1
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Perez White BE, Cable CJ, Shi B, Ventrella R, Kaplan N, Kobeissi A, Higuchi Y, Balu A, Murphy ZR, Kumar P, Getsios S. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EPHA2 Drives Epidermal Differentiation through Regulation of EGFR Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1798-1807.e1. [PMID: 38520417 PMCID: PMC11260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Intricate signaling systems are required to maintain homeostasis and promote differentiation in the epidermis. Receptor tyrosine kinases are central in orchestrating these systems in epidermal keratinocytes. In particular, EPHA2 and EGFR transduce distinct signals to dictate keratinocyte fate, yet how these cell communication networks are integrated has not been investigated. Our work shows that loss of EPHA2 impairs keratinocyte stratification, differentiation, and barrier function. To determine the mechanism of this dysfunction, we drew from our proteomics data of potential EPHA2 interacting proteins. We identified EGFR as a high-ranking EPHA2 interactor and subsequently validated this interaction. We found that when EPHA2 is reduced, EGFR activation and downstream signaling are intensified and sustained. Evidence indicates that prolonged SRC association contributes to the increase in EGFR signaling. We show that hyperactive EGFR signaling underlies the differentiation defect caused by EPHA2 knockdown because EGFR inhibition restores differentiation in EPHA2-deficient 3-dimensional skin organoids. Our data implicate a mechanism whereby EPHA2 restrains EGFR signaling, allowing for fine tuning in the processes of terminal differentiation and barrier formation. Taken together, we purport that crosstalk between receptor tyrosine kinases EPHA2 and EGFR is critical for epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany E Perez White
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Calvin J Cable
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aya Kobeissi
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuya Higuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Abhinav Balu
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary R Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Priya Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Nicolaou A, Kendall AC. Bioactive lipids in the skin barrier mediate its functionality in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108681. [PMID: 38897295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Our skin protects us from external threats including ultraviolet radiation, pathogens and chemicals, and prevents excessive trans-epidermal water loss. These varied activities are reliant on a vast array of lipids, many of which are unique to skin, and that support physical, microbiological and immunological barriers. The cutaneous physical barrier is dependent on a specific lipid matrix that surrounds terminally-differentiated keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. Sebum- and keratinocyte-derived lipids cover the skin's surface and support and regulate the skin microbiota. Meanwhile, lipids signal between resident and infiltrating cutaneous immune cells, driving inflammation and its resolution in response to pathogens and other threats. Lipids of particular importance include ceramides, which are crucial for stratum corneum lipid matrix formation and therefore physical barrier functionality, fatty acids, which contribute to the acidic pH of the skin surface and regulate the microbiota, as well as the stratum corneum lipid matrix, and bioactive metabolites of these fatty acids, involved in cell signalling, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous processes. These diverse and complex lipids maintain homeostasis in healthy skin, and are implicated in many cutaneous diseases, as well as unrelated systemic conditions with skin manifestations, and processes such as ageing. Lipids also contribute to the gut-skin axis, signalling between the two barrier sites. Therefore, skin lipids provide a valuable resource for exploration of healthy cutaneous processes, local and systemic disease development and progression, and accessible biomarker discovery for systemic disease, as well as an opportunity to fully understand the relationship between the host and the skin microbiota. Investigation of skin lipids could provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and help identify new targets for interventions. Development and improvement of existing in vitro and in silico approaches to explore the cutaneous lipidome, as well as advances in skin lipidomics technologies, will facilitate ongoing progress in skin lipid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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3
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Hansen ME, Ibrahim Y, Desai TA, Koval M. Nanostructure-Mediated Transport of Therapeutics through Epithelial Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7098. [PMID: 39000205 PMCID: PMC11241453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to precisely treat human disease is facilitated by the sophisticated design of pharmacologic agents. Nanotechnology has emerged as a valuable approach to creating vehicles that can specifically target organ systems, effectively traverse epithelial barriers, and protect agents from premature degradation. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis for epithelial barrier function, focusing on tight junctions, and describe different pathways that drugs can use to cross barrier-forming tissue, including the paracellular route and transcytosis. Unique features of drug delivery applied to different organ systems are addressed: transdermal, ocular, pulmonary, and oral delivery. We also discuss how design elements of different nanoscale systems, such as composition and nanostructured architecture, can be used to specifically enhance transepithelial delivery. The ability to tailor nanoscale drug delivery vehicles to leverage epithelial barrier biology is an emerging theme in the pursuit of facilitating the efficacious delivery of pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eva Hansen
- University of California Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yasmin Ibrahim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tejal A. Desai
- University of California Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Fukuda K, Ito Y, Furuichi Y, Matsui T, Horikawa H, Miyano T, Okada T, van Logtestijn M, Tanaka RJ, Miyawaki A, Amagai M. Three stepwise pH progressions in stratum corneum for homeostatic maintenance of the skin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4062. [PMID: 38750035 PMCID: PMC11096370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum is the outermost skin layer with a vital role in skin barrier function. It is comprised of dead keratinocytes (corneocytes) and is known to maintain its thickness by shedding cells, although, the precise mechanisms that safeguard stratum corneum maturation and homeostasis remain unclear. Previous ex vivo studies have suggested a neutral-to-acidic pH gradient in the stratum corneum. Here, we use intravital pH imaging at single-corneocyte resolution to demonstrate that corneocytes actually undergo differentiation to develop three distinct zones in the stratum corneum, each with a distinct pH value. We identified a moderately acidic lower, an acidic middle, and a pH-neutral upper layer in the stratum corneum, with tight junctions playing a key role in their development. The upper pH neutral zone can adjust its pH according to the external environment and has a neutral pH under steady-state conditions owing to the influence of skin microbiota. The middle acidic pH zone provides a defensive barrier against pathogens. With mathematical modeling, we demonstrate the controlled protease activation of kallikrein-related peptidases on the stratum corneum surface that results in proper corneocyte shedding in desquamation. This work adds crucial information to our understanding of how stratum corneum homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Fukuda
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuichi
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Horikawa
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyano
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Tohgasaki T, Aihara S, Ikeda M, Takahashi M, Eto M, Kudo R, Taira H, Kido A, Kondo S, Ishiwatari S. Investigation of stratum corneum cell morphology and content using novel machine-learning image analysis. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13565. [PMID: 38279539 PMCID: PMC10818130 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphology and content of stratum corneum (SC) cells provide information on the physiological condition of the skin. Although the morphological and biochemical properties of the SC are known, no method is available to fully access and interpret this information. This study aimed to develop a method to comprehensively decode the physiological information of the skin, based on the SC. Therefore, we established a novel image analysis technique based on artificial intelligence (AI) and multivariate analysis to predict skin conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS SC samples were collected from participants, imaged, and annotated. Nine biomarkers were measured in the samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were then used to teach machine-learning models to recognize individual SC cell regions and estimate the levels of the nine biomarkers from the images. Skin physiological indicators (e.g., skin barrier function, facial analysis, and questionnaires) were measured or obtained from the participants. Multivariate analysis, including biomarker levels and structural parameters of the SC as variables, was used to estimate these physiological indicators. RESULTS We established two machine-learning models. The accuracy of recognition was assessed according to the average intersection over union (0.613), precision (0.953), recall (0.640), and F-value (0.766). The predicted biomarker levels significantly correlated with the measured levels. Skin physiological indicators and questionnaire answers were predicted with strong correlations and correct answer rates. CONCLUSION Various physiological skin conditions can be predicted from images of the SC using AI models and multivariate analysis. Our method is expected to be useful for dermatological treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saki Aihara
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Mariko Ikeda
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Masaya Eto
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Riki Kudo
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Taira
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Ai Kido
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinya Kondo
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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6
