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Wu N, Ma Y, Yu X, Wang X, Wang Q, Liu X, Xu X. Black soldier fly larvae bioconversion and subsequent composting promote larval frass quality during pig and chicken manure transformation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130777. [PMID: 38701978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This research systematically assessed the changes in carbon, nitrogen and microbial profiling during pig and chicken manure transformation by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and subsequent composting process. BSFL had higher conversion efficiency for chicken manure. The pH, phosphorus and potassium contents in fresh BSFL frass increased than raw manure, but conductivity, total-/nitrate-/ammonium-nitrogen decreased. After BSFL conversion, pig manure had a larger nitrogen loss (25 %) while chicken manure had a larger carbon loss (32 %). During subsequent composting, the indicator changes (e.g. humus, ammonium nitrogen) in frass composts basically remained stable after 20-30 days. Compared to natural composts, frass composts had higher humification degree, cellulase activities, and more cellulose-degrading bacteria. Subsequent composting further reduced potential pathogens (reduced by 98.9 %-99.7 % than raw manure), and elevated the aromaticity and humification of frass. The findings gave an insight into the maturation management of manure-sourced insect frass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
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Brulé L, Misery B, Baudouin G, Yan X, Guidou C, Trespeuch C, Foltyn C, Anthoine V, Moriceau N, Federighi M, Boué G. Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of Hermetia illucens Larvae for Animal Feed and Human Consumption: Study of Different Type of Rearing Substrates. Foods 2024; 13:1587. [PMID: 38790886 PMCID: PMC11120926 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change and depletion of natural resources, meeting the growing demand for animal feed and human food through sufficient, nutritious, safe, and affordable sources of protein is becoming a priority. The use of Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly (BSF), has emerged as a strategy to enhance the circularity of the agri-food chain, but its microbiological safety remains a concern. The aim of the present study was to systematically review available data on the microbiological quality of BSF and to investigate the impact of using four different rearing substrates including classic options allowed by the EU regulation (cereals, fruits, vegetables) and options not allowed by EU regulations regarding vegetable agri-food (co-products, food at shelf life, and meat). A total of 13 studies were collected and synthesized, including 910 sample results, while 102 new sample results were collected from the present experiments in three farms. Both datasets combined revealed a high level of contamination of larvae, potentially transmitted through the substrate. The main pathogenic bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Cronobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive, while Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Any of these four substrates were excluded for their use in insect rearing; however, safety concerns were confirmed and must be managed by the operators of the sector using microbial inactivation treatment after the harvest of the larvae in order to propose safe products for the market. The results obtained will guide the definition of the control criteria and optimize the following manufacturing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenaïg Brulé
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Boris Misery
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Guillaume Baudouin
- Cycle Farms, 6 Boulevard des Entrepreneurs, 49250 Beaufort en Anjou, France;
| | - Xin Yan
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Côme Guidou
- MUTATEC—1998, Chemin du Mitan, 84300 Cavaillon, France; (C.G.); (C.T.)
| | | | - Camille Foltyn
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Valérie Anthoine
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicolas Moriceau
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- EnvA/Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
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Zhao JH, Cheng P, Wang Y, Yan X, Xu ZM, Peng DH, Yu GH, Shao MW. Using kin discrimination to construct synthetic microbial communities of Bacillus subtilis strains impacts the growth of black soldier fly larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38494587 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Using synthetic microbial communities to promote host growth is an effective approach. However, the construction of such communities lacks theoretical guidance. Kin discrimination is an effective means by which strains can recognize themselves from non-self, and construct competitive microbial communities to produce more secondary metabolites. However, the construction of cooperative communities benefits from the widespread use of beneficial microorganisms. We used kin discrimination to construct synthetic communities (SCs) comprising 13 Bacillus subtilis strains from the surface and gut of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. We assessed larval growth promotion in a pigeon manure system and found that the synthetic community comprising 4 strains (SC 4) had the most profound effect. Genomic analyses of these 4 strains revealed that their complementary functional genes underpinned the robust functionality of the cooperative synthetic community, highlighting the importance of strain diversity. After analyzing the bacterial composition of BSF larvae and the pigeon manure substrate, we observed that SC 4 altered the bacterial abundance in both the larval gut and pigeon manure. This also influenced microbial metabolic functions and co-occurrence network complexity. Kin discrimination facilitates the rapid construction of synthetic communities. The positive effects of SC 4 on larval weight gain resulted from the functional redundancy and complementarity among the strains. Furthermore, SC 4 may enhance larval growth by inducing shifts in the bacterial composition of the larval gut and pigeon manure. This elucidated how the SC promoted larval growth by regulating bacterial composition and provided theoretical guidance for the construction of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Hénault-Ethier L, Quinche M, Reid B, Hotte N, Fortin A, Normandin É, de La Rochelle Renaud G, Rasooli Zadeh A, Deschamps MH, Vandenberg G. Opportunities and challenges in upcycling agri-food byproducts to generate insect manure (frass): A literature review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 176:169-191. [PMID: 38301601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A range of issues related to sustainability in the agrifood industry have spurred interest in mass production of insects as human food and animal feed alternatives. This rapidly evolving sector addresses several challenges, including the management of food waste or agrifood by-products and the production of alternative animal proteins demonstrating low environmental impacts that improve sector circularity. The mass production of insects on agrifood processing wastes or by-products represents an opportunity to address these challenges. While the production of insects offers prospects for sustainable protein production, a major side stream is the production of frass or larval excrement including uneaten feed and chitin-rich exuviae (derived from multiple larval moults). The production of each tonne of edible insects generates 2 to 4 tonnes of frass with an interesting potential in agriculture versus traditional organic amendments (compost, manure, biochar). This review aims to demonstrate the characteristics of frass, its common harvest and conditioning methods, its optimal application rates for planting crops, the mechanisms by which it can protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and demystify the risks and potential associated with its application in agriculture. The characteristics of frass are compared with those of conventional fertilizers or other. This report also compiles the Canadian, US and European regulatory frameworks as a novel plant fertilizer and aims to pave the way for future research necessary for its valorization in plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hénault-Ethier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada.
| | - Mélissa Quinche
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Béatrice Reid
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Noémie Hotte
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexis Fortin
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Étienne Normandin
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; Centre sur la Biodiversité, Université de Montréal, 4101 R. Sherbrooke E, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | | | - Aliyeh Rasooli Zadeh
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Deschamps
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Grant Vandenberg
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Xia J, Ge C, Yao H. Identification of functional microflora underlying the biodegradation of sulfadiazine-contaminated substrates by Hermetia illucens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132892. [PMID: 37922583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing discharge of antibiotic residues into the natural environment, stemming from both human activities and animal farming, has detrimental effects on natural ecosystems and serves as a significant driving force for the spread of antibiotic resistance. Biodegradation is an important method for the elimination of antibiotics from contaminated substrates, but the identifying in situ microbial populations involved in antibiotic degradation is challenging. Here, DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) was employed to identify active sulfadiazine (SDZ) degrading microbes in the gut of black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs). At an initial SDZ concentration of 100 mg kg-1, the highest degradation efficiency reached 73.99% after 6 days at 28 °C. DNA-SIP revealed the incorporation of 13C6 from labeled SDZ in 9 genera, namely, Clostridum sensu stricto 1, Nesterenkonia, Bacillus, Halomonas, Dysgonomonas, Caldalkalibacillus, Enterococcus, g_unclassified_f_Xanthomonadaceae and g_unclassified_f_Micrococcaceae. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that a significant positive correlation existed among SDZ degrading microbes in the gut microbiota, e.g., between Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Nesterenkonia. Significant increases in carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport and translation were crucial in the biodegradation of SDZ in the BSFL gut. These results elucidate the structure of SDZ-degrading microbial communities in the BSFL gut and in situ degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, People's Republic of China.
