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Markoulli M, Ahmad S, Arcot J, Arita R, Benitez-Del-Castillo J, Caffery B, Downie LE, Edwards K, Flanagan J, Labetoulle M, Misra SL, Mrugacz M, Singh S, Sheppard J, Vehof J, Versura P, Willcox MDP, Ziemanski J, Wolffsohn JS. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of nutrition on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:226-271. [PMID: 37100346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients, required by human bodies to perform life-sustaining functions, are obtained from the diet. They are broadly classified into macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and water. All nutrients serve as a source of energy, provide structural support to the body and/or regulate the chemical processes of the body. Food and drinks also consist of non-nutrients that may be beneficial (e.g., antioxidants) or harmful (e.g., dyes or preservatives added to processed foods) to the body and the ocular surface. There is also a complex interplay between systemic disorders and an individual's nutritional status. Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to alterations at the ocular surface. Poor nutrition may exacerbate select systemic conditions. Similarly, certain systemic conditions may affect the uptake, processing and distribution of nutrients by the body. These disorders may lead to deficiencies in micro- and macro-nutrients that are important in maintaining ocular surface health. Medications used to treat these conditions may also cause ocular surface changes. The prevalence of nutrition-related chronic diseases is climbing worldwide. This report sought to review the evidence supporting the impact of nutrition on the ocular surface, either directly or as a consequence of the chronic diseases that result. To address a key question, a systematic review investigated the effects of intentional food restriction on ocular surface health; of the 25 included studies, most investigated Ramadan fasting (56%), followed by bariatric surgery (16%), anorexia nervosa (16%), but none were judged to be of high quality, with no randomized-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sumayya Ahmad
- Icahn School of Medicine of Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayashree Arcot
- Food and Health, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Reiko Arita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Itoh Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision CRC, USA
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Bicêtre, APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; IDMIT (CEA-Paris Saclay-Inserm U1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sumeer Singh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Sheppard
- Virginia Eye Consultants, Norfolk, VA, USA; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jelle Vehof
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Piera Versura
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Analysis - Translation Research Laboratory, Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy; IRCCS AOU di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian Ziemanski
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Jones L, Efron N, Bandamwar K, Barnett M, Jacobs DS, Jalbert I, Pult H, Rhee MK, Sheardown H, Shovlin JP, Stahl U, Stanila A, Tan J, Tavazzi S, Ucakhan OO, Willcox MDP, Downie LE. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of contact lenses on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:175-219. [PMID: 37149139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lifestyle choices made by contact lens wearers can have adverse consequences on ocular health. These include being non-adherent to contact lens care, sleeping in lenses, ill-advised purchasing options, not seeing an eyecare professional for regular aftercare visits, wearing lenses when feeling unwell, wearing lenses too soon after various forms of ophthalmic surgery, and wearing lenses when engaged in risky behaviors (e.g., when using tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs). Those with a pre-existing compromised ocular surface may find that contact lens wear exacerbates ocular disease morbidity. Conversely, contact lenses may have various therapeutic benefits. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impinged upon the lifestyle of contact lens wearers, introducing challenges such as mask-associated dry eye, contact lens discomfort with increased use of digital devices, inadvertent exposure to hand sanitizers, and reduced use of lenses. Wearing contact lenses in challenging environments, such as in the presence of dust and noxious chemicals, or where there is the possibility of ocular trauma (e.g., sport or working with tools) can be problematic, although in some instances lenses can be protective. Contact lenses can be worn for sport, theatre, at high altitude, driving at night, in the military and in space, and special considerations are required when prescribing in such situations to ensure successful outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis, incorporated within the review, identified that the influence of lifestyle factors on soft contact lens dropout remains poorly understood, and is an area in need of further research. Overall, this report investigated lifestyle-related choices made by clinicians and contact lens wearers and discovered that when appropriate lifestyle choices are made, contact lens wear can enhance the quality of life of wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kalika Bandamwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle Jalbert
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heiko Pult
- Dr Heiko Pult Optometry & Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ulli Stahl