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Matsui T. Epidermal Barrier Development via Corneoptosis: A Unique Form of Cell Death in Stratum Granulosum Cells. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:43. [PMID: 38132711 PMCID: PMC10744242 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal development is responsible for the formation of the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. The establishment of the epidermal barrier is a critical aspect of mammalian development. Proper formation of the epidermis, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells, is essential for the survival of terrestrial vertebrates because it acts as a crucial protective barrier against external threats such as pathogens, toxins, and physical trauma. In mammals, epidermal development begins from the embryonic surface ectoderm, which gives rise to the basal layer of the epidermis. This layer undergoes a series of complex processes that lead to the formation of subsequent layers, including the stratum intermedium, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The stratum corneum, which is the topmost layer of the epidermis, is formed by corneoptosis, a specialized form of cell death. This process involves the transformation of epidermal keratinocytes in the granular layer into flattened dead cells, which constitute the protective barrier. In this review, we focus on the intricate mechanisms that drive the development and establishment of the mammalian epidermis to gain insight into the complex processes that govern this vital biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura-cho, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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7
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Szabó K, Bolla BS, Erdei L, Balogh F, Kemény L. Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin's Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15962. [PMID: 37958945 PMCID: PMC10647730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is a tightly regulated, balanced interface that maintains our integrity through a complex barrier comprising physical or mechanical, chemical, microbiological, and immunological components. The skin's microbiota affect various properties, one of which is the establishment and maintenance of the physical barrier. This is achieved by influencing multiple processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, stratum corneum formation, and regulation of intercellular contacts. In this review, we summarize the potential contribution of Cutibacterium acnes to these events and outline the contribution of bacterially induced barrier defects to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. With the combined effects of a Westernized lifestyle, microbial dysbiosis, epithelial barrier defects, and inflammation, the development of acne is very similar to that of several other multifactorial diseases of barrier organs (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis). Therefore, the management of acne requires a complex approach, which should be taken into account when designing novel treatments that address not only the inflammatory and microbial components but also the maintenance and strengthening of the cutaneous physical barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Szabó
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szilvia Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Balogh
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Imafuku K, Iwata H, Natsuga K, Okumura M, Kobayashi Y, Kitahata H, Kubo A, Nagayama M, Ujiie H. Zonula occludens-1 distribution and barrier functions are affected by epithelial proliferation and turnover rates. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13441. [PMID: 36919255 PMCID: PMC10472521 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is a scaffolding protein of tight junctions, which seal adjacent epithelial cells, that is also expressed in adherens junctions. The distribution pattern of ZO-1 differs among stratified squamous epithelia, including that between skin and oral buccal mucosa. However, the causes for this difference, and the mechanisms underlying ZO-1 spatial regulation, have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that epithelial turnover and proliferation are associated with ZO-1 distribution in squamous epithelia. We tried to verify the regulation of ZO-1 by comparing normal skin and psoriasis, known as inflammatory skin disease with rapid turnover. We as well compared buccal mucosa and oral lichen planus, known as an inflammatory oral disease with a longer turnover interval. The imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model, often used as a psoriasis model, can promote cell proliferation. On the contrary, we peritoneally injected mice mitomycin C, which reduces cell proliferation. We examined whether IMQ and mitomycin C cause changes in the distribution and appearance of ZO-1. Human samples and mouse pharmacological models revealed that slower epithelial turnover/proliferation led to the confinement of ZO-1 to the uppermost part of squamous epithelia. In contrast, ZO-1 was widely distributed under conditions of faster cell turnover/proliferation. Cell culture experiments and mathematical modelling corroborated these ZO-1 distribution patterns. These findings demonstrate that ZO-1 distribution is affected by epithelial cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of DermatologyGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuJapan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Makoto Okumura
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yasuaki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of DermatologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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9
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Hayashi K, Nozaki S, Tokushima K, Tanaka F, Hirai Y. Role of syntaxin3 an apical polarity protein in poorly polarized keratinocytes: regulation of asymmetric barrier formations in the skin epidermis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:523-535. [PMID: 37351635 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The skin epidermis exhibits an asymmetric structure composed of multilayered keratinocytes and those in the outer layers form two-way physical barriers, cornified cell envelope (CCE), and tight junctions (TJs). While undifferentiated keratinocytes in the basal layer continuously deliver daughter cells outward, which undergo successive differentiation with losing their polarized characteristics, they retain the expression of several polarity proteins. In the present study, we revealed that the t-SNARE protein syntaxin3, a critical element for the formation of the apical compartment in simple epithelial cells, is required to confer the ability to organize the physical barriers on "poorly polarized" keratinocytes in epidermal outer layers. HaCaT keratinocytes with genetic ablation of syntaxin3 readily succumbed to hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Additionally, they lost the ability to organize TJ and CCE structures, accompanied by notable downregulation of transglutaminase1 and caspase14 (a cornification regulator) expression. These syntaxin3-knockout cells appeared to restore oxidative stress tolerance and functional TJ formation ability, in response to the inducible re-expression of exogenous syntaxin3. While plausible mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unclear, syntaxin3, an apical polarity protein in the simple epithelia, has emerged as a potentially crucial element for barrier formation in poorly polarized keratinocytes in polarized epidermal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Sae Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kanako Tokushima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Fumika Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
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10
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Nguyen HLT, Peng G, Trujillo-Paez JV, Yue H, Ikutama R, Takahashi M, Umehara Y, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Niyonsaba F. The Antimicrobial Peptide AMP-IBP5 Suppresses Dermatitis-like Lesions in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis through the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065200. [PMID: 36982275 PMCID: PMC10049508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (AMP-IBP5) exhibits antimicrobial activities and immunomodulatory functions in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. However, its role in regulating skin barrier function remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of AMP-IBP5 on the skin barrier and its role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene was used to induce AD-like skin inflammation. Transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability assays were used to investigate tight junction (TJ) barrier function in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and mice. AMP-IBP5 increased the expression of TJ-related proteins and their distribution along the intercellular borders. AMP-IBP5 also improved TJ barrier function through activation of the atypical protein kinase C and Rac1 pathways. In AD mice, AMP-IBP5 ameliorated dermatitis-like symptoms restored the expression of TJ-related proteins, suppressed the expression of inflammatory and pruritic cytokines, and improved skin barrier function. Interestingly, the ability of AMP-IBP5 to alleviate inflammation and improve skin barrier function in AD mice was abolished in mice treated with an antagonist of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) receptor. Collectively, these findings indicate that AMP-IBP5 may ameliorate AD-like inflammation and enhance skin barrier function through LRP1, suggesting a possible role for AMP-IBP5 in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le Thanh Nguyen
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ge Peng
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Juan Valentin Trujillo-Paez
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hainan Yue
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Risa Ikutama
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miho Takahashi
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshie Umehara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5802-1591; Fax: +81-3-3813-5512
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11
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Prado-Mantilla A, Lechler T. Polarity in skin development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:317-336. [PMID: 37100522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that forms the outermost layer of the skin. Its primary function is to act as a barrier, keeping pathogens and toxins out and moisture in. This physiological role has necessitated major differences in the organization and polarity of the tissue as compared to simple epithelia. We discuss four aspects of polarity in the epidermis - the distinctive polarities of basal progenitor cells as well as differentiated granular cells, the polarity of adhesions and the cytoskeleton across the tissue as keratinocytes differentiate, and the planar cell polarity of the tissue. These distinctive polarities are essential for the morphogenesis and the function of the epidermis and have also been implicated in regulating tumor formation.
