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Xu K, He T, Li L, Iqbal J, Tong Y, Hua L, Tian Z, Zhao L, Li H. DOTA functionalized adsorbent DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan derived from recycled shrimp shells and sludge and its application for lead and chromium removal from water. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128263. [PMID: 37984580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was synthesized by a facile treatment using DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N,N'-tetraacetic acid) to modify dry sludge and chitosan in an acidic solution. The performance of developed DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was investigated for the adsorptive removal of Cr6+ and Pb2+ from water. Characterization studies showed that the materials possess a large surface area (52.009 m2/g), pore volume (0.069 cm3/g), and abundant functional groups of amino and hydroxyl. The prepared material showed a synergetic effect due to carboxylic acid and sludge, effectively removing Cr6+ and Pb2+. It reached 329.4 mg/g (Pb2+) and 273.3 mg/g (Cr6+) at 20 °C, much higher than commercial activated carbon. The regeneration of the adsorbent was tested for six adsorption and desorption cycles. The results demonstrate that the DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan adsorbent well-maintained high adsorption capacity attributed to its stability, making it a promising adsorbent for heavy metals removal from industrial effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Long Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuping Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
| | - Lin Hua
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhenbang Tian
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Agronomy and Bioscience, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong Prefecture 678499, China
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Ding K, You Y, Tang L, Zhang X, Qin Z, Yin X. "One-pot" preparation and adsorption performance of chitosan-based La 3+/Y 3+ dual-ion-imprinted thermosensitive hydrogel. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121071. [PMID: 37321747 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive materials are increasingly of deep interest to researchers. Ion imprinting technology is widely used in the field of metal recovery. In order to solve the problem of rare earth metal recovery, we designed a temperature-sensitive dual-imprinted hydrogel adsorption product (CDIH) with chitosan as the matrix, N-isopropylacrylamide as a thermally responsive monomer, and La3+ and Y3+ as the co-templates. The reversible thermal sensitivity and ion-imprinted structure were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectra, Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectroscopy various characterizations and analyses. The simultaneous adsorption amount of CDIH for La3+ and Y3+ was 87.04 mg/g and 90.70 mg/g, respectively. The quasi-secondary kinetic model and Freundlich isotherms model well described the adsorption mechanism of CDIH. It's worthy to mention that CDIH could be well regenerated through washing with deionized water at 20 °C, with a desorption rate of 95.29 % for