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Rachappanavar V, Kumar M, Negi N, Chowdhury S, Kapoor M, Singh S, Rustagi S, Rai AK, Shreaz S, Negi R, Yadav AN. Silicon derived benefits to combat biotic and abiotic stresses in fruit crops: Current research and future challenges. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108680. [PMID: 38701606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fruit crops are frequently subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses that can significantly reduce the absorption and translocation of essential elements, ultimately leading to a decrease in crop yield. It is imperative to grow fruits and vegetables in areas prone to drought, salinity, and extreme high, and low temperatures to meet the world's minimum nutrient demand. The use of integrated approaches, including supplementation of beneficial elements like silicon (Si), can enhance plant resilience under various stresses. Silicon is the second most abundant element on the earth crust, following oxygen, which plays a significant role in development and promote plant growth. Extensive efforts have been made to explore the advantages of Si supplementation in fruit crops. The application of Si to plants reinforces the cell wall, providing additional support through enhancing a mechanical and biochemical processes, thereby improving the stress tolerance capacity of crops. In this review, the molecular and physiological mechanisms that explain the beneficial effects of Si supplementation in horticultural crop species have been discussed. The review describes the role of Si and its transporters in mitigation of abiotic stress conditions in horticultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaykumar Rachappanavar
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Narender Negi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources-Regional Station, Shimla, Phagli Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sohini Chowdhury
- Chitkara Center for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Monit Kapoor
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sangram Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Shreaz
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Rajeshwari Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Viskadourakis Z, Fanourakis G, Tamiolakis E, Theodosi A, Katsara K, Vrithias NR, Tsilipakos O, Kenanakis G. Fabrication of mm-Scale Complementary Split Ring Resonators, for Potential Application as Water Pollution Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5290. [PMID: 37569990 PMCID: PMC10420294 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Rectangular, millimeter-scale complementary split ring resonators were fabricated, employing the so-called Computer Numerical Control method, combined with a home-built mechanical engraver. Their electromagnetic performance was thoroughly investigated with respect to their dimensions in the frequency regime between 2 and 9 GHz via combining experiments and corresponding theoretical simulations, wherein a considerably effective consistency was obtained. Moreover, their sensing response was extensively investigated against various aqueous solutions enriched with typical fertilizers used in agriculture, as well as detergents commonly used in every-day life. Corresponding experimental results evidently establish the capability of the studied metasurfaces as potential sensors against water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Viskadourakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
| | - George Fanourakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
| | - Evangelos Tamiolakis
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Anna Theodosi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Klytaimnistra Katsara
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Rafael Vrithias
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Odysseas Tsilipakos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, GR-11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
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Bernthal FR, Armstrong JD, Nislow KH, Metcalfe NB. Nutrient limitation in Atlantic salmon rivers and streams: Causes, consequences, and management strategies. AQUATIC CONSERVATION : MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 2022; 32:1073-1091. [PMID: 35915662 PMCID: PMC9314074 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater catchments can experience nutrient deficits that result in reduced primary and secondary productivity. The most commonly limiting nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus, either separately or together. This review considers the impact of increasing nutrient limitation in temperate basin stream and river systems, focusing on upland areas that currently or previously supported wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations.Anthropogenic changes to land use and increases in river barriers have altered upland nutrient dynamics, with particular impacts on salmon and other migratory fish species which may be net importers of nutrients to upland streams. Declining salmon populations may further reduce nutrient sources, reducing ecosystem and fisheries productivity below desired levels.Experimental manipulations of nutrient levels have examined the impacts of this cultural oligotrophication. There is evidence that growth and biomass of juvenile salmon can be increased via appropriate additions of nutrients, offering potential as a conservation tool. However, further research is required to understand the long-term effects of these additions on salmon populations and stream ecosystems, and to assess the vulnerability of downstream habitats to eutrophication as a result.Although purposeful nutrient addition with the aim of enhancing and conserving salmonid populations may be justified in some cases, it should be undertaken in an adaptive management framework. In addition, nutrient addition should be linked to nutrient retention and processing, and integrated into large-scale habitat restoration and recovery efforts.Both the scientific and the management community should recognize that the ecological costs and benefits associated with adding nutrients to salmon streams may change in a non-stationary world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn R. Bernthal
