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Villafán H, Gutiérrez-Ospina G. Looking beyond Self-Protection: The Eyes Instruct Systemic Immune Tolerance Early in Life. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1261. [PMID: 37759864 PMCID: PMC10526493 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The eyes provide themselves with immune tolerance. Frequent skin inflammatory diseases in young blind people suggest, nonetheless, that the eyes instruct a systemic immune tolerance that benefits the whole body. We tested this premise by using delayed skin contact hypersensitivity (DSCH) as a tool to compare the inflammatory response developed by sighted (S) and birth-enucleated (BE) mice against oxazolone or dinitrofluorobenzene at the ages of 10, 30 and 60 days of life. Adult mice enucleated (AE) at 60 days of age were also assessed when they reached 120 days of life. BE mice displayed exacerbated DSCH at 60 but not at 10 or 30 days of age. AE mice, in contrast, show no exacerbated DSCH. Skin inflammation in 60-day-old BE mice was hapten exclusive and supported by distinct CD8+ lymphocytes. The number of intraepidermal T lymphocytes and migrating Langerhans cells was, however, similar between S and BE mice by the age of 60 days. Our observations support the idea that the eyes instruct systemic immune tolerance that benefits organs outside the eyes from an early age. The higher prevalence of inflammatory skin disorders reported in young people might then reflect reduced immune tolerance associated with the impaired functional morphology of the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Villafán
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio D, 1piso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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2
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Brager AJ, Gordon JA, Rouska A, Moore B, Mysliwiec V. Circadian Advantages in Elite Athletes. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Miyake T, Egawa G, Chow Z, Asahina R, Otsuka M, Nakajima S, Nomura T, Shibuya R, Ishida Y, Nakamizo S, Murata T, Kitoh A, Kabashima K. Circadian rhythm affects the magnitude of contact hypersensitivity response in mice. Allergy 2022; 77:2748-2759. [PMID: 35426135 DOI: 10.1111/all.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian rhythm controls multiple biological processes, including immune responses; however, its impact on cutaneous adaptive immune response remains unclear. METHODS We used a well-established cutaneous type IV allergy model, contact hypersensitivity (CHS). We induced CHS using dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Mice were sensitized and elicited with DNFB in the daytime or at night. RESULTS In mice, a nocturnally active animal, we found that ear swelling increased when mice were sensitized at night compared with in the daytime. In addition, cell proliferation and cytokine production in the draining lymph nodes (LNs) were promoted when sensitized at night. We hypothesized that these differences were due to the oscillation of leukocyte distribution in the body through the circadian production of adrenergic hormones. Administration of a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist salbutamol in the daytime decreased the number of immune cells in blood and increased the number of immune cells in LNs. In contrast, a β2AR antagonist ICI18551 administration at night increased the number of immune cells in blood and decreased the number of immune cells in LNs. Accordingly, the severity of CHS response was exacerbated by salbutamol administration in the daytime and attenuated by ICI18551 administration at night. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the magnitude of adaptive CHS response depends on the circadian rhythm and this knowledge may improve the management of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Miyake
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zachary Chow
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Asahina
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rintaro Shibuya
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishida
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamizo
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Stenger S, Grasshoff H, Hundt JE, Lange T. Potential effects of shift work on skin autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000951. [PMID: 36865523 PMCID: PMC9972893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, impaired host and tumor defense and dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens such as allergens or auto-antigens. Thus, shift workers are at higher risk to develop a systemic autoimmune disease and circadian disruption with sleep impairment seem to be the key underlying mechanisms. Presumably, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle also drive skin-specific autoimmune diseases, but epidemiological and experimental evidence so far is scarce. This review summarizes the effects of shift work, circadian misalignment, poor sleep, and the effect of potential hormonal mediators such as stress mediators or melatonin on skin barrier functions and on innate and adaptive skin immunity. Human studies as well as animal models were considered. We will also address advantages and potential pitfalls in animal models of shift work, and possible confounders that could drive skin autoimmune diseases in shift workers such as adverse lifestyle habits and psychosocial influences. Finally, we will outline feasible countermeasures that may reduce the risk of systemic and skin autoimmunity in shift workers, as well as treatment options and highlight outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stenger
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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5
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Crislip GR, Johnston JG, Douma LG, Costello HM, Juffre A, Boyd K, Li W, Maugans CC, Gutierrez-Monreal M, Esser KA, Bryant AJ, Liu AC, Gumz ML. Circadian Rhythm Effects on the Molecular Regulation of Physiological Systems. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2769-2798. [PMID: 34964116 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nearly every system within the body contains an intrinsic cellular circadian clock. The circadian clock contributes to the regulation of a variety of homeostatic processes in mammals through the regulation of gene expression. Circadian disruption of physiological systems is associated with pathophysiological disorders. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the known circadian rhythms in physiological function. This article focuses on what is known in humans, along with discoveries made with cell and rodent models. In particular, the impact of circadian clock components in metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune, and central nervous systems are discussed. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-30, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyla Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cheoting C Maugans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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6