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Shao M, Zhao X, Rehman KU, Cai M, Zheng L, Huang F, Zhang J. Synergistic bioconversion of organic waste by black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae and thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1288227. [PMID: 38268703 PMCID: PMC10806183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1288227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines the optimum conversion of Wuzhishan pig manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) at various phases of development, as well as the impact of gut microbiota on conversion efficiency. Method and results In terms of conversion efficiency, BSFL outperformed the growing pig stage (GP) group, with significantly higher survival rates (96.75%), fresh weight (0.23 g), and larval conversion rate (19.96%) compared to the other groups. Notably, the GP group showed significant dry matter reductions (43.27%) and improved feed conversion rates (2.17). Nutritional composition varied, with the GP group having a lower organic carbon content. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed unique profiles, with the GP group exhibiting an excess of Lactobacillus and Clostridium. Promising cellulose-degrading bacteria in pig manure and BSFL intestines, including Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, showed superior cellulose degradation capabilities. The synergy of these thermophilic bacteria with BSFL greatly increased conversion efficiency. The BSFL1-10 group demonstrated high growth and conversion efficiency under specific conditions, with remarkable larval moisture content (71.11%), residual moisture content (63.20%), and waste reduction rate (42.28%). Discussion This study sheds light on the optimal stages for BSFL conversion of pig manure, gut microbiota dynamics, promising thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria, and the significant enhancement of efficiency through synergistic interactions. These findings hold great potential for sustainable waste management and efficient biomass conversion, contributing to environmental preservation and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Shao
- Institute of Tropical Agricultural Technology, Hainan Vocational University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Minmin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Qiu Y, Wang P, Guo Y, Zhang L, Lu J, Ren L. Enhancing food waste reduction efficiency and high-value biomass production in Hermetia illucens rearing through bioaugmentation with gut bacterial agent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166488. [PMID: 37611705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) rearing technology has been a promising bioconversion method for food waste (FW) disposal. However, when used independently, it currently only achieves low efficiency and biomass transformation rates (BTR). This study screened and identified two strains of gut beneficial bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Bacterium YC-LK-LKJ45. The efficiency of a complex culture formulated by these strains was investigated, focusing on enhancing FW reduction and high-value biomass production during the rearing of BSF larvae. The coculture agent group (G1-10%, with two strains in 1:1 volume ratio at a 10 % dosage) exhibited higher larval yield (627.67 g·kg-1), BTR (47.90 %), FW reduction efficiency (80.67 %), and total protein and fat yield (261.99 g·kg-1and 46.24 g·kg-1) compared to the control and the monoculture agent group (which added a single gut beneficial bacteria agent, either Bacillus cereus or Bacterium YC-LK-LKJ45). The bacterial agent altered the richness and diversity of the gut microbial community of BSF, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus, Oceano bacillus, and Akkermansia, while decreasing pathogenic bacteria, such as Acinetobacter and Escherichia-Shigella. Structural equation model quantification revealed that α-diversity (λ = 0.897, p < 0.001) and BTR (λ = 0.747, p < 0.001) are crucial drivers for enhancing high-value biomass during bioaugmentation rearing. This investigation provides a theoretical framework for the effective management of food waste using BSF, enhancing its decomposition and transformation into higher-value biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhan Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuwen Guo
- AnronX Technology (Beijing) Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Beijing 100086, China
| | - Luxi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Lianhai Ren
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Wang F, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Chen J, Wang T, Qiao L, Zhang L, Ding C, Yuan Y, Qi Z, Chen T. Co-digestion of chicken manure and sewage sludge in black soldier fly larvae bioconversion system: bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of residues for biofertilizer application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119804-119813. [PMID: 37930569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion system is emerging as an effective approach for organic waste pollution treatment. Co-digestion of different organic matters with BSFL can be an effective way to realize the innovative biowaste circular economy. In this study, organic waste mixture of chicken manure and sewage sludge was chosen as substrate for BSFL growth. The bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of BSFL residue were evaluated through gene sequencing and other characterizations to confirm their application potential as biofertilizers. The dominant bacteria in BSFL residue were Firmicutes (75.39%) at phylum level, Bacilli (71.61%) at class level and Pseudogracilibacillus (11.08%) at genus level. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were used to assess the harmlessness of BSFL residue. After BSFL treatment, 36.2% decrease in ARGs was observed. Taking nutrients quality into consideration, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved nitrogen, available phosphorous, and available potassium significantly increased in the co-digestion system. These results demonstrated that co-digestion of chicken manure and excess sludge in BSFL bioconversion system could improve the nutrients quality of residues. However, removal of ARGs in the bioconversion process should be further explored to eliminate environmental concerns associated with application of BSFL residue as biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
- School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Li L, Chen L, Shang R, Wang G, Zhang J. Improvement in bioconversion efficiency and reduction of ammonia emission by introduction of fruit fermentation broth in a black soldier fly larvae and kitchen waste conversion system. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:975-990. [PMID: 36773298 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is an insect commonly used for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. Not only can the BSF convert organic waste into macromolecular organic substances, such as insect proteins, but it can also lessen the pollution associated with these waste products by reducing ammonia emissions, for example. In this study, we measured the effects of adding fruit fermentation broth (Fer) and commercial lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth (Em) to kitchen waste (KW), as deodorizing auxiliary substances, on the growth performance of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), the intestinal flora structure of BSFL, the ammonia emission from the KW substrate, and the microbial community structure of the KW substrate. We found that the addition of Fer or Em increased the body weight of BSFL after 6 d of culture, increasing the growth rate by 9.96% and 7.96%, respectively. The addition of Fer not only reduced the pH of the KW substrate but also increased the relative abundance of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Vagococcus, which inhibited the growth of ammonifiers such as Bacillus, Oligella, Paenalcaligenes, Paenibacillus, Pseudogracilibacillus, and Pseudomonas, resulting in the reduction of ammonia emission in the KW substrate. Moreover, the addition of Fer or Em significantly increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Dysgonomonas, Enterococcus, and Ignatzschineria in the gut of BSFL and increased the species diversity and richness in the KW substrate. Our findings provide a novel way to improve the conversion rate of organic waste and reduce the environmental pollution caused by BSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Li
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Shandong Province for Black Soldier Fly Breeding and Organic Waste Conversion, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifei Chen
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Shandong Province for Black Soldier Fly Breeding and Organic Waste Conversion, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rongsheng Shang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Shandong Province for Black Soldier Fly Breeding and Organic Waste Conversion, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Shandong Province for Black Soldier Fly Breeding and Organic Waste Conversion, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Li T, Khan S, Wei M, Li H, Wen T, Guo J, Jin D. Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Improve Bioconversion and Reduce Pollution: A Sustainable Method for Efficient Treatment of Mixed Wastes of Wet Distiller Grains and Livestock Manure. Molecules 2023; 28:5735. [PMID: 37570704 PMCID: PMC10421123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread environmental contamination caused by huge amounts of wastes generated by human activities has become a critical global concern that requires urgent action. The black soldier fly (BSFL) has gradually been used to treat different wastes due to high efficiency and low cost. However, little information is available regarding the treatment of mixed wastes by BSFLs. The impact of BSFLs on conversion of cow manure (COM) and pig manure (PM) via the incorporation of wet distiller grains (WDG) was assessed. Results demonstrate that the waste reduction rate was increased by 20% by incorporating 45% WDG to COM and PM. The bioconversion rate of BSFLs in COM and PM also increased from 1.20 ± 0.02% and 0.92 ± 0.02% to 10.54 ± 0.06% and 10.05 ± 0.11%, respectively. Total nitrogen content and δ15N/14N ratios of WDG + COM and WDG + PM were found to be significantly lower than those of COM and PM alone (p < 0.01). The organic matter changes during manure degradation were further analyzed by combing ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-vis) with excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy techniques and fluorescence area integration (FRI) method. The UV-vis spectra results indicate that the addition of WDG to manures resulted in the decreased aromaticity and molecular weight of the waste. EEM spectra demonstrated that the accumulative Pi,n values of regions III and V in COM, COM + WDG, PM, and PM + WDG were 58%, 49%, 52% and 63%, respectively. These results not only provide new insights into the potential of mixed wastes for BSFL treatment but also contribute to the basis for the formulation of effective management measurements that reduce and/or reuse these wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mao Wei
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haiyin Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingchi Wen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Daochao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.L.); (S.K.); (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guiyang 550025, China
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11
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Lu H, Liu Y, Shen W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Sun S, Dong X, Ji F, Tong H, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Yeast enrichment facilitated lipid removal and bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae in the food waste treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:152-162. [PMID: 37172516 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste can be converted into insectile fatty acids (FAs) by the larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, for use in the feed sector or as a source of biodiesel. However, waste oil was less decomposed than carbohydrate or protein in frass due to the limitation of larval lipid metabolism. In this study, 10 yeast strains were screened, corresponding to six species, to examine their capacity of improving lipid transformation performance by BSFL. The species of Candida lipolytica was superior to the other five species, which exhibited significantly higher lipid reduction rate (95.0-97.1 %) than the control (88.7 %), and the larval FA yields achieved 82.3-115.5 % of the food waste FA matters, suggesting that BSFL not only transformed waste oil but also biosynthesized FAs from waste carbohydrate and other substances. Further, the CL2 strain of Candida lipolytica was examined for treating food waste containing high lipid content (16-32 %). The lipid removal rate was found improved from 21.4 to 42.3 % (control) to 80.5-93.3% in the waste containing 20-32 % lipid. The upper limit of lipid content that could be endured by BSFL was ≈16 %, and the CL2-enrichment elevated the upper limit to ≈24 %. Fungal community analysis indicated that Candida spp. accounted for the lipid removal improvement. The Candida spp. CL2 strain may facilitate the lipid reduction and transformation by BSFL through microbial catabolizing and assimilation of waste FAs. Altogether, this study suggests that yeast enrichment is feasible in improving lipid transformation by BSFL especially for food waste exhibiting high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wenyue Shen
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Xiangwei Ma
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Huiyan Tong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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12
