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Tsai SY, Chang CK, Wei PY, Huang SY, Gavahian M, Santoso SP, Hsieh CW. Effective Removal of Different Heavy Metals Ion (Cu, Pb, and Cd) from Aqueous Solutions by Various Molecular Weight and Salt Types of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid. Molecules 2024; 29:1054. [PMID: 38474566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of industrial developments, water pollution by heavy metals as hazardous chemicals has garnered attention. Addressing the urgent need for efficient heavy metal removal from aqueous environments, this study delves into using poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) for the bioflocculation of heavy metals. Utilizing γ-PGA variants from Bacillus subtilis with different molecular weights and salt forms (Na-bonded and Ca-bonded), the research evaluates their adsorption capacities for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) ions. It was found that Na-bonded γ-PGA with a high molecular weight showed the highest heavy metal adsorption (92.2-98.3%), particularly at a 0.5% concentration which exhibited the highest adsorption efficiency. Additionally, the study investigated the interaction of γ-PGA in mixed heavy metal environments, and it was discovered that Na-γ-PGA-HM at a 0.5% concentration showed a superior adsorption efficiency for Pb ions (85.4%), highlighting its selectivity as a potential effective biosorbent for wastewater treatment. This research not only enlightens the understanding of γ-PGA's role in heavy metal remediation but also underscores its potential as a biodegradable and non-toxic alternative for environmental cleanup. The findings pave the way for further exploration into the mechanisms and kinetics of γ-PGA's adsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wei
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Rd., Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Daan Dist., Taipei 106221, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404333, Taiwan
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2
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Srinivasan KR, Wong JWC, Murugesan K. Production of bioflocculant from Klebsiella pneumoniae: evaluation of fish waste extract as substrate and flocculation performance. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4046-4059. [PMID: 35567323 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2078672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioflocculant producing bacterial strain - UKD24 was isolated from the domestic sewage treatment plant. The isolated strain was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The K. pneumoniae UKD24 showed remarkable flocculation rates when grown with the carbon sources namely glucose, sucrose and lactose, and many commercial nitrogen sources. Furthermore, the fish waste extract (FE) was used to enhance the productivity of the bioflocculant as a nitrogen supplement and it showed a significant level of flocculation rate similar to the commercial nitrogen sources. The Box-Behnken experiments were designed to predict the optimal conditions for bioflocculant production and it suggested that glucose - 3.247 g L-1, FE - 0.5 g L-1 and inoculum size - 1% are the suitable levels for bioflocculant production. The FTIR analysis of the bioflocculant showed the functional groups related to the polysaccharides and the EEM analysis showed the fluorescence components related to the proteins and humic acids. The biochemical composition of the bioflocculant was identified as polysaccharides (24.36 ± 1.5%) and protein (12.15 ± 0.2%). The tested optimum conditions of the bioflocculant to induce flocculation were tested in the kaolin wastewater and it showed that the optimum dosage of the flocculant was 5 mg L-1 and the pH range was broad as 5-10. The cation dependency tests revealed that the monovalent and divalent cations are highly suitable for flocculation while the trivalent cations showed moderate flocculation. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of the bioflocculant showed that ∼35% of heavy metal is trapped into flocks during the flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J W C Wong
- Department of Biology and Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Meena R AA, J M, Banu J R, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Piechota G, Kumar G. A review on the pollution assessment of hazardous materials and the resultant biorefinery products in Palm oil mill effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121525. [PMID: 37062401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The voluminous nature of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is directly associated with environmental hazards and could be turned into biorefinery products. The POME, rich in BOD, COD, and oil and grease, with few hazardous materials such as siloxanes, fatty acid methyl ester, and phenolic compounds that may significantly increase the risk of violating the effluent quality standards. Recently, the application of chemical and biological risk assessment that can use electrochemical sensors and microalgae-like species has gained paramount attention towards its remediation. This review describes the existing risk assessment for POME and recommends a novel assessment approach using fish species including invasive ones as suitable for identifying the toxicants. Various physico-chemical and biological treatments such as adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, photo-oxidation, solar-assisted extraction, anaerobic digestion, integrated anaerobic-aerobic, and microalgae cultivation has been investigated. This paper offers an overview of anaerobic technologies, with particular emphasis on advanced bioreactors and their prospects for industrial-level applications. To illustrate, palmitic acid and oleic acid, the precursors of fatty acid methyl ester found in POME pave the way to produce biodiesel with 91.45%. Although there are some challenges in attaining production at an economic scale, this review offers some opportunities that could help in overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Alias Meena R
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Merrylin J