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Light at night disrupts biological clocks, calendars, and immune function. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 44:165-173. [PMID: 34731290 PMCID: PMC8564795 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Light at night is a pervasive problem in our society; over 80% of the world’s population experiences significant light pollution. Exacerbating this issue is the reality that artificially lit outdoor areas are growing by 2.2% per year and continuously lit areas brighten by 2.2% each year due to the rapid growths in population and urbanization. Furthermore, the increase in the prevalence of night shift work and smart device usage contributes to the inescapable nature of artificial light at night (ALAN). Although previously assumed to be innocuous, ALAN has deleterious effects on the circadian system and circadian-regulated physiology, particularly immune function. Due to the relevance of ALAN to the general population, it is important to understand its roles in disrupting immune function. This review presents a synopsis of the effects of ALAN on circadian clocks and immune function. We delineate the role of ALAN in altering clock gene expression and suppressing melatonin. We review the effects of light at night on inflammation and the innate and adaptive immune systems in various species to demonstrate the wide range of ALAN consequences. Finally, we propose future directions to provide further clarity and expansion of the field.
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7
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Duan J, Greenberg EN, Karri SS, Andersen B. The circadian clock and diseases of the skin. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2413-2436. [PMID: 34535902 PMCID: PMC8515909 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have an evolutionarily conserved internal rhythm that helps them anticipate and adapt to daily changes in the environment. Synchronized to the light-dark cycle with a period of around 24 hours, the timing of the circadian clock is set by light-triggering signals sent from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Other inputs, including food intake, exercise, and temperature, also affect clocks in peripheral tissues, including skin. Here, we review the intricate interplay between the core clock network and fundamental physiological processes in skin such as homeostasis, regeneration, and immune- and stress responses. We illustrate the effect of feeding time on the skin circadian clock and skin functions, a previously overlooked area of research. We then discuss works that relate the circadian clock and its disruption to skin diseases, including skin cancer, sunburn, hair loss, aging, infections, inflammatory skin diseases, and wound healing. Finally, we highlight the promise of circadian medicine for skin disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Duan
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elyse Noelani Greenberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Satya Swaroop Karri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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8
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Elsaid AG, Faheem NM. Impact of constant light exposure during pregnancy on skin of neonatal New Zealand rabbits: structural and ultrastructural study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10722. [PMID: 33886811 PMCID: PMC8055182 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous industrial productivity and modern societies have resulted in excess artificial light. The altered circadian rhythm causes many diseases. During intrauterine life, the mother's maternal melatonin rhythm has a major role in influencing organ development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal exposure to constant light on the structure and ultrastructure of neonatal skin. Twenty pregnant New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups (n=10 each): control group (12-h light/dark) and constant light group (24-h light). Plasma maternal melatonin and corticosterone during pregnancy were determined. At the end of the experiment, the dorsal skin of the neonates of both groups was collected and prepared for histological, morphometric, and transmission electron microscopic study. Histological and morphometric results of skin of neonates from the constant light group revealed statistically significantly reduced epidermal thickness, decreased number of hair follicle, increased surface area of collagen, and decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells. Ultrastructural examination showed wide intercellular spaces and disrupted desmosomal junctions in the epidermis. Earlier stages of hair follicles were also observed with indented shrunken nuclei, vacuolization, and swollen mitochondria. Dermal fibroblasts with dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum containing electron-dense material were detected. Maternal melatonin was significantly reduced in the constant light group while maternal corticosterone showed no significant difference between groups. Therefore, normal maternal circadian rhythm is a key factor for the integrity of neonatal skin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Elsaid
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N M Faheem