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Tan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Morya AK, Ramesh PV, Kaur K, Gurnani B, Heda A, Bhatia K, Sinha A. Diabetes more than retinopathy, it’s effect on the anterior segment of eye. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3736-3749. [PMID: 37383113 PMCID: PMC10294174 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i16.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic noncommunicable diseases that has attained worldwide epidemics. It threatens healthy life around the globe, with mild-to-severe secondary complications and leads to significant illness including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and macrovascular abnormalities including peripheral vasculopathy, and ischaemic heart disease. Research into diabetic retinopathy (DR), which affects one-third of persons with diabetes, has made considerable strides in recent years. In addition, it can lead to several anterior segment complications such as glaucoma, cataract, cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and other ocular surface diseases. Uncontrolled DM also caused gradual damage to corneal nerves and epithelial cells, which raises the likelihood of anterior segment diseases including corneal ulcers, dry eye disease, and chronic epithelial abnormalities. Although DR and other associated ocular complications are well-known, the complexity of its aetiology and diagnosis makes therapeutic intervention challenging. Strict glycaemic control, early detection and regular screening, and meticulous management is the key to halting the progression of the disease. In this review manuscript, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the broad spectrum of diabetic complications in the anterior segment of the ocular tissues and illustrate the progression of diabetes and its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prospective therapeutic targets. This first such review article will highlight the role of diagnosing and treating patients with a plethora of anterior segment diseases associated with diabetes, which are often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Morya
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India
| | - Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh
- Glaucoma and Research, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Tennur, Trichy 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust, Janaki-Kund, Chitrakoot 485334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust, Janaki- Kund, Chitrakoot 485334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aarti Heda
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Institute of Ophthalmology, Pune 411000, Maharashtra, India
| | - Karan Bhatia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manaktala Eye and Maternity Home, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aprajita Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Worcestershire Acute Hospital, Worcestershire 01601, United Kingdom
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Sabrin S, Karmokar DK, Karmakar NC, Hong SH, Habibullah H, Szili EJ. Opportunities of Electronic and Optical Sensors in Autonomous Medical Plasma Technologies. ACS Sens 2023; 8:974-993. [PMID: 36897225 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature plasma technology is proving to be at the frontier of emerging medical technologies with real potential to overcome escalating healthcare challenges including antimicrobial and anticancer resistance. However, significant improvements in efficacy, safety, and reproducibility of plasma treatments need to be addressed to realize the full clinical potential of the technology. To improve plasma treatments recent research has focused on integrating automated feedback control systems into medical plasma technologies to maintain optimal performance and safety. However, more advanced diagnostic systems are still needed to provide data into feedback control systems with sufficient levels of sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. These diagnostic systems need to be compatible with the biological target and to also not perturb the plasma treatment. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art electronic and optical sensors that might be suitable to address this unmet technological need, and the steps needed to integrate these sensors into autonomous plasma systems. Realizing this technological gap could facilitate the development of next-generation medical plasma technologies with strong potential to yield superior healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumyea Sabrin
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Debabrata K Karmokar
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nemai C Karmakar
- Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Ha Hong
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Habibullah Habibullah
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Endre J Szili
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Acute Foggy Corneal Epithelial Disease: Seeking Clinical Features and Risk Factors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175092. [PMID: 36079023 PMCID: PMC9457359 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Purpose: Here, we describe the clinical characteristics and predisposing factors of acute foggy corneal epithelial disease, a rare disease newly found during COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Methods: In this single-arm, ambispective case series study, ten patients with acute foggy corneal epithelial disease admitted between May 2020 and March 2021 were enrolled. Their detailed medical history and clinical and ophthalmic findings were recorded and analyzed; (3) Results: All the patients were female (100%), aged from 28 to 61 years (mean age of 40.4 ± 9.3 years). Seven cases (70%) had excessive eye use, and six cases (60%) had stayed up late and were overworked. Ten subjects (100%) presented with acute onset and a self-healing tendency. There was a mild-to-moderate decrease in the corrected visual acuity (0.35 ± 0.21 (LogMAR)). Slit-lamp examination showed diffuse dust-like opacity and edema in the epithelial layer of the cornea. By in vivo confocal microscope, epithelial cells presented characteristically a “relief-like” appearance. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography examination revealed that the mean epithelial thickness was increased (69.25 ± 4.31 μm, p < 0.01); (4) Conclusions: Acute foggy corneal epithelial disease is a rare disease in clinic, which tends to occur in young and middle-aged females. The typical clinical symptom is sudden foggy vision, which occurs repeatedly and can be relieved without treatment. Sex, an abnormal menstrual cycle, overuse of the eyes, fatigue and pressure might be risk factors. Changes in lifestyle and eye use habit during the COVID-19 pandemic may have possibly contributed to this disease incidence.
