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Kardos MK, Clement A, Jolánkai Z, Zessner M, Kittlaus S, Weber N, Gabriel O, Broer MB, Soare F, Hamchevici C, Sidau M, Tonev R, Milačič R, Ščančar J, Horvat M, Marković K, Kulcsar S, Schuhmann A, Bordós G, Pataj E, Zoboli O. Development and testing of an efficient micropollutant monitoring strategy across a large watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174760. [PMID: 39025144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, extensive monitoring programmes have been conducted at the national, international, and project levels with the objective of expanding our understanding of the contamination of surface waters with micropollutants, which are often referred to as hazardous substances (HS). It has been demonstrated that HS enter surface waters via a number of pathways, including groundwater, atmospheric deposition, soil erosion, and urban systems. Given the ever-growing list of substances and the high resource demand associated with laboratory analysis, it is common practice to quantify the listed pathways based on emission factors derived from temporally and spatially constrained monitoring programmes. The derivation calculations are subject to high uncertainties, and substantial knowledge gaps remain regarding the relative importance of the unique pathways, territories, and periods. This publication presents a monitoring method designed to quantify the unique emission pathways of HS in large geographical areas characterized by differences in land use, population, and economic development. The method will be tested for a wide range of HS (ubiquitous organic and inorganic pollutants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) throughout small sub-catchments located on tributaries. The results of the test application demonstrate a high diversity of both emission loads and instream concentrations throughout different regions for numerous substances. Riverine concentrations are found to be highly dependent on the flow status. Soil concentration levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found to be in proportion, whereas that of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in a reverse relationship with economic development. In many instances, concentration levels are also contingent upon land use. The findings of this study reinforce the necessity for the implementation of harmonised and concerted HS monitoring programmes, which should encompass a diverse range of substances, emission sources, pathways and geographical areas. This is essential for the reliable development of emission factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Krisztián Kardos
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adrienne Clement
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Jolánkai
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthias Zessner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Steffen Kittlaus
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Weber
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florentina Soare
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Hamchevici
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mugurel Sidau
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radoslav Tonev
- Bulgarian Water Association, Hristo Smirnenski blvd 1, 1046 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Marković
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Kulcsar
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Schuhmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Bordós
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Anonymus utca 6., 1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pataj
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Anonymus utca 6., 1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottavia Zoboli
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
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Zoboli O, Weber N, Braun K, Krampe J, Zessner M. Systematic underestimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon aqueous concentrations in rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38117-38127. [PMID: 38789712 PMCID: PMC11189336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a widespread group of organic contaminants whose presence in water bodies is cause of severe concern. With few exceptions, the majority of PAHs is hydrophobic, presents a high adsorption affinity, and is thus primarily transported within river systems during high-flow events together with suspended particulate matter (SPM). Evidence exists of analytical challenges related to the incomplete extraction of PAHs adsorbed to solids and thus to a potential negative bias in the chemical analysis of PAHs in bulk water samples with high SPM content. Despite this, partly due to the elevated efforts required to collect representative samples containing sufficient SPM for the separate PAH analysis in this matrix, several investigations rely on the analysis of aqueous samples. This study tests the hypothesis that surveys based exclusively on bulk water may lead to a systematic underestimation of the real contamination level and transport of PAHs in rivers. Six high-turbidity events were examined in three Austrian rivers applying time-integrated sampling and simultaneously analyzing PAHs in total bulk water, filtered water, SPM, and supernatant. Despite an unavoidable degree of uncertainty in such challenging sampling scheme, the results indicate that measurements performed with best available standard methods in bulk water samples determined in average only about 40% of the theoretically expected total PAHs concentrations derived from the analyses in SPM. Such deviation has important implications for the reliable assessment of the compliance with environmental quality standards as well as for surveys aimed to estimate riverine loads, validate emission models, and understand the transport dynamics of PAHs in rivers. Whereas the first objective, e.g., in European countries, is alternatively achieved via monitoring in biota, the latter ones require efforts directed to complement monitoring campaigns with separate sampling of SPM, with monitoring of suspended solids transport to appropriately select and interpret the results of water samples and to improve the chemical analysis of PAHs in bulk water samples with high solids content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nikolaus Weber