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - John D. Armstrong
- Marine Scotland – ScienceFreshwater Fisheries LaboratoryFaskallyPitlochryUK
| | - Keith H. Nislow
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Chen X, Wang Y, Bai Z, Ma L, Strokal M, Kroeze C, Chen X, Zhang F, Shi X. Mitigating phosphorus pollution from detergents in the surface waters of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150125. [PMID: 34520912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) from detergents contributes to water pollution and eutrophication. Understanding the impacts of detergent use on P inputs to surface waters and their main drivers is vital for supporting Sustainable Development Goals on clean water. This study aims to quantify past and future trends in P inputs to surface waters from detergent use in China. We modify the Model to Assess River Input of Nutrient to seAs (MARINA) model to assess the effects of past policies and explore options for the future on mitigating detergents P losses in China. The total consumption of detergents tripled from 2000 to 2018. However, P inputs to surface waters from detergent use decreased by 35% during these years. Although P losses vary across regions, most losses occurred in rural areas. Clearly, the P-free detergent policy which was initiated in the year 2000 has been effective. Without this policy, the detergent P losses would likely have increased fourfold during 2000-2018. In the future, detergent P inputs to surface waters in China may be further reduced to very low levels (95% reduction relative to 2018) by a combination of completely P-free detergents, an increasing urbanized population connected to sewage systems, and improving P removal in sewage treatment systems. Our results enhance the understanding of P pollution in surface waters from detergents and, illustrate the effectiveness of measures to control detergent P losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjing Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing 400715, China; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yating Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhaohai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xinping Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing 400715, China; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Buzzi NS, Menéndez MC, Truchet DM, Delgado AL, Severini MDF. An overview on metal pollution on touristic sandy beaches: Is the COVID-19 pandemic an opportunity to improve coastal management? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113275. [PMID: 35090269 PMCID: PMC8759033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of the SARS-CoV-2 caused an unprecedented lockdown measures in most countries with consequences on the world society, economy, and sanitary systems. This situation provided an opportunity to identify the effects of human confinement on natural environments, like touristic sandy beaches, which are stressed due to anthropogenic pressures. Based on previous articles about heavy metals sources and levels in these ecosystems, this paper discusses the dynamic of these pollutants and a regulatory scenario associated with COVID-19 sanitation policies. The main findings suggest that 39% of the studies were on Asian sandy beaches, 16% from Europe, while America and Africa with 23% each. Also Co, Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn were the most frequently analyzed metals in sediments and in several cases their concentrations exceed international guidelines assessment. Finally, even though beaches are under several metals inputs, tourism plays a key role in these ecosystems quality. After analyzing the potential indirect effect of COVID-19 measures on metals dynamics, we propose some key recommendations and management strategies to mitigate heavy metal pollution on sandy tourist beaches. These proposals are useful for decision-makers and stakeholders to improve sandy beach management, mainly those beaches not addressed from a management perspective; and their implementation should be adapted according to the regulations and legislation of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Buzzi
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M C Menéndez
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D M Truchet
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A L Delgado
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Geografía y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), 12 de Octubre 1098, B8000CTX Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M D Fernández Severini
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Khan AH, Aziz HA, Khan NA, Dhingra A, Ahmed S, Naushad M. Effect of seasonal variation on the occurrences of high-risk pharmaceutical in drain-laden surface water: A risk analysis of Yamuna River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148484. [PMID: 34217082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic ecosystem is an emerging concern of environmentalists. This study primarily investigated the seasonal variation of high-priority pharmaceutical residues in the Yamuna River, accompanied by 22 drains discharge from different parts of Delhi. Five sampling sites were selected for analyzing high-priority pharmaceuticals along with physico-chemical and biological parameters for 3 season's viz. pre-monsoon (PrM), monsoon (DuM), and post-monsoon (PoM), respectively. The maximum occurrences were detected during the PoM, compared to the PrM and DuM seasons. The maximum concentration of BOD, COD, and Phosphate was detected at the last sampling station (SP-5). Similarly, all targeted pharmaceuticals concentration were maximum at the last sampling point i.e. Okhla barrage (SP-5, max: DIC = 556.1 ng/l, IBU = 223.4 ng/l, CAR = 183.1 ng/l, DIA = 457.8 ng/l, OFL = 1726.5 ng/l, FRU = 312.2 ng/l and SIM = 414.9 ng/l) except