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Kee PE, Cheng YS, Chang JS, Yim HS, Tan JCY, Lam SS, Lan JCW, Ng HS, Khoo KS. Insect biorefinery: A circular economy concept for biowaste conversion to value-added products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115284. [PMID: 36640934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With rapid growing world population and increasing demand for natural resources, the production of sufficient food, feed for protein and fat sources and sustainable energy presents a food insecurity challenge globally. Insect biorefinery is a concept of using insect as a tool to convert biomass waste into energy and other beneficial products with concomitant remediation of the organic components. The exploitation of insects and its bioproducts have becoming more popular in recent years. This review article presents a summary of the current trend of insect-based industry and the potential organic wastes for insect bioconversion and biorefinery. Numerous biotechnological products obtained from insect biorefinery such as biofertilizer, animal feeds, edible foods, biopolymer, bioenzymes and biodiesel are discussed in the subsequent sections. Insect biorefinery serves as a promising sustainable approach for waste management while producing valuable bioproducts feasible to achieve circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Kee
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hip Seng Yim
- Booya Holdings, Northpoint Mid Valley City, No. 1 Medan Syed Putra Utara, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John Choon Yee Tan
- Zelcos Biotech Sdn Bhd, No. 1 Lorong Nagasari 11, Taman Nagasari, 13600 Prai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Yakti W, Müller M, Klost M, Mewis I, Dannehl D, Ulrichs C. Physical Properties of Substrates as a Driver for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Growth. INSECTS 2023; 14:266. [PMID: 36975951 PMCID: PMC10054678 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth and nutritional profile of the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is usually investigated and compared when the larvae feed on substrates that differ in the chemical composition as well as physical properties. This study compares BSFL growth on substrates that differ primarily in physical properties. This was achieved by using various fibres in the substrates. In the first experiment, two substrates with 20% or 14% chicken feed were mixed with three fibres (cellulose, lignocellulose, or straw). In the second experiment, the growth of BSFL was compared with a 17% chicken feed substrate that additionally contained straw with different particle sizes. We show that the substrate texture properties values did not influence the BSFL growth, but the bulk density of the fibre component did. The substrate mixed with cellulose led to higher larvae growth over time in comparison to substrates with higher bulk density fibres. BSFL grown on the substrate mixed with cellulose reached their maximum weight in 6 days instead of 7. Neither the fibres nor the nutrient level changed the crude protein content of BSFL and the values ranged between 33.5% and 38.3%, but an interaction between the fibre and nutrient level was observed. The size of straw particles in the substrates influenced the BSFL growth and led to a 26.78% difference in Ca concentration, a 12.04% difference in Mg concentration, and a 35.34% difference in P concentration. Our findings indicate that the BSFL-rearing substrates can be optimised by changing the fibre component or its particle size. This can improve the survival rate, reduce the cultivation time needed to reach the maximum weight, and alter the chemical composition of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Yakti
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Klost
- Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Dannehl
- Division Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Ahmed S, Moni MIZ, Begum M, Sultana MR, Kabir A, Eqbal MJ, Das SK, Ullah W, Haque TS. Poultry farmers' knowledge, attitude, and practices toward poultry waste management in Bangladesh. Vet World 2023; 16:554-563. [PMID: 37041846 PMCID: PMC10082732 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.554-563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The improper handling of poultry litter and waste poses risks to humans and environment by introducing certain compounds, elements, and pathogenic microorganisms into the surrounding environment and food chain. However, understanding the farmers' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) could provide insights into the constraints that hinder the appropriate adoption of waste management. Therefore, this study aimed to assess poultry farmers' KAP regarding waste management issues. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional KAP study was conducted with native poultry keepers and small-scale commercial poultry farmers in seven districts of Bangladesh. In the survey, 385 poultry producers were interviewed using validated structured questionnaires through face-to-face interviews to collect the quantitative data in their domiciles. Results The overall KAP of farmers regarding poultry waste management issues demonstrated a low level of KAP (p = 0.001). The analysis shows that roughly 5% of farmers have a high level of knowledge of poultry waste management issues, followed by around one-third of respondents having a moderate level of knowledge. Considering the attitude domain, more than one-fifth of native poultry keepers and nearly two-thirds of commercial producers demonstrated a low level of attitude toward poultry waste management. Considering the overall analysis, roughly half of the respondents found a high level of attitude, and over half of the farmers showed a moderate level of attitude toward poultry waste management issues. The analysis showed that the level of good practices for native and commercial poultry production systems is estimated at 77.3% versus 45.9%, respectively, despite the farmers' lesser knowledge and attitudes toward poultry waste management systems. Overall, analysis showed that nearly 60% and 40% of poultry producers had high and moderate levels, respectively, of good practices in poultry waste management issues. Conclusion Analysis of the KAP data shows that farmers had a low level of KAP toward poultry waste management. The result of this study will assist in formulating appropriate strategies and to adopt poultry waste management solutions by poultry farmers to reduce environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshe Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author: Soshe Ahmed, e-mail: Co-authors: MIZM: , MB: , MRS: , AK: , MJE: , SKD: , WU: , TSH:
| | - Mst. I. Z. Moni
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Maksuda Begum
- Department of Poultry Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. R. Sultana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Aurangazeb Kabir
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. J. Eqbal
- Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sunny K. Das
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Woli Ullah
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Tasmin S. Haque
- Department of Anthropology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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15
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Gorrens E, Lecocq A, De Smet J. The Use of Probiotics during Rearing of Hermetia illucens: Potential, Caveats, and Knowledge Gaps. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020245. [PMID: 36838211 PMCID: PMC9960648 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the novelty of the industrial production of the edible insects sector, research has primarily focused on the zootechnical performances of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in response to different substrates and rearing conditions as a basis to optimize yield and quality. However recently, research has started to focus more on the associated microbes in the larval digestive system and their substrates and the effect of manipulating the composition of these communities on insect performance as a form of microbiome engineering. Here we present an overview of the existing literature on the use of microorganisms during rearing of the BSFL to optimize the productivity of this insect. These studies have had variable outcomes and potential explanations for this variation are offered to inspire future research that might lead to a better success rate for microbiome engineering in BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gorrens
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Antoine Lecocq
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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16
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Alaaeldin Abdelfattah E, Renault D. Does the presence of heavy metal and catechol contaminants in organic waste challenge the physiological performance of the bioconverter Hermetia illucens? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 144:104469. [PMID: 36525990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increased human activities and the worldwide population growth are constantly increasing the production of solid wastes. Over the years, waste management has thus become a prominent issue for several companies and municipalities, and several engineering techniques have been developed over the years in order to convert wastes into other solid materials or fuels. Yet, several techniques are important contributors to environmental pollution, and biological-based solutions have thus become progressively very popular. In particular, insect-based conversion of organic wastes represent eco-friendly tools, and the growth and development of insect species such as the black soldier fly have been tested and improved for a large diversity of organic wastes. However, organic wastes, including food wastes, may contain several pollutants such as heavy metals and catechol which could affect the bioconversion efficiency by incurring physiological costs that would be undetectable at the organismal level, i.e. have null to little effects on the life cycle of Hermetia illucens. In this context, assessments of antioxidant capacities can provide a rapid and low-cost evaluation of the capability of insects to handle exposure to heavy metals and catechol. Here, we aimed at measuring the physiological responses of the black soldier fly H. illucens grown on food wastes (kitchen, fruit or vegetable wastes) contaminated by cadmium, iron, lead or catechol. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and protein carbonyls), non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (ascorbic acid amounts) and activity of enzymatic antioxidants (activities of superoxide dismutase and polyphenoloxidase) were measured from the gut of the larvae. We found no evidence of deleterious impacts of food waste contamination by catechol or heavy metals on H. illucens. In most experimental treatments, the array of physiological endpoints we measured for evaluating the degree of oxidative stress experienced by the larvae remained similar to controls. Possible physiological effects were reported for cadmium and catechol only, which tended to increase the oxidation of proteins and hydrogen peroxide in the larvae. Finally, our results suggested that the nature of the food waste could equally affect the physiological responses of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, 6553 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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17
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Yang-Jie D, Xiang FM, Tao XH, Jiang CL, Zhang TZ, Zhang ZJ. A full-scale black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens) bioconversion system for domestic biodegradable wastes to resource. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:143-154. [PMID: 35730797 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic biodegradable wastes (DBW) pose a threat to environmental quality and human health. Bioconversion via black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermitia illucens L.) is an expedient way for converting 'waste to resource' (insect protein and biofertilizer). Although researches abounded in laboratory-reared experiments and bioconversion mechanisms were pertinent, the void of data from actual and full-scale operation restricts the intensification of BSFL technology and its global adoption. Hence, a full-scale BSFL bioconversion system lasting 4 years in Hangzhou (China) was investigated, and the feasibility and efficiency of 15 tonnes of DBW per day were studied. Through continuous technical optimization, the average production of fresh larvae was increased from 8.5% in 2017 to 15.3% in 2020, along with bioconversion rate of final vermicompost decreased from 35.4% to 14.5%. The total biomass reduction rate in 2020 was 68.7 ± 17.4 kg/(m3 d), equivalent to 0.735 ± 0.215 kg/(kg d) in the form of fresh larvae. Crude fat in fresh larvae accounted for 13.4%, and crude protein accounted for 16.2% in which the determined amino acid profile bore a strong resemblance to fish meal only except histidine and tyrosine. Its economic benefits proved the feasibility of this technology, and the profit reached up to 35.9 US$ per tonne of DBW in 2019. In conclusion, BSFL bioconversion system under current 'insect-farm' operation was a promising solution for DBW treatment with value-added waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Yang-Jie
- College of Natural Research and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Gusheng Technology Company, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Ming Xiang
- College of Natural Research and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Gusheng Technology Company, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Tao
- College of Natural Research and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Liang Jiang