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12
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Ikutama R, Peng G, Tsukamoto S, Umehara Y, Trujillo-Paez JV, Yue H, Nguyen HLT, Takahashi M, Kageyama S, Komatsu M, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Niyonsaba F. Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:751-761.e7. [PMID: 36455652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a multifunctional antimicrobial peptide that exhibits antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. LL-37 regulates skin barrier function and was recently reported to activate autophagy in macrophages. Because autophagy deficiency is associated with skin diseases characterized by a dysfunctional epidermal barrier, we hypothesized that LL-37 might regulate the skin barrier through autophagy modulation. We showed that LL-37 activated autophagy in human keratinocytes and three-dimensional skin equivalent models as indicated by increases in LC3 puncta formation, decreases in p62, and autophagosome and autolysosome formation. LL-37‒induced autophagy was suppressed by P2X7 receptor, adenosine monophosphate‒activated protein kinase, and unc-51-like kinase 1 inhibitors, suggesting that the P2X7, adenosine monophosphate‒activated protein kinase, and unc-51-like kinase 1 pathways are involved. Moreover, LL-37 enhanced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate‒activated protein kinase and unc-51-like kinase 1. In addition, LL-37‒mediated autophagy involves the mechanistic target of rapamycin and MAPK pathways. Interestingly, the LL-37‒induced distribution of tight junction proteins and improvement in the tight junction barrier were inhibited in autophagy-deficient keratinocytes and keratinocytes and skin models treated with autophagy inhibitors, indicating that the LL-37‒mediated tight junction barrier is associated with autophagy activation. Collectively, these findings suggest that LL-37 is a potential therapeutic target for skin diseases characterized by dysfunctional autophagy and skin barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Ikutama
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ge Peng
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saya Tsukamoto
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Umehara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hainan Yue
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hai Le Thanh Nguyen
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Takahashi
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kageyama
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Beier LS, Waldow A, Khomeijani Farahani S, Mannweiler R, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Brandner JM, Piontek J, Günzel D. Claudin targeting as an effective tool for directed barrier modulation of the viable epidermis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:251-265. [PMID: 35994210 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) formation is vital for epidermal barrier function. We aimed to specifically manipulate TJ barriers in the reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) by claudin-1 and -4 knockdown (KD) and by claudin-binding fusion proteins of glutathione S-transferase and modified C-terminal fragments of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (GST-cCPE). Impedance spectroscopy and tracer permeability imaging were employed for functional barrier assessment and investigation of claudin contribution. KD of claudin-1, but not claudin-4, impaired the paracellular barrier in vitro. Similarly, claudin-binding GST-cCPE variants weakened the paracellular but not the stratum corneum barrier. Combining both TJ targeting methods, we found that claudin-1 targeting by GST-cCPE after claudin-4 KD led to a marked decrease in paracellular barrier properties. Conversely, after claudin-1 KD, GST-cCPE did not further impair the barrier. Comparison of GST-cCPE variants with different claudin-1/claudin-4 affinities, NHS-fluorescein tracer detection, and immunostaining of RHE paraffin sections showed that GST-cCPE variants bind to extrajunctional claudin-1 and -4, which are differentially distributed along the stratum basale-stratum granulosum axis. GST-cCPE binding blocks these claudins, thereby specifically opening the paracellular barrier of RHE. The data indicate a critical role for claudin-1 in regulating paracellular permeability for ions and small molecules in the viable epidermis. Claudin targeting is presented as a proof-of-concept for precise barrier modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Sophie Beier
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayk Waldow
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeed Khomeijani Farahani
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Mannweiler
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Establishment of an Epicutaneously Sensitized Murine Model of Shellfish Allergy and Evaluation of Skin Condition by Raman Microscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Shellfish allergy is one of the most common food allergies. Recent studies have shown that sensitization to allergens via the skin is involved in the development of food allergies. In this study, a mouse model of shrimp allergy was generated by epicutaneous sensitization and used to identify skin conditions associated with susceptibility to sensitization. Methods: Four-week-old female BALB/c mice were sensitized by repeated application of 0.1 mg of tropomyosin to tape-stripped skin on days 0, 7, and 15, followed by a challenge on days 28 and 35. Results: Epicutaneously sensitized mice exhibited higher serum levels of tropomyosin-specific IgE on day 15 than control mice. After the oral challenge, model mice had higher anaphylaxis scores and lower rectal temperature. After three tape-strip treatments for sensitization, the skin was analyzed by Raman microscopy. The sensitized mice exhibited lower relative intensities of Raman bands at 399, 915, and 1073 cm−1 than control mice, which could be helpful noninvasive markers in screening for potential sensitization via the skin. Conclusions: An epicutaneous sensitization shellfish allergy model was generated. This model will be useful in studies to elucidate the pathogenesis of skin sensitization. Raman microscopy may also be valuable for capturing subtle skin changes leading to sensitization.
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16
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Peskoller M, Bhosale A, Göbel K, Löhr J, Miceli S, Perot S, Persa O, Rübsam M, Shah J, Zhang H, Niessen CM. ESDR 50th Anniversary Lecture summary: How to build and regenerate a functional skin barrier: the adhesive and cell shaping travels of a keratinocyte. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1020-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Tremblay A, Simard M, Morin S, Pouliot R. Docosahexaenoic Acid Modulates Paracellular Absorption of Testosterone and Claudin-1 Expression in a Tissue-Engineered Skin Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13091. [PMID: 34884896 PMCID: PMC8658185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy skin moLEdels produced by tissue-engineering often present a suboptimal skin barrier function as compared with normal human skin. Moreover, skin substitutes reconstructed according to the self-assembly method were found to be deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of a supplementation of the culture media with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the barrier function of skin substitutes. To this end, 10 μM DHA-supplemented skin substitutes were produced (n = 3), analyzed, and compared with controls (substitutes without supplementation). A Franz cell diffusion system, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, was used to perform a skin permeability to testosterone assay. We then used gas chromatography to quantify the PUFAs found in the epidermal phospholipid fraction of the skin substitutes, which showed successful DHA incorporation. The permeability to testosterone was decreased following DHA supplementation and the lipid profile was improved. Differences in the expression of the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and TJ protein-1 were observed, principally a significant increase in claudin-1 expression, which was furthermore confirmed by Western blot analyses. In conclusion, these results confirm that the DHA supplementation of cell culture media modulates different aspects of skin barrier function in vitro and reflects the importance of n-3 PUFAs regarding the lipid metabolism in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (A.T.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (A.T.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (A.T.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (A.T.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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18
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Abe Y, Nishizawa M. Electrical aspects of skin as a pathway to engineering skin devices. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041509. [PMID: 34849444 PMCID: PMC8604566 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is one of the indispensable organs for life. The epidermis at the outermost surface provides a permeability barrier to infectious agents, chemicals, and excessive loss of water, while the dermis and subcutaneous tissue mechanically support the structure of the skin and appendages, including hairs and secretory glands. The integrity of the integumentary system is a key for general health, and many techniques have been developed to measure and control this protective function. In contrast, the effective skin barrier is the major obstacle for transdermal delivery and detection. Changes in the electrical properties of skin, such as impedance and ionic activity, is a practical indicator that reflects the structures and functions of the skin. For example, the impedance that reflects the hydration of the skin is measured for quantitative assessment in skincare, and the current generated across a wound is used for the evaluation and control of wound healing. Furthermore, the electrically charged structure of the skin enables transdermal drug delivery and chemical extraction. This paper provides an overview of the electrical aspects of the skin and summarizes current advances in the development of devices based on these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Abe
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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19
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Mannweiler R, Bergmann S, Vidal‐y‐Sy S, Brandner JM, Günzel D. Direct assessment of individual skin barrier components by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Allergy 2021; 76:3094-3106. [PMID: 33844311 DOI: 10.1111/all.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the tight junction proteins Cldn1 and 4 is altered in skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and Cldn1 deficiency affects skin barrier formation. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) has been proven to allow detection of alterations in the skin barrier but is currently unable to separate effects on viable epidermis (VE) and stratum corneum (SC). METHODS Effects of siRNA-mediated Cldn1 and 4 knockdown in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) on VE and SC barrier function were investigated with Ussing chamber-based IS. Barrier components were sequentially altered, employing iron oxide nanoparticles and EGTA, to identify their contribution to the impedance spectrum. Resistance changes due to apically applied hyperosmolar electrolyte were used to identify barrier defects non-invasively. RESULTS IS of RHE yielded two relaxation frequencies, representing the barrier properties of the SC (~1000 Hz) and VE (~100 Hz). As proof of concept, it was shown that the Cldn1 knockdown-induced resistance drop arises from the impairment of both SC and VE, indicated by a shift of both relaxation frequencies. Hyperosmolar electrolyte penetration allowed non-invasive detection of Cldn1 knockdown via time-dependent frequency shifts. The absence of Cldn4 knockdown-induced changes revealed the weaknesses of transepithelial electrical resistance analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present technique allows to separately measure the barrier properties of SC and VE and further evaluate the Cldn1 and 4 knockdown impact on the skin barrier. As the measurement with agarose-embedded electrolyte allowed non-invasive identification of the Cldn1 knockdown, this opens the way to detailed in vivo skin barrier assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mannweiler