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Mussi N, Stuard WL, Sanches JM, Robertson DM. Chronic Hyperglycemia Compromises Mitochondrial Function in Corneal Epithelial Cells: Implications for the Diabetic Cornea. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162567. [PMID: 36010643 PMCID: PMC9406817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major pathophysiological event leading to the onset of diabetic complications. This study investigated the temporal effects of hyperglycemia on mitochondrial metabolism in corneal epithelial cells. To accomplish this, human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells were cultured in a defined growth medium containing 6 mM glucose. To simulate hyperglycemia, cells were cultured in a medium containing 25 mM D-glucose, and control cells were cultured in mannitol. Using metabolic flux analysis, there was a hyperosmolar-mediated increase in mitochondrial respiration after 24 h. By day 5, there was a decrease in spare respiratory capacity in cells subject to high glucose that remained suppressed throughout the 14-day period. Although respiration remained high through day 9, glycolysis was decreased. Mitochondrial respiration was decreased by day 14. This was accompanied by the restoration of glycolysis to normoglycemic levels. These changes paralleled a decrease in mitochondrial polarization and cell cycle arrest. Together, these data show that chronic but not acute hyperglycemic stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the hyperglycemia-induced loss of spare respiratory capacity reduces the ability of corneal epithelial cells to respond to subsequent stress. Compromised mitochondrial function represents a previously unexplored mechanism that likely contributes to corneal complications in diabetes.
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Sánchez-Tena MÁ, Martinez-Perez C, Villa-Collar C, Alvarez-Peregrina C. Long-term effect of contact lens wear: A citation network study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101527. [PMID: 34732300 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact lenses can cause complications in 2/3 of the total population, but in most cases, they are mild and easy to manage. However, most of the studies are short-term. The aim of the study was to analyze the publications on the long-term effects of contact lens wear to understand the current research landscape through the analysis of dating networks as well as determining the different research areas and the most cited publications. METHODS The Web of Science database was used to perform the publication search, looking for the terms "Long-term" AND "contact lens wear" within the period between 1977 and January 2021. The CitNetExplorer and CiteSpace software were then used to conduct the publication analysis. To obtain the graphics, the VOSviewer software was used. RESULTS A total of 721 publications were found with 2999 citations generated within the network. The year 2010 was singled out as a "key year", considering the number of publications that emerged in that year and increase in adaptations of contact lens worldwide. The most widely cited publication was "Effects of long-term extended contact lens wear on the human cornea", an article by Holden et al., which was published in 1985. By using the clustering function, we were able to establish three clusters that encompassed the different research areas within this field: morphological changes, the loss of corneal sensitivity, tear film characteristics and longitudinal changes in ocular physiology. CONCLUSIONS The main research topic in this field focuses on the morphological changes that take place in the corneal endothelial cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ISEC LISBOA - Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clara Martinez-Perez
- ISEC LISBOA - Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cesar Villa-Collar
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón Madrid, Spain.