at Barapulla downstream (SP-4, max: ERY = 178.1 ng/l). The mean concentrations of Fecal coliform (FC) ranged from 1700 to 6500 CFU/100 ml. The maximum colonies were detected in PrM season (6500 CFU/100 ml) followed by PoM (5800 CFU/100 ml) and least in DuM (1700 CFU/100 ml). Risk quotient (RQ) analysis of high-priority pharmaceuticals indicated high ecotoxicological risks exposure (>1) from DIC, DIA, OFL, and SIM in all seasons at all the sampling sites. However, lower risk was predicted for IBU, CAR, ERY, and FRU, respectively. This risk assessment indicated an aquatic ecosystem potentially exposed to high risks from these pharmaceutical residues. Moreover, seasonal agricultural application, rainfall, and temperature could influence the levels and compositions of pharmaceutical residue in the aquatic ecosystem. Hence, attention is required particularly to this stream since it is only a local lifeline source for urban consumers for domestic water supply and farmers for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Husain Khan
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Aastha Dhingra
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sirajuddin Ahmed
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia; Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shaw PJ, Leung KC, Clarke D. The fractionation of phosphorus in UK chalk stream surface waters and its relevance to the regulation and management of water quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112555. [PMID: 33848882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory management of river water quality requires measurements of phosphorus that are operationally viable and meaningful in terms of insight into its effects. This need is a particular concern in globally rare and ecologically sensitive chalk streams. P data pertaining to rivers are commonly limited to soluble reactive P; other fractions of P may be of concern but are not routinely monitored. This study seeks to establish the nature and extent of non-regulated forms of P in UK chalk streams. Whilst soluble reactive P in two southern English chalk streams was found to comprise the majority of reactive P in surface waters in the majority of samples, 15-20% of the total reactive P was within other size fractions greater than 0.22 μm. The contribution of reactive P to the total P was highly variable. We conclude that, with some adjustments, the established method of regulatory monitoring of P in UK rivers is viable and valuable. In cases where the levels of reactive P are not consistent with ecological status and/or expected outcomes of programmes of measures, we recommend that targeted analysis of non-regulated forms of P is undertaken as a means to guide and focus management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Shaw
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - K-C Leung
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - D Clarke
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton Boldrewood Innovation Campus, Burgess Road, Southampton, SO16 7QF, UK
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Sabo RD, Clark CM, Gibbs DA, Metson GS, Todd MJ, LeDuc SD, Greiner D, Fry MM, Polinsky R, Yang Q, Tian H, Compton JE. Phosphorus Inventory for the Conterminous United States (2002-2012). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2021; 126:1-21. [PMID: 37089664 PMCID: PMC10116864 DOI: 10.1029/2020jg005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Published reports suggest efforts designed to prevent the occurrence of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia by reducing non-point and point source phosphorus (P) pollution are not delivering water quality improvements in many areas. Part of the uncertainty in evaluating watershed responses to management practices is the lack of standardized estimates of phosphorus inputs and outputs. To assess P trends across the conterminous United States, we compiled an inventory using publicly available datasets of agricultural P fluxes, atmospheric P deposition, human P demand and waste, and point source discharges for 2002, 2007, and 2012 at the scale of the 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code subbasin (~1,800 km2). Estimates of agricultural legacy P surplus accumulated from 1945 to 2001 were also developed. Fertilizer and manure inputs were found to exceed crop removal rates by up to 50% in many agricultural regions. This excess in inputs has led to the continued accumulation of legacy P in agricultural lands. Atmospheric P deposition increased throughout the Rockies, potentially contributing to reported increases in surface water P concentrations in undisturbed watersheds. In some urban areas, P fluxes associated with human waste and non-farm fertilizer use has declined despite population growth, likely due, in part, to various sales bans on P-containing detergents and fertilizers. Although regions and individual subbasins have different contemporary and legacy P sources, a standardized method of accounting for large and small fluxes and ready to use inventory numbers provide essential infromation to coordinate targeted interventions to reduce P concentrations in the nation's waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Sabo
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher M Clark
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Geneviève S Metson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - M Jason Todd
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen D LeDuc
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Diana Greiner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. EPA, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Meridith M Fry
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robyn Polinsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. EPA, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qichun Yang
- Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jana E Compton
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Corvallis, OR, USA
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9
