low drug solubility, inadequate taste, and high and variable dose requirements, can be overcome using this technology.
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Patel SK, Khoder M, Peak M, Alhnan MA. Controlling drug release with additive manufacturing-based solutions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:369-386. [PMID: 33895213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is an innovative manufacturing technology with great potential to revolutionise solid dosage forms. Novel features of 3D printing technology confer advantage over conventional solid dosage form manufacturing technologies, including rapid prototyping and an unparalleled capability to fabricate complex geometries with spatially separated conformations. Such a novel technology could transform the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of highly personalised dosage forms with well-defined release profiles. In this work, we review the current state of the art of using additive manufacturing for predicting and understanding drug release from 3D printed novel structures. Furthermore, we describe a wide spectrum of 3D printing technologies, materials, procedure, and processing parameters used to fabricate fundamentally different matrices with different drug releases. The different methods to manipulate drug release patterns including the surface area-to-mass ratio, infill pattern, geometry, and composition, are critically evaluated. Moreover, the drug release mechanisms and models that could aid exploiting the release profile are also covered. Finally, this review also covers the design opportunities alongside the technical and regulatory challenges that these rapidly evolving technologies present.
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Kumar Gupta D, Ali MH, Ali A, Jain P, Anwer MK, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA. 3D printing technology in healthcare: applications, regulatory understanding, IP repository and clinical trial status. J Drug Target 2021; 30:131-150. [PMID: 34047223 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1935973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass consumerization of three-dimensional (3D) printing innovation has revolutionised admittance of 3D-printing in an expansive scope of ventures. When utilised predominantly for industrial manufacturing, 3D-printing strategies have rapidly attained acquaintance in different parts of health care industry. 3D-printing is a moderately new technology that has discovered promising applications in the medication conveyance and clinical areas. This review intends to explore different parts of 3D- printing innovation concerning pharmaceutical and clinical applications. Review on pharmaceutical products like tablets, caplets, films, polypills, microdots, biodegradable patches, medical devices (uterine and subcutaneous), patient specific implants, cardiovascular stents, etc. and prosthetics/anatomical structures, surgical models, organs and tissues created utilising 3D-printing is being presented. In addition, the regulatory understanding and current IP and clinical trial status pertaining to 3D fabricated products/medical applications have also been funnelled, garnering information from different web portals of regulatory agencies and databases. It is additionally certain that for such new innovations, there would be difficulties and questions before these are acknowledged as protected and viable. The circumstance demands purposeful and wary endeavours to acquire regulations which would at last prompt the accomplishment of this progressive innovation, thus various regulatory challenges faced have been conscientiously discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Humair Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Effects of porosity on drug release kinetics of swellable and erodible porous pharmaceutical solid dosage forms fabricated by hot melt droplet deposition 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120626. [PMID: 33957266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has the unique ability to produce porous pharmaceutical solid dosage forms on-demand. Although using porosity to alter drug release kinetics has been proposed in the literature, the effects of porosity on the swellable and erodible porous solid dosage forms have not been explored. This study used a model formulation containing hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), polyethylene oxide (PEO) and paracetamol and a newly developed hot melt droplet deposition 3D printing method, Arburg plastic free-forming (APF), to examine the porosity effects on in vitro drug release. This is the first study reporting the use of APF on 3D printing porous pharmaceutical tablets. With the unique pellet feeding mechanism of APF, it is important to explore its potential applications in pharmaceutical additive manufacturing. The pores were created by altering the infill percentages (%) of the APF printing between 20 and 100% to generate porous tablets. The printing quality of these porous tablets was examined. The APF printed formulation swelled in pH 1.2 HCl and eroded in pH 6.8 PBS. During the dissolution at pH 1.2, the swelling of the printing pathway led to the gradual decreases in the open pore area and complete closure of pores for the tablets with high infills. In pH 6.8 buffer media, the direct correlation between drug release rate and infills was observed for the tablets printed with infill at and less than 60%. The results revealed that drug release kinetics were controlled by the complex interplay of the porosity and dynamic changes of the tablets caused by swelling and erosion. It also implied the potential impact of fluid hydrodynamics on the in vitro data collection and interpretation of porous solids.
