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Wu Y, Tao R, Li B, Hu C, Zhang W, Yuan H, Gu J, Chen Y. New insights into brominated epoxy resin type WPCBs pyrolysis mechanisms: Integrated experimental and DFT simulation studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169610. [PMID: 38157909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a recycling technology for waste circuit boards (WPCBs) with a wide range of applications. In this research, the brominated epoxy resin (BER) type WPCBs were taken as the research object, and the optimal pyrolysis process parameters were determined. Combined with experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the pyrolysis gaseous generation pattern and product distribution of BER type WPCBs were analyzed, and the generation mechanism of phenol, bromide and other pyrolysis products was investigated in depth. The results of the study showed that the pyrolysis rate of WPCBs exceeded 95 % under optimal reaction conditions. In the initial phase of the pyrolysis of WPCBs, the BER's CO bonds and a portion of Ph-Br bonds will be broken, leading to the production of intermediates such propylene oxide, bisphenol A, isopropyl alcohol, tetrabromobisphenol A and HBr. Among them, propylene oxide can generate ethylene oxide through free radical reaction. In the second stage, intermediates such as bisphenol A undergo homolytic cleavage and radical addition to form phenols, bromides, alcohols, ketones and other pyrolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wu
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Chenwei Hu
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Haoran Yuan
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jing Gu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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2
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Li QE, Zhang BJ, Lyu SS, Qi Z. Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Activated Carbon Modified via Liquid Phase Impregnation during Drying. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32752-32764. [PMID: 37720755 PMCID: PMC10500664 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous combustion characteristics are important issues for the safe operation of the wet-modified activated carbon drying process. The spontaneous combustion characteristics of activated carbon modified via liquid phase impregnation were fully investigated in this study. The modified activated carbon was prepared using columnar activated carbon and 4-amino-1,2-butanediol solution. Physical properties and surface functional group analyses were performed for activated carbon before and after modification. The ignition temperature of activated carbon before and after modification was then characterized using the methods of GB/T20450-2006, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and TG-mass spectrometry (TG-MS). At the same time, the activation energy of activated carbon before and after modification was calculated by using thermodynamic analysis. Furthermore, a new self-designed test platform was introduced to investigate the spontaneous combustion characteristics of wet-modified activated carbon under the drying temperatures of 150, 175, 180, and 210 °C. The results show that the specific surface area of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) is decreased by 368 m2·g-1, the total volume of pore size is decreased by 0.17 cm3·g-1, and the content of oxygen-containing functional groups is decreased by 0.071 mmol/g compared with row activated carbon. The ignition temperatures of the sample before modification characterized by the three methods are 483, 596, and 599 °C, respectively. The ignition temperatures of the sample after modification are 489, 607, and 611 °C, respectively. The activation energy of the modified activated carbon is increased by 35 kJ/mol compared to the original activated carbon. It is concluded that the temperature that triggers the modified activated carbon combustion during the drying process is between 175 and 180 °C, and the heat is mainly gathered at the longitudinal center of the combustion chamber through the investigation of spontaneous combustion experiments. The results in this study can contribute to safe production to prevent combustion in the process of modifying activated carbon during the drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-en Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Center
for Petrochemical Energy Conservation, The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon
Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xiaoguwei Island, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bing J. Zhang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Center
for Petrochemical Energy Conservation, The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon
Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xiaoguwei Island, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shu-shen Lyu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Center
for Petrochemical Energy Conservation, The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon
Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xiaoguwei Island, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Qi
- Max
Planck Partner Group at the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, East China
University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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3