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Koohsaryan E, Anbia M, Sepehrian M, Maghsoodlu M. Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Sodium P Zeolite as a Nonphosphate Detergent Builder. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Koohsaryan
- Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846‐13114, Tehran Iran
| | - Mansoor Anbia
- Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846‐13114, Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Sepehrian
- Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846‐13114, Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Maghsoodlu
- Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846‐13114, Tehran Iran
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Fones GR, Bakir A, Gray J, Mattingley L, Measham N, Knight P, Bowes MJ, Greenwood R, Mills GA. Using high-frequency phosphorus monitoring for water quality management: a case study of the upper River Itchen, UK. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:184. [PMID: 32072347 PMCID: PMC7028801 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of phosphorus (P) in riverine systems lead to eutrophication and can contribute to other environmental effects. Chalk rivers are known to be particularly sensitive to elevated P levels. We used high-frequency (daily) automatic water sampling at five distinct locations in the upper River Itchen (Hampshire, UK) between May 2016 and June 2017 to identify the main P species (including filterable reactive phosphorus, total filterable phosphorus, total phosphorus and total particulate phosphorus) present and how these varied temporally. Our filterable reactive phosphorus (considered the biologically available fraction) data were compared with the available Environment Agency total reactive phosphorus (TRP) values over the same sampling period. Over the trial, the profiles of the P fractions were complex; the major fraction was total particulate phosphorus with the mean percentage value ranging between 69 and 82% of the total P present. Sources were likely to be attributable to wash off from agricultural activities. At all sites, the FRP and Environment Agency TRP mean concentrations over the study were comparable. However, there were a number of extended time periods (1 to 2 weeks) where the mean FRP concentration (e.g. 0.62 mg L-1) exceeded the existing regulatory values (giving a poor ecological status) for this type of river. Often, these exceedances were missed by the limited regulatory monitoring procedures undertaken by the Environment Agency. There is evidence that these spikes of elevated concentrations of P may have a biological impact on benthic invertebrate (e.g. blue-winged olive mayfly) communities that exist in these ecologically sensitive chalk streams. Further research is required to assess the ecological impact of P and how this might have implications for the development of future environmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Fones
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Adil Bakir
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
- Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 OHT, UK
| | - Janina Gray
- Salmon & Trout Conservation, The Granary, Manor Farm, Burcombe Lane, Salisbury, SP2 0EJ, UK
| | - Lauren Mattingley
- Salmon & Trout Conservation, The Granary, Manor Farm, Burcombe Lane, Salisbury, SP2 0EJ, UK
| | - Nick Measham
- Salmon & Trout Conservation, The Granary, Manor Farm, Burcombe Lane, Salisbury, SP2 0EJ, UK
| | - Paul Knight
- Salmon & Trout Conservation, The Granary, Manor Farm, Burcombe Lane, Salisbury, SP2 0EJ, UK
| | - Michael J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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11
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Timmis K, Cavicchioli R, Garcia JL, Nogales B, Chavarría M, Stein L, McGenity TJ, Webster N, Singh BK, Handelsman J, de Lorenzo V, Pruzzo C, Timmis J, Martín JLR, Verstraete W, Jetten M, Danchin A, Huang W, Gilbert J, Lal R, Santos H, Lee SY, Sessitsch A, Bonfante P, Gram L, Lin RTP, Ron E, Karahan ZC, van der Meer JR, Artunkal S, Jahn D, Harper L. The urgent need for microbiology literacy in society. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1513-1528. [PMID: 30912268 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - José Luis Garcia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbina Nogales
- Grupo de Microbiologia, Dept. Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, and Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados 8IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Max Chavarría
- Escuela de Química, Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica & Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lisa Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Terry J McGenity
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Nicole Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville and Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jo Handelsman
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Victor de Lorenzo
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
| | - James Timmis
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willy Verstraete
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Mike Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rup Lal
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eliora Ron
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Z Ceren Karahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University, Turkey
| | | | - Seza Artunkal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training Hospital, lstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lucy Harper
- Society for Applied Microbiology, London, UK
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12
