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Gamero‐Quijano A, Manzanares JA, Ghazvini SMBH, Low PJ, Scanlon MD. Potential-Modulated Ion Distributions in the Back-to-Back Electrical Double Layers at a Polarised Liquid|Liquid Interface Regulate the Kinetics of Interfacial Electron Transfer. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202201042. [PMID: 37082100 PMCID: PMC10108062 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic interfacial electron transfer (IET) reactions at polarisable liquid|liquid (L|L) interfaces underpin new approaches to electrosynthesis, redox electrocatalysis, bioelectrochemistry and artificial photosynthesis. Herein, using cyclic and alternating current voltammetry, we demonstrate that under certain experimental conditions, the biphasic 2-electron O2 reduction reaction can proceed by single-step IET between a reductant in the organic phase, decamethylferrocene, and interfacial protons in the presence of O2. Using this biphasic system, we demonstrate that the applied interfacial Galvani potential differenceΔ o w φ provides no direct driving force to realise a thermodynamically uphill biphasic IET reaction in the mixed solvent region. We show that the onset potential for a biphasic single-step IET reaction does not correlate with the thermodynamically predicted standard Galvani IET potential and is instead closely correlated with the potential of zero charge at a polarised L|L interface. We outline that the appliedΔ o w φ required to modulate the interfacial ion distributions, and thus kinetics of IET, must be optimised to ensure that the aqueous and organic redox species are present in substantial concentrations at the L|L interface simultaneously in order to react.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Gamero‐Quijano
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Alicante (UA)E-03080AlicanteSpain
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical SciencesSchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of Limerick (UL)LimerickV94 T9PXIreland
| | - José A. Manzanares
- Department of ThermodynamicsFaculty of PhysicsUniversity of Valenciac/Dr. Moliner, 50BurjasotE-46100ValenciaSpain
| | - Seyed M. B. H. Ghazvini
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia (UWA)35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWestern Australia6009Australia
| | - Paul J. Low
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western Australia (UWA)35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWestern Australia6009Australia
| | - Micheál D. Scanlon
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical SciencesSchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of Limerick (UL)LimerickV94 T9PXIreland
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2
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Opallo MW, Dusilo K, Warczak M, Kalisz J. Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction at Polarizable Liquid|Liquid Interfaces. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wojciech Opallo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Electrode Processes Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warszawa POLAND
| | - Katarzyna Dusilo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Library: Instytut Chemii Fizycznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Biblioteka Electrode Processes POLAND
| | - Magdalena Warczak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Library: Instytut Chemii Fizycznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Biblioteka Electrode Processes POLAND
| | - Justyna Kalisz
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Chemistry POLAND
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Kamyabi MA, Amirkhani F, Bikas R, Soleymani-Bonoti F. Experimental and density functional theory study of oxygen reduction reaction at liquid-liquid interface by oxidovanadium(IV)-4-methyl salophen complex. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Fang Y, Deng H, Huang X, Wang L. Ion Selective Detection Based on the Nuances of the Kinetic Fingerprint for Ion Transfer at Soft Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3353-3361. [PMID: 33550802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach has been developed for the selective determination of cations or anions based on the application of Fourier transformed staircase sinusoidal voltammetry (FT-SC-SV) in combination with the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in the four-electrode configuration. The electrochemistry at the ITIES provides a very simple yet sensitive platform for the detection of a broad spectrum of redox inactive ions and even the neutral (bio)molecules that can be charged (e.g., protonated in appropriate pH). FT-SC-SV employs a complex potential excitation, i.e., a large-amplitude sine wave superimposed onto a dc bias potential that is stepped/scanned throughout the potential window. The response current is subsequently analyzed in the frequency domain by FT. Although the ions have close standard/formal transfer potential, discrimination and selective detection can be achieved by the higher harmonics. Feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach were verified with two pairs of ions that have very close transfer potentials across the ITIES and were chosen as the model systems. Besides, the additivity of the ionic current magnitude on concentration measured either in the mixture of ionic analytes or in individually prepared solutions containing the separate ionic analyte