1
|
Ibbett H, Dorward L, Jones JPG, Kohi EM, Dwiyahreni AA, Sankeni S, Prayitno K, Mchomvu J, Kaduma J, Saputra AW, Agustin IY, Tryswidiarini T, Mawenya R, Supriatna J, St John FAV. Improving compliance around protected areas through fair administration of rules. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14332. [PMID: 39016707 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Protected area management often depends heavily on law enforcement to secure compliance with rules. However, this can contribute to conflict between protected area authorities and local people, negatively affecting both human well-being and conservation outcomes. Compliance is affected by many factors, including whether those who enforce rules are perceived to do so fairly, as well as the perceived rule-related behavior of others. We used factorial survey experiments to explore how fair respondents living around protected areas in Indonesia and Tanzania perceive sanctions distributed by law enforcers to be. We presented scenarios to respondents to assess how crime type, offender characteristics, and corruption influenced their judgments regarding the fairness of administered sanctions. We also assessed how descriptive norms and corruption influenced individuals' willingness to obey protected area rules. Data were collected from 229 people in Indonesia and 217 in Tanzania. Results showed that in both locations, lawful sanctions, such as arrests or warnings, were perceived as fairer, and sanctions that involved corruption were perceived as least fair. Attitudes toward protected area rules, corruption, and descriptive norms all influenced people's willingness to comply, whereas multidimensional poverty did not. Our results highlight the need for conservation policy and practice to move beyond narratives that focus on the need for more law enforcement. To improve protected area compliance and secure better outcomes for people and nature, conservation must focus on ensuring the fair administration of rules and enhancing the legitimacy of rules themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ibbett
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | | | - Edward M Kohi
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Asri A Dwiyahreni
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Stephen Sankeni
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Karlina Prayitno
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Jesca Mchomvu
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Joseph Kaduma
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Ika Yuni Agustin
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | | | - Rose Mawenya
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jatna Supriatna
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arlidge WNS, Arlinghaus R, Kurvers RHJM, Nassauer A, Oyanedel R, Krause J. Situational social influence leading to non-compliance with conservation rules. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1154-1164. [PMID: 37634956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the decisions that we make can be strongly influenced by the behaviour of others. However, testing how social influence can lead to non-compliance with conservation rules during an individual's decision-making process has received little research attention. We synthesise advances in understanding of conformity and rule-breaking in individuals and in groups, and take a situational approach to studying the social dynamics and ensuing social identity changes that can lead to non-compliant decision-making. We focus on situational social influence contagion that are copresent (i.e., same space and same time) or trace-based (i.e., behavioural traces in the same space). We then suggest approaches for testing how situational social influence can lead to certain behaviours in non-compliance with conservation rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William N S Arlidge
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Nassauer
- Faculty of Economics, Law and Social Sciences, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Str. 63 99089 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)- Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Emilio Pugin, piso 1 Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Collins C, Kerry C, de Vos A, Karnad D, Nuno A, Letessier TB. Changes in illegal fishing dynamics in a large-scale MPA during COVID-19. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R851-R852. [PMID: 37607477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Global socio-ecological shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can threaten progress in protecting vulnerable marine environments by altering behaviour of resource users1. When government priorities shift from environmental protection towards safeguarding human populations, control of illegal activity in protected areas can alter. Resulting increases in illegal fishing in large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) are of particular concern as they contain a large proportion of marine protected area globally2. Here, we report on average 19 times as many suspected illegal fishing vessels per month in 2022 (n = 19) compared with 2010 to 2020 (n = 1) in an Indian Ocean MPA. Although illegal fishing has been a pervasive problem, the current spike in Indian vessels targeting a broad trophic diversity of reef-associated species is of particular concern and we suggest such changes in illegal activity in MPAs globally may persist over long timescales unless management is broad and adaptive to individual context. When considering potential solutions, widespread adoption of technology, such as remote surveillance of vessels, can mitigate illegal activities but remains unfeasible for many MPAs globally due to financial and political barriers. Instead, we suggest broader approaches, including a renewed focus on regional approaches to combating illegal fishing, formal bilateral agreements between competent authorities in relevant countries and an increase in community-based work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Collins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Chris Kerry
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Divya Karnad
- Department of Environmental Studies, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India; Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning, Morattandi, Tamil Nadu 605101, India
| | - Ana Nuno
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), NOVA University Lisbon, Avenida de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tom B Letessier