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sophia Bergmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal‐y‐Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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20
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Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Salinas E. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910661. [PMID: 34639001 PMCID: PMC8509070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-449-9108424
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21
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Murakami M, Akagi T, Sasano Y, Akashi M. Effect of 3D-Fibroblast Dermis Constructed by Layer-by-Layer Cell Coating Technique on Tight Junction Formation and Function in Full-Thickness Skin Equivalent. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3835-3844. [PMID: 34286576 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) consisting of an epidermis and dermis have been used as promising tools for drug evaluation and for clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) are essential for the fabrication of HSEs because they play an important role in the maturation of the epidermis. Recently, epidermal tight junctions (TJs), which are complex cell-cell junctions, have attracted much attention as a second barrier and regulator for other barrier functions. In a previous study, we revealed the expression of TJ-related proteins and the time course of formation of TJ structure in the HSE (layer-by-layer (LbL)-three-dimensional (3D) Skin) constructed by layer-by-layer (LbL) cell coating technique that have a unique dermis consisting of NHDFs only (3D-fibroblast dermis). However, the effect of the 3D-fibroblast dermis on the formation of functional epidermal TJs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the 3D-fibroblast dermis on the expression of TJ-related proteins and TJ function in LbL-3D Skin. We demonstrated that the 3D-fibroblast dermis affects the long-term expression of TJ-related proteins and the formation of TJ with barrier function in the epidermis. These results show that the 3D-fibroblast dermis in LbL-3D Skin contributes to the formation and maintenance of functional TJs as in native human skin by direct contact with KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Murakami
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takami Akagi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumi Sasano
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Pharma-Medicals Division, Life & Healthcare Products Department, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Murakami M, Akagi T, Sasano Y, Chiba T, Narita H, Shimoda H, Akashi M. Observation of a tight junction structure generated in LbL-3D skin reconstructed by layer-by-layer cell coating technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:798-803. [PMID: 34028181 DOI: 10.1002/term.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin equivalents are reconstructed the functions of human skin and can be used as an alternative to animal experiments in basic study or as cultured skin for regenerative medicine. Recent studies confirmed that epidermal tight junctions (TJs), which are complex intercellular junctions formed in the stratum granulosum of human skin, play an important part in the formation of the skin barrier function. In well-formed reconstructed human skin models, there are several reports on the expression of TJ proteins and their localization in epidermal layer, however, the morphological features of TJ, showing tight junctional contacts and the process of TJ formation have yet to be investigated. In this study, we systematically examined and identified TJ-related proteins and TJ structure in three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalents reconstructed by layer-by-layer (LbL) cell coating technique (LbL-3D Skin). We demonstrate localization of TJ-related proteins and time course of formation of TJ structure with typical junctional morphology in LbL-3D Skin. These data provide evidence that the LbL-3D Skin is an in vitro model with structure and function extremely similar to living skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Murakami
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takami Akagi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Sasano
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Life & Healthcare Products Department, Pharma-Medicals Division, Nagase & Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiba
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Narita
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Broussard JA, Koetsier JL, Hegazy M, Green KJ. Desmosomes polarize and integrate chemical and mechanical signaling to govern epidermal tissue form and function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3275-3291.e5. [PMID: 34107301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium in which structural and functional features are polarized across multiple cell layers. This type of polarity is essential for establishing the epidermal barrier, but how it is created and sustained is poorly understood. Previous work identified a role for the classic cadherin/filamentous-actin network in establishment of epidermal polarity. However, little is known about potential roles of the most prominent epidermal intercellular junction, the desmosome, in establishing epidermal polarity, in spite of the fact that desmosome constituents are patterned across the apical to basal cell layers. Here, we show that desmosomes and their associated intermediate filaments (IFs) are key regulators of mechanical polarization in epidermis, whereby basal and suprabasal cells experience different forces that drive layer-specific functions. Uncoupling desmosomes and IF or specific targeting of apical desmosomes through depletion of the superficial desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1, impedes basal stratification in an in vitro competition assay and suprabasal tight junction barrier functions in 3D reconstructed epidermis. Surprisingly, disengaging desmosomes from IF also accelerated the expression of differentiation markers, through precocious activation of the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulator serum response factor (SRF) and downstream activation of epidermal growth factor receptor family member ErbB2 by Src family kinase (SFK)-mediated phosphorylation. This Dsg1-SFK-ErbB2 axis also helps maintain tight junctions and barrier function later in differentiation. Together, these data demonstrate that the desmosome-IF network is a critical contributor to the cytoskeletal-adhesive machinery that supports the polarized function of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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24
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Igawa S, Ohzono A, Pham P, Wang Z, Nakatsuji T, Dokoshi T, Di Nardo A. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2 Is Central to Maintaining Epidermal Barrier Homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1188-1197.e5. [PMID: 33197483 PMCID: PMC9801230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outer layer of the epidermis composes the skin barrier, a sophisticated filter constituted by layers of corneocytes in a lipid matrix. The matrix lipids, especially the ceramide-generated sphingosine 1-phosphate, are the messengers that the skin barrier uses to communicate with the basal layer of the epidermis where replicating keratinocytes are located. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a bioactive sphingolipid mediator involved in various cellular functions through S1PR1‒5, expressed by keratinocytes. We discovered that the S1pr2 absence is linked to an impairment in the skin barrier function. Although S1pr2-/- mouse skin has no difference in its phenotype and barrier function compared with that of wild-type mouse, after tape stripping, S1pr2-/- mouse showed significantly higher transepidermal water loss and required another 24 hours to normalize their transepidermal water loss levels. Moreover, after epicutaneous Staphylococcus aureus application, impaired S1pr2-/- mouse epidermal barrier function allowed deeper bacterial penetration and denser neutrophil infiltration in the dermis. Microarray and RNA sequence of S1pr2-/- mouse epidermis linked the barrier dysfunction with a decrease in FLG2 and tight junction components. In conclusion, S1pr2-/- mice have compromised skin barrier function and increased bacteria permeability, making them a suitable model for diseases that present similar characteristics, such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Igawa
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohzono
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Phoebe Pham
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA,Corresponding author: Anna Di Nardo, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA 92093, Tel: 858-822-6712, Fax: 858-822-6985,
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25
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Jiang Y, Fan L. The effect of Poria cocos ethanol extract on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice with breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113456. [PMID: 33039631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos Wolf has been used in traditional East-Asian medicine for centuries to effectively treat various gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea for its tonic, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities. Previous studies have revealed that the tumor development would induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction to the patients with breast cancer. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the effect and the mechanism of ethanol extract of Poria cocos (PC) on intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in the mice with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (the normal control, model, PC and positive control group). Intestinal histopathological was evaluated by H&E staining. The difference of the intestinal microbiota in each group was studied by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The level of plasma endotoxin, D -lactic acid (D-LA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were measured by ELISA. The putrescine content in serum and urine were detected by HPLC. Expression of the tight junction (TJ) proteins, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 were determined by western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that tumor development prominently induced the intestinal damage and microbiome dysbiosis in mice. PC prominently remit such histologic damage through enhancing the expression of TJ proteins and decreasing the levels of DAO, D-LA and endotoxin via upregulating the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, PC increased the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and strikingly changed the structure and composition of the gut microbiota in the mice by increasing the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and decreasing the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio and inflammatory associated bacteria Mucispirillum, S24-7 and Staphylococcus. Moreover, PICRUSt analysis and the putrescine detection might indicate that PC might be involved in the putrescine metabolism in the mice. Correlation analysis indicated that Prevotella, Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidetes were significantly correlated with Claudin-8 and p38-MAPK expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PC could improve the dysbacteriosis and repair the intestinal barrier function in the mice with breast cancer. This study provide more data to support the application of PC in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liuping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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26