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van Puijenbroek P, Beusen A, Bouwman A. Datasets of the phosphorus content in laundry and dishwasher detergents. Data Brief 2018; 21:2284-2289. [PMID: 30555867 PMCID: PMC6279942 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article provides the data of Phosphorus emissions from laundry and dishwasher detergents as part of the Phosphorus emissions from households. The household emissions are presented in the research article "Global nitrogen and phosphorus in urban waste water based on the Shared Socio-economic pathway" (van Puijenbroek et al., 2019) [1]. Laundry and dishwasher detergents are a major source of phosphorus loading of aquatic ecosystems in countries with a substantial use of laundry and dishwasher machines. In this article, datasets are presented with the global use of laundry and dishwasher detergents and the Phosphorus emissions due to laundry and dishwasher detergents. These results are presented for 10 world regions for 1970 and 2010, and for 2050 with 5 Shared Socio-economic Pathways. The outlook results for 2050 were based on the growth in income and population and on environmental policy for the introduction of Phosphorus free detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.J.T.M. van Puijenbroek
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, The Hague, GH 2500, the Netherlands
| | - A.H.W. Beusen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, The Hague, GH 2500, the Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, Utrecht, TA 3508, the Netherlands
| | - A.F. Bouwman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, The Hague, GH 2500, the Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, Utrecht, TA 3508, the Netherlands
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13
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Tanzer J, Zoboli O, Zessner M, Rechberger H. Filling two needs with one deed: Potentials to simultaneously improve phosphorus and nitrogen management in Austria as an example for coupled resource management systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:894-907. [PMID: 29879674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous increase in resource consumption over the past century and the environmental challenges it entails has spurred discussions for a shift from a linear to a circular resource use. However, to date most resource studies are restricted to one material or a single sector or process. In this work, a coupled material flow analysis taking the national phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) system of Austria as an example for two closely connected resource systems is conducted. Effects of different measures aimed at reducing P and/or N-demand, increasing recycling or reducing emissions to air and water are compared to a reference state (representing the actual situation in 2015). Changes in the mineral fertilizer demand of the system, P and N losses in the waste sector, water emissions of P and N, P soil accumulation and atmospheric N emissions are analyzed. Overall positive feedbacks between measures and between different goals of one measure always outweigh negative ones, which is why the highest efficiency gains (57±4%) can be achieved by a combination of all the 16 measures studied. Potentials for the reduction of mineral fertilizer demand are larger than for emission reduction though, confirming the past priority of environmental protection over resource protection. Although coupling significantly raises model complexity it can be shown that material flows of more than one substance can be simultaneously analyzed in a rather complex system. This may reveal interrelations, co-benefits and trade-offs between different resources that might have been omitted in a mono-substance analysis and thus improve judgment of sustainability and viability of different management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tanzer
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/222, Vienna 1040, Austria; Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, Vienna 1040, Austria.
| | - Ottavia Zoboli
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/222, Vienna 1040, Austria; Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Helmut Rechberger
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/222, Vienna 1040, Austria; Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, Vienna 1040, Austria
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14
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Dos Santos AJ, Costa ECTDA, da Silva DR, Garcia-Segura S, Martínez-Huitle CA. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as decentralized water treatment technologies to remediate domestic washing machine effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7002-7011. [PMID: 29273989 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the major concerns worldwide. In order to secure this appreciated natural resource, management and development of water treatment technologies are mandatory. One feasible alternative is the consideration of water recycling/reuse at the household scale. Here, the treatment of actual washing machine effluent by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes was considered. Electrochemical oxidation and electro-Fenton technologies can be applied as decentralized small-scale water treatment devices. Therefore, efficient decolorization and total organic abatement have been followed. The results demonstrate the promising performance of solar photoelectro-Fenton process, where complete color and organic removal was attained after 240 min of treatment under optimum conditions by applying a current density of 66.6 mA cm-2. Thus, electrochemical technologies emerge as promising water-sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro Jhones Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada (LEAA), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Emily Cintia Tossi de Araújo Costa
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada (LEAA), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Djalma Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada (LEAA), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada (LEAA), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada (LEAA), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil.
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Unesp, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil.