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Navarrete SA, Ávila-Thieme MI, Valencia D, Génin A, Gelcich S. Monitoring the fabric of nature: using allometric trophic network models and observations to assess policy effects on biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220189. [PMID: 37246381 PMCID: PMC10225859 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Species diversity underpins all ecosystem services that support life. Despite this recognition and the great advances in detecting biodiversity, exactly how many and which species co-occur and interact, directly or indirectly in any ecosystem is unknown. Biodiversity accounts are incomplete; taxonomically, size, habitat, mobility or rarity biased. In the ocean, the provisioning of fish, invertebrates and algae is a fundamental ecosystem service. This extracted biomass depends on a myriad of microscopic and macroscopic organisms that make up the fabric of nature and which are affected by management actions. Monitoring them all and attributing changes to management policies is daunting. Here we propose that dynamic quantitative models of species interactions can be used to link management policy and compliance with complex ecological networks. This allows managers to qualitatively identify 'interaction-indicator' species, which are highly impacted by management policies through propagation of complex ecological interactions. We ground the approach in intertidal kelp harvesting in Chile and fishers' compliance with policies. Results allow us to identify sets of species that respond to management policy and/or compliance, but which are often not included in standardized monitoring. The proposed approach aids in the design of biodiversity programmes that attempt to connect management with biodiversity change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Navarrete
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile and Center COPAS-COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - M. Isidora Ávila-Thieme
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Conservation Strategies, Midway, UT 84049, USA
| | - Daniel Valencia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexandre Génin
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muenzel D, Critchell K, Cox C, Campbell SJ, Jakub R, Suherfian W, Sara L, Chollett I, Treml EA, Beger M. Integrating larval connectivity into the marine conservation decision-making process across spatial scales. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14038. [PMID: 36478610 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Larval dispersal connectivity is typically integrated into spatial conservation decisions at regional or national scales, but implementing agencies struggle with translating these methods to local scales. We used larval dispersal connectivity at regional (hundreds of kilometers) and local (tens of kilometers) scales to aid in design of networks of no-take reserves in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We used Marxan with Connectivity informed by biophysical larval dispersal models and remotely sensed coral reef habitat data to design marine reserve networks for 4 commercially important reef species across the region. We complemented regional spatial prioritization with decision trees that combined network-based connectivity metrics and habitat quality to design reserve boundaries locally. Decision trees were used in consensus-based workshops with stakeholders to qualitatively assess site desirability, and Marxan was used to identify areas for subsequent network expansion. Priority areas for protection and expected benefits differed among species, with little overlap in reserve network solutions. Because reef quality varied considerably across reefs, we suggest reef degradation must inform the interpretation of larval dispersal patterns and the conservation benefits achievable from protecting reefs. Our methods can be readily applied by conservation practitioners, in this region and elsewhere, to integrate connectivity data across multiple spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Muenzel
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kay Critchell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Raymond Jakub
- Rare, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Rare Indonesia, Kota Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - La Sara
- Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Haluoleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | | | - Eric A Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rambonilaza T, Kerouaz F, Boschet C. Recreational anglers' preferences about harvest regulations to protect a threatened freshwater fish in France. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117356. [PMID: 36701828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A number of freshwater fish particularly migratory species are currently under threat. As the pressure of recreational fishing has intensified, this activity needs to be more regulated to halt the decline of threatened fish stocks. This paper presents results of an economic valuation study of anglers' preferences for a change in the rules applying to Twaite shad fisheries in south-western France. Twaite shad has become a "near-threatened" species, with the same IUCN status as the Atlantic salmon. As shad recreational angling continues to be open access, new regulations are required to limit recreational harvest in support of a management strategy to prevent stock reduction even to foster stock recovery. We combined a deliberative choice experiment with open group discussion to obtain an in-depth understanding of anglers' preferences between two types of traditional regulatory instrument - a license fee or a bag limit. The closure of the fishery served as the reference scenario. The results indicate that the majority of anglers were aware of the decline of Twaite shad stocks. The recreational value of the species remains high, especially for those who already target migratory species. Although econometric estimations show that there are heterogeneous preferences across anglers, there were support for a change toward a bag limit, and an aversion for a high-priced licence fee. The findings also provided two key insights to improve recreational fishing management and preservation policy for threatened species. The communication of observation data on fish stock could not be considered as a sufficient ecological information to ensure threatened species monitoring leads to an effective co-management with anglers' community. Anglers' aversion to loss can be seen as a behaviour mechanism towards the preservation of the species rather than to its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rambonilaza
- CESAER, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 26 Bd Docteur Petitjean, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Fathallah Kerouaz
- Bordeaux School of Economics, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Léon Duguit, F-33608 PESSAC, France.