- College of Natural Research and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Gusheng Technology Company, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Fumei Biotechnology Company, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhi-Jian Zhang
- College of Natural Research and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- China Academy of West Region Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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18
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Rehman KU, Hollah C, Wiesotzki K, Rehman RU, Rehman AU, Zhang J, Zheng L, Nienaber T, Heinz V, Aganovic K. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as a potential innovative and environmentally friendly tool for organic waste management: A mini-review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:81-97. [PMID: 35730793 PMCID: PMC9925914 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens based technology to process organic wastes presents a practical option for organic waste management by producing feed materials (protein, fat), biodiesel, chitin and biofertilizer. Therefore, BSF organic wastes recycling is a sustainable and cost-effective process that promotes resource recovery, and generates valuable products, thereby creating new economic opportunities for the industrial sector and entrepreneurs. Specifically, we discussed the significance of BSF larvae (BSFL) in the recycling of biowaste. Despite the fact that BSFL may consume a variety of wastes materials, whereas, certain lignocellulosic wastes, such as dairy manure, are deficient in nutrients, which might slow BSFL development. The nutritional value of larval feeding substrates may be improved by mixing in nutrient-rich substrates like chicken manure or soybean curd residue, for instance. Similarly, microbial fermentation may be used to digest lignocellulosic waste, releasing nutrients that are needed for the BSFL. In this mini-review, a thorough discussion has been conducted on the various waste biodegraded by the BSFL, their co-digestion and microbial fermentation of BSFL substrate, as well as the prospective applications and safety of the possible by-products that may be generated at the completion of the treatment process. Furthermore, this study examines the present gaps and challenges on the direction to the efficient application of BSF for waste management and the commercialization of its by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology,
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Th Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Poultry Research Institute
Rawalpindi, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab,
Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Clemens Hollah
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Karin Wiesotzki
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Rashid ur Rehman
- Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Theresa Nienaber
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Kemal Aganovic
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
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19
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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20
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Kiruba N JM, Saeid A. An Insight into Microbial Inoculants for Bioconversion of Waste Biomass into Sustainable "Bio-Organic" Fertilizers: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13049. [PMID: 36361844 PMCID: PMC9656562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-microbe holobiont has garnered considerable attention in recent years, highlighting its importance as an ecological unit. Similarly, manipulation of the microbial entities involved in the rhizospheric microbiome for sustainable agriculture has also been in the limelight, generating several commercial bioformulations to enhance crop yield and pest resistance. These bioformulations were termed biofertilizers, with the consistent existence and evolution of different types. However, an emerging area of interest has recently focused on the application of these microorganisms for waste valorization and the production of "bio-organic" fertilizers as a result. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of the literature retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science to determine the type of microbial inoculants used for the bioconversion of waste into "bio-organic" fertilizers. The Bacillus, Acidothiobacillus species, cyanobacterial biomass species, Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp. were identified to be consistently used for the recovery of nutrients and bioconversion of wastes used for the promotion of plant growth. Cyanobacterial strains were used predominantly for wastewater treatment, while Bacillus, Acidothiobacillus, and Aspergillus were used on a wide variety of wastes such as sawdust, agricultural waste, poultry bone meal, crustacean shell waste, food waste, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sewage sludge ash. Several bioconversion strategies were observed such as submerged fermentation, solid-state fermentation, aerobic composting, granulation with microbiological activation, and biodegradation. Diverse groups of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) with different enzymatic functionalities such as chitinolysis, lignocellulolytic, and proteolysis, in addition to their plant growth promoting properties being explored as a consortium for application as an inoculum waste bioconversion to fertilizers. Combining the efficiency of such functional and compatible microbial species for efficient bioconversion as well as higher plant growth and crop yield is an enticing opportunity for "bio-organic" fertilizer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Michellin Kiruba N
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University Science and Technology, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Saeid
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University Science and Technology, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland
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21
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Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172664. [PMID: 36076850 PMCID: PMC9455751 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposal of large amounts of food waste has caused serious environmental pollution and financial losses globally. Compared to alternative disposal methods (landfills, incineration, and anaerobic digestion), composting by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a promising alternative for food waste management. Despite extensive research into larval biomass, another valuable by-product generated from BSFL composting is BSFL frass. However, limited information is available for its potential application. The applications of BSFL frass can be intensified by understanding its physicochemical characteristics, benefits, and challenges of BSFL frass derived from food waste. BSFL frass is harvested after 9–23 days of the experiment, depending on the substrate used in the composting process. The generated BSFL frass could exceed 33% of the original weight of the substrate. The physicochemical characteristics of BSFL frass are as follows: the temperature after harvest is 24 °C to 27 °C, pH is 5.6–8.0, moisture content is 30 to 72%, C/N ratio is 8:1 to 27:1, high nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, and low heavy metal content. This paper reviews the characteristics, benefits, and application of BSFL frass. It will also investigate the challenges of using food waste substrates to produce BSFL frass, as well as the best way to pre-treat the food waste substrate and post-treat the BSFL frass.
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22
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Liu T, Klammsteiner T, Dregulo AM, Kumar V, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155122. [PMID: 35405225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming and its products provide a diverse range of benefits for our day-to-day life. However, the ever-increasing demand for farmed animals has raised concerns about waste management and its impact on the environment. Worldwide, cattle produce enormous amounts of manure, which is detrimental to soil properties if poorly managed. Waste management with insect larvae is considered one of the most efficient techniques for resource recovery from manure. In recent years, the use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for resource recovery has emerged as an effective method. Using BSFL has several advantages over traditional methods, as the larvae produce a safe compost and extract trace elements like Cu and Zn. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential of BSFL for recycling organic wastes from livestock farming, manure bioconversion, parameters affecting the BSFL application on organic farming, and process performance of biomolecule degradation. The last part discusses the economic feasibility, lifecycle assessment, and circular bioeconomy of the BSFL in manure recycling. Moreover, it discusses the future perspectives associated with the application of BSFL. Specifically, this review discusses BSFL cultivation and its impact on the larvae's physiology, gut biochemical physiology, gut microbes and metabolic pathways, nutrient conservation and global warming potential, microbial decomposition of organic nutrients, total and pathogenic microbial dynamics, and recycling of rearing residues as fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint-Petersburg State University" 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034, Saint- Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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23
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Cai M, Li L, Zhao Z, Zhang K, Li F, Yu C, Yuan R, Zhou B, Ren Z, Yu Z, Zhang J. Morphometric Characteristic of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) · Wuhan Strain and Its Egg Production Improved by Selectively Inbreeding. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060873. [PMID: 35743903 PMCID: PMC9227254 DOI: 10.3390/life12060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae to recycle various organic materials while producing biomass for use as feed is well established. Variety selection is important from the perspective of application. In the current study, morphometric and life-history traits of a Wuhan-domesticated BSF colony (Wuhan strain) were compared to those of a 'selectively inbred' population (inbred strain, inbred for 10 generations). In terms of morphological characteristics, the results showed that both strains had dichoptic compound eyes, club-shaped antennae, blue halters, and blue-green metallic luster wings with a hexagon discal cell. In both strains, the body and wing length of female adults were slightly larger than those of male adults. The first four larval stages of the BSF occurred rapidly (1-12 days) with transitions across stages resulting in doubling of size for both populations. Selective inbreeding did not alter the life-history traits of the larval exuviate stage in terms of age, size, weight, and feed reduction rate. Overall egg production for the inbred strain was significantly higher (1.5 times greater) than the Wuhan strain. This is explained by increased adult emergence and individual oviposition performance. It was speculated that inbreeding improved the reproductive success of inbred adult female offspring and selection process steadied it. The findings indicate that selective inbreeding could enhance overall oviposition performance and provide a strategy to selectively breed BSF with high egg production for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhengzheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Centre of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.C.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.Z.); (F.L.); (Z.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87287701-8206; Fax: +86-27-87287254
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Pei Y, Zhao S, Chen X, Zhang J, Ni H, Sun M, Lin H, Liu X, Chen H, Yang S. Bacillus velezensis EEAM 10B Strengthens Nutrient Metabolic Process in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) via Changing Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Pathways. Front Nutr 2022; 9:880488. [PMID: 35662952 PMCID: PMC9161358 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.880488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are a potential alternative protein source to solve the food shortage crisis. Previous studies have illustrated that probiotics can improve the substrate conversion efficiency of insects and increase insect protein content. However, the effects of probiotics on insect physiology and nutrient metabolism are still not well understood. Here, the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), was used as a study subject to deeply investigate the specific interaction among a novel probiotic, Bacillus velezensis EEAM 10B (10B), intestinal microbiota, and the host. In this study, the effects of 10B on the survival and physiology of BSFL were first analyzed. It shows that 10B significantly elevated the substrate conversion rate, average dry weight, and protein content of BSFL by 5%, 0.13 g/pc, and 8%, respectively. Then, we assessed the effect of 10B on the microbial community composition in the gut and frass of BSFL using Illumina Miseq sequencing. It shows that 10B significantly altered the microbial composition of the gut, but not that of the frass. Pearson’s correlation analysis further showed that the Bacillus, unclassified_of_Caloramatoraceae, and Gracilibacillus were positively correlated with the survival rate, crude protein content, and substrate conversion rate of BSFL. To further investigate the effect of 10B on host metabolism, metabolic analyses on germ-free BSFL, monobacterial intestinal BSFL, and natural BSFL were also performed. The results proved that 10B (i) played a vital role in the survival of BSFL; and (ii) regulated the amino acid synthetic and metabolic process of BSFL, thus leading to the rise of the protein content of BSFL. In addition, vitamin backfill assays verified that the BSFL survival rate was significantly improved by supplying the germ-free BSFL with riboflavin, which further suggests that 10B determines the survival of BSFL via delivering riboflavin. Overall, this study provides a reference for understanding the comprehensive contribution of a specific probiotic to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Pei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sijie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiran Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongyuhang Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengxiao Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongge Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering (Ministry of Agriculture), Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sen Yang,