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Persa OD, Koester J, Niessen CM. Regulation of Cell Polarity and Tissue Architecture in Epidermal Aging and Cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1017-1023. [PMID: 33531135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is essential to protect the organism from external damage while at the same time enabling communication with the environment. Aging compromises skin function and regeneration, which is further exacerbated by external influences, such as UVR from the sun. Aging and UVR are also major risk factors contributing to the development of skin cancer. Whereas aging research traditionally has focused on the role of DNA damage and metabolic and stress pathways, less is known about how aging affects tissue architecture and cell dynamics in skin homeostasis and regeneration and whether changes in these processes promote skin cancer. This review highlights how key regulators of cell polarity and adhesion affect epidermal mechanics, tissue architecture, and stem cell dynamics in skin aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana D Persa
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janis Koester
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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27
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Gilhar A, Reich K, Keren A, Kabashima K, Steinhoff M, Paus R. Mouse models of atopic dermatitis: a critical reappraisal. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:319-336. [PMID: 33368555 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for atopic dermatitis (AD) are an indispensable preclinical research tool for testing new candidate AD therapeutics and for interrogating AD pathobiology in vivo. In this Viewpoint, we delineate why, unfortunately, none of the currently available so-called "AD" mouse models satisfactorily reflect the clinical complexity of human AD, but imitate more "allergic" or "irriant" contact dermatitis conditions. This limits the predictive value of AD models for clinical outcomes of new tested candidate AD therapeutics and the instructiveness of mouse models for human AD pathophysiology research. Here, we propose to initiate a rational debate on the minimal criteria that a mouse model should meet in order to be considered relevant for human AD. We suggest that valid AD models should at least meet the following criteria: (a) an AD-like epidermal barrier defect with reduced filaggrin expression along with hyperproliferation, hyperplasia; (b) increased epidermal expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), periostin and/or chemokines such as TARC (CCL17); (c) a characteristic dermal immune cell infiltrate with overexpression of some key cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 and IL-33; (d) distinctive "neurodermatitis" features (sensory skin hyperinnervation, defective beta-adrenergic signalling, neurogenic skin inflammation and triggering or aggravation of AD-like skin lesions by perceived stress); and (e) response of experimentally induced skin lesions to standard AD therapy. Finally, we delineate why humanized AD mouse models (human skin xenotransplants on SCID mice) offer a particularly promising preclinical research alternative to the currently available "AD" mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kristian Reich
- Centre for Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Skinflammation Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aviad Keren
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,School of Medicine, Weill Cornell University-Qatar and Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost, Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dermatology Research Centre, University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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28
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The Whey Acidic Protein WFDC12 Is Specifically Expressed in Terminally Differentiated Keratinocytes and Regulates Epidermal Serine Protease Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1198-1206.e13. [PMID: 33157095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WFDC proteins such as peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI inhibit proteases in the epidermis and other tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that further WFDC protein family members might contribute to epidermal homeostasis. We found that in addition to peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI, WFDC5 and WFDC12 were expressed in human epidermis. In contrast to WFDC5, the expression of WFDC12 was induced during the late differentiation of keratinocytes and was restricted to the outermost layer of live cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that WFDC12-positive keratinocytes were characterized by the upregulation of LCE mRNA expression and downregulated the expression of keratins and claudins. Immunogold-electron microscopy revealed the colocalization of WFDC12 with corneodesmosomes in the lower stratum corneum. WFDC12 was elevated in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Darier disease. By contrast, WFDC12 expression was strongly upregulated not only in the affected but even more so in clinically normal-appearing skin of patients with Netherton syndrome. Finally, functional analysis showed distinct inhibitory activity of WFDC12 on neutrophil elastase and epidermal kallikrein‒related peptidase. Altogether, our study identified WFDC12 as a marker of the last stage of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and suggests that WFDC12 contributes to the control of protease activity in the stratum corneum.
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29
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Tu Y, Wu W, Guo Y, Lu F, Xu D, Li X, Zhao Y, He L. Upregulation of hsa-miR-31-3p induced by ultraviolet affects keratinocytes permeability barrier by targeting CLDN1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:626-632. [PMID: 32907715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is a photoallergic skin disease with complicated pathogenesis. However, skin barrier dysfunction may be involved according to clinical manifestation. To investigate the mechanism of CAD barrier dysfunction, noninvasive detection of skin barrier and small RNA sequencing were carried out. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression levels of hsa-miR-31-3p and CLDN1. The correlation between hsa-miR-31-3p and CAD severity was explored. Further, dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the relationship between hsa-miR-31-3p and CLDN1. In addition, expression of hsa-miR-31-3p was detected after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Influences of hsa-miR-31-3p on primary human keratinocytes barrier were assessed by FITC-Dextran permeability assay. Moreover, western blot was used to detect the expression of claudin-1, filaggrin, loricrin and involucrin. Our results showed that transepidermal water loss (TEWL) significantly increased in CAD, while stratum corneum hydration (SCH) significantly decreased. The expression of hsa-miR-31-3p was up-regulated in CAD while CLDN1 was down-regulated. Hsa-miR-31-3p was correlated with TEWL, UV-MED (minimal erythema dose) and clinical severity scores of CAD (CSS-CAD). Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that hsa-miR-31-3p targeted the 3'UTR region of CLDN1. Moreover, hsa-miR-31-3p was induced by UVB (0-30 mJ/cm2) and UVA (0-4 J/cm2). Furthermore, overexpression of hsa-miR-31-3p increased FITC-Dextran flux of primary human keratinocytes and reduced the expression of claudin-1, filaggrin, loricrin and involucrin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that hsa-miR-31-3p induced by UV was correlated with CAD severity, which played an important role in regulating keratinocytes permeability barrier through targeting CLDN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Department of Dermatology, The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou, 550000, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yanni Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 675000, China
| | - Fengyan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Qujing, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, China
| | - Yueting Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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30
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Bolla BS, Erdei L, Urbán E, Burián K, Kemény L, Szabó K. Cutibacterium acnes regulates the epidermal barrier properties of HPV-KER human immortalized keratinocyte cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12815. [PMID: 32733073 PMCID: PMC7393503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our skin provides a physical barrier to separate the internal part of our body from the environment. Maintenance of complex barrier functions is achieved through anatomical structures in the skin, the stratified squamous epithelium specialized junctional organelles, called tight junctions (TJs). Several members of our microbial communities are known to affect the differentiation state and function of the colonized organ. Whether and how interactions between skin cells and cutaneous microbes, including Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), modify the structure and/or function of our skin is currently only partly understood. Thus, in our studies, we investigated whether C. acnes may affect the epidermal barrier using in vitro model systems. Real-time cellular analysis showed that depending on the keratinocyte differentiation state, the applied C. acnes strains and their dose, the measured impedance values change, together with the expression of selected TJ proteins. These may reflect barrier alterations, which can be partially restored upon antibiotic–antimycotic treatment. Our findings suggest that C. acnes can actively modify the barrier properties of cultured keratinocytes, possibly through alteration of tight cell-to-cell contacts. Similar events may play important roles in our skin, in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Szilvia Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Szabó
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
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31
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Gorzelanny C, Mess C, Schneider SW, Huck V, Brandner JM. Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E684. [PMID: 32698388 PMCID: PMC7407329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.G.); (C.M.); (S.W.S.); (V.H.)