| | - Christophe Boschet
- INRAE, UR ETTIS, 50 avenue de Verdun Gazinet, F-33612 Cestas cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ibbett H, Dorward LJ, Kohi EM, Jones JPG, Sankeni S, Kaduma J, Mchomvu J, Mawenya R, St. John FAV. Topic sensitivity still affects honest responding, even when specialized questioning techniques are used. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
|
8
|
Crookes D. Fisheries restoration: Lessons learnt from four benefit-cost models. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1067776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, fisheries are in decline and in many parts of the world illegal fishing is a major cause of these declines. Ecological restoration of fisheries needs to be promoted, inter alia through improved enforcement, but, which method is the most successful at improving fish stocks, as well as having the highest economic returns? We compare one open-loop (without feedback) and three closed-loop (with feedback) benefit–cost models representing different restoration interventions aimed at promoting compliance. The hybrid systems methodology has been utilized, combining system dynamics, systems archetypes, mathematical differential equations and economic benefit–cost methodologies. The model is tested with reference to a case study of abalone (Haliotis midae) biomass restoration in the Table Mountain National Park marine area (Zone E), Cape Town. Stocks in Zone E have dropped to below the government’s management threshold for sustainable fisheries of 20 percent of the pre-fished levels, and urgent action is required to restore the stocks. According to the model, all proposed restoration interventions produce stock recovery to 100 percent of carrying capacity, well in excess of government targets of 40 percent. Also, all four models had a net present value of greater than zero, indicating substantial positive net benefits to restoration. Each model had specific management recommendations associated with it- greater involvement by the state, capital investment in restoration, changing poacher behavior and entrepreneurship. Although the Post Keynesian and Institutional model produced the highest net returns to restoration over 80 years (Net present value = US$12.66 million at a 6 % discount rate, 2021 prices), all the models are essentially co-evolutionary models, and have merit over different time periods, compliance rates and assumptions around discount rates. While the case study is developed for abalone the findings of the model are likely to be applicable in a wide range of fishery restoration contexts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rundle-Thiele S, Roemer DC, Mackay DM, Williams DS. Swimming against the stream: A systems approach to rebuilding fishing stocks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116439. [PMID: 36306651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solutions occurring within complex systems such as recovery of species are urgently needed. One path forward involves action agendas that extend across the full range of stakeholder groups. Approaches that can foster cooperative behavior across a range of vested interests can create environments supporting species recovery. This paper reports the stakeholder identification process used to gather divergent opinions. A total of 923 priorities from 239 stakeholders were identified. Consensus approaches were utilized, resulting in 25 top priorities, selected by 61 stakeholders. This study demonstrates how consensus areas for action can be illuminated and supported by diverse stakeholder groups whose relationships have previously been indicated as antagonistic. Results indicate support for a range of actions that can be implemented to protect iconic fish species such as pearl perch and snapper in Southeast Queensland. Stakeholders supported actions that; change fishing practices for groups (recreational, commercial and charter); extended monitoring and reporting; improved compliance; changes to fishing management practices; extended fishing control measures and the construction of additional artificial reef habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
- Founding Director, Griffith University, Kessels Rd., Nathan, Q, 4111, Australia.
| | - Dr Carina Roemer
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Dr Mary Mackay
- Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, 7004, Australia.
| | - Dr Samuel Williams
- Fisheries Biologist, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecoscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nuno A, Chesney C, Wellbelove M, Bersacola E, Kalema‐Zikusoka G, Leendertz F, Webber AD, Hockings KJ. Protecting great apes from disease: Compliance with measures to reduce anthroponotic disease transmission. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nuno
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH) NOVA University Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Chloe Chesney
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Maia Wellbelove
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Elena Bersacola
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | | | - Fabian Leendertz
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health Greifswald Germany
| | - Amanda D. Webber
- Bristol Zoological Society Bristol UK
- Centre for Water, Communities and Resilience University of the West of England Bristol UK
| | - Kimberley J. Hockings
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
12
|
Dayer AA, Everly J, Comber CA, Gore ML. Managers and shorebird biologists' perceptions of enforcement and voluntary compliance techniques to increase compliance with dog regulations on beaches. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Dayer
- Department of Fish & Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jillian Everly
- Department of Fish & Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Carolyn A. Comber
- Department of Fish & Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Meredith L. Gore
- Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland College Park College Park Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quimbayo JP, Silva FC, Barreto CR, Pavone CB, Lefcheck JS, Leite K, Figueiroa AC, Correia EC, Flores AAV. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered illegal fishing activities inside and outside a marine protected area. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R765-R766. [PMID: 35882192 PMCID: PMC9310233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique opportunity to explore the consequences of illegal exploitation on wildlife communities, as it continues to have wide-reaching impacts on multiple sectors, including local and national economies, international trade, and conservation enforcement1. The ongoing reductions in monitoring and enforcement during the pandemic have allowed increased opportunities for illegal, unreported, and unregulated activities, particularly for small-scale fisheries2. Even before the pandemic, policymakers and fisheries managers intent on controlling illegal fishing activities established marine protected areas (MPAs) that restrict or prohibit fishing3. Unfortunately, non-compliance with MPAs is often the rule rather than the exception, and less than 10% of the world’s MPAs have managed to effectively reduce infringement4. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these management challenges: a recent review of MPAs worldwide has revealed a general decline in tourism revenue to operate park services during the pandemic, especially revenue needed for supporting personnel to monitor, patrol, and enforce restrictions2. Here, we compile infraction records of illegal fishing activities by both professional (commercial) and amateur (recreational) boats inside and outside of the Tupinambás Ecological Station and the Alcatrazes Wildlife Refuge (Figure 1A), notable for its high reef-fish biomass and diversity in the Southwestern Atlantic5. We show that illegal exploitation has shifted since the onset of the pandemic, targeting larger, higher-value species that contribute disproportionately to the structure and function of reef-fish communities in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Quimbayo
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109, Brazil; Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 20764, USA.