was tested. The experimental results prove that the principle of additivity holds. Compared with the traditional voltammetry, FT-SC-SV is simpler and more efficient in discrimination and quantification of apparently indistinguishable ion transfer from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. This demonstration may provide a new way for analytical detection of a broad range of redox inactive ions in terms of both fundamentals and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, Midea Corporate Research Center, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Rastgar S, Teixeira Santos K, Angelucci CA, Wittstock G. Catalytic Activity of Alkali Metal Cations for the Chemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a Biphasic Liquid System Probed by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:10882-10890. [PMID: 32460434 PMCID: PMC7496973 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of dioxygen in organic solvents for the production of reactive oxygen species or the concomitant oxidation of organic substrates can be enhanced by the separation of products and educts in biphasic liquid systems. Here, the coupled electron and ion transfer processes is studied as well as reagent fluxes across the liquid|liquid interface for the chemical reduction of dioxygen by decamethylferrocene (DMFc) in a dichloroethane-based organic electrolyte forming an interface with an aqueous electrolyte containing alkali metal ions. This interface is stabilized at the orifice of a pipette, across which a Galvani potential difference is externally applied and precisely adjusted to enforce the transfer of different alkali metal ions from the aqueous to the organic electrolyte. The oxygen reduction is followed by H2 O2 detection in the aqueous phase close to the interface by a microelectrode of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). The results prove a strong catalytic effect of hydrated alkali metal ions on the formation rate of H2 O2 , which varies systematically with the acidity of the transferred alkali metal ions in the organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Rastgar
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
| | - Keyla Teixeira Santos
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
- Federal University of ABCCenter for Natural and Human SciencesAv. dos Estados 500109210-580Santo André/SPBrazil
| | - Camilo Andrea Angelucci
- Federal University of ABCCenter for Natural and Human SciencesAv. dos Estados 500109210-580Santo André/SPBrazil
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
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6
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Efficient Reduction of Dioxygen with Ferrocene Catalyzed by Thiocarbohydrazone Tetranuclear Cobalt(III) Coordination Compound. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nieminen E, Kazimova N, Murtomäki L. Probing TCNQ‐mediated Metal Reduction Reactions at Liquid‐liquid Interface with SECM. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eemi Nieminen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University P.O. Box 16100 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Nargiz Kazimova
- University of Tartu Institute of Chemistry Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Lasse Murtomäki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University P.O. Box 16100 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
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The Adductomics of Isolevuglandins: Oxidation of IsoLG Pyrrole Intermediates Generates Pyrrole⁻Pyrrole Crosslinks and Lactams. High Throughput 2019; 8:ht8020012. [PMID: 31083423 PMCID: PMC6630840 DOI: 10.3390/ht8020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprostane endoperoxides generated by free radical-induced oxidation of arachidonates, and prostaglandin endoperoxides generated through enzymatic cyclooxygenation of arachidonate, rearrange nonenzymatically to isoprostanes and a family of stereo and structurally isomeric γ-ketoaldehyde seco-isoprostanes, collectively known as isolevuglandins (isoLGs). IsoLGs are stealthy toxins, and free isoLGs are not detected in vivo. Rather, covalent adducts are found to incorporate lysyl ε-amino residues of proteins or ethanolamino residues of phospholipids. In vitro studies have revealed that adduction occurs within seconds and is uniquely prone to cause protein–protein crosslinks. IsoLGs accelerate the formation of the type of amyloid beta oligomers that have been associated with neurotoxicity. Under air, isoLG-derived pyrroles generated initially are readily oxidized to lactams and undergo rapid oxidative coupling to pyrrole–pyrrole crosslinked dimers, and to more highly oxygenated derivatives of those dimers. We have now found that pure isoLG-derived pyrroles, which can be generated under anoxic conditions, do not readily undergo oxidative coupling. Rather, dimer formation only occurs after an induction period by an autocatalytic oxidative coupling. The stable free-radical TEMPO abolishes the induction period, catalyzing rapid oxidative coupling. The amine N-oxide TMAO is similarly effective in catalyzing the oxidative coupling of isoLG pyrroles. N-acetylcysteine abolishes the generation of pyrrole–pyrrole crosslinks. Instead pyrrole-cysteine adducts are produced. Two unified single-electron transfer mechanisms are proposed for crosslink and pyrrole-cysteine adduct formation from isoLG-pyrroles, as well as for their oxidation to lactams and hydroxylactams.