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32
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El-Chami C, Foster AR, Johnson C, Clausen RP, Cornwell P, Haslam IS, Steward MC, Watson REB, Young HS, O'Neill CA. Organic osmolytes increase expression of specific tight junction proteins in skin and alter barrier function in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:482-494. [PMID: 32348549 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal barrier is important for water conservation, failure of which is evident in dry-skin conditions. Barrier function is fulfilled by the stratum corneum, tight junctions (TJs, which control extracellular water) and keratinocyte mechanisms, such as organic osmolyte transport, which regulate intracellular water homeostasis. Organic osmolyte transport by keratinocytes is largely unexplored and nothing is known regarding how cellular and extracellular mechanisms of water conservation may interact. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize osmolyte transporters in skin and keratinocytes, and, using transporter inhibitors, to investigate whether osmolytes can modify TJs. Such modification would suggest a possible link between intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of water regulation in skin. METHODS Immunostaining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of organic osmolyte-treated organ-cultured skin were used to identify changes to organic osmolyte transporters, and TJ protein and gene expression. TJ functional assays were performed on organic osmolyte-treated primary human keratinocytes in culture. RESULTS Immunostaining demonstrated the expression of transporters for betaine, taurine and myo-inositol in transporter-specific patterns. Treatment of human skin with either betaine or taurine increased the expression of claudin-1, claudin-4 and occludin. Osmolyte transporter inhibition abolished this response. Betaine and taurine increased TJ function in primary human keratinocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of skin with organic osmolytes modulates TJ structure and function, which could contribute to the epidermal barrier. This emphasizes a role for organic osmolytes beyond the maintenance of intracellular osmolarity. This could be harnessed to enhance topical therapies for diseases characterized by skin barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C El-Chami
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - A R Foster
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - C Johnson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Cornwell
- TRI Princeton, 601 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - I S Haslam
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - M C Steward
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - H S Young
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C A O'Neill
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Seo SH, Kim SE, Lee SE. ER stress induced by ER calcium depletion and UVB irradiation regulates tight junction barrier integrity in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:41-49. [PMID: 32376153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium depletion-induced ER stress is a crucial signal for keratinocyte differentiation and barrier homeostasis, but its effects on the epidermal tight junction (TJ) have not been characterized. Ultraviolet B (UVB) causes ER calcium release in keratinocytes and disrupts epidermal TJ, however, the involvement of ER stress in the UVB-induced TJ alterations remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of ER stress by pharmacological ER calcium depletion or UVB on the TJ integrity in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). METHODS NHEK were exposed to ER calcium pump inhibitor thapsigargin (Tg) or UVB. ER stress markers and TJ molecules expression, TJ and F-actin structures, and TJ barrier function were analyzed. RESULTS Tg or UVB exposure dose-dependently triggered unfolded protein response (UPR) in NHEK. Low dose Tg induced the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway and strengthened TJ barrier. Contrary, high dose Tg activated PERK phosphorylation and disrupted TJ by F-actin disorganization. UVB disrupted TJ and F-actin structures dose dependently. IRE1α RNase inhibition induced or exacerbated TJ and F-actin disruption in the presence of low dose Tg or UVB. High dose Tg increased RhoA activity. 4-PBA or Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor partially prevented the disruption of TJ and F-actin following high dose Tg or UVB. CONCLUSIONS ER stress has bimodal effects on the epidermal TJ depending on its intensity. The IRE1α pathway is critical for the maintenance of TJ integrity during mild ER stress. Severe ER stress-induced UPR or ROCK signalling mediates the disruption of TJ through cytoskeletal disorganization during severe ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Ee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Claudin-1 decrease impacts epidermal barrier function in atopic dermatitis lesions dose-dependently. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2024. [PMID: 32029783 PMCID: PMC7004991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein claudin-1 is a major component of epidermal tight junctions (TJs), which create a dynamic paracellular barrier in the epidermis. Claudin-1 downregulation has been linked to atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis but variable levels of claudin-1 have also been observed in healthy skin. To elucidate the impact of different levels of claudin-1 in healthy and diseased skin we determined claudin-1 levels in AD patients and controls and correlated them to TJ and skin barrier function. We observed a strikingly broad range of claudin-1 levels with stable TJ and overall skin barrier function in healthy and non-lesional skin. However, a significant decrease in TJ barrier function was detected in lesional AD skin where claudin-1 levels were further reduced. Investigations on reconstructed human epidermis expressing different levels of claudin-1 revealed that claudin-1 levels correlated with inside-out and outside-in barrier function, with a higher coherence for smaller molecular tracers. Claudin-1 decrease induced keratinocyte-autonomous IL-1β expression and fostered inflammatory epidermal responses to non-pathogenic Staphylococci. In conclusion, claudin-1 decrease beyond a threshold level results in TJ and epidermal barrier function impairment and induces inflammation in human epidermis. Increasing claudin-1 levels might improve barrier function and decrease inflammation and therefore be a target for AD treatment.
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Deguchi M, Jose H, Nishida K, Ooi K. Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)-decreasing Effect by Administration of Zinc in the Elderly People. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:313-318. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
- Life Pharmacy
| | | | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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Ying M, Yu Q, Zheng B, Wang H, Wang J, Chen S, Gu Y, Nie S, Xie M. Cultured Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides attenuate cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal barrier injury in mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Holocrine Secretion Occurs outside the Tight Junction Barrier in Multicellular Glands: Lessons from Claudin-1-Deficient Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:298-308.e5. [PMID: 31445004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Holocrine secretion is a specific mode of secretion involving secretion of entire cytoplasmic materials with remnants of dead cells, as observed in multicellular exocrine glands of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Here, we found that sebaceous glands in mice, representative of multicellular exocrine glands of mammals, exhibit a form of polarized stratified epithelium equipped with tight junctions (TJs), and found that holocrine secretion occurred outside the TJ barriers. Sebaceous glands share characteristics of stratified epithelia with interfollicular epidermis, including basal-layer-restricted cell proliferation, TJ barrier formation at a specific single layer of cells with apico-basolateral plasma membrane polarity, and cell death outside the TJ barrier. Knockout of claudin-1, a transmembrane adhesive protein in TJs, in mice caused leakage of the TJ barrier in sebaceous glands and incomplete degradation of the plasma membrane and nuclei during holocrine secretion. Claudin-1 knockout resulted in the accumulation of incompletely degenerated sebocytes in sebaceous ducts, suggesting that the TJ barrier was necessary for differentiation of holocrine secretion. The redefinition of sebaceous glands as TJ-forming stratified epithelia provides an important framework to understand the molecular mechanism of holocrine secretion.