| | - Fernanda C Silva
- Lab. Macroecologia e Biogeografia Marinha, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-090, Brazil
| | - Camila R Barreto
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109, Brazil
| | - Carla B Pavone
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109, Brazil
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 20764, USA
| | - Kelen Leite
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Sebastião, SP 11605-136, Brazil
| | - Apoena C Figueiroa
- Lab. Macroecologia e Biogeografia Marinha, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-090, Brazil
| | - Edineia C Correia
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Sebastião, SP 11605-136, Brazil
| | - Augusto A V Flores
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu S, Cheng Y, Pan R, Zou F, Lee TM. Understanding the social impacts of enforcement activities on illegal wildlife trade in China. AMBIO 2022; 51:1643-1657. [PMID: 34962642 PMCID: PMC9110577 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Illegal wildlife trade enforcement is a cornerstone conservation strategy worldwide, yet we have a limited understanding on its social impacts. Using Chinese online wildlife seizure news (2003-2018), we evaluated the interactions among enforcement operations, news frequency, and social engagement (i.e., whistle-blowing) frequency. Our results showed that intensive enforcement operations, which commenced after 2012, have social impacts by increasing the frequency of all seizure news significantly by 28% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5%, 51%] and those via whistle-blowing by 24% [95% CI: 2%, 45%], when compared to counterfactual models where possible confounding factors were accounted for. Furthermore, we revealed the potential interaction between enforcement seizure news with and without social engagement, and the consequential social feedback process. Of the species identified from 'whistle-blowing' news, up to 28% are considered as high conservation priorities. Overall, we expanded our understanding of the enforcement impacts to social dimensions, which could contribute to improving the cost-effectiveness of such conservation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Rong Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260 Guangdong China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BD UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kotowicz DM, Torell E, Castro J, Oracion EG, Pollnac R, Ricci G. Exploring Influences on Environmental Stewardship of Fishing Communities in Fisheries Management in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 69:1102-1117. [PMID: 35435475 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fisheries compliance has been explored conceptually and empirically in numerous contexts but in many fisheries, compliance with rules is not sufficient to return to sustainable levels of effort. Failing to understand the context and what drives fishers to behave the way they do, has the potential to misdirect investments. The authors present a conceptual model of fisheries ecosystem stewardship (FES) that expands upon fisheries compliance with the addition of moral obligation for fishing communities. This paper uses household survey data from fishing communities in three marine key biodiversity areas (MKBA) in the Philippines to test part of the FES model using logistic regression and multiple regression analysis with empirical data to test the model. Data shows that apart from the respondents' location (i.e., which MKBA is adjacent to their community), knowledge of laws protecting coastal/marine resources was the most important predictor of environmental stewardship, followed by support for limiting fishing effort and knowledge of illegal fishing. Individual decisions about if and how-to fish are influenced by the economic context and available livelihood opportunities. However, the moral obligation to "do the right thing" is equally, if not more important to consider for fisheries ecosystem stewardship in fishing communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Kotowicz
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA.
| | - Elin Torell
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Joan Castro
- The PATH Foundation Philippines Inc., Cityland Condominium 10, 154 H.V. dela Costa Street, Salcedo Village, 1227, Makati, Philippines
| | - Enrique G Oracion
- Research and Development Center 3/F Rm 302 Uytengsu Computer Studies Hall, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Richard Pollnac
- School of Marine & Environmental Affairs, University Of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Glenn Ricci
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belhabib D, Le Billon P, Bennett NJ. Ocean sustainability for all requires deeper behavioural research. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 6:6-8. [PMID: 34857926 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dyhia Belhabib
- Ecotrust Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Shackleton Research Trust, Palm Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Philippe Le Billon
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,People and the Ocean Specialist Group, Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krause J, Romanczuk P, Cracco E, Arlidge W, Nassauer A, Brass M. Collective rule-breaking. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:1082-1095. [PMID: 34493441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rules form an important part of our everyday lives. Here we explore the role of social influence in rule-breaking. In particular, we identify some of the cognitive mechanisms underlying rule-breaking and propose approaches for how they can be scaled up to the level of groups or crowds to better understand the emergence of collective rule-breaking. Social contagion plays an important role in such processes and different dynamics such as linear or rapid nonlinear spreading can have important consequences for interventions in rule-breaking. A closer integration of cognitive psychology, microsociology and mathematical modelling will be key to a deeper understanding of collective rule-breaking to turn this field of research into a predictive science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Krause
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - William Arlidge
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Nassauer
- Department of Sociology, John F. Kennedy Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Lansstrasse 7-9, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Berlin School of Mind and Brain/Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jackson HB, Kroetz K, Sanchirico JN, Thompson A, Armsworth PR. Protected area, easement, and rental contract data reveal five communities of land protection in the United States. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02322. [PMID: 33655588 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Land protection efforts represent large societal investments and are critical to biodiversity conservation. Land protection involves a complex mosaic of areas managed by multiple organizations, using a variety of mechanisms to achieve different levels of protection. We develop an approach to synthesize, describe, and map this land protection diversity over large spatial scales. We use cluster analysis to find distinct "communities" of land protection based on the organizations involved, the strictness of land protection, and the protection mechanisms used. We also associate identified land protection communities with socioenvironmental variables. Applying these methods to describe land protection communities in counties across the coterminous United States, we recognize five different land protection communities. Two land protection communities occur in areas with low human population size at higher elevations and include a large amount of protected land primarily under federal management. These two community types are differentiated from one another by the particular federal agencies involved, the relative contributions of smaller actors, and the amount of protection by designations vs. conservation easements or covenants. Three remaining land protection communities have less overall protection. Land in one community is primarily protected by federally managed rental contracts and government managed easements; another is managed by a diversity of non-federal actors through fee-ownership and easements; and the third stands out for having the lowest amount of formally recorded protection overall. High elevation and poor quality soils are over-represented in U.S. protected lands. Rental contracts help fill in gaps in counties with high productivity soil while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fills in gaps in low-elevation counties. Counties with large numbers of threatened species have more and stricter protection, particularly by regional entities like water management districts. The ability to synthesize and map land protection communities can help conservation planners tailor interventions to local contexts, position local agencies to approach collaborations more strategically, and suggest new hypotheses for researchers regarding interactions among different protection mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Jackson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife & Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Kailin Kroetz