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25
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Black Soldier Fly Larvae Influence Internal and Substrate Bacterial Community Composition Depending on Substrate Type and Larval Density. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0008422. [PMID: 35532232 PMCID: PMC9128521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprophagous fly larvae interact with a rich community of bacteria in decomposing organic matter. Larvae of some species, such as the black soldier fly, can process a wide range of organic residual streams into edible insect biomass and thus produce protein as a sustainable component of livestock feed. The microbiological safety of the insects and substrates remains a point of concern. Substrate-associated bacteria can dominate the larval gut microbiota, but the larvae can also alter the bacterial community in the substrate. However, the relative importance of substrate type and larval density in bacterial community dynamics is unknown. We investigated four larval densities (0 [control], 50, 100, or 200 larvae per container [520 mL; diameter, 75 mm]) and three feed substrates (chicken feed, chicken manure, and camelina substrate [50% chicken feed, 50% camelina oilseed press cake]) and sampled the bacterial communities of the substrates and larvae at three time points over 15 days. Although feed substrate was the strongest driver of microbiota composition over time, larval density significantly altered the relative abundances of several common bacterial genera, including potential pathogens, in each substrate and in larvae fed chicken feed. Bacterial communities of the larvae and substrate differed to a higher degree in chicken manure and camelina than in chicken feed. This supports the substrate-dependent impact of black soldier fly larvae on bacteria both within the larvae and in the substrate. This study indicates that substrate composition and larval density can alter bacterial community composition and might be used to improve insect microbiological safety. IMPORTANCE Black soldier fly larvae can process organic side streams into nutritious insect biomass, yielding a sustainable ingredient of animal feed. In processing such organic residues, the larvae impact the substrate and its microbiota. However, their role relative to the feed substrate in shaping the bacterial community is unknown. This may be important for the waste management industry to determine whether pathogens can be controlled by manipulating the larval density and the timing of harvest. We investigated how the type of feed substrate and the larval density (number of larvae per container) interacted to influence bacterial community composition in the substrates and larvae over time. Substrate type was the strongest driver of bacterial community composition, and the magnitude of the impact of the larvae depended on the substrate type and larval density. Thus, both substrate composition and larval density may be used to improve the microbiological safety of the larvae as animal feed.
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26
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A Review of Organic Waste Treatment Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increase in solid waste generation is caused primarily by the global population growth that resulted in urban sprawl, economic development, and consumerism. Poor waste management has adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The recent years have seen increasing interest in using black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, as an organic waste converter. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) feed voraciously on various types of organic waste, including food wastes, agro-industrial by-products, and chicken and dairy manure, and reduce the initial weight of the organic waste by about 50% in a shorter period than conventional composting. The main components of the BSFL system are the larvero, where the larvae feed and grow, and the fly house, where the adults BSF live and reproduce. It is essential to have a rearing facility that maintains the healthy adult and larval BSF to provide a sufficient and continuous supply of offspring for organic waste treatment. The BSF organic waste processing facility consists of waste pre-processing, BSFL biowaste treatment, the separation of BSFL from the process residue, and larvae and residue refinement into marketable products. BSFL digest the nutrients in the wastes and convert them into beneficial proteins and fats used to produce animal feed, and BSFL residue can be used as an organic fertilizer. This review summarizes the BSFL treatment process to provide an in-depth understanding of the value of its by-products as animal feed and organic fertilizer.
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27
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Lopes IG, Yong JW, Lalander C. Frass derived from black soldier fly larvae treatment of biodegradable wastes. A critical review and future perspectives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 142:65-76. [PMID: 35176600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inadequately treated biodegradable waste is considered an environmental, social and economic threat worldwide, which call for great attention. Waste treatment with larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) complies with the concepts of circular economy, as it enables the transformation of these wastes into marketable products, closing loops and promoting circularity. The processing residues of the treatment (frass) is constantly generated in waste management facilities in large volumes, and this product can be used as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, stimulating a transition to a circular economy. However, many aspects related to frass are still unknown, such as its varying composition of nutrients, microorganisms and bioactive compounds, its post-processing requirements for improved biological stabilization, its behavior in the soil and action in the plants' metabolism, among other aspects. In this review article, we highlight the potential of frass from BSF larvae treatment of biodegradable waste in the world market regarding its possible use as a fertilizer, summarize recent results with this novel product and point towards future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Wh Yong
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Niu SH, Liu S, Deng WK, Wu RT, Cai YF, Liao XD, Xing SC. A sustainable and economic strategy to reduce risk antibiotic resistance genes during poultry manure bioconversion by black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae: Larval density adjustment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113294. [PMID: 35152113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are common insects that are known for bioconversion of organic waste into a sustainable utilization resource. However, a strategy to increase antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) elimination in sustainable and economic ways through BSFL is lacking. In the present study, different larval densities were employed to assess the mcr-1 and tetX elimination abilities, and potential mechanisms were investigated. The application and economic value of each larval density were also analyzed. The results showed that the 100 larvae cultured in 100 g of manure group had the best density because the comprehensive disadvantage evaluation ratio was the lowest (14.97%, good bioconversion manure quality, low ARG deposition risk and reasonable larvae input cost). Further investigation showed that mcr-1 could be significantly decreased by BSFL bioconversion (4.42 ×107 copies/g reduced to 4.79 ×106-2.14 ×105 copies/g)(P<0.05); however, mcr-1 was increasingly deposited in the larval gut with increasing larval density. The tetX abundance was stabilized by BSFL bioconversion, except that the abundance at the lowest larval density increased (1.22 ×1010 copies/g increase, 34-fold). Escherichia was the host of mcr-1 and tetX in all samples, especially in fresh manure; Alcaligenes was the host of tetX in bioconversion manure; and the abundance of Alcaligenes was highly correlated with the pH of bioconversion manure. The pH of bioconversion manure was extremely correlated with the density of larvae. Klebsiella and Providencia were both hosts of tetX in the BSF larval gut, and Providencia was also the host of mcr-1 in the BSF larval gut. The density of larvae influenced the bioconversion manure quality and caused the ARG host abundance to change to control the abundance of ARGs, suggesting that larval density adjustment was a useful strategy to manage the ARG risk during BSFL manure bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hua Niu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei-Kang Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui-Ting Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying-Feng Cai
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin-Di Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Cheng Xing
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Show BK, Banerjee S, Banerjee A, GhoshThakur R, Hazra AK, Mandal NC, Ross AB, Balachandran S, Chaudhury S. Insect gut bacteria: a promising tool for enhanced biogas production. REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2022; 21:1-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11157-021-09607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Kawasaki K, Ohkawa M, Zhao J, Yano K. Effect of Dietary Meat Content on Weight Gain, Mortality, and Pre-Pupal Rate in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030229. [PMID: 35323528 PMCID: PMC8950701 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, using insects to process food waste has attracted much attention from researchers. In this study, we investigated the extent to which meat can be included in the diets of immature black soldier flies. Based on our results, it was found that the meat content should be less than 80%. In addition, previous studies have shown that the protein and fat content of immature black soldier fly diets are important for growth and survival. However, it became clear in the present study that it is necessary to pay more attention to the nitrogen-free extract content of a diet than to the protein and fat content. Abstract This study aimed to determine the protein content and the ratio of meat that can be added to the diet of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae for the sustainable recycling of food waste using insects. We conducted experiments feeding refined diets to BSF larvae with adjusted protein content and diets with minced pork, and analyzed the correlations between dietary nutrients and larval weight gain, mortality, and pre-pupal rate. The nutrient that was positively correlated with increased larval body weight and pre-pupal rate in both experiments was nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Diets with high concentrations of minced pork showed higher mortality of BSF larvae and were negatively correlated with dietary NFE content. It has been suggested that BSF larvae have reduced body weight and survival due to excessive protein and fat in their diet. Depending on the raw material and ratio of food waste, it may be necessary to adjust dietary protein and fat contents before treatment. The results of this study suggest that the NFE content of a larval diet influences the larval weight gain, mortality, and pre-pupal rate of BSF larvae in a great extent, a finding that has not been reported by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (M.O.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mami Ohkawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (M.O.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (M.O.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kiminobu Yano
- University Farm, Kagawa University, Showa 300-2, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2304, Japan;
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Liu T, Awasthi MK, Wang X, Awasthi SK, Jiao M, Shivpal V, Zhou Y, Liu H, Zhang Z. Effects of further composting black soldier fly larvae manure on toxic metals and resistant bacteria communities by cornstalk amendment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150699. [PMID: 34600993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid composting by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) may be insufficient to maturation and humification of composting and further composting is necessary. The purpose of this study was to explore cornstalk addition on toxic metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd), toxic metals resistance bacterial (TMRB) destiny and their relationship with physicochemical factors during BSFL manure composting. High-throughput sequencing was performed by six treatments, namely T1 to T6, where T1 to T3 were BSFL manures from chicken, pig and dairy manure, respectively, and T4 to T6 were same manures and utilized cornstalk to adjust C/N to 25. The results showed that cornstalk amendment could enhance the toxic metals immobilization rate compared to control treatments in the ultimate product. TMRB indicated that the major potential hosts bacteria were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriota, and the sum relative abundance were 63.33%, 90.62%, 83.62%, 69.38%, 50.66% and 90.52% in T1 to T6 at the end of composting. Bacteria diversity and heat map revealed composting micro-ecology with additive cornstalk to remarkably effect main resistant bacterial distribution via adjusting environmental factors and potential hosts bacterial. Finally, T5 treatment was able to greatly decrease the TMRB abundance, and improve the ability of composting and ultimate product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xuejia Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Minna Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Verma Shivpal