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Mizutani H, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Yasuike R, Minami Y, Yagita K, Katoh N. Effects of constant light exposure on allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in mice reared under constant light conditions. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:739-744. [PMID: 33629775 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental light levels can affect physiological functions, such as general activity, body temperature and metabolism. Irregular lifestyles, such as those involving exposure to light during the night, can exacerbate the clinical symptoms of several inflammatory skin diseases. However, the effects of constant light exposure on immune responses are not fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of constant light exposure on two major types of skin reactions, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). BALB/c mice were kept under constant light conditions or a normal light and dark cycle, and their ACD and ICD responses were assessed after the topical application of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene and croton oil, respectively, to the ear skin. Interestingly, in both ACD and ICD, the ear-swelling response and local leukocyte infiltration were aggravated by constant exposure to light, which has previously been shown to severely disturb the behavioural rhythms of mice. In ACD, these findings were accompanied by increases in the numbers of degranulated mast cells and eosinophils. These results suggest that constant light exposure intensifies allergic and non-allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoichi Minami
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Adams KL, Sun EF, Alaidrous W, de Roode JC. Constant Light and Frequent Schedule Changes Do Not Impact Resistance to Parasites in Monarch Butterflies. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:286-296. [PMID: 33445989 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420985312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved internal biological clocks to regulate their activities based on external environmental cues, such as light, temperature, and food. Environmental disruption of these rhythms, such as caused by constant light or frequent light schedule changes, has been shown to impair development, reduce survival, and increase infection susceptibility and disease progression in numerous organisms. However, the precise role of the biological clock in host-parasite interactions is understudied and has focused on unnatural host-parasite combinations in lab-adapted inbred models. Here, we use the natural interaction between monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their virulent protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, to investigate the effects of constant light and frequent light schedule changes on development, survival, and parasite susceptibility. We show that constant light exposure slows the monarchs' rate of development but does not increase susceptibility to parasitic infection. Furthermore, frequent schedule changes decrease parasite growth, but have no effect on egg-to-adult survival of infected monarchs. Interestingly, these conditions are usually disruptive to the biological clock, but do not significantly impact the clock of monarch larvae. These unexpected findings show that constant light and frequent schedule changes can uncouple host and parasite performance and highlight how natural relationships are needed to expand our understanding of clocks in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandis L Adams
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Wajd Alaidrous
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Lewis P, Morfeld P, Mohren J, Hellmich M, Erren TC. Perinatal photoperiod associations with diabetes and chronotype prevalence in a cross-sectional study of the UK Biobank. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:343-359. [PMID: 33435754 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1849254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that perinatal light may imprint the circadian timing system, subsequently affect later life physiology, and possibly disease risk. We combined individual time-of-year of birth and corresponding latitude to determine perinatal photoperiod characteristics for UK Biobank participants (n = 460,761) and tested for associations with diabetes mellitus (DM, the pathophysiology of which is often linked with circadian disruption) and chronotype (a trait co-governed by the circadian timing system) prevalence in a cross-sectional investigation. The UK Biobank is a population-based cohort with a 5.5% participation rate (~9.2 million individuals were invited into the study between 2006 and 2010). We defined three groups based on photoperiods experienced in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and first 3 months post-birth time windows: (1) those who exclusively experienced non-extreme photoperiods (NEP, 8-16 hours), (2) those who experienced at least one extreme short photoperiod (ESP, <8 hours), and those who experienced at least one extreme long photoperiod (ELP, >16 hours). For individuals in each group and time window, mean daily photoperiod and relative photoperiod range (relative = relative to the mean) were calculated. Inclusion of relative photoperiod range adds dispersion information (relative change of photoperiods) to statistical models. Multivariable and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Increased 3rd trimester relative range was associated with decreased odds of DM (OR 0.63 95%CI 0.49-0.81) in the NEP group, but increased odds of DM were detected for the ESP (OR 1.34, 95%CI 0.96-1.86) and ELP groups (OR 1.32, 95%CI 0.78-2.22). Increased 3rd trimester relative range was associated with increased odds of being a "Morning" (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.02-1.41) or "Evening" (OR 1.43, 95%CI 1.21-1.69) chronotype in the NEP group, but this was not observed in other groups. Additionally, different effect sizes and directions of association with DM were observed in different strata of ethnicity and chronotype and statistically significant odds ratio modifications were detected. In conclusion, perinatal photoperiod associations with DM and chronotype prevalence are detected in the UK Biobank. NEP, ESP, and ELP differences are speculated to be caused by a non-linear dose-response to photoperiods from 0-24 hours or by confounding due to artificial light playing a dominant role in ESP individuals and seeking darkness in ELP individuals. Ethnicity and chronotype may be important effect modifiers of perinatal photoperiod associations with DM. Potential for selection biases due to low UK Biobank participation rate disallows stating conclusions too strongly. Overall, further studies are needed to confirm different perinatal photoperiod associations with DM and chronotype. Further investigations into the hypothesized imprinting mechanism are