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Braun
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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Zoboli O, Hainz R, Riedler P, Kum G, Sigmund E, Hintermaier S, Saracevic E, Krampe J, Zessner M, Wolfram G. Fate of nutrients and trace contaminants in a large shallow soda lake. Spatial gradients and underlying processes from the tributary river to the reed belt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1505-1518. [PMID: 37584394 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Shallow lakes provide a multitude of ecosystem functions, but they are particularly vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding the driving factors determining the fate and spatial distribution of nutrients and pollutants in such systems is fundamental to assess the impact of ongoing or future external pressures endangering their ecological integrity. This study investigates the fate of trace contaminants transported into the large shallow Lake Neusiedl, including contaminants representative of different patterns of sources and emission pathways and of environmental behavior, namely metals, pharmaceuticals, an artificial sweetener and perfluoroalkyl substances. Further, it examines the horizontal spatial distribution of nutrients, ions and physico-chemical parameters with an unprecedented detailed focus on the internal variability within the large reed belt. As described in the past e.g. for chloride, evaporation was identified as the process leading to a substantial concentration enrichment of the industrial chemical PFOA and the sweetener acesulfame K from the tributary river into the open lake. This is particularly relevant in view of the predicted future increase of evapotranspiration due to climate change. In contrast, the observed loss of diclofenac, but also of PFOS and carbamazepine suggests that the well-mixed, humic-rich and alkaline Lake Neusiedl offers favorable conditions for the photodegradation of otherwise very persistent chemicals. Another important finding, in the context of possible modifications in lake water levels due to climate change, is the fundamental role played by the connectivity between open lake and reed belt but also by the presence and characteristics of inner water areas within the reed belt region in determining the hydrochemistry of the lake system. By revealing systematic spatial patterns and by focusing on the underlying factors and processes, the understanding offered by this study is of high value for the conservation of shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Hainz
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Kum
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Wolfram
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050 Vienna, Austria
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Peer S, Vybornova A, Saracevic Z, Krampe J, Zessner M, Zoboli O. Enhanced statistical evaluation of fluorescence properties to identify dissolved organic matter dynamics during river high-flow events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158016. [PMID: 35973545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy has become a widely used technique to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic hazardous micro-pollutants in natural and human-influenced water bodies. Especially in rivers highly impacted by municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants' effluents, the fluorescence signal at low-flow is mainly dominated by these discharges. At river high-flow, their influence decreases due to dilution effects, and at the same time, other compounds of DOM, stemming from diffuse inputs, can increase or even dominate. Therefore, whereas the analysis of DOM is little informative on the changing sources and pathways of emissions, fluorescence spectroscopy can enhance our understanding and our possibilities of monitoring such dynamics in river catchments. This paper analyzed samples from seven high-flow events in an Austrian river. Firstly, independent DOM components were discriminated using a parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to show the varying composition of DOM during different phases of high-flow events. Furthermore, partial least squares (PLS) and sparse PLS (sPLS) regression were applied to identify excitation and emission wavelengths, serving as proxy parameters for quantifying dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chloride. The PLS models show the best prediction accuracy but use the entire excitation-emission matrix in exchange. In selecting predictors, the use of excitation and emission wavelengths adjusted via sPLS is superior to the extracted PARAFAC components. The sPLS model yields 16 wavelength combinations for DOC (RMSEsPLS = 0.41 mg L-1) and 18 wavelength combinations for chloride (RMSEsPLS = 2.21 mg L-1). In contrast to other established optical measurement methods, which require different calibrations for low- and high-flow conditions, these models based on sPLS succeed in quantifying those parameters across the entire range of flow conditions and events of various magnitudes with a relative precision of about 5 %. These results show how the application of multivariate statistical techniques enhances the exploitation of the information provided by fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Peer