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sadakathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli, 627011, India
| | - Rajesh Banu J
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamilnadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, 610005, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4036, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Alnawajha MM, Kurniawan SB, Imron MF, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR. Plant-based coagulants/flocculants: characteristics, mechanisms, and possible utilization in treating aquaculture effluent and benefiting from the recovered nutrients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58430-58453. [PMID: 35759099 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing intensification of the aquaculture industry requires the development of new strategies to reduce the negative impacts of wastewater on the environment. Plant-based coagulants/flocculants, regarded as one of the environmentally friendly technologies for wastewater treatment, show good performance in the removal of suspended solids from wastewater. The aforementioned technology involves the utilization of plants as coagulants/flocculants in the treatment process and produces nontoxic sludge as treatment by-products. The produced sludge could be converted into valuable compounds used in agriculture. This review summarizes coagulation-flocculation by using plant-based coagulants/flocculants, its mechanisms, operational factors that control the treatment process, and its application in the treatment of wastewater, especially aquaculture effluent. Moreover, this work discusses the potential utilization of aquaculture sludge as a valuable compound used in agriculture. The presented review aims to emphasize the potential of using plant-based coagulants/flocculants in the treatment of aquaculture effluent and explore the potential of using the produced sludge as fertilizer for plants to solve problems related to sludge handling and the toxicity of inorganic coagulants in a recirculating aquaculture system. This paper concluded that utilization of recovered nutrients in the form of solids is feasible for agricultural purposes, while a hydroponic system can be used to reclaim the nutrients in the form of solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammad Alnawajha
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Xia M, Zhou H, Amanze C, Hu L, Shen L, Yu R, Liu Y, Chen M, Li J, Wu X, Qiu G, Zeng W. A novel polysaccharides-based bioflocculant produced by Bacillus subtilis ZHX3 and its application in the treatment of multiple pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133185. [PMID: 34883128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A high bioflocculant-producing bacterial strain was identified and named Bacillus subtilis ZHX3. Single-factor experiments suggested that 10 g/L starch and 5 g/L yeast extract were optimal for strain ZHX3 to produce bioflocculant MBF-ZHX3. The maximum flocculating rate reached 95.5%, and 3.14 g/L product was extracted after 3 days of cultivation. MBF-ZHX3 was mainly composed of polysaccharides (77.2%) and protein (14.8%). The polysaccharides contained 28.9% uronic acid and 3.7% amino sugar. Rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 0.35:1.83:3.09:12.66:0.46:3.81 were detected. MBF-ZHX3 had a molecular weight of 10,028 Da and contained abundant groups (-OH, CO, >PO, C-O-C) contributing to flocculation. Adsorption and bridging was considered as the main flocculation mechanism. MBF-ZHX3 was more effective in decolorizing dyes, removing heavy metals and flotation reagents compared to polyacrylamide. The results implied that MBF-ZHX3 has the potential to substitute polyacrylamide in wastewater treatment because of its excellent biological and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Xia
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Han Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Charles Amanze
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lan Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Runlan Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yuandong Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Miao Chen
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Jiaokun Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xueling Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, China; CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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6
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Zhao H, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Xie W, Zhou J, Zhong C. Preparation of a bacterial flocculant by using caprolactam as a sole substrate and its application in amoxicillin removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113026. [PMID: 34119990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High cost is one of the limiting factors in the industrial production of bioflocculant. Simultaneous preparation of bioflocculant from the contaminants in wastewater was considered as a potential approach to reduce the production cost. In this study, caprolactam was verified as sole feedstock for the growth of strain Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. phenolicus ZY-16 in batch experiments. Chemical analysis showed that the as-prepared MBF-16 consisted of heteropolysaccharides (88.3%) and peptides (9.4%). XPS result indicated the plentiful acylamino, hydroxyl and amino groups in MBF-16, which have an indispensable role in amoxicillin flocculation. The flocculation of amoxicillin can be well stimulated by Freundlich isotherm equation, and the Kf was up to 178.6524 for amoxicillin. The kinetic fitting results proved that the flocculation of amoxicillin by MBF-16 was chemisorbed. This contribution may develop a novel technology for the preparation of bacterial flocculants that can consume toxic substrates (caprolactam) and have potential applications in amoxicillin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China; School of Mathematics and Economics, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Weifeng Xie
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China; Engineering Research Centre for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China.