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 875502, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-5502, USA
- Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - James N Sanchirico
- Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | | | - Paul R Armsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, 1122 Volunteer Blvd., Suite 106, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheung H, Mazerolle L, Possingham HP, Biggs D. China's Legalization of Domestic Rhino Horn Trade: Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner Perspectives and the Likelihood of Prescription. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.607660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the international ban on the trade of rhino horn that has been in place since 1977, persistent demand for horn in Asia has driven a spike in poaching over the past decade. This has embroiled the conservation community in a debate over the efficacy of banning trade relative to other solutions. Proposals for trade to be legalized and supplied through the dehorning of live rhinos or the production of synthetic horn are contentious. The need for empirical research into the potential impacts of legalization on demand was made more urgent in 2018 when China publicized its intentions to reopen its domestic trade and permit the use of rhino horn in medical treatment. In this study, we interviewed 84 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners in the Chinese province of Guangdong. While 58 (69.05%, n = 84) of our interviewees were in favor of trade legalization, only 32 (38.10%, n = 84) thought it likely that trade legalization would cause them to increase their prescription of rhino horn over current levels. This is probably because clinical cases in which rhino horn is medically appropriate are uncommon. We also found that 33 (39.29%, n = 84) practitioners were open to using synthetic horn for patient treatment, which has implications for the viability of synthetic horn as a conservation tool. This research contributes empirical insight to advance the discourse on rhino horn trade policy.
Collapse
|
20
|
MacKeracher T, Mizrahi M, Bergseth B, Maung KMC, Khine ZL, Phyu ET, Simpfendorfer CA, Diedrich A. Understanding non-compliance in small-scale fisheries: Shark fishing in Myanmar's Myeik Archipelago. AMBIO 2021; 50:572-585. [PMID: 33079371 PMCID: PMC7882651 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Achieving fisheries compliance is challenging in contexts where enforcement capacity is limited and the incentives for rule-breaking are strong. This challenge is exemplified in Myanmar, where an active shark fishery exists despite a nationwide ban on targeted shark fishing. We used the Kipling method (5W1H) to gather a complete story of non-compliance in five small-scale fishing communities in the Myeik Archipelago. Among 144 fishers surveyed, 49% were aware of the nationwide ban. Shark fishers (24%) tended to be younger individuals who did not own a boat and perceived shark fishing to be prevalent. Compliant fishers were motivated by a fear of sharks and lack of capacity (equipment, knowledge), whereas food and income were cited as key motivations for non-compliance. The results of our study emphasize that in resource-dependent communities, improving compliance for effective shark conservation may require addressing broader issues of poverty, food security and the lack of alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy MacKeracher
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Me'ira Mizrahi
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Brock Bergseth
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Khin May Chit Maung
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Zin Lin Khine
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Ei Thal Phyu
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Amy Diedrich
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Booth H, Mardhiah U, Siregar H, Hunter J, Giyanto, Putra MIH, Marlow J, Cahyana A, Boysandi, Demoor AYL, Lewis S, Adhiasto D, Adrianto L, Yulianto I. An integrated approach to tackling wildlife crime: Impact and lessons learned from the world's largest targeted manta ray fishery. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Ulfah Mardhiah
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Siregar
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Giyanto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Jo Marlow
- Misool Foundation, Savu Sea Program Larantuka Indonesia
| | - Andi Cahyana
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Boysandi
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dwi Adhiasto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Luky Adrianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Irfan Yulianto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
AbstractHunting is a primary driver of biodiversity loss across South-east Asia. Within Cambodia, the use of wire snares to capture wildlife is a severe threat in protected areas but there have been few studies of the behaviour of hunters from local communities. Here, we combine the unmatched count technique with direct questioning to estimate the prevalence of hunting behaviours and wildlife consumption amongst 705 households living within Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. We assessed respondents’ knowledge of rules, and their perceptions of patrols responsible for enforcing rules. Estimates of hunting behaviour were variable: results from the unmatched count technique were inconclusive, and direct questioning revealed 9% of households hunted, and 20% set snares around farms to prevent wildlife eating crops. Hunting with domestic dogs was the method most commonly used to catch wildlife (87% of households owned dogs). Wild meat was consumed by 84% of households, and was most frequently bought or caught, but also gifted. We detected a high awareness of conservation rules, but low awareness of punishments and penalties, with wildlife depletion, rather than the risk of being caught by patrols, causing the greatest reduction in hunting. Our findings demonstrate the challenges associated with reliably estimating rule-breaking behaviour and highlight the need to incorporate careful triangulation into study design.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lewin WC, Weltersbach MS, Denfeld G, Strehlow HV. Recreational anglers' perceptions, attitudes and estimated contribution to angling related marine litter in the German Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 272:111062. [PMID: 32854878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine litter affects marine environments and ecosystem services worldwide. A substantial amount of the traceable marine litter originates from tourism and recreational activities. An important activity carried out in coastal areas is marine recreational fishing (MRF). Although the impacts of MRF on marine ecosystems has received increasing attention during recent years, the contribution of MRF to marine litter is widely unknown. Marine litter is caused by human activities and its avoidance requires an understanding of environmental behaviour. This study presents results obtained by a telephone survey aimed to assess the behaviour, motivations and attitudes of Baltic Sea anglers towards marine litter. The telephone survey identified three angler types primarily separated by the predominant motives regarding nature experience, catch orientation and challenge seeking. Regardless of their motivation, most anglers were concerned about marine litter, recognised their responsibility and were willing to contribute to litter avoidance and mitigation. The telephone survey was supplemented by face-to-face angler interviews during a stratified random access point intercept survey along the German Baltic coast to estimate the amount of lost fishing tackle based on anglers self-reports. According to the reports, the loss of fishing tackle was a rare event for individual anglers. Nonetheless, given a high number of Baltic Sea anglers and angling effort, local environmental impacts due to lost fishing tackle on marine environments cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Christian Lewin
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, 18069, Rostock, Germany.