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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Mei H, Li C, Li X, Hu B, Lu L, Tomberlin JK, Hu W. Characteristics of tylosin and enrofloxacin degradation in swine manure digested by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118495. [PMID: 34785289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSF larvae or BSFL) offer an environmental-friendly method for degrading antibiotics, such as tylosin (TYL) and enrofloxacin (EF), in swine manure. This study examined the impact of temperature on this process, role of associated microbes, dynamics of resistant genes, and a description of the microbial community associated with the BSF larval gut, how microbes isolated from the BSF larval gut as inoculants impact the process as well as enhance antibiotic digestion, and finally a quantification of antibiotics in BSF larvae fed manure with TYL or EF. Antibiotic degradation in manure was optimized at 28 °C with at least 10% greater than 23 °C and 37 °C. More than 40% reduction in TYL and EF concentrations in the manure occurred when BSF larval gut associated microbes were present. Furthermore, DNA extracted from the gut of non-sterile BSF larvae fed manure with TYL or EF indicated at least two 2-△△Ct fold increase in antibiotic resistance genes for TYL and EF. We identified 250, 4, and 16 unique operational taxa for larvae fed control manure and manure with either TYL or EF. Intestinal microbes isolated from non-sterile larvae fed manure with TYL or EF, were identified, cultured, and examined for their ability to degrade TYL and EF in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. Three strains (two strains of Enterococcus faecalis and one strain of Proteus mirabilis) resulted in at least 50% TYL or EF degradation within 96 h. Sterile BSF larvae inoculated with P. mirabilis recovered >60% of the degradation ability exhibited by non-sterile larvae. Finally, no TYL residuals were found in 14-d-old larvae, prepupae, or pupae of BSF immatures fed manure containing these antibiotics. While ∼65 μg/g and ∼20 μg/g of EF were found in larval contents and pupal exoskeleton, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Mei
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Chujun Li
- Guangzhou Unique Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, China; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Xueling Li
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lizhu Lu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Chavez M. The sustainability of industrial insect mass rearing for food and feed production: zero waste goals through by-product utilization. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 48:44-49. [PMID: 34597858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect production provides an opportunity to solve problems in our food system. Producers are focused on redirecting waste streams to strive for a zero waste system. By-products and left-over substrates generated include: frass, chitin, and lipids. Frass can be beneficial as a plant fertilizer. It is also known to exhibit anti-microbial and anti-pathogenic properties that may be utilized as a potential insecticide. Chitin has similar fertilizer and anti-pathogen properties. Chitin also produces anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, potentially improving immune responses in animals. Fatty acids found in lipids may serve as environmentally friendly biodiesel. Additionally, the oleic acids found in lipids have known health benefits for humans and other animals. As insect systems expand, zero waste goals will increase in importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chavez
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Scieuzo C, Nardiello M, Farina D, Scala A, Cammack JA, Tomberlin JK, Vogel H, Salvia R, Persaud K, Falabella P. Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Odorant Binding Proteins and Their Interactions with Selected Volatile Organic Compounds: An In Silico Approach. INSECTS 2021; 12:814. [PMID: 34564254 PMCID: PMC8469849 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), has considerable global interest due to its outstanding capacity in bioconverting organic waste to insect biomass, which can be used for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed. Mass production of this insect in colonies requires the development of methods concentrating oviposition in specific collection devices, while the mass production of larvae and disposing of waste may require substrates that are more palatable and more attractive to the insects. In insects, chemoreception plays an essential role throughout their life cycle, responding to an array of chemical, biological and environmental signals to locate and select food, mates, oviposition sites and avoid predators. To interpret these signals, insects use an arsenal of molecular components, including small proteins called odorant binding proteins (OBPs). Next generation sequencing was used to identify genes involved in chemoreception during the larval and adult stage of BSF, with particular attention to OBPs. The analysis of the de novo adult and larval transcriptome led to the identification of 27 and 31 OBPs for adults and larvae, respectively. Among these OBPs, 15 were common in larval and adult transcriptomes and the tertiary structures of 8 selected OBPs were modelled. In silico docking of ligands confirms the potential interaction with VOCs of interest. Starting from the information about the growth performance of H. illucens on different organic substrates from the agri-food sector, the present work demonstrates a possible correlation between a pool of selected VOCs, emitted by those substrates that are attractive for H. illucens females when searching for oviposition sites, as well as phagostimulants for larvae. The binding affinities between OBPs and selected ligands calculated by in silico modelling may indicate a correlation among OBPs, VOCs and behavioural preferences that will be the basis for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marisa Nardiello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Donatella Farina
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Scala
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan A. Cammack
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.A.C.); (J.K.T.)
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.A.C.); (J.K.T.)
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Krishna Persaud
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (M.N.); (D.F.); (A.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Matos JS, de Aráujo LP, Allaman IB, Lôbo IP, de Oliva ST, Tavares TM, de Almeida Neto JA. Evaluation of the reduction of methane emission in swine and bovine manure treated with black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:480. [PMID: 34240260 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates Hermetia illucens larvae's ability to decrease direct methane emissions and nutrients from cattle and swine manure. Hermetia illucens larvae were put into fresh cattle and swine manure, and the same conditions, without larvae, for the control treatment were established. The methane emissions were measured until the first prepupae appeared. The methane emissions from the bioconversion of animal manure by Hermetia illucens larvae were up to 86% lower than in the control treatments (conventional storage). The cumulative methane emissions from cattle and swine manure bioconversion were 41.4 ± 10.5 mg CH4 kg-1 and 134.2 ± 17.3 mg CH4 kg-1, respectively. Moreover, Hermetia illucens larvae could reduce 32% of dry matter, 53% nitrogen, 14% phosphorus, and 42% carbon in swine manure. Meanwhile, in cattle manure, reductions of 17% of dry matter, 5% of nitrogen, 11% of phosphorus, and 15% of carbon and pH reductions in both swine and cattle manure were found. Thus, the production of larvae was higher in swine manure than cattle manure. Furthermore, the larvae frass from swine manure was appropriate for agricultural use, unlike the larvae frass from cattle manure requiring further processing. These results reveal the ability of Hermetia illucens larvae to mitigate methane emissions from animal manure and show it to be a promising technology for manure treatment, with great potential to promote a circular economy in the livestock sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez Matos
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Lara Pinto de Aráujo
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivan Bezerra Allaman
- Department of Exact and Technology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Telles de Oliva
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (LAQUAM), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário de Ondina, R. Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Tania Mascarenhas Tavares
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (LAQUAM), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário de Ondina, R. Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jose Adolfo de Almeida Neto
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
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Tan JKN, Lee JTE, Chiam Z, Song S, Arora S, Tong YW, Tan HTW. Applications of food waste-derived black soldier fly larval frass as incorporated compost, side-dress fertilizer and frass-tea drench for soilless cultivation of leafy vegetables in biochar-based growing media. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 130:155-166. [PMID: 34090239 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larval bioconversion can recycle nutrients in organic wastes into larval biomass and frass. While the frass has been commonly marketed as a soil amendment, its usefulness in soilless cultivation remains largely unexplored. Growth experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of surplus food-derived and okara-derived BSF larval frass as an incorporated compost, side-dress fertilizer and frass-tea drench for the cultivation of pak choi and lettuce in waste-wood derived biochar growing media. Pak choi yields from treatments with surplus food-derived frass and biochar at a 10:90 (v/v) ratio and inorganic fertilizer were comparable to those of the control which consisted of soil, peat-based compost and inorganic fertilizer. However, yields decreased with increasing frass incorporation rates owing to high salinity and potentially low oxygen conditions in the growing media. When used as a fertilizer on biochar-coir growing media, the direct application of frass as a side-dress fertilizer was 1.6-6.8 times more effective in promoting lettuce growth than the application as a frass-tea drench. Frass fertilizers derived from surplus food outperformed those derived from okara by 1.3-5.3 times. Lettuce yields were not significantly different between the treatment with surplus food-derived frass applied as a side-dress fertilizer and the control of liquid inorganic fertilizer. Variations in fertilizing potential were attributed to nutrient availability and the presence of plant growth promoting microbes in the growing media. BSF larval frass derived from food waste shows promise in partially replacing unsustainable agricultural inputs for leafy vegetable cultivation, including soil and inorganic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Koon Ngee Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Jonathan Tian En Lee
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Zhongyu Chiam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Srishti Arora
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Hugh Tiang Wah Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
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Moruzzo R, Mancini S, Guidi A. Edible Insects and Sustainable Development Goals. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060557. [PMID: 34203968 PMCID: PMC8232599 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), seventeen urgent topics of action by all country, aim to reach ambitious and hopefully targets, such as peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. Edible insects were individuated as a potential response to one of the major challenges of our times: increasing food production while decreasing environmental impact. In this review, the “insect idea” was linked to the single SDGs in order to express its potentiality. Likewise, indirect linking between insect farming and several SDGs was reported. Abstract The insect sector can become an important component of sustainable circular agriculture by closing nutrient and energy cycles, fostering food security, and minimising climate change and biodiversity loss, thereby contributing to SDGs. The high levels of the interaction of the insect sector with the SDGs is clearly illustrated inside the review, analysing all of the SDGs that can have direct and indirect effects on insects. Mapping the interactions between the SDGs goals and insect sector offers a starting point, from which it could be possible to define practical next steps for better insect policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Moruzzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2216-803