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Karuppiah C, rani KK, Wang SF, Devasenathipathy R, Yang CC. Dry particle coating preparation of highly conductive LaMnO3@C composite for the oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen peroxide sensing. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Double pulse voltammetric study of the IT-CeqC mechanism underlying the oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Pegis ML, Wise CF, Martin DJ, Mayer JM. Oxygen Reduction by Homogeneous Molecular Catalysts and Electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2340-2391. [PMID: 29406708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key component of biological processes and energy technologies. This Review provides a comprehensive report of soluble molecular catalysts and electrocatalysts for the ORR. The precise synthetic control and relative ease of mechanistic study for homogeneous molecular catalysts, as compared to heterogeneous materials or surface-adsorbed species, enables a detailed understanding of the individual steps of ORR catalysis. Thus, the Review places particular emphasis on ORR mechanism and thermodynamics. First, the thermochemistry of oxygen reduction and the factors influencing ORR efficiency are described to contextualize the discussion of catalytic studies that follows. Reports of ORR catalysis are presented in terms of their mechanism, with separate sections for catalysis proceeding via initial outer- and inner-sphere electron transfer to O2. The rates and selectivities (for production of H2O2 vs H2O) of these catalysts are provided, along with suggested methods for accurately comparing catalysts of different metals and ligand scaffolds that were examined under different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Pegis
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Daniel J Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
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Peljo P, Scanlon MD, Olaya AJ, Rivier L, Smirnov E, Girault HH. Redox Electrocatalysis of Floating Nanoparticles: Determining Electrocatalytic Properties without the Influence of Solid Supports. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3564-3575. [PMID: 28707892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox electrocatalysis (catalysis of electron-transfer reactions by floating conductive particles) is discussed from the point-of-view of Fermi level equilibration, and an overall theoretical framework is given. Examples of redox electrocatalysis in solution, in bipolar configuration, and at liquid-liquid interfaces are provided, highlighting that bipolar and liquid-liquid interfacial systems allow the study of the electrocatalytic properties of particles without effects from the support, but only liquid-liquid interfaces allow measurement of the electrocatalytic current directly. Additionally, photoinduced redox electrocatalysis will be of interest, for example, to achieve water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Micheál D Scanlon
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL) , Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Astrid J Olaya
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Rivier
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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13
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Understanding Br − transfer into electrochemically generated discrete quaternary ammonium polybromide droplet on Pt ultramicroelectrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Deng H, Dick JE, Kummer S, Kragl U, Strauss SH, Bard AJ. Probing Ion Transfer across Liquid–Liquid Interfaces by Monitoring Collisions of Single Femtoliter Oil Droplets on Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7754-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Deng
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sina Kummer
- Division
of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Division
of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Smirnov E, Peljo P, Scanlon MD, Girault HH. Gold Nanofilm Redox Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction at Soft Interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Oxygen Reduction at the Liquid-Liquid Interface: Bipolar Electrochemistry through Adsorbed Graphene Layers. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Deng H, Stockmann TJ, Peljo P, Opallo M, Girault HH. Electrochemical oxygen reduction at soft interfaces catalyzed by the transfer of hydrated lithium cations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kinetic differentiation of bulk/interfacial oxygen reduction mechanisms at/near liquid/liquid interfaces using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Rodgers AN, Booth SG, Dryfe RA. Particle deposition and catalysis at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES): A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Deng H, Peljo P, Stockmann TJ, Qiao L, Vainikka T, Kontturi K, Opallo M, Girault HH. Surprising acidity of hydrated lithium cations in organic solvents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5554-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01892c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The surprising acidity of hydrated lithium cations was found to have a significant role in catalyzing many chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Deng
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
- Aalto University
| | - T. Jane Stockmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liang Qiao
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marcin Opallo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Fang PP, Chen S, Deng H, Scanlon MD, Gumy F, Lee HJ, Momotenko D, Amstutz V, Cortés-Salazar F, Pereira CM, Yang Z, Girault HH. Conductive gold nanoparticle mirrors at liquid/liquid interfaces. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9241-9248. [PMID: 24047434 DOI: 10.1021/nn403879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (Au NP) mirrors, which exhibit both high reflectance and electrical conductance, were self-assembled at a [heptane + 1,2-dichloroethane]/water liquid/liquid interface. The highest reflectance, as observed experimentally and confirmed by finite difference time domain calculations, occurred for Au NP films consisting of 60 nm diameter NPs and approximate monolayer surface coverage. Scanning electrochemical microscopy approach curves over the interfacial metallic NP films revealed a transition from an insulating to a conducting electrical material on reaching a surface coverage at least equivalent to the formation of a single monolayer. Reflectance and conductance transitions were interpreted as critical junctures corresponding to a surface coverage that exceeded the percolation threshold of the Au NP films at the [heptane + 1,2-dichloroethane]/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Fang
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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