| | | | - Gloria Denfeld
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, 18069, Rostock, Germany
| | - Harry V Strehlow
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, 18069, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mapping fisheries hot-spot and high-violated fishing areas in professional and recreational small-scale fisheries. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Guerrero AM, Barnes M, Bodin Ö, Chadès I, Davis KJ, Iftekhar MS, Morgans C, Wilson KA. Key considerations and challenges in the application of social-network research for environmental decision making. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:733-742. [PMID: 31943349 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to better understand the social context in which conservation and environmental decisions are made has led to increased interest in human social networks. To improve the use of social-network analysis in conservation, we reviewed recent studies in the literature in which such methods were applied. In our review, we looked for problems in research design and analysis that limit the utility of network analysis. Nineteen of 55 articles published from January 2016 to June 2019 exhibited at least 1 of the following problems: application of analytical methods inadequate or sensitive to incomplete network data; application of statistical approaches that ignore dependency in the network; or lack of connection between the theoretical base, research question, and choice of analytical techniques. By drawing attention to these specific areas of concern and highlighting research frontiers and challenges, including causality, network dynamics, and new approaches, we responded to calls for increasing the rigorous application of social science in conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Guerrero
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 4811, QLD, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ö Bodin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Chadès
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, 4102, QLD, Dutton Park, Australia
| | - K J Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, University of Exeter Business School, EX4 4PU, Exeter, Xfi Building, Rennes Drive, U.K
| | - M S Iftekhar
- Centre for Environmental Economics & Policy, UWA School of Agriculture & Environment, M087, The University of Western Australia, 6009, WA, Perth, Australia
| | - C Morgans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K A Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Milner‐Gulland E. Motivations for (non‐)compliance with conservation rules by small‐scale resource users. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - E.J. Milner‐Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prescott GW, Maung AC, Aung Z, Carrasco LR, De Alban JDT, Diment AN, Ko AK, Rao M, Schmidt‐Vogt D, Soe YM, Webb EL. Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graham W. Prescott
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Aye Chan Maung
- Forest Research InstituteYezin, Zayarthiri Township Naypyitaw Myanmar
| | - Zinmar Aung
- Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Yangon Myanmar
| | - L. Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Jose Don T. De Alban
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Alex N. Diment
- Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Yangon Myanmar
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyCentre for Global Conservation Bronx New York
| | - Aye Ko Ko
- Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Yangon Myanmar
| | - Madhu Rao
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyCentre for Global Conservation Bronx New York
| | - Dietrich Schmidt‐Vogt
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesFreiburg University Freiburg Germany
| | - Yi Monn Soe
- Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Yangon Myanmar
| | - Edward L. Webb
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bejarano S, Pardede S, Campbell SJ, Hoey AS, Ferse SCA. Herbivorous fish rise as a destructive fishing practice falls in an Indonesian marine national park. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01981. [PMID: 31349375 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Securing ecosystem functions is challenging, yet common priority in conservation efforts. While marine parks aim to meet this challenge by regulating fishing through zoning plans, their effectiveness hinges on compliance levels and may respond to changes in fishing practices. Here we use a speciose assemblage of nominally herbivorous reef fish in Karimunjawa National Park (zoned since 1989) to investigate whether areas subject to a restrictive management regime sustained higher biomass over seven years compared to areas where moderate and permissive regulations apply. Using a trait-based approach we characterize the functional space of the entire species pool and ask whether changes in biomass translate into changes in functional structure. We track changes in predator biomass, benthic community structure, and fishing practices that could influence herbivore trajectories. Overall herbivore biomass doubled in 2012 compared to 2006-2009 and remained high in 2013 across all management regimes. We found no evidence that this biomass build-up resulted from predator depletion or increased food availability but suggest it emerged in response to a park-wide cessation of fishing with large drive nets known as muroami. The biomass increase was accompanied by a modest increase in taxonomic richness and a slight decrease in community-scale rarity that did not alter functional redundancy levels. Subtle changes in both functional specialization and identity of assemblages emerged as generalist species with low intrinsic vulnerability to fishing recovered sooner than more vulnerable specialists. While this implies a recovery of mechanisms responsible for the grazing of algal turfs and detritus, restoring other facets of herbivory (e.g., macroalgal consumption) may require more time. An increase in the cost-benefit ratio per journey of muroami fishing facilitated a ban on muroami nets that met minimal resistance. Similar windows of opportunity may emerge elsewhere in which gear-based regulations can supplement zoning plans, especially when compliance is low. This does not advocate for implementing such regulations once a fishery has become unprofitable. Rather, it underlines their importance for breaking the cycle of resource depletion and low compliance to zoning, thus alleviating the resulting threats to food security and ecosystem integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bejarano
- Reef Systems Research Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shinta Pardede
- Indonesia Marine Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, 16151, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Stuart J Campbell
- Indonesia Marine Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, 16151, West Java, Indonesia
- Rare Indonesia, Jalan Gunung Gede 1 No. 6, Taman Kencana, Bogor, 16151, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence of Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Sebastian C A Ferse