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Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based 3D Printed Tablets: Novel Insight into the Influence of Polymer Particle Size on Filament Preparation and Drug Release Performance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050418. [PMID: 34062744 PMCID: PMC8147252 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) by fused deposition modeling (FDM) has gained momentum as a promising pharmaceutical manufacturing method due to encouraging forward-looking perspectives in personalized medicine preparation. The current challenges the technology has for applicability in the fabrication of solid dosage forms include the limited range of suitable pharmaceutical grade thermoplastic materials. Hence, it is important to investigate the implications of variable properties of the polymeric carrier on the preparation steps and the final output, as versatile products could be obtained by using the same material. In this study, we highlighted the influence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particle size on the residence time of the mixtures in the extruder during the drug-loaded filament preparation step and the consequent impact on drug release from the 3D printed dosage form. We enhanced filament printability by exploiting the plasticizing potential of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and we explored a channeled tablet model as a design strategy for dissolution facilitating purposes. Our findings disclosed a new perspective regarding material considerations for the preparation of PVA-based solid dosage forms by coupling hot melt extrusion (HME) and FDM-3DP.
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Schmid J, Wahl MA, Daniels R. Supercritical Fluid Technology for the Development of 3D Printed Controlled Drug Release Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040543. [PMID: 33924592 PMCID: PMC8069480 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 loading of preformed 3D printed drug carriers with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) shows great potential in the development of oral dosage forms for future personalized medicine. We designed 3D printed scaffold like drug carriers with varying pore sizes made from polylactic acid (PLA) using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The 3D printed drug carriers were then loaded with Ibuprofen as a model drug, employing the controlled particle deposition (CPD) process from supercritical CO2. Carriers with varying pore sizes (0.027-0.125 mm) were constructed and loaded with Ibuprofen to yield drug-loaded carriers with a total amount of 0.83-2.67 mg API (0.32-1.41% w/w). Dissolution studies of the carriers show a significantly decreasing dissolution rate with decreasing pore sizes with a mean dissolution time (MDT) of 8.7 min for the largest pore size and 128.2 min for the smallest pore size. The API dissolution mechanism from the carriers was determined to be Fickian diffusion from the non-soluble, non-swelling carriers. Using 3D printing in combination with the CPD process, we were able to develop dosage forms with individually tailored controlled drug release. The dissolution rate of our dosage forms can be easily adjusted to the individual needs by modifying the pore sizes of the 3D printed carriers.
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36
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Amekyeh H, Tarlochan F, Billa N. Practicality of 3D Printed Personalized Medicines in Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646836. [PMID: 33912058 PMCID: PMC8072378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances in science over the past century have paved the way for remedial treatment outcomes in various diseases. Pharmacogenomic predispositions, the emergence of multidrug resistance, medication and formulation errors contribute significantly to patient mortality. The concept of "personalized" or "precision" medicines provides a window to addressing these issues and hence reducing mortality. The emergence of three-dimensional printing of medicines over the past decades has generated interests in therapeutics and dispensing, whereby the provisions of personalized medicines can be built within the framework of producing medicines at dispensaries or pharmacies. This plan is a good replacement of the fit-for-all modality in conventional therapeutics, where clinicians are constrained to prescribe pre-formulated dose units available on the market. However, three-dimension printing of personalized medicines faces several hurdles, but these are not insurmountable. In this review, we explore the relevance of personalized medicines in therapeutics and how three-dimensional printing makes a good fit in current gaps within conventional therapeutics in order to secure an effective implementation of personalized medicines. We also explore the deployment of three-dimensional printing of personalized medicines based on practical, legal and regulatory provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Amekyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Nashiru Billa
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Zheng Y, Pokorski JK. Hot melt extrusion: An emerging manufacturing method for slow and sustained protein delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1712. [PMID: 33691347 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the biopharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of new therapeutic protein products (TPPs) have been approved by the FDA and many others are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. A major limitation of biopharmaceuticals is their limited half-life when administered systemically. A one-time, implantable, sustained protein delivery device would be advantageous in order to improve the quality of life of patients. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a mature technology that has been extensively used for a broad spectrum of applications in the polymer and pharmaceutical industry and has achieved success as evidenced by a variety of FDA-approved commercial products. These commercial products are mostly for sustained delivery of small molecule therapeutics, leaving a significant gap for HME formulation of therapeutic proteins. With the increasing need of sustained TPP delivery, HME shows promise as a downstream processing method due to its high efficiency and economic value. Several challenges remain for the application of HME in protein delivery. Progress of HME for protein delivery, challenges encountered, and potential solutions will be detailed in this review article. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Nashed N, Lam M, Nokhodchi A. A comprehensive overview of extended release oral dosage forms manufactured through hot melt extrusion and its combination with 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fused Filament Fabrication-4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050701. [PMID: 33652566 PMCID: PMC7956474 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process through which components/structures are produced layer-by-layer. In this context, 4D printing combines 3D printing with time so that this combination results in additively manufactured components that respond to external stimuli and, consequently, change their shape/volume or modify their mechanical properties. Therefore, 4D printing uses shape-memory materials that react to external stimuli such as pH, humidity, and temperature. Among the possible materials with shape memory effect (SME), the most suitable for additive manufacturing are shape memory polymers (SMPs). However, due to their weaknesses, shape memory polymer compounds (SMPCs) prove to be an effective alternative. On the other hand, out of all the additive manufacturing techniques, the most widely used is fused filament fabrication (FFF). In this context, the present paper aims to critically review all studies related to the mechanical properties of 4D-FFF materials. The paper provides an update state of the art showing the potential of 4D-FFF printing for different engineering applications, maintaining the focus on the structural integrity of the final structure/component.