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38
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Brewer MG, Anderson EA, Pandya RP, De Benedetto A, Yoshida T, Hilimire TA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Beck LA, Miller BL. Peptides Derived from the Tight Junction Protein CLDN1 Disrupt the Skin Barrier and Promote Responsiveness to an Epicutaneous Vaccine. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:361-369.e3. [PMID: 31381894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes express many pattern recognition receptors that enhance the skin's adaptive immune response to epicutaneous antigens. We have shown that these pattern recognition receptors are expressed below tight junctions (TJ), strongly implicating TJ disruption as a critical step in antigen responsiveness. To disrupt TJs, we designed peptides inspired by the first extracellular loop of the TJ transmembrane protein CLDN1. These peptides transiently disrupted TJs in the human lung epithelial cell line 16HBE and delayed TJ formation in primary human keratinocytes. Building on these observations, we tested whether vaccinating mice with an epicutaneous influenza patch containing TJ-disrupting peptides was an effective strategy to elicit an immunogenic response. Application of a TJ-disrupting peptide patch resulted in barrier disruption as measured by increased transepithelial water loss. We observed a significant increase in antigen-specific antibodies when we applied patches with TJ-disrupting peptide plus antigen (influenza hemagglutinin) in either a patch-prime or a patch-boost model. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that our designed peptides perturb TJs in human lung as well as human and murine skin epithelium, enabling epicutaneous vaccine delivery. We anticipate that this approach could obviate currently used needle-based vaccination methods that require administration by health care workers and biohazard waste removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Radha P Pandya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Hilimire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Control of cell death-associated danger signals during cornification prevents autoinflammation of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:884-891. [PMID: 29862564 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The function of the skin as a barrier to the environment is mainly achieved by the outermost layers of the epidermis. In the granular layer, epidermal keratinocytes undergo the last steps of their terminal differentiation program resulting in cornification. The coordinated conversion of living keratinocytes into corneocytes, the building blocks of the cornified layer, represents a unique form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have identified numerous genes that are specifically expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and, surprisingly, this genetic program does not only include mediators of cornification but also suppressors of pyroptosis, another mode of programmed cell death. Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes, leads to the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines, and thereby activates inflammation. In addition, inhibitors of potentially pro-inflammatory proteases and enzymes removing danger-associated cytoplasmic DNA are expressed in differentiated keratinocytes. We propose the concept of cornification as an inherently hazardous process in which damaging side effects are actively suppressed by protective mechanisms. In support of this hypothesis, loss-of-function mutations in epidermal protease inhibitors and IL-1 family antagonists suffice to induce autoinflammation. Similarly, exogenous disturbances of either cornification or its accompanying control mechanisms may be starting points for skin inflammation. Further studies into the relationship between cornification, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death will help to define the initiation phase of inflammatory skin diseases and offer new targets for disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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40
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Someya T, Amagai M. Toward a new generation of smart skins. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:382-388. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Wu JY, Li YJ, Liu TT, Ou G, Hu XB, Tang TT, Wang JM, Liu XY, Xiang DX. Microemulsions vs chitosan derivative-coated microemulsions for dermal delivery of 8-methoxypsoralen. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2327-2340. [PMID: 31015760 PMCID: PMC6448538 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s191940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is one of the most commonly utilized drugs in psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for treatment of vitiligo. However, poor skin retention and systemic side effects limit the clinical application of 8-MOP. Methods Microemulsions (MEs) and chitosan derivative-coated 8-MOP MEs were developed and compared for dermal delivery of 8-MOP. Ex vivo skin retention/permeation study was performed to select the ME formulation with the highest retention:permeation ratio. Four different chitosan-coated MEs were prepared and compared with the ME formulation for their ability to distribute 8-MOP in the skin. Results Among various ME formulations developed, a formulation containing 2.9% ethyl oleate, 17.2% Cromophor EL35, 8.6% ethanol and 71.3% water showed the highest ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.98). Of four chitosan-coated MEs prepared, carboxymethyl chitosan-coated MEs (CC-MEs) and hydroxypropyl chitosan-coated MEs (HC-MEs) showed higher ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.46 and 1.84). and were selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic study. AUCskin (0–12 h) for 8-MOP MEs (4578.56 h·ng·mL−1) was higher than HC-MEs (3422.47 h·ng·mL−1), CC-MEs (2808.51 h·ng·mL−1) and tincture (1500.16 h·ng·mL−1). Also, AUCplasma (0–12 h) for MEs (39.35±13.90 h·ng·mL−1) was significantly lower than HC-MEs (66.32 h·ng·mL−1), CC-MEs (59.70 h·ng·mL−1) and tincture (73.02 h·ng·mL−1). Conclusion These combined results suggested that the MEs developed could be a promising and safe alternative for targeted skin delivery of 8-MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ge Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiong-Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tian-Tian Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jie-Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin-Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
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Frombach J, Unbehauen M, Kurniasih IN, Schumacher F, Volz P, Hadam S, Rancan F, Blume-Peytavi U, Kleuser B, Haag R, Alexiev U, Vogt A. Core-multishell nanocarriers enhance drug penetration and reach keratinocytes and antigen-presenting cells in intact human skin. J Control Release 2019; 299:138-148. [PMID: 30797867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In reconstructed skin and diffusion cell studies, core-multishell nanocarriers (CMS-NC) showed great potential for drug delivery across the skin barrier. Herein, we investigated penetration, release of dexamethasone (DXM), in excised full-thickness human skin with special focus on hair follicles (HF). Four hours and 16 h after topical application of clinically relevant dosages of 10 μg DXM/cm2 skin encapsulated in CMS-NC (12 nm diameter, 5.8% loading), presence of DXM in the tissue as assessed by fluorescence microscopy of anti-DXM-stained tissue sections as well as ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS in tissue extracts was enhanced compared to standard LAW-creme but lower compared to DXM aqueous/alcoholic solution. Such enhanced penetration compared to conventional cremes offers high potential for topical therapies, as recurrent applications of corticosteroid solutions face limitations with regard to tolerability and fast drainage. The findings encourage more detailed investigations on where and how the nanocarrier and drug dissociate within the skin and what other factors, e.g. thermodynamic activity, influence the penetration of this formulations. Microscopic studies on the spatial distribution within the skin revealed accumulation in HF and furrows accompanied by limited cellular uptake assessed by flow cytometry (up to 9% of total epidermal cells). FLIM clearly visualized the presence of CMS-NC in the viable epidermis and dermis. When exposed in situ a fraction of up to 25% CD1a+ cells were found within the epidermal CMS-NC+ population compared to approximately 3% CD1a+/CMS-NC+ cells after in vitro exposure in short-term cultures of epidermal cell suspensions. The latter reflects the natural percentage of Langerhans cells (LC) in epidermis suspensions and indicated that CMS-NC were not preferentially internalized by one cell type. The increased CMS-NC+ LC proportion after exposure within the tissue is in accordance with the strategic suprabasal LC-localization. More specifically we postulate that the extensive dendrite meshwork, their position around HF orifices and their capacity to modulate tight junctions facilitated a preferential uptake of CMS-NC by LC within the skin. This newly identified aspect of CMS-NC penetration underlines the potential of CMS-NC for dermatotherapy and encourages further investigations of CMS-NC for the delivery of other molecule classes for which intracellular delivery is even more crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Indah N Kurniasih
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pierre Volz
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Yokouchi M, Kubo A. Maintenance of tight junction barrier integrity in cell turnover and skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:876-883. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yokouchi
- Department of Dermatology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Nerima General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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44