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anastassia Vybornova
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdravka Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Kittlaus S, Clara M, van Gils J, Gabriel O, Broer MB, Hochedlinger G, Trautvetter H, Hepp G, Krampe J, Zessner M, Zoboli O. Coupling a pathway-oriented approach with tailor-made monitoring as key to well-performing regionalized modelling of PFAS emissions and river concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157764. [PMID: 35932866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface water pollution with poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) is a well-recognized problem, but knowledge about contribution of different emission pathways, especially diffuse ones, is very limited. This study investigates the potential of the pathway oriented MoRE model in shedding light on the relevance of different emission pathways on regional scale and in predicting concentrations and loads in unmonitored rivers. Modelling was supported with a tailor-made monitoring programme aimed to fill gaps on PFAS concentration in different environmental compartments. The study area covers the whole Austrian territory including some additional transboundary catchments and it focuses on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). These two PFAS are regulated and therefore their production and use in Europe are currently decreasing. Nevertheless, these compounds are still emitted into the environment via legacy pollution and as transformation products from other PFAS. These two compounds were selected for this study in view of the larger information availability compared to other PFAS. Despite considerable uncertainties in the input data, model validations show that this approach performs significantly better than previous modelling frameworks based on population-specific emission factors, population density and wastewater treatment plant information. The study reveals the predominance of emissions via municipal wastewater treatment plants for PFOS and a relevant role of diffuse emission pathways for PFOA. Results suggest that unpaved areas contribute the biggest share to total diffuse emissions, but the estimation of these pathways is affected by the highest uncertainty in the input data and requires better input data from monitoring. Once the currently growing substance-specific data sets on the concentration of PFAS, others than PFOS and PFOA, in different environmental compartments, will reach an adequate quality, the model presented here will be easily applicable to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kittlaus
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Manfred Clara
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jos van Gils
- Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Helene Trautvetter
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerold Hepp
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Ottavia Zoboli
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
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Reif D, Zoboli O, Wolfram G, Amann A, Saracevic E, Riedler P, Hainz R, Hintermaier S, Krampe J, Zessner M. Pollutant source or sink? Adsorption and mobilization of PFOS and PFOA from sediments in a large shallow lake with extended reed belt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115871. [PMID: 36056490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we i) assessed the occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in sediments, pore water, and bulk water from three different areas in Lake Neusiedl, Austria, and ii) investigated mechanisms regulating adsorption and remobilization of these substances under different conditions via multiple lab-scale experiments. The adsorption capacity was mainly influenced by sediments' organic matter content, oxide composition, and pre-loading. Results suggest that a further increase of PFAS-concentrations in the open lake can be partly buffered by sediment transport to the littoral zone and adsorption to sediments in the extended reed belt. But, under current conditions, the conducted experiments revealed a real risk for mobilization of PFOS and PFOA from reed belt sediments that may lead to their transport back into the lake. The amount of desorbed PFAS is primarily dependent on water/sediment- or pore water/water-ratios and the concentration gradient. In contrast, water matrix characteristics and oxygen levels played a minor role in partitioning. The highest risk for remobilizing PFOS and PFOA was observed in experiments with sediments taken near the only major tributary to the lake (river Wulka), which had the highest pre-loading. The following management advice for water transport between high and low polluted areas can be derived based on the results. First, to reduce emissions into Lake waters from polluted tributaries like the Wulka river, we recommend diffuse pathways through the reed belt in the lake's littoral to reduce pollutant transport into the Lake and avoid high local sediment loadings. Second, water exchange with dried-up areas with probable higher loadings should be carefully handled and monitored to avoid critical back transport in the open lake. And third, general work in the reed belt or generally in the reed should be accompanied by monitoring to prevent uncontrolled remobilization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reif
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - O Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wolfram
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Amann
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Riedler
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Hainz
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Hintermaier