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Wolffsohn JS, Dumbleton K, Huntjens B, Kandel H, Koh S, Kunnen CME, Nagra M, Pult H, Sulley AL, Vianya-Estopa M, Walsh K, Wong S, Stapleton F. CLEAR - Evidence-based contact lens practice. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:368-397. [PMID: 33775383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based contact lens -->practice involves finding, appraising and applying research findings as the basis for patient management decisions. These decisions should be informed by the strength of the research study designs that address the question, as well as by the experience of the practitioner and the preferences and environment of the patient. This reports reviews and summarises the published research evidence that is available to inform soft and rigid contact lens history and symptoms taking, anterior eye health examination (including the optimised use of ophthalmic dyes, grading scales, imaging techniques and lid eversion), considerations for contact lens selection (including the ocular surface measurements required to select the most appropriate lens parameter, lens modality and material selection), evaluation of lens fit, prescribing (teaching self-application and removal, adaptation, care regimen and cleaning instructions, as well as -->minimising risks of lens wear through encouraging compliance) and an aftercare routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Dumbleton
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences at City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shizuka Koh
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Manbir Nagra
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, ARU, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiko Pult
- Optometry and Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Marta Vianya-Estopa
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Shah R, Amador C, Tormanen K, Ghiam S, Saghizadeh M, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV. Systemic diseases and the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108455. [PMID: 33485845 PMCID: PMC7946758 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a number of systemic diseases affecting the cornea. These include endocrine disorders (diabetes, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism), infections with viruses (SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus) and bacteria (tuberculosis, syphilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, gout, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, multiple sclerosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, Cogan's syndrome, immunobullous diseases), corneal deposit disorders (Wilson's disease, cystinosis, Fabry disease, Meretoja's syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, hyperlipoproteinemia), and genetic disorders (aniridia, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome). Corneal manifestations often provide an insight to underlying systemic diseases and can act as the first indicator of an undiagnosed systemic condition. Routine eye exams can bring attention to potentially life-threatening illnesses. In this review, we provide a fairly detailed overview of the pathologic changes in the cornea described in various systemic diseases and also discuss underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as current and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Shah
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Cynthia Amador
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Ghiam
- Sackler School of Medicine, New York State/American Program of Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithi Arumugaswami
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Tear Levels of IGFBP-3: A Potential Biomarker for Diabetic Nerve Changes in the Cornea. Eye Contact Lens 2020; 46:319-325. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Gao N, Me R, Dai C, Yu FSX. ISG15 Acts as a Mediator of Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in C57BL/6J Mouse Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:26. [PMID: 32416603 PMCID: PMC7405721 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is a type 1 IFN-induced protein and known to modify target proteins in a manner similar to ubiquitylation (protein conjugation by ISG15 is termed ISGylation). We sought to determine the role of ISG15 and its underlying mechanisms in corneal innate immune defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Methods ISG15 expression in cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and mouse corneas was determined by PCR and Western blot analysis. Gene knockout mice were used to define the role of ISG15 signaling in controlling the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, which was assessed with photographing, clinical scoring, bacterial counting, myeloperoxidase assay, and quantitative PCR determination of cytokine expression. Integrin LFA-1 inhibitor was used to assess its involvement of ISG15 signaling in P. aeruginosa-infected corneas. Results Heat-killed P. aeruginosa induced ISG15 expression in cultured HCECs and accumulation in the conditioned media. Isg15 deficiency accelerated keratitis progress, suppressed IFNγ and CXCL10, and promoted IL-1β while exhibiting no effects on IFNα expression. Moreover, exogenous ISG15 protected the corneas of wild-type mice from P. aeruginosa infection while markedly reducing the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis in type 1 IFN-receptor knockout mice. Exogenous ISG15 increased bacteriostatic activity of B6 mouse corneal homogenates, and inhibition of LFA-1 exacerbated the severity of and abolished protective effects of ISG15 on P. aeruginosa keratitis. Conclusions Type 1 INF-induced ISG15 regulates the innate immune response and greatly reduces the susceptibility of B6 mouse corneas to P. aeruginosa infection in an LFA-1-dependent manner.