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Riethmüller C. Assessing the skin barrier via corneocyte morphometry. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:923-930. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zorn-Kruppa M, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Houdek P, Wladykowski E, Grzybowski S, Gruber R, Gorzelanny C, Harcup J, Schneider SW, Majumdar A, Brandner JM. Tight Junction barriers in human hair follicles - role of claudin-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12800. [PMID: 30143655 PMCID: PMC6109114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function of hair follicles (HFs) is of great interest because they might be an entry port for allergens/pathogens, but could on the other hand be used for drug delivery or vaccination. Therefore we investigated tight junction (TJ) barrier function in human HFs. We show that there is a TJ barrier in the outermost living layer bordering to the environment from the infundibulum to the lower central part and between Henle’s and Huxles layer of anagen HFs. In club hair typical for catagen and telogen HFs a TJ barrier is found surrounding the club. This demonstrates that there is a continuous TJ barrier along interfollicular epidermis and HFs in different phases of HF cycle. However, interestingly, in cell culture experiments we can show that barrier is less tight in HF keratinocytes compared to interfollicular keratinocytes. Knock-down of the TJ protein claudin-1, which we demonstrate here to be less expressed in HFs of lesional atopic dermatitis skin, results in impaired barrier function, decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair keratinocytes. This is in line with a hair growth phenotype in claudin-1 deficient patients (NISCH syndrome) and corresponding knock-out mice and indicates an important role of claudin-1 in HF barrier function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Houdek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason Harcup
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Ishida-Yamamoto A, Igawa S, Kishibe M. Molecular basis of the skin barrier structures revealed by electron microscopy. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:841-846. [PMID: 29704884 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of skin is indispensable for terrestrial animals. This function is mainly carried out by the epidermis, more specifically by its granular and cornified layers. The major structural components associated with this function are the intercellular lipid layer, desmosomes, corneodesmosomes, tight junctions, cornified cell envelope and keratin filaments. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of their ultrastructure, their molecular basis and their relevance to skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satomi Igawa
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mari Kishibe
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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47
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Béke G, Dajnoki Z, Kapitány A, Gáspár K, Medgyesi B, Póliska S, Hendrik Z, Péter Z, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Szegedi A. Immunotopographical Differences of Human Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:424. [PMID: 29556238 PMCID: PMC5844973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological barrier of the healthy skin is considered to be unified on the whole body surface—however, recent indirect findings have challenged this dogma since microbial and chemical milieu (e.g., sebum, sweat, and pH) exhibit remarkable differences on topographically distinct skin areas. Therefore, in the present study, we performed whole transcriptomic and subsequent pathway analyses to assess differences between sebaceous gland rich (SGR) and sebaceous gland poor (SGP) regions. Here, we provide the first evidence that different skin regions exhibit a characteristic innate and adaptive immune and barrier milieu as we could detect significantly increased chemokine (CCL2, 3, 19, 20, 23, 24) and antimicrobial peptide (S100A7, A8, A9, lipocalin, β-defensin-2) expression, altered barrier (keratin 17, 79) functions, and a non-inflammatory Th17/IL-17 dominance in SGR skin compared to SGP. Regarding pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, TNF-α), similarly low levels were detected in both regions. Our data may explain the characteristic topographical localization of some immune-mediated and autoimmune skin disorders and we also propose that the term “healthy skin control sample,” widely used in experimental Dermatology, should only be accepted if researchers carefully specify the exact region of the healthy skin (along with the site of the diseased sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Péter
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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48
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to focus on determinants of skin barrier function in neonates at molecular and cellular levels. The skin barrier is critical in terms of water and gas exchanges during fetal life and undergoes rapid changes at birth, followed by a progressive maturation. Consequences of skin barrier disruption can be extremely detrimental or lethal, as shown in severe genetic epidermal defects. In this context, the fine-tuned rapid adaptation from a liquid to a gaseous milieu is not fully understood. The stratum corneum provides an air-liquid barrier, tight junctions in the granular layer provide a liquid-liquid barrier, aquaporins represent a plumbing system for water-glycerol as well as gas exchanges, and Langerhans cells are central to the immunological barrier. Acid mantle formation is essential for appropriate interaction between the skin and microbial symbionts. Temperature and pH regulate the key enzyme activities responsible for the integrity of the stratum corneum. Skin barrier permeability can be assessed noninvasively and simply with miniaturized devices measuring transepidermal water loss, where water flow is faster in cases of a damaged or functionally premature barrier. New avenues for therapeutic skin barrier research in neonates include a better delineation of the maturation of aquaporins in water balance and gas exchanges from fetal to neonatal life and a better understanding of the role of vernix caseosa, in particular, for the implantation of a healthy microbiote. Practical applications should be derived for caring for infant skin, particularly in fragile zones, such as the diaper area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Taïeb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, Bordeaux University Hospitals, INSERM U 1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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49
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Rübsam M, Mertz AF, Kubo A, Marg S, Jüngst C, Goranci-Buzhala G, Schauss AC, Horsley V, Dufresne ER, Moser M, Ziegler W, Amagai M, Wickström SA, Niessen CM. E-cadherin integrates mechanotransduction and EGFR signaling to control junctional tissue polarization and tight junction positioning. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1250. [PMID: 29093447 PMCID: PMC5665913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of a barrier in multi-layered epithelia like the epidermis requires restricted positioning of functional tight junctions (TJ) to the most suprabasal viable layer. This positioning necessitates tissue-level polarization of junctions and the cytoskeleton through unknown mechanisms. Using quantitative whole-mount imaging, genetic ablation, and traction force microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we find that ubiquitously localized E-cadherin coordinates tissue polarization of tension-bearing adherens junction (AJ) and F-actin organization to allow formation of an apical TJ network only in the uppermost viable layer. Molecularly, E-cadherin localizes and tunes EGFR activity and junctional tension to inhibit premature TJ complex formation in lower layers while promoting increased tension and TJ stability in the granular layer 2. In conclusion, our data identify an E-cadherin-dependent mechanical circuit that integrates adhesion, contractile forces and biochemical signaling to drive the polarized organization of junctional tension necessary to build an in vivo epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Aaron F Mertz
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Susanna Marg
- Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Gladiola Goranci-Buzhala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Markus Moser
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | | | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Paul Gerson Unna Group 'Skin Homeostasis and Ageing', Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 50931, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
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50
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Kalailingam P, Tan HB, Jain N, Sng MK, Chan JSK, Tan NS, Thanabalu T. Conditional knock out of N-WASP in keratinocytes causes skin barrier defects and atopic dermatitis-like inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7311. [PMID: 28779153 PMCID: PMC5544743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural-Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP) is expressed ubiquitously and regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling. In order to characterize the role of N-WASP in epidermal homeostasis and cutaneous biology, we generated conditional N-WASP knockout mouse using CK14-cre (cytokeratin 14) to ablate expression of N-WASP in keratinocytes. N-WASPK14KO (N-WASPfl/fl; CK14-Cre) mice were born following Mendelian genetics suggesting that N-WASP expression in keratinocytes is not essential during embryogenesis. N-WASPK14KO mice exhibited stunted growth, alopecia, dry and wrinkled skin. The dry skin in N-WASPK14KO mice is probably due to increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) caused by barrier function defects as revealed by dye penetration assay. N-WASPK14KO mice developed spontaneous inflammation in the neck and face 10 weeks after birth. Histological staining revealed thickening of the epidermis, abnormal cornified layer and extensive infiltration of immune cells (mast cells, eosinophils and T-lymphocytes) in N-WASPK14KO mice skin compared to control mice. N-WASPK14KO mice had higher serum levels of IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 compared to control mice. Thus our results suggest that conditional N-WASP knockout in keratinocytes leads to compromised skin barrier, higher infiltration of immune cells and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes due to increased production of cytokines highlighting the importance of N-WASP in maintaining the skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Bing Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neeraj Jain
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 636921, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jeremy Soon Kiat Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 636921, Republic of Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore.,KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Republic of Singapore
| | - Thirumaran Thanabalu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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