- DWS Hydro-Ökologie GmbH, Zentagasse 47, 1050, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management- TU Wien; Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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De Vito-Francesco E, Farinelli A, Yang Q, Nagar B, Álvarez R, Merkoçi A, Knutz T, Haider A, Stach W, Ziegenbalg F, Allabashi R. An innovative autonomous robotic system for on-site detection of heavy metal pollution plumes in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:122. [PMID: 35075508 PMCID: PMC8786775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Smart monitoring has been studied and developed in recent years to create faster, cheaper, and more user-friendly on-site methods. The present study describes an innovative technology for investigative monitoring of heavy metal pollution (Cu and Pb) in surface water. It is composed of an autonomous surface vehicle capable of semiautonomous driving and equipped with a microfluidic device for detection of heavy metals. Detection is based on the method of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry using carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The focus of this work was to validate the ability of the integrated system to perform on-site detection of heavy metal pollution plumes in river catchments. This scenario was simulated in laboratory experiments. The main performance characteristics of the system, which was evaluated based on ISO 15839 were measurement bias (Pb 75%, Cu 65%), reproducibility (in terms of relative standard deviation: Pb 11-18%, Cu 6-10%) and the limit of detection (4 µg/L for Pb and 7 µg/L for Cu). The lowest detectable change (LDC), which is an important performance characteristic for this application, was estimated to be 4-5 µg/L for Pb and 6-7 µg/L for Cu. The life span of an SPE averaged 39 measurements per day, which is considered sufficient for intended monitoring campaigns. This work demonstrated the suitability of the integrated system for on-site detection of Pb and Cu emissions from large and medium urban areas discharging into small water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta De Vito-Francesco
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alessandro Farinelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Ca Vignal 2, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Bhawna Nagar
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 440, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Álvarez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Knutz
- Go Systemelektronik GmbH, Falunerweg 1, 24109, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Stach
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Falko Ziegenbalg
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roza Allabashi
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Kucuk E, Pilevneli T, Onder Erguven G, Aslan S, Olgun EÖ, Canlı O, Unlu K, Dilek FB, Ipek U, Avaz G, Yetis U. Occurrence of micropollutants in the Yesilirmak River Basin, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24830-24846. [PMID: 33651287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) is the most visionary piece of European environmental legislation that aims to achieve good water status of both surface water and groundwater bodies. The Directive provides a fundamental basis for surface water monitoring activities in the European Member States. The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of micropollutants in the Yesilirmak River and to develop a cost-effective monitoring strategy based on spatiotemporal data. A 2-year seasonal monitoring program was conducted between 2016 and 2018, and the water samples were analyzed for 45 priority substances as defined by the WFD and 250 national river basin-specific pollutants. In the basin, 166 pollutants were quantified in at least one of the samples with individual concentrations ranging from 6 × 10-6μg/L to 100 mg/L. Fifty-four pollutants with a frequency of occurrence greater than 5% were selected for further evaluation. Based on statistical evaluation of the data, 20 pollutants were identified as the pollutants of primary concern. These 20 pollutants were grouped under three categories (metals, biocides, and industrial organic compounds) and their spatiotemporal distributions in the basin were assessed to establish a monitoring strategy specific to each pollutant category. The results of the study revealed that the common season for the monitoring of all pollutant categories was the spring. This study provides a generic methodology for the development of a cost-effective water quality monitoring strategy, which can be applicable for use in different basins and pollutant datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kucuk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Pilevneli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- Water Management Institute, Ankara University, 06135, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Onder Erguven
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Tunceli Vocation School, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Sibel Aslan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Fırat University, 23200, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Elmas Ö Olgun
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Oltan Canlı
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kahraman Unlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz B Dilek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ubeyde Ipek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Fırat University, 23200, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Avaz
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ulku Yetis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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