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manna GL, Sarà G. A False Sense of Protection: Recreational Uses and Illegal Behavior in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area and Implications for Management. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:961-973. [PMID: 31218834 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, at both the European and the Italian level, great efforts have been made to increase the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): they are considered an effective tool for protecting oceans and biodiversity. In recent years, MPAs have become more than simply tools to improve marine conservation. In fact, their management agencies are actively involved in the sustainable development of nearby communities through the promotion of recreational activities (boating, snorkeling, diving). Even if the recreational uses of the marine environment are generally considered benign, they can potentially be highly detrimental for species and their habitats. As a result, these activities should be controlled through the spatial zoning and the regulation of the MPAs. Thus, the achievement of the conservation goals of the MPAs depends primarily on compliance with the regulations of recreational uses inside their boundaries. The objective of this study was to estimate boating usage and the related level of compliance inside the Capo Gallo and Isola delle Femmine (Italy) MPA. The spatial and temporal trend of boating and the behaviors of boaters were measured through direct observation over a period of 2 summer months. The study highlighted a weakness in the effectiveness of this MPA, linked to a social component and compliance with the regulation. Solutions for effective management plans are outlined thanks to an understanding of the limitations and potential of existing MPA policies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-13. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella La Manna
- MareTerra Onlus - Environmental Research and Conservation, Alghero, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- MareTerra Onlus - Environmental Research and Conservation, Alghero, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harris L, Gore M, Mills M. Compliance with ivory trade regulations in the United Kingdom among traders. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:906-916. [PMID: 30623981 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations. To help mitigate decline, countries with legal domestic ivory markets were recommended by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora to close domestic markets for commercial trade. However, implementing stricter regulations on wildlife trade does not necessarily mean compliance with rules will follow. Using an online questionnaire, we examined the relationship between self-reported compliance with ivory trade regulations among 115 ivory traders in the United Kingdom and 4 dimensions (control, deterrence, legitimacy, and social norms) hypothesized to influence compliance with conservation regulations. Although most traders supported regulations, a large number did not always check that they comply with them when trading objects containing ivory. The main factors influencing compliance with ivory trade regulations were traders' ability to comply and their perceptions of the regulations and punishments to deter illegal trade. These findings demonstrate the utility of conservation criminology to improve wildlife trade regulations and identify opportunities to reduce illegal ivory entering the market in the United Kingdom. Compliance could be improved by clearer regulations that facilitate easier detection of illegal ivory products and stronger prosecution of violations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Harris
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Meredith Gore
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Morena Mills
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shirley EA, Gore ML. Trust in scientists and rates of noncompliance with a fisheries rule in the Brazilian Pantanal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207973. [PMID: 30908477 PMCID: PMC6433251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resource rules exist to control resources and the people that interact with them. These rules often fail because people do not comply with them. Decisions to comply with natural resource rules often are based on attitudes about legitimacy of rules and the perceived risks of breaking rules. Trust in agencies promulgating rules in part may determine perceptions of legitimacy of the rule, and in turn depends on individuals' trust in different agency actors. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between fishing rule noncompliance and trust in scientists, a key group within management agencies. We interviewed 41 individuals in one rural fishing community in the Brazilian Pantanal from April to August, 2016, to assess (1) noncompliance rates, (2) noncompliance-related attitudes, and (3) the relationship between trust in scientists and noncompliance decisions in the region. We found that among study participants, noncompliance was common and overt. Trust in scientists performing research in the region was the best predictor of noncompliance rate with a fishing rule (nonparametric rank correlation ρ = -0.717; Probit model pseudo-R2 = 0.241). Baseline data from this research may help inform future interventions to minimize IUU fishing and protect the Pantanal fishery. Although our results are specific to one community in the Pantanal, trust in scientists is potentially an important factor for compliance decisions in similar situations around the world. These results build not only on compliance theory but also speak to the important role that many scientists play in rural areas where they conduct their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Shirley
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Meredith L. Gore
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Holden MH, Biggs D, Brink H, Bal P, Rhodes J, McDonald‐Madden E. Increase anti‐poaching law‐enforcement or reduce demand for wildlife products? A framework to guide strategic conservation investments. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Holden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics & Physics University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Duan Biggs
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | | | - Payal Bal
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Eve McDonald‐Madden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kuempel CD, Adams VM, Possingham HP, Bode M. Bigger or better: The relative benefits of protected area network expansion and enforcement for the conservation of an exploited species. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D. Kuempel
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Adams
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- The Nature Conservancy South Brisbane Queensland 4101 Australia
| | - Michael Bode
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bragagnolo C, Correia R, Malhado AC, de Marins M, Ladle RJ. Understanding non-compliance: Local people’s perceptions of natural resource exploitation inside two national parks in northeast Brazil. J Nat Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