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Jiang FZ, Hao HC, Hu ZY, Chen S, Li ZY. Immobilization effect of heavy metals in biochar via the copyrolysis of sewage sludge and apple branches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117073. [PMID: 36549065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The excess sludge produced by sewage treatment plants can be recycled into energy through pyrolysis, and the byproduct biochar can be used for soil remediation. However, the heavy metals in sludge are retained in biochar after pyrolysis and may cause secondary pollution during its soil application. Herein, a fast copyrolysis method of activated sludge (AS) and apple branches (AT) was proposed to immobilize heavy metals while improving bio-oil yield. The results showed that the heavy metal release from the copyrolyzed biochar was markedly reduced compared with that from the biochar produced through the pyrolysis of AS alone (78% for Cr and 28% for Pb). The kinetic behavior of ion release from different biochars could be described by a first-order kinetic model. The excellent fixation of heavy metals was attributed to complexation by abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups (-O-, =O, and -CHO) that were mainly donated by AT. Furthermore, high-temperature pyrolysis was conducive to the fixation of metals, and the release of Pb2+ and Cr3+ from the biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C was approximately 2/3 and 1/10 of that from the biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C, respectively. A growth experiment on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli revealed that the toxicity of the copyrolyzed biochar was greatly reduced. This work can provide a method for heavy metal fixation and simultaneous resource recovery from organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Zhou Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hong-Chao Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zi-Ying Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Zi-Yan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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4
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Wang W, Lemaire R, Bensakhria A, Luart D. Thermogravimetric Analysis and Kinetic Modeling of the AAEM-Catalyzed Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227662. [PMID: 36431763 PMCID: PMC9693403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work analyzes the catalytic effects induced by alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) on pyrolysis kinetics. To this end, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out with raw beech wood and samples impregnated with NaCl, KCl and MgCl2 at four heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 30 °C/min). Obtained results showed that AAEM compounds promote the decomposition of biomass by reducing the initial and peak pyrolysis temperatures. More specifically, the catalytic effect of the alkaline earth metal was shown to be stronger than that of alkali metals. To further interpret the obtained trends, a kinetic modeling of measured data was realized using two isoconversional methods (the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) models). With a view to identifying a suitable reaction model, model fitting and master plot methods were considered to be coupled with the isoconversional modeling approaches. The 3-D diffusion reaction model has been identified as being well suited to properly simulate the evolution of the conversion degree of each sample as a function of the temperature. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters derived from the present modeling work highlighted significant decreases of the activation energies when impregnating wood with AAEM chlorides, thus corroborating the existence of catalytic effects shifting the decomposition process to lower temperatures. A survey of the speculated pathways allowing to account for the impact of AAEMs on the thermal degradation of woody biomass is eventually proposed to better interpret the trends identified in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, EA 4297-TIMR, BP20529, 60205 Compiègne, France
| | - Romain Lemaire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-5143968727
| | - Ammar Bensakhria
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, EA 4297-TIMR, BP20529, 60205 Compiègne, France
| | - Denis Luart
- École Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale, 1 Rue du Réseau Jean-Marie Buckmaster, 60200 Compiègne, France
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5
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Bieniek A, Reinmöller M, Küster F, Gräbner M, Jerzak W, Magdziarz A. Investigation and modelling of the pyrolysis kinetics of industrial biomass wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115707. [PMID: 35839650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of the waste organic fraction is expected to be a central element to meet the primary energy demand in future: it increases the impact of renewable energy sources on the power generation sector and allows the amount of waste to be reduced, putting an end to landfills. In the present study, kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of biomass wastes are carried out. Two kinds of industrial organic waste are investigated: brewery spent grain (BSG) and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The main target of this work is to provide a global equation for the one-step pyrolysis reaction of the investigated materials in an argon atmosphere using isoconversional methods. The conducted analysis allowed to estimate the activation energy as 225.4-253.6 kJ/mol for BSG and 197.9-216.7 kJ/mol for MDF. For both materials nth order reaction was proposed with reaction order of 7.69-8.70 for BSG and 6.32-6.55 for MDF. The developed equation allowed to simulate the theoretical curves of thermal conversion. These curves indicated the highest conversion at the temperature of the degradation of dominant component, which was experimentally verified. By this method, a one-step kinetic model is derived, which can be applied for the reaction kinetics in the CFD modelling of, e.g., pyrolysis and gasification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bieniek