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Jain K, Shukla R, Yadav A, Ujjwal RR, Flora SJS. 3D Printing in Development of Nanomedicines. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:420. [PMID: 33562310 PMCID: PMC7914812 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is gaining numerous advances in manufacturing approaches both at macro- and nanoscales. Three-dimensional printing is being explored for various biomedical applications and fabrication of nanomedicines using additive manufacturing techniques, and shows promising potential in fulfilling the need for patient-centric personalized treatment. Initial reports attributed this to availability of novel natural biomaterials and precisely engineered polymeric materials, which could be fabricated into exclusive 3D printed nanomaterials for various biomedical applications as nanomedicines. Nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology in designing nanomaterials for different medicinal applications, including diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, prevention, and control of diseases. Nanomedicine is also showing great impact in the design and development of precision medicine. In contrast to the "one-size-fits-all" criterion of the conventional medicine system, personalized or precision medicines consider the differences in various traits, including pharmacokinetics and genetics of different patients, which have shown improved results over conventional treatment. In the last few years, much literature has been published on the application of 3D printing for the fabrication of nanomedicine. This article deals with progress made in the development and design of tailor-made nanomedicine using 3D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (K.J.); (R.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (K.J.); (R.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Awesh Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (K.J.); (R.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Rewati Raman Ujjwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India;
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India;
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Additive Manufacturing of Oral Tablets: Technologies, Materials and Printed Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020156. [PMID: 33504009 PMCID: PMC7912000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, enables fabrication of custom-designed and personalized 3D constructs with high complexity in shape and composition. AM has a strong potential to fabricate oral tablets with enhanced customization and complexity as compared to tablets manufactured using conventional approaches. Despite these advantages, AM has not yet become the mainstream manufacturing approach for fabrication of oral solid dosage forms mainly due to limitations of AM technologies and lack of diverse printable drug formulations. In this review, AM of oral tablets are summarized with respect to AM technology. A detailed review of AM methods and materials used for the AM of oral tablets is presented. This article also reviews the challenges in AM of pharmaceutical formulations and potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of a bladder device for intravesical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Quality considerations on the pharmaceutical applications of fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:119901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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4D Printing: Materials, Technologies, and Future Applications in the Biomedical Field. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
4D printing can be defined as the fabrication of structures using smart materials that allow the final object to change its shape, properties, or function in response to an external stimulus such as light, heat, or moisture. The available technologies, materials, and applications have evolved significantly since their first development in 2013, with prospective applications within the aerospace, manufacturing, and soft robotic industries. This review focuses on the printing technologies and smart materials currently available for fabricating these structures. The applications of 4D printing within biomedicine are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and artificial organs. Finally, some ideas for potential uses are proposed. 4D printing is making its mark with seemingly unlimited potential applications, however, its use in mainstream medical treatments relies on further developments and extensive research investments.
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45
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Siamidi A, Tsintavi E, M. Rekkas D, Vlachou M. 3D-Printed Modified-Release Tablets: A Review of the Recent Advances. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad spectrum of applications of three-dimensional printing (3D printing, 3DP) has attracted the attention of researchers working in diverse fields. In pharmaceutics, the main idea behind 3D printing products is to design and develop delivery systems that are suited to an individual’s needs. In this way, the size, appearance, shape, and rate of delivery of a wide array of medicines could be easily adjusted. The aim of this chapter is to provide a compilation of the 3D printing techniques, used for the fabrication of oral drug delivery systems, and review the relevant scientific developments in particular those with modified-release characteristics.