also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine, and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine, and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith Mohren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine, and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine, and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N. Atopic Dermatitis: Identification and Management of Complicating Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082671. [PMID: 32290423 PMCID: PMC7215488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, associated with impaired skin barrier function and an atopic background. Various complicating factors, such as irritants, aeroallergens, food, microbial organisms, contact allergens, sweat, and scratching can induce the development of AD symptoms. Irritants, including soap/shampoo and clothes, can cause itching and eczematous lesions. In addition, young children with AD tend to become sensitized to eggs, milk, or peanuts, while older children and adults more often become sensitized to environmental allergens, such as house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or pollen. Serum-specific IgE levels and skin prick test reactions to food tend to show high negative predictive values and low specificity and positive predictive values for diagnosing food allergy. On the other hand, AD adult patients tend to have severe skin symptoms and exhibit high HDM-specific IgE levels. Microbial organisms, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur, might contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms of AD. While sweat plays a major role in maintaining skin homeostasis, it can become an aggravating factor in patients with AD. Furthermore, scratching often exacerbates eczematous lesions. Several patient-specific complicating factors are seen in most cases. The identification and management of complicating factors are important for controlling AD.
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13
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Haspel JA, Anafi R, Brown MK, Cermakian N, Depner C, Desplats P, Gelman AE, Haack M, Jelic S, Kim BS, Laposky AD, Lee YC, Mongodin E, Prather AA, Prendergast BJ, Reardon C, Shaw AC, Sengupta S, Szentirmai É, Thakkar M, Walker WE, Solt LA. Perfect timing: circadian rhythms, sleep, and immunity - an NIH workshop summary. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131487. [PMID: 31941836 PMCID: PMC7030790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries demonstrate a critical role for circadian rhythms and sleep in immune system homeostasis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses - ranging from leukocyte mobilization, trafficking, and chemotaxis to cytokine release and T cell differentiation -are mediated in a time of day-dependent manner. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently sponsored an interdisciplinary workshop, "Sleep Insufficiency, Circadian Misalignment, and the Immune Response," to highlight new research linking sleep and circadian biology to immune function and to identify areas of high translational potential. This Review summarizes topics discussed and highlights immediate opportunities for delineating clinically relevant connections among biological rhythms, sleep, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron Anafi
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marishka K. Brown
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences and
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monika Haack
- Human Sleep and Inflammatory Systems Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanja Jelic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Center for the Study of Itch
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron D. Laposky
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne C. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aric A. Prather
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian J. Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department, of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Éva Szentirmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wendy E. Walker
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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14
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Zhou J, Li X, Zhang M, Gong J, Li Q, Shan B, Wang T, Zhang L, Zheng T, Li X. The aberrant expression of rhythm genes affects the genome instability and regulates the cancer immunity in pan-cancer. Cancer Med 2020; 9:1818-1829. [PMID: 31927791 PMCID: PMC7050078 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emerging studies showed that certain rhythm genes regulate cancer progression, the expression and roles of the vast majority of rhythm genes in human cancer are largely unknown, and the hallmarks of cancer regulated by rhythm genes have not been detected. In this study, we detected the expression changes of rhythm genes in pan-cancer and found that almost all rhythm genes mutated in all cancer types, and their expression level was significantly altered partially due to abnormal methylation, and several rhythm genes regulate the expression of other rhythm genes in various cancer types. Furthermore, we revealed that rhythm genes are significantly enriched in genome instability and the expression of certain rhythm genes is correlated with the tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and the expression of DNA damage repair genes in most of the detected cancer types. Moreover, rhythm genes are associated with the infiltration of immune cells and the efficiency of immune blockade therapy. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of rhythm genes in cancer immunity, which may provide a novel method for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chifeng City Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Ji'nan Gong