| | - Alessandra Guidi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Chiam Z, Lee JTE, Tan JKN, Song S, Arora S, Tong YW, Tan HTW. Evaluating the potential of okara-derived black soldier fly larval frass as a soil amendment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112163. [PMID: 33618320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of organic waste by the black soldier fly (BSF) larva yields a by-product commonly known as 'frass'. Although BSF larval frass has often been marketed as a biofertilizer, few studies have evaluated this claim. In this study, BSF larvae reared on a pure okara diet achieved an 85% waste reduction in the fresh weight of the okara. Subsequently, the frass was mixed with soil at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% (vol/vol), and used to cultivate lettuce plants. At 10% concentration, the lettuce plants had biomasses comparable to those of the controls. Higher frass concentrations stunted the growth of the lettuce, likely because of the low C:N ratio of larval frass resulting from the rapid mineralization of nutrients. Larval frass was also found to be able to provide sufficient nutrients for lettuce growth as fertilizer application was only necessary after the first growth cycle, suggesting its suitability as a soil amendment. Analyses of the microbial community of all the growing media showed that the growth medium treatments with BSF larval frass tended to have a lower number of microbial species than the controls. Inherently higher micronutrient levels present in the frass resulted in the growth of lettuce plants. More importantly, the microbial analysis revealed that common foodborne pathogens were absent in the BSF larval frass and elemental analysis also indicated no heavy metal pollutants present. Overall, BSF larval frass was found to be a suitable soil amendment and more in-depth studies could facilitate its sensible use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Chiam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Jonathan Tian En Lee
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Temasek Laboratories Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117311, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Jonathan Koon Ngee Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Srishti Arora
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Temasek Laboratories Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117311, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Hugh Tiang Wah Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
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Huang S, Ma Q, Hou Q, Zuo T, Zhang Z, Ni W. Identification and quantitative chemical analysis of betaines in different organic wastes and their bioconversion composts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 328:124857. [PMID: 33631462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global organic waste is increasing, bioconversion of organic waste arises because it can recover valuable nutrients and produce bioactive substances. Betaines are important bioactive substances in plants under environmental stress, but have received limited attention in vermicompost/larvae bioconversion compost. In this study, betaines in organic waste and vermicompost/larvae bioconversion compost were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. We observed the existence of glutamine betaine in all samples, which was first found in natural sources recently. Valine betaine was the highest among all detected betaines followed by GABA betaine, and both were rare in plants. The existence of tyrosine betaine in cow dung (CD) and vermicompost (CDV) was found, which was previously shown to be in fungi. Most importantly, we found larvae bioconversion could increase betaines by 5.56-99.75%, while vermicomposting decreased them. Bioconversion of larvae can effectively increase betaines in compost and can be used to produce potential novel functional organic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingxu Ma
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Hou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Zuo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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J J Schreven S, de Vries H, D A Hermes G, Smidt H, Dicke M, J A van Loon J. Relative contributions of egg-associated and substrate-associated microorganisms to black soldier fly larval performance and microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6204668. [PMID: 33784380 PMCID: PMC8044291 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) can be used to convert organic waste into insect biomass for animal feed. In this process, they interact with microorganisms originating from the substrate, the insect and the environment. The substrate is the main determinant of the larval gut microbiota composition, but inoculation of the substrate with egg-associated bacteria can improve larval performance. We aimed to quantify the relative importance of substrate-associated and egg-associated microorganisms in BSF larval performance, bacterial abundance and bacterial community composition, when larvae were fed with chicken feed or chicken manure. For this, we inactivated substrate-associated microorganisms by autoclaving, or disinfected BSF eggs. Larval survival, weight and proportion of prepupae were determined on day 15. We collected substrate and larval samples on days 0 and 15 and performed 16S rRNA gene-targeted qPCR and amplicon sequencing. In both chicken feed and chicken manure, egg disinfection did not cause any difference in larval performance or overall microbiota composition. In contrast, in chicken manure, substrate-associated microorganisms increased larval biomass and sterilizing the substrate caused major shifts in microbiota. Thus, substrate-associated microorganisms impact not only larval microbiota but also larval performance, whereas egg-associated microorganisms have a minor role in the densities present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J J Schreven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8033, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben D A Hermes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8033, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Agrotechnology & Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8033, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pang W, Hou D, Nowar EE, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhang G, Li Q, Wang S. The influence on carbon, nitrogen recycling, and greenhouse gas emissions under different C/N ratios by black soldier fly. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42767-42777. [PMID: 32720023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, sustainable utilization, including recycling and valorization, is becoming increasingly popular in waste management. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from organic waste into biomass and improve properties of the substrate to reduce greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions. In this study, the recycling of C and N and the emissions of greenhouse gas and NH3 during BSFL bio-treatment of mixtures of pig manure and corncob were investigated under different C/N ratios. The results indicated that initial C/N ratios of feedstock are a crucial parameter affecting the biomass generation of larvae. The BSFL recycled approximately 4.17-6.61% of C and 17.45-23.73% of N from raw materials under different C/N ratios. Cumulative CO2, CH4, NH3, and N2O emissions at the different C/N ratios ranging from 15 to 35 were 107.92-151.68, 0.08-0.76, 0.14-1.17, and 0.91-1.18 mg kg-1, respectively. Compared with conventional composting, BSFL treatment could reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions by over 90%. The study showed that bio-treatment of mixtures of pig manure and corncob with a proper C/N ratio by BSFL could become an avenue to achieve higher nutrient recycling, which is an eco-friendly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dejia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Elhosseny E Nowar
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Kaluybia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shucai Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Gold M, von Allmen F, Zurbrügg C, Zhang J, Mathys A. Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582867. [PMID: 33329446 PMCID: PMC7719680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant economic, environmental, and social impacts are associated with the avoidable disposal of foods worldwide. Mass-rearing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae using organic wastes and food- and agro-industry side products is promising for recycling resources within the food system. One current challenge of this approach is ensuring a reliable and high conversion performance of larvae with inherently variable substrates. Research has been devoted to increasing rearing performance by optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios, while the potential of the substrate and larval gut microbiota to increase rearing performance remains untapped. Since previous research has focused on gut microbiota, here, we describe bacterial dynamics in the residue (i.e., the mixture of frass and substrate) of black soldier fly larvae reared on two food wastes (i.e., canteen and household waste). To identify members of the substrate and residue microbiota, potentially associated with rearing performance, bacterial dynamics were also studied in the canteen waste without larvae, and after inactivation by irradiation of the initial microbiota in canteen waste. The food waste substrates had similar microbiota; both were dominated by common lactic acid bacteria. Inactivation of the canteen waste microbiota, which was dominated by Leuconostoc, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, decreased the levels of all rearing performance indicators by 31-46% relative to canteen waste with the native microbiota. In both food waste substrates, larval rearing decreased the bacterial richness and changed the physicochemical residue properties and composition over the rearing period of 12 days, and typical members of the larval intestinal microbiota (i.e., Providencia, Dysgonomonas, Morganella, and Proteus) became more abundant, suggesting their transfer into the residue through excretions. Future studies should isolate members of these taxa and elucidate their true potential to influence black soldier fly mass-rearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne von Allmen
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Surendra KC, Tomberlin JK, van Huis A, Cammack JA, Heckmann LHL, Khanal SK. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:58-80. [PMID: 32805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and unprecedented economic growth and urbanization, especially in low- and middle-income countries, coupled with extreme weather patterns, the high-environmental footprint of agricultural practices, and disposal-oriented waste management practices, require significant changes in the ways we produce food, feed and fuel, and manage enormous amounts of organic wastes. Farming insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) on diverse organic wastes provides an opportunity for producing nutrient-rich animal feed, fuel, organic fertilizer, and biobased products with concurrent valorization of wastes. Inclusion of BSF larvae/pupae in the diets of poultry, fish, and swine has shown promise as a potential substitute of conventional feed ingredients such as soybean meal and fish meal. Moreover, the bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial peptides, medium chain fatty acids, and chitin and its derivatives present in BSF larvae/pupae, could also add values to the animal diets. However, to realize the full potential of BSF-based biorefining, more research and development efforts are necessary for scaling up the production and processing of BSF biomass using more mechanized and automated systems. More studies are also needed to ensure the safety of the BSF biomass grown on various organic wastes for animal feed (also food) and legalizing the feed application of BSF biomass to wider categories of animals. This critical review presents the current status of the BSF technology, identifies the research gaps, highlights the challenges towards industrial scale production, and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Surendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A Cammack
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Liu T, Awasthi MK, Awasthi SK, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Impact of the addition of black soldier fly larvae on humification and speciation of trace elements during manure composting. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2020; 154:112657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is being promoted globally. However, information on nitrogen (N) fertilizer equivalence (NFE) value and synchrony of N mineralization for crop production remains largely unknown. Comparative studies between BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) were undertaken under field conditions to determine synchrony of N release for maize uptake. The BSFFF, SAFI, and urea fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg N ha−1. The yield data from urea treated plots were used to determine the NFE of both organic inputs. Results showed that maize from BSFFF treated plots had higher N uptake than that from SAFI treated plots. High N immobilization was observed throughout the active growth stages of maize grown in soil amended with BSFFF, whereas soil treated with SAFI achieved net N release at the silking stage. Up to three times higher negative N fluxes were observed in SAFI amended soils as compared with BSFFF treated plots at the tasseling stage. The BSFFF applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 achieved significantly higher NFE than all SAFI treatments. Our findings revealed that BSFFF is a promising and sustainable alternative to SAFI or urea for enhanced maize production.