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12
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Richdale K, Chao C, Hamilton M. Eye care providers' emerging roles in early detection of diabetes and management of diabetic changes to the ocular surface: a review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001094. [PMID: 32299899 PMCID: PMC7199150 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
US adults visit eye care providers more often than primary healthcare providers, placing these doctors in a prime position to help identify and manage patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Currently, diabetes is identified in eye clinics in an advanced stage, only after visible signs of diabetic retinopathy. Recent ophthalmic research has identified multiple subclinical and clinical changes that occur in the anterior segment of the eye with metabolic disease. The corneal epithelium exhibits increased defects and poor healing, including an increased risk of neurotrophic keratitis. Increased thickness and stiffness of the cornea artificially alters intraocular pressure. There is damage to the endothelial cells and changes to the bacterial species on the ocular surface, both of which can increase risk of complications with surgery. Decreased corneal sensitivity due to a loss of nerve density predispose patients with metabolic disease to further neurotrophic complications. Patients with diabetes have increased Meibomian gland dysfunction, blepharitis and reduced tear production, resulting in increased rates of dry eye disease and discomfort. Early detection of metabolic disease may allow eye care providers to be more proactive in recommending referral and intervention in order to reduce the risk of blindness and other diabetes-related morbidity. Continued research is needed to better understand the time course of changes to the anterior segment and what can be done to better detect and diagnose patients with prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes and provide improved care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Chao
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales-Kensington Campus, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc Hamilton
- Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Stuard WL, Titone R, Robertson DM. The IGF/Insulin-IGFBP Axis in Corneal Development, Wound Healing, and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32194500 PMCID: PMC7062709 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family plays key roles in growth and development. In the cornea, IGF family members have been implicated in proliferation, differentiation, and migration, critical events that maintain a smooth refracting surface that is essential for vision. The IGF family is composed of multiple ligands, receptors, and ligand binding proteins. Expression of IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), IGF type 2 receptor (IGF-2R), and insulin receptor (INSR) in the cornea has been well characterized, including the presence of the IGF-1R and INSR hybrid (Hybrid-R) in the corneal epithelium. Recent data also indicates that each of these receptors display unique intracellular localization. Thus, in addition to canonical ligand binding at the plasma membrane and the initiation of downstream signaling cascades, IGF-1R, INSR, and Hybrid-R also function to regulate mitochondrial stability and nuclear gene expression. IGF-1 and IGF-2, two of three principal ligands, are polypeptide growth factors that function in all cellular layers of the cornea. Unlike IGF-1 and IGF-2, the hormone insulin plays a unique role in the cornea, different from many other tissues in the body. In the corneal epithelium, insulin is not required for glucose uptake, due to constitutive activation of the glucose transporter, GLUT1. However, insulin is needed for the regulation of metabolism, circadian rhythm, autophagy, proliferation, and migration after wounding. There is conflicting evidence regarding expression of the six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which function primarily to sequester IGF ligands. Within the cornea, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 have identified roles in tissue homeostasis. While IGFBP-3 regulates growth control and intracellular receptor localization in the corneal epithelium, both IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 function in corneal fibroblast differentiation and myofibroblast proliferation, key events in stromal wound healing. IGFBP-2 has also been linked to cellular overgrowth in pterygium. There is a clear role for IGF family members in regulating tissue homeostasis in the cornea. This review summarizes what is known regarding the function of IGF and related proteins in corneal development, during wound healing, and in the pathophysiology of disease. Finally, we highlight key areas of research that are in need of future study.
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