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Markus Reinmöller
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Engineering Technology, Lautrupvang 15, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC), Fuchsmühlenweg 9 D, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Felix Küster
- Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC), Fuchsmühlenweg 9 D, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Gräbner
- Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC), Fuchsmühlenweg 9 D, 09599, Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Circular Carbon Technologies Branch, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wojciech Jerzak
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Magdziarz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Cracow, Poland
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6
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Zhang W, Jia J, Ding Y, Jiang G, Sun L, Lu K. Effects of heating rate on thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of representative thermoplastic wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115071. [PMID: 35430512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waste thermoplastics are the most common solid wastes, and thermal degradation has excellent advantages in the disposal of these wastes and obtaining valuable hydrocarbon fuels. As a significant factor, the heating rate is crucial to the thermal degradation process. Consequently, thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of representative thermoplastics under different heating rates were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in the air. Kinetic parameters were estimated by using the Coats-Redfern method. Subsequently, the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) method was used to optimize kinetic parameters, and the optimized results were compared with the calculated kinetics of distributed activation energy model (DAEM) method to find the effects of heating rate on kinetic parameters. The results showed that with the increase of heating rate, thermogravimetric curves moved to the right, which corresponded to a higher temperature range. The number of mass loss rate peaks and exothermic peaks decreased. Additionally, activation energy was the same at the determined minimum and maximum heating rates, and other heating rates had little effect on kinetic parameters. Moreover, the calculated activation energy of the DAEM method at the minimum heating rate of 5 K/min was closest to the optimized values of the SCE method, indicating that the lower the minimum heating rate was, the more accurate the activation energy was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Naval Research Institute, Beijing, 100161, China
| | - Yanming Ding
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Gonghua Jiang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Kaihua Lu
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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7
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Tawalbeh M, Al-Othman A, Salamah T, Alkasrawi M, Martis R, El-Rub ZA. A critical review on metal-based catalysts used in the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113597. [PMID: 34492435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the technical aspects of improving the efficiency of the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to increase the yield of the main products, which are bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The latest aspects of catalyst development in the biomass pyrolysis process are presented focusing on the various catalyst structures, the physical and chemical performance of the catalysts, and the mode of the catalytic reaction. In bio-oil upgrading, atmospheric catalytic cracking is shown to be more economical than catalytic hydrotreating. Catalysts help in the upgrading process by facilitating several reaction pathways such as polymerization, aromatization, and alkyl condensation. However, the grade of bio-oil must be similar to that of diesel fuel. Hence, the properties of the pyrolysis liquid such as viscosity, kinematic viscosity, density, and boiling point are important and have been highlighted. Switching between types of catalysts has a significant influence on the final product yields and exhibits different levels of durability. Various catalysts have been shown to enhance gas yield at the expense of the yields of bio-oil and biochar that shift the overall purpose of pyrolysis. Therefore, the catalytic activity as a function of temperature, pressure, and catalyst biomass ratio is discussed in detail. These operational parameters are crucial because they determine the overall yield as well as the ratio of the oil, char, and gas products. Although significant progress has been made in catalytic pyrolysis, the economic feasibility of the process and the catalyst cost remain the major obstacles. This review concludes that the catalytic process would be feasible when the fuel selling price is reduced to less than US $ 4 per gallon of gasoline-equivalent, and when the selectivity of catalysts is further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq Salamah
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malek Alkasrawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53, USA.