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Palma L, Fernández‐Bayo J, Putri F, VanderGheynst JS. Almond by-product composition impacts the rearing of black soldier fly larvae and quality of the spent substrate as a soil amendment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4618-4626. [PMID: 32419145 PMCID: PMC7496255 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect biomass is a sustainable alternative to traditional animal feeds, particularly when insects are produced on low-value high-volume agricultural by-products. Seven samples of almond by-product (hulls and shells) were obtained from processors in California and investigated for larvae production. Experiments were completed with and without larvae and spent substrate samples were assessed for their potential as soil amendments based on standard compost quality indicators. RESULTS On average, specific larvae growth and average larval harvest weight were 158% and 109% higher, respectively, when larvae were reared on Monterey and pollinator hulls compared to nonpareil hulls and mixed shells. Larvae methionine and cystine contents were highest when larvae were reared on Monterey hulls and mixed shells, respectively. Available phytonutrients in spent substrate were affected by feedstock sample and larvae rearing. Spent nonpareil substrate without larvae had the highest NH4 -N levels and spent pollinator substrate incubated without larvae had the highest PO4 -P levels. Spent mixed shell substrate had the lowest availability of phytonutrients. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that by-product composition has a significant impact on larvae growth and the properties of the spent substrate, and that spent substrate from larvae rearing requires further stabilization before application as a soil amendment. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Palma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Jesus Fernández‐Bayo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Ferisca Putri
- Department of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Jean S VanderGheynst
- Department of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MassachusettsDartmouthMAUSA
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Callegari M, Jucker C, Fusi M, Leonardi MG, Daffonchio D, Borin S, Savoldelli S, Crotti E. Hydrolytic Profile of the Culturable Gut Bacterial Community Associated With Hermetia illucens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1965. [PMID: 32903451 PMCID: PMC7434986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) convert organic waste into high valuable insect biomass that can be used as alternative protein source for animal nutrition or as feedstock for biodiesel production. Since insect biology and physiology are influenced by the gut microbiome, knowledge about the functional role of BSF-associated microorganisms could be exploited to enhance the insect performance and growth. Although an increasing number of culture-independent studies are unveiling the microbiota structure and composition of the BSF gut microbiota, a knowledge gap remains on the experimental validation of the contribution of the microorganisms to the insect growth and development. We aimed at assessing if BSF gut-associated bacteria potentially involved in the breakdown of diet components are able to improve host nutrition. A total of 193 bacterial strains were obtained from guts of BSF larvae reared on a nutritious diet using selective and enrichment media. Most of the bacterial isolates are typically found in the insect gut, with major representatives belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli classes. The hydrolytic profile of the bacterial collection was assessed on compounds typically present in the diet. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that the addition to a nutritionally poor diet of the two isolates Bacillus licheniformis HI169 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HI121, selected for their complementary metabolic activities, could enhance BSF growth. B. licheniformis HI169 positively influenced the larval final weight and growth rate when compared to the control. Conversely, the addition of S. maltophilia HI121 to the nutritionally poor diet did not result in a growth enhancement in terms of larval weight and pupal weight and length in comparison to the control, whereas the combination of the two strains positively affected the larval final weight and the pupal weight and length. In conclusion, we isolated BSF-associated bacterial strains with potential positive properties for the host nutrition and we showed that selected isolates may enhance BSF growth, suggesting the importance to evaluate the effect of the bacterial administration on the insect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Callegari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Costanza Jucker
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fusi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Giovanna Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Borin
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lalander C, Ermolaev E, Wiklicky V, Vinnerås B. Process efficiency and ventilation requirement in black soldier fly larvae composting of substrates with high water content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138968. [PMID: 32498170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to transition from a linear to a circular economy in the organic waste management sector, more of the elements in waste need to be recycled. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL) for organic waste treatment has potential to harvest more complex molecules than conventional methods. Many organic waste substrates have high water content (>80%), but the impact on BSFL treatment efficiency of substrate water contents >80% is not known. This study evaluated the impact of high water content food waste on BSFL composting efficiency in terms of waste-to-biomass conversion ratio, material reduction, larval survival and the ventilation required for enabling dry separation of larvae from residue. In total, six water contents ranging from 76% to 97.5% were evaluated in two experimental trials. It was found that increasing water content reduced biomass conversion ratio and survival rate of the larvae, from 33.4% of volatile solids (VS) and 97.2% survival in 76% water to 17.5% of VS and 19.3% survival in 97.5% water. Furthermore, we found that the ventilation requirement for achieving dry separation of larvae from residue could be modelled by estimating the amount of water that would need to be removed, taking into account the water bound in the larvae, and knowing the specifics of the ventilation set-up of the modelled system. The findings could have implications on the waste management sector interested in implementing BSFL treatment, as the findings demonstrate that it is possible to treat wet substrates (such as fruit and vegetable wastes) without any pre-treatment other than grinding and attain an adequately dry residue for enabling dry separation of the larvae from the residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Evgheni Ermolaev
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Barragán-Fonseca KY, Barragán-Fonseca KB, Verschoor G, van Loon JJ, Dicke M. Insects for peace. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 40:85-93. [PMID: 32622192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) are a nutritious feed component for livestock with high protein levels. BSF can be reared on a wide range of organic residual streams. This allows for local production within a circular agriculture, decoupling livestock production from import of expensive feed components, such as fishmeal or soymeal. Rearing of BSF can be done by smallholder farmers, thus contributing to their livelihood, economic sustainability and social status. Smallholder farmers contribute importantly to food security, which is a prerequisite for a stable society. In armed conflicts, smallholder farmers are usually the first to suffer. In countries recovering from conflict, agricultural development should focus on restoring food production by smallholder farmers, improving their socio-economic position, thereby contributing to sustainable development goals 2 (zero hunger) and 16 (peace and justice). Here, we focus on these SDGs with an example of reintegration of ex-combatants as smallholder insect producers in post-conflict Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol B Barragán-Fonseca
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gerard Verschoor
- Sociology of Development and Change Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop Ja van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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The gut and feed residue microbiota changing during the rearing of Hermetia illucens larvae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1323-1344. [PMID: 32638136 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of Hermetia illucens, commonly known as black soldier fly, efficiently convert organic waste into nutrient-rich supplements for different applications. Here we performed a preliminary experiment to investigate the dynamics of the H. illucens gut microbiota and changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the residue of the larval feed during rearing. We furthermore quantified the presence of antibiotic resistance and disinfectant genes in the gut and feed microbiota during the rearing process to elucidate if rearing leads to a reduction, increase, and/or transfer of resistance genes from the feed to larvae and vice versa. We found that the gut and feed residue bacterial communities were distinct throughout the rearing process. The gut microbiome remained more stable compared to the feed residue microbiome varying in both bacterial abundance and community structure during rearing. Antibiotic-resistance genes were present in both, gut and feed residues, with a significant increase in pupae and residue samples taken at the end of the rearing process. Disinfectant-resistance genes were present in the feed residue and even increased during the rearing process but were not transferred to the gut microbiome. We conclude that H. illucens larvae have a stable gut microbiome that does not change significantly over the course of larval development, whereas bacterial communities in the feed residue are strongly affected by rearing. If the presence of antibiotics and disinfectants during rearing, can promote the spread of antibiotic/disinfectant-resistance genes among feed and larvae needs to be evaluated in further experiments.
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