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15
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Naden P, Bell V, Carnell E, Tomlinson S, Dragosits U, Chaplow J, May L, Tipping E. Nutrient fluxes from domestic wastewater: A national-scale historical perspective for the UK 1800-2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:1471-1484. [PMID: 26904923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient emissions in human waste and wastewater effluent fluxes from domestic sources are quantified for the UK over the period 1800-2010 based on population data from UK Census returns. The most important drivers of change have been the introduction of the water closet (flush toilet) along with population growth, urbanization, connection to sewer, improvements in wastewater treatment and use of phosphorus in detergents. In 1800, the population of the UK was about 12 million and estimated emissions in human waste were 37kt N, 6.2kt P and 205ktorganicC/year. This would have been recycled to land with little or no sewage going directly to rivers or coastal waters. By 1900, population had increased to 35.6 million and some 145kt N were emitted in human waste but, with only the major urban areas connected to sewers, only about 19kt N were discharged in sewage effluent. With the use of phosphorus in detergents, estimated phosphorus emissions peaked at around 63.5ktP/year in the 1980s, with about 28ktP/year being discharged in sewage effluent. By 2010, population had increased to 63 million with estimated emissions of 263kt N, 43.6kt P and 1460ktorganicC/year, and an estimated effluent flux of 104kt N, 14.8kt P and 63kt organic C. Despite improvements in wastewater treatment, current levels of nutrient fluxes in sewage effluent are substantially higher than those in the early 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Naden
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Victoria Bell
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Edward Carnell
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Sam Tomlinson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ulrike Dragosits
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Jacky Chaplow
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Linda May
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Edward Tipping
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
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16
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Richards S, Withers PJA, Paterson E, McRoberts CW, Stutter M. Temporal variability in domestic point source discharges and their associated impact on receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1275-1283. [PMID: 27474989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Discharges from the widely distributed small point sources of pollutants such as septic tanks contribute to microbial and nutrient loading of streams and can pose risks to human health and stream ecology, especially during periods of ecological sensitivity. Here we present the first comprehensive data on the compositional variability of septic tank effluents (STE) as a potential source of water pollution during different seasons and the associated links to their influence on stream waters. To determine STE parameters and nutrient variations, the biological and physicochemical properties of effluents sampled quarterly from 12 septic tank systems were investigated with concurrent analyses of upstream and downstream receiving waters. The study revealed that during the warmer dryer months of spring and summer, effluents were similar in composition, as were the colder wetter months of autumn and winter. However, spring/summer effluents differed significantly (P<0.05) from autumn/winter for concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), arsenic, barium (Ba), cobalt, chromium, manganese, strontium (Sr), titanium, tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn). With the exception of BOD, Ba and Sr which were greater in summer and spring, the concentrations of these parameters were greater in winter. Receiving stream waters also showed significant seasonal variation (P≤0.05) in alkalinity, BOD, dissolved organic carbon, sulphate, sulphur, lithium, W, Zn and Escherichiacoli abundance. There was a clear significant influence of STE on downstream waters relative to upstream from the source (P<0.05) for total suspended solids, total particulate P and N, ammonium-N, coliforms and E. coli. The findings of this study found seasonal variation in STE and place effluent discharges as a factor affecting adjacent stream quality and call for appropriate measures to reduce or redirect STE discharges away from water courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Richards
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
| | | | - Eric Paterson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin W McRoberts
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Marc Stutter
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
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17
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Richards S, Paterson E, Withers PJA, Stutter M. Septic tank discharges as multi-pollutant hotspots in catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:854-863. [PMID: 26556750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Small point sources of pollutants such as septic tanks are recognised as significant contributors to streams' pathogen and nutrient loadings, however there is little data in the UK on which to judge the potential risks that septic tank effluents (STEs) pose to water quality and human health. We present the first comprehensive analysis of STE to help assess multi-pollutant characteristics, management-related risk factors and potential tracers that might be used to identify STE sources. Thirty-two septic tank effluents from residential households located in North East of Scotland were sampled along with adjacent stream waters. Biological, physical, chemical and fluorescence characterisation was coupled with information on system age, design, type of tank, tank management and number of users. Biological characterisation revealed that total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration ranges were: 10(3)-10(8) and 10(3)-10(7)MPN/100 mL, respectively. Physical parameters such as electrical conductivity, turbidity and alkalinity ranged 160-1730 μS/cm, 8-916 NTU and 15-698 mg/L, respectively. Effluent total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium-N (NH4-N) concentrations ranged 1-32, <1-26, 11-146 and 2-144 mg/L, respectively. Positive correlations were obtained between phosphorus, sodium, potassium, barium, copper and aluminium. Domestic STE may pose pollution risks particularly for NH4-N, dissolved P, SRP, copper, dissolved N, and potassium since enrichment factors were >1651, 213, 176, 63, 14 and 8 times that of stream waters, respectively. Fluorescence characterisation revealed the presence of tryptophan peak in the effluent and downstream waters but not detected upstream from the source. Tank condition, management and number of users had influenced effluent quality that can pose a direct risk to stream waters as multiple points of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Richards
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Eric Paterson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Marc Stutter
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
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