| | - Remston Martis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ziad Abu El-Rub
- Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan
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Ghodke PK, Sharma AK, Pandey JK, Chen WH, Patel A, Ashokkumar V. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge for sustainable biofuels and value-added biochar production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113450. [PMID: 34388542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study deals with the pyrolysis of sewage sludge to produce eco-friendly and sustainable fuels along with value-added biochar products. The experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed cylindrical glass reactor in the temperature range of 250-700 °C and achieved the product yield of 22.4 wt% bio-oil, 18.9 wt % pyrolysis gases, and 58.7 wt% biochar at 500 °C optimum temperature. The chemical composition of bio-oil was investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy and fourier transformation infrared techniques. The ASTM standard procedures were used to assess the fuel qualities of bio-oil, and they were found to be satisfactory. Bio-oil has a greater H/C ratio (3.49) and a lower O/C ratio (1.10), indicating that it is suitable for engine use. The gas chromatographic analysis of pyrolysis gases confirmed the presence of 41.16 wt % combustible gases, making it suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. X-ray fluorescence analysis of biochar showed that it had a good amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium along with some micro-and macro-nutrient which proves its potential to utilize as organic manure in the agriculture sector. In addition, the data obtained from the TGA analysis during the pyrolysis of sewage sludge was applied to calculate kinetic parameters via the Coats-Redfern method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Ghodke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Alternate and Renewable Energy Research, R&D, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - J K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700 126, India
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
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Sahoo A, Gautam R, Kumar S, Mohanty K. Energy optimization from a binary mixture of non-edible oilseeds pyrolysis: Kinetic triplets analysis using Thermogravimetric Analyser and prediction modeling by Artificial Neural Network. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113253. [PMID: 34284329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of two non-edible seeds, Pongamia pinnata (PP) and Sapindus emarginatus (SE), and their blend in the ratio of 1:1 (PS) were studied using the thermogravimetric analyzer. Kinetic triplets were determined using both model-free [Starink (STR), Friedman (FRM), Iterative Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (IT-KAS), Iterative Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (IT-OFW), Vyazovkin (VYZ), and Master plot (MP)] and model fitting Coats-Redfern (CR) methods at three different heating rates 10, 30 and 50 °C/min. Activation energies were 192.66, 179.44, and 163.25 kJ/mol for PP, SE, and PS, respectively. It was found that the blend of the two-biomass (PS) showed promising results with lower activation energy compared to the individual biomass. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH) were obtained using the model-free isoconversional method. The three hidden layers of complex neuron topology are well fitted to the experimental DTG curves by artificial neural network (ANN). The study confirmed that the heating rate had a significant impact on the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. The reaction mechanism was also in consonance with the experimental data. The study suggests that the PP and SE seeds can be an appropriate feed for pyrolysis, and their blend (PS) can be a viable alternative in optimizing the entire process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Sahoo
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, India.
| | - Rupali Gautam
- Department of Nanotechnology, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, India; Centre of Excellence - Green and Efficient Energy Technology (CoE-GEET), CUJ, Ranchi, 835205, India.
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India.
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10
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Arranz JI, Miranda MT, Montero I, Sepúlveda FJ. Thermal Study and Emission Characteristics of Rice Husk Using TG-MS. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206203. [PMID: 34683793 PMCID: PMC8537879 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rice husks are a by-product that is generated in large quantities in Spain. However, they are not used efficiently. One of their possible applications is its thermal use in power generation equipment. For that purpose, it is important to know the characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior, as well as their possible pollutant emission to the atmosphere with respect to its thermal use as a biofuel. In this work, the thermal characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior were studied by using thermogravimetry and mass spectroscopy for two different atmospheres (oxidizing and inert). This way, the thermal profiles and the main characteristics were studied, as well as the emission of possible pollutants to the atmosphere, such as CO2, CH4, NO2, NH3, SO2, and H2S. Moreover, three different methods (FWO, KAS, and Starink) were used to carry out a thermal analysis, in order to obtain the main thermal parameters such as activation energy. The results of the analysis predicted that rice husks could be used as biofuel in industrial thermal equipment based on its acceptable calorific value, good thermal characteristics, and low gas emissions both in oxidizing and inert atmosphere (although they have a high ash content).