| | - Chunying Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, Chemistry and Biology Science College, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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7
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Liu C, Sun D, Liu J, Zhu J, Liu W. Recent advances and perspectives in efforts to reduce the production and application cost of microbial flocculants. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:51. [PMID: 38650196 PMCID: PMC10992557 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial flocculants are macromolecular substances produced by microorganisms. Due to its non-toxic, harmless, and biodegradable advantages, microbial flocculants have been widely used in various industrial fields, such as wastewater treatment, microalgae harvest, activated sludge dewatering, heavy metal ion adsorption, and nanoparticle synthesis, especially in the post-treatment process of fermentation with high safety requirement. However, compared with the traditional inorganic flocculants and organic polymeric flocculants, the high production cost is the main bottleneck that restricts the large-scale production and application of microbial flocculants. To reduce the production cost of microbial flocculant, a series of efforts have been carried out and some exciting research progresses have been achieved. This paper summarized the research advances in the last decade, including the screening of high-yield strains and the construction of genetically engineered strains, search of cheap alternative medium, the extraction and preservation methods, microbial flocculants production as an incidental product of other biological processes, combined use of traditional flocculant and microbial flocculant, and the production of microbial flocculant promoted by inducer. Moreover, this paper prospects the future research directions to further reduce the production cost of microbial flocculants, thereby promoting the industrial production and large-scale application of microbial flocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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Das N, Ojha N, Mandal SK. Wastewater treatment using plant-derived bioflocculants: green chemistry approach for safe environment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1797-1812. [PMID: 33905353 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of global trade and human activities has resulted in a massive increase in wastewater pollution into the atmosphere. Suspended solids, organic and inorganic particles, dissolved solids, heavy metals, dyes, and other impurities contained in wastewater from various sources are toxic to the atmosphere and pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Coagulation-flocculation technology is commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove cell debris, colloids, and contaminants in a comfortable and effective manner. Flocculants, both organic and inorganic, have long been used in wastewater treatment. However, because of their low performance, non-biodegradability, and associated health risks, their use has been limited. The use of eco-friendly bioflocculants in wastewater treatment has become essential due to the health implications of chemical flocculants. Because of their availability, biodegradability, and protection, plant-derived coagulants/flocculants and plant-based grafted bioflocculants have recently made significant progress in wastewater treatment. This study will undoubtedly provide a clearer understanding of the current state, challenges, and solutions for bioflocculation in wastewater remediation using green materials for the sake of a cleaner climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Das
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, (Vellore Institute of Technology), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India E-mail:
| | - Nupur Ojha
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, (Vellore Institute of Technology), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India E-mail:
| | - Sanjeeb Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641062, India
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Phillip E, Khoo KS, Yusof MAW, Abdel Rahman RO. Assessment of POFA -Cementitious material as backfill barrier in DSRS borehole disposal: 226Ra confinement. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111703. [PMID: 33288318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS) borehole disposal is an innovative concept recommended by international atomic energy agency (IAEA) to improve the safety and security of the management end point for these sources. A green application of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a supplementary material for cementitious backfill barrier in DSRS borehole disposal facility is proposed. Samples with up to 50% POFA replacement complied with the mechanical and hydraulic performance requirements for backfill barriers in retrievable radioactive waste disposal facilities. The structures of one year old OPC and optimum OPC-POFA cement backfills were evaluated using FESEM, XRD, EDXRF, BET, and TGA and their 226 Ra confinement performances were assessed. 30% POFA replacement improved the geochemical conditions by reducing competitive Ca2+ release into the disposal environment. It enhanced 226Ra confinement performance independently on the amount of water intrusion or releases below 2% of 1 Ci source. The improved performance is attributed to the higher fraction of active sites of OPC-POFA backfill compared to that of OPC backfill. 226Ra sorption onto C-S-H is irreversible, spontaneous, endothermic, and independent on the degree of the surface filling. The provided experimental data and theoretical analysis proved the feasibility of this green use of POFA in reducing the radiological hazard of 226Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Phillip
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Nuclear Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K S Khoo
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - R O Abdel Rahman
- Hot Laboratory Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Imron MF, Said NSM, Ismail N‘I, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Purwanti IF. Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9312. [PMID: 33322826 PMCID: PMC7764310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation-flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Nor Sakinah Mohd Said
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Nur ‘Izzati Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.K.); (S.R.S.A.); (N.S.M.S.); (N.I.I.); (H.A.H.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Ipung Fitri Purwanti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;
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