Coral reefs support immense biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services to many millions of people. Yet reefs are degrading rapidly in response to numerous anthropogenic drivers. In the coming centuries, reefs will run the gauntlet of climate change, and rising temperatures will transform them into new configurations, unlike anything observed previously by humans. Returning reefs to past configurations is no longer an option. Instead, the global challenge is to steer reefs through the Anthropocene era in a way that maintains their biological functions. Successful navigation of this transition will require radical changes in the science, management and governance of coral reefs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Carter NH, López-Bao JV, Bruskotter JT, Gore M, Chapron G, Johnson A, Epstein Y, Shrestha M, Frank J, Ohrens O, Treves A. A conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores. AMBIO 2017; 46:251-264. [PMID: 27854069 PMCID: PMC5347529 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growing complexity and global nature of wildlife poaching threaten the survival of many species worldwide and are outpacing conservation efforts. Here, we reviewed proximal and distal factors, both social and ecological, driving illegal killing or poaching of large carnivores at sites where it can potentially occur. Through this review, we developed a conceptual social-ecological system framework that ties together many of the factors influencing large carnivore poaching. Unlike most conservation action models, an important attribute of our framework is the integration of multiple factors related to both human motivations and animal vulnerability into feedbacks. We apply our framework to two case studies, tigers in Laos and wolverines in northern Sweden, to demonstrate its utility in disentangling some of the complex features of carnivore poaching that may have hindered effective responses to the current poaching crisis. Our framework offers a common platform to help guide future research on wildlife poaching feedbacks, which has hitherto been lacking, in order to effectively inform policy making and enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil H Carter
- Human-Environment Systems Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo University, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Jeremy T Bruskotter
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Meredith Gore
- Office of the Geographer and Global Issues, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, 20025, USA
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Arlyne Johnson
- Foundations of Success, 4109 Maryland Avenue, Bethesda, MD, 20816, USA
| | - Yaffa Epstein
- Department of Law, Uppsala University, Box 512, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahendra Shrestha
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Jens Frank
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Omar Ohrens
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 30A Science, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 30A Science, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang H, Wen CKC, Li X, Tao Y, Lian J, Yang J, Cherh KL. Can private management compensate the ineffective marine reserves in China? AMBIO 2017; 46:73-87. [PMID: 27430996 PMCID: PMC5226901 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Marine reserves (MRs) have emerged as a preferred method to protect coral reefs from overfishing and human disturbance. However, due to ineffective enforcement by governments, many MRs have been reduced to mere "paper parks" which fail to achieve conservation goals. This is especially true in countries such as China where compliance is low and resources dedicated to enforcement may be scarce. Privately managed marine reserves (PMMRs) may be effective in areas where government enforcement is lacking. To determine if PMMRs are a viable alternative strategy to protect coral reefs, we surveyed and compared fish assemblages and coral coverage in national MRs in Sanya, China to areas of reef privately leased to and managed by dive operators and hospitality industries. We found higher fish abundances and fish sizes in PMMR sites than in MR sites. However, while PMMRs are protected from fishing, other human impacts such as marine debris and illegal coral collection were evident in most tourist sites. Despite protection, long-term monitoring data of PMMRs revealed that in recent years, fish abundances have slightly recovered but species richness has not, indicating the need for a more comprehensive coral reef management plan. We strongly recommend coupling PMMRs with expertise supported regulations as an alternative coral reef management strategy in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Kuo-Chang Wen
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiubao Li
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jainshen Lian
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thomas AS, Milfont TL, Gavin MC. A New Approach to Identifying the Drivers of Regulation Compliance Using Multivariate Behavioural Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163868. [PMID: 27727292 PMCID: PMC5058501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-compliance with fishing regulations can undermine management effectiveness. Previous bivariate approaches were unable to untangle the complex mix of factors that may influence fishers’ compliance decisions, including enforcement, moral norms, perceived legitimacy of regulations and the behaviour of others. We compared seven multivariate behavioural models of fisher compliance decisions using structural equation modeling. An online survey of over 300 recreational fishers tested the ability of each model to best predict their compliance with two fishing regulations (daily and size limits). The best fitting model for both regulations was composed solely of psycho-social factors, with social norms having the greatest influence on fishers’ compliance behaviour. Fishers’ attitude also directly affected compliance with size limit, but to a lesser extent. On the basis of these findings, we suggest behavioural interventions to target social norms instead of increasing enforcement for the focal regulations in the recreational blue cod fishery in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. These interventions could include articles in local newspapers and fishing magazines highlighting the extent of regulation compliance as well as using respected local fishers to emphasize the benefits of compliance through public meetings or letters to the editor. Our methodological approach can be broadly applied by natural resource managers as an effective tool to identify drivers of compliance that can then guide the design of interventions to decrease illegal resource use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S. Thomas
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Taciano L. Milfont
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael C. Gavin
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Residents’ Environmental Conservation Behaviors at Tourist Sites: Broadening the Norm Activation Framework by Adopting Environment Attachment. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8060571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
40
|
Drivers of recreational fisher compliance in temperate marine conservation areas: A study of Rockfish Conservation Areas in British Columbia, Canada. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|