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11
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Parthasarathy P, Fernandez A, Al-Ansari T, Mackey HR, Rodriguez R, McKay G. Thermal degradation characteristics and gasification kinetics of camel manure using thermogravimetric analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112345. [PMID: 33735671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the sustainable valorisation of camel manure has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The gasification tests were performed from ambient conditions to 950 °C at 10, 20, and 50 °C/min under an O2 environment. The TGA data were applied to determine the kinetics of the O2 gasification. Single-heating rate models (Arrhenius and Coats-Redfern) and multi-heating rate models (Distributed activation energy, Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Starink, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) were applied to estimate the kinetics of the process. Between the two single-heating rate models, the Coats-Redfern method fitted best with the experimental data. Among the multi-heating rate models, the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model fitted best with the experimental results. The kinetic parameters-frequency factor, activation energy, and order of reaction were estimated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model (the best-fitting model) and the estimated kinetic parameters were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties-Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The information on these kinetic and thermodynamic properties can be useful for the design of gasifiers and for optimising the O2 gasification operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parthasarathy
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box:, 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Anabel Fernandez
- Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería (UNSJ), Grupo Vinculado al PROBIEN (CONICET-UNCo), San Juan, Argentina
| | - Tareq Al-Ansari
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box:, 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box:, 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamish R Mackey
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box:, 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rosa Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería (UNSJ), Grupo Vinculado al PROBIEN (CONICET-UNCo), San Juan, Argentina
| | - Gordon McKay
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box:, 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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12
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Li C, Ji G, Qu Y, Irfan M, Zhu K, Wang X, Li A. Influencing mechanism of zinc mineral contamination on pyrolysis kinetic and product characteristics of corn biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111837. [PMID: 33418387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metal mineral has a complex influence on the thermal decomposition of biomass due to the sophisticated structure of biomass and parallel reactions. Therefore, the influencing mechanisms of metal minerals on biomass decomposition kinetic expressions needed to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, the decomposition of the three major components of biomass was considered separately. The iso-conversional method and integral master-plots method based on thermogravimetry were firstly introduced to explore the kinetic model changes after the introduction of zinc mineral. The thermogravimetric results showed that the presence of zinc mineral had discrepant influences on different biomass components, demoting the fragmentation of hemicellulose while promoting cellulose degradation. In the kinetic analysis, the presence of zinc mineral, the activation energy of three pseudo-components (91.90, 184.64 and 210.91 kJ mol-1) increased to 178.84, 299.05, and 359.45 kJ mol-1, respectively. The kinetic models were altered from 2.0-order reaction (F2.0) for hemicellulose, random nucleation (A1.8) for cellulose, and 2.3-order reaction (F2.3) for lignin to F2.8, F3.0, and F3.2, respectively. This indicated that the zinc mineral was beneficial to the occurrence of multimolecular repolymerization of the primary degradation products. In products analysis, the increment of biochar yields and the C4-C5 products of cellulose (especially furfural) in metal-polluted biomass pyrolysis were detected, which confirmed the simulated reaction mechanisms. The obtained results are expected to provide a mechanism reference to practical applications of metal-contaminated biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Guozhao Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yi Qu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China; International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kongyun Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
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13
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Li J, Lai Y, Zhu X, Liao Q, Xia A, Huang Y, Zhu X. Pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanism of the electrode materials during the spent LiCoO 2 batteries recovery process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122955. [PMID: 32474320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have potentially serious environmental hazards but contain various valuable metals. Pyrolysis has been preliminarily proven to be an efficient method to dispose spent LIBs and recycle valuable metals. However, the kinetics and reaction mechanism during this pyrolysis process still remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, the pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanism of a typical spent LIB (LiCoO2 battery) was investigated and revealed in depth. The results indicated that the reactions happened to the electrode materials (LiCoO2, C) were mainly in the range of 500-800 °C. Two iso-conversion methods (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose model and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model) could both well describe the pyrolysis process, and the corresponding activation energies obtained were 389.61 and 405.67 kJ/mol respectively. The physicochemical properties of the pyrolysis products were detailedly characterized to reveal the reaction mechanism. The pyrolysis reaction mechanism of the electrode materials was firstly proposed and divided into three stages: firstly, LiCoO2 was decomposed into CoO, O2 and Li2O; then Li2O reacted with CO2 to form Li2CO3; finally CoO was reduced and converted into Co. This study is expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanism during the spent LiCoO2 batteries recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yiming Lai
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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