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Macedo J, Samaro A, Vanhoorne V, Vervaet C, Pinto JF. Processability of poly(vinyl alcohol) Based Filaments With Paracetamol Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion for Additive Manufacturing. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3636-3644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Deshkar S, Rathi M, Zambad S, Gandhi K. Hot Melt Extrusion and its Application in 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:387-407. [PMID: 33176646 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817999201110193655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) is a continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process that has been extensively investigated for solubility improvement and taste masking of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Recently, it is being explored for its application in 3D printing. 3D printing of pharmaceuticals allows flexibility of dosage form design, customization of dosage form for personalized therapy and the possibility of complex designs with the inclusion of multiple actives in a single unit dosage form. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a 3D printing technique with a variety of applications in pharmaceutical dosage form development. FDM process requires a polymer filament as the starting material that can be obtained by hot melt extrusion. Recent reports suggest enormous applications of a combination of hot melt extrusion and FDM technology in 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and need to be investigated further. This review in detail describes the HME process, along with its application in 3D printing. The review also summarizes the published reports on the application of HME coupled with 3D printing technology in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevani Deshkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharamceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Mrunali Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharamceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Shital Zambad
- ThinCR Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Rahatani, Pune, Maharashtra 411017, India
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Đuranović M, Obeid S, Madžarević M, Cvijić S, Ibrić S. Paracetamol extended release FDM 3D printlets: Evaluation of formulation variables on printability and drug release. Int J Pharm 2020; 592:120053. [PMID: 33161041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol printlets were prepared via hot-melt extrusion process and fused deposition modelling, using two types of backbone polymers. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Polyethylene oxides (PEO) 100 K and 200 K were used, while Arabic gum was used as a plasticizer to facilitate the material flow and Gelucire® 44/14 as an enhancer of drug release. Different drug/polymer ratios were prepared. Extrusion temperature was adjusted according to the mixture/polymer types. It was possible to produce filaments with maximum of 60% w/w of drug. Mechanical properties of filaments were evaluated using three-point bend test, while obtained parameters were modelled using decision tree as a data mining method. Correlation between maximum displacement, maximum force and printability was obtained with accuracy of 84.85% and can be a useful tool for predicting printability of filaments. This study briefly demonstrated that backbone polymer in formulation plays crucial role in obtaining FDM printlets with desired properties. PEO-based filaments were more prone to be clogged in printcore, but their printlets showed much faster drug release. Drug release from all printlets was prolonged: from 50% in 8 h (PCL), to complete release in 4 h (PEO). Paracetamol release kinetics was guided by anomalous transport, attributed to the diffusion and erosion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Đuranović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Samiha Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Marijana Madžarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Sandra Cvijić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique where objects are created under computer control. Apart from opening many avenues of manufacturing, 3D printing of medicine has become a lucrative area in research. The technology can deliver customised and effectively on-demand treatments for individuals with unique needs; drug delivery system capable of dispensing spatially accurate and low volumes of medicine; preparation of medicine comprised of complex composition and geometric shape. Advent of 3D printed drugs like Spritam® has been FDA approved which have heightened the hopes. Pharmaceutical industry at present is shifting from mass production to personalised medicine as it promises future production of on-demand printed drugs with customised doses, increased productivity and cost-effectiveness. The goal of this article is to outline and explore the various approaches, along with the key aspects of drug printing, and also allow space for exploration of the main areas of 3D printing to be tackled in the future in order to make it an effective manufacturing route for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Srivastava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIT University, Dehradun, India
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the new asset for the production of tailored medicines. J Control Release 2020; 330:821-841. [PMID: 33130069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, conventional medicine has been increasingly moving towards precision medicine. Today, the production of oral pharmaceutical forms tailored to patients is not achievable by traditional industrial means. A promising solution to customize oral drug delivery has been found in the utilization of 3D Printing and in particular Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Thus, the aim of this systematic literature review is to provide a synthesis on the production of pharmaceutical solid oral forms using FDM technology. In total, 72 relevant articles have been identified via two well-known scientific databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect). Overall, three different FDM methods have been reported: "Impregnation-FDM", "Hot Melt Extrusion coupled with FDM" and "Print-fill", which yielded to the formulation of thermoplastic polymers used as main component, five families of other excipients playing different functional roles and 47 active ingredients. Solutions are underway to overcome the high printing temperatures, which was the initial brake on to use thermosensitive ingredients with this technology. Also, the moisture sensitivity shown by a large number of prints in preliminary storage studies is highlighted. FDM seems to be especially fitted for the treatment of rare diseases, and particular populations requiring tailored doses or release kinetics. For future use of FDM in clinical trials, an implication of health regulatory agencies would be necessary. Hence, further efforts would likely be oriented to the use of a quality approach such as "Quality by Design" which could facilitate its approval by the authorities, and also be an aid to the development of this technology for manufacturers.
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