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baocong Shan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tongsen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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Good CH, Brager AJ, Capaldi VF, Mysliwiec V. Sleep in the United States Military. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:176-191. [PMID: 31185484 PMCID: PMC6879759 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The military lifestyle often includes continuous operations whether in training or deployed environments. These stressful environments present unique challenges for service members attempting to achieve consolidated, restorative sleep. The significant mental and physical derangements caused by degraded metabolic, cardiovascular, skeletomuscular, and cognitive health often result from insufficient sleep and/or circadian misalignment. Insufficient sleep and resulting fatigue compromises personal safety, mission success, and even national security. In the long-term, chronic insufficient sleep and circadian rhythm disorders have been associated with other sleep disorders (e.g., insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and parasomnias). Other physiologic and psychologic diagnoses such as post-traumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular disease, and dementia have also been associated with chronic, insufficient sleep. Increased co-morbidity and mortality are compounded by traumatic brain injury resulting from blunt trauma, blast exposure, and highly physically demanding tasks under load. We present the current state of science in human and animal models specific to service members during- and post-military career. We focus on mission requirements of night shift work, sustained operations, and rapid re-entrainment to time zones. We then propose targeted pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures to optimize performance that are mission- and symptom-specific. We recognize a critical gap in research involving service members, but provide tailored interventions for military health care providers based on the large body of research in health care and public service workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron H. Good
- 0000 0001 2151 958Xgrid.420282.ePhysical Scientist, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005 USA
| | - Allison J. Brager
- 0000 0001 0036 4726grid.420210.5Sleep Research Center, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Vincent F. Capaldi
- 0000 0001 0036 4726grid.420210.5Department of Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- 0000 0004 0467 8038grid.461685.8San Antonio Military Health System, Department of Sleep Medicine, JBSA, Lackland, TX 78234 USA
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16
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Sambucci M, Gargano F, Guerrera G, Battistini L, Borsellino G. One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: T Regulatory Cells' Multiple Identities in Neuroimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31956323 PMCID: PMC6955595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello wrote in his novels, identities can be evanescent. Although a quarter of a century has passed since regulatory T cells (Treg) were first described, new studies continue to reveal surprising and contradictory features of this lymphocyte subset. Treg cells are the core of the immunological workforce engaged in the restraint of autoimmune or inflammatory reactions, and their characterization has revealed substantial heterogeneity and complexity in the phenotype and gene expression profiles, proving them to be a most versatile and adaptive cell type, as exemplified by their plasticity in fine-tuning immune responses. Defects in Treg function are associated with several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, which is caused by an inappropriate immune reaction toward brain components; conversely, the beneficial effects of immunomodulating therapies on disease progression have been shown to partly act upon the biology of these cells. Both in animals and in humans the pool of circulating Treg cells is a mixture of natural (nTregs) and peripherally-induced Treg (pTregs). Particularly in humans, circulating Treg cells can be phenotypically subdivided into different subpopulations, which so far are not well-characterized, particularly in the context of autoimmunity. Recently, Treg cells have been rediscovered as mediators of tissue healing, and have also shown to be involved in organ homeostasis. Moreover, stability of the Treg lineage has recently been addressed by several conflicting reports, and immune-suppressive abilities of these cells have been shown to be dynamically regulated, particularly in inflammatory conditions, adding further levels of complexity to the study of this cell subset. Finally, Treg cells exert their suppressive function through different mechanisms, some of which—such as their ectoenzymatic activity—are particularly relevant in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we will review the phenotypically and functionally discernible Treg cell subpopulations in health and in multiple sclerosis, touching also upon the effects on this cell type of immunomodulatory drugs used for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Chronic inflammation in mice exposed to the long-term un-entrainable light–dark cycles. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Segal JP, Tresidder KA, Bhatt C, Gilron I, Ghasemlou N. Circadian control of pain and neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:1002-1020. [PMID: 28865126 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a neuroinflammatory response to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain have been highlighted in recent years. Inflammatory cells contributing to this response include circulating immune cells such as monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and neutrophils, as well as microglia in the central nervous system. Pain signals are transmitted via sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, which express various receptors and channels that respond to mediators secreted from these inflammatory cells. Chronobiological rhythms, which include the 24-hr circadian cycle, have recently been shown to regulate both nervous and immune cell activity and function. This review examines the current literature on chronobiological control of neuroinflammatory processes, with a focus on inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. While the majority of this work has stemmed from observational studies in humans, recent advances in using animal models have highlighted distinct mechanisms underlying these interactions. Better understanding interactions between the circadian and neuroimmune systems can help guide the development of new treatments and provide improved care for patients suffering from acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn A Tresidder
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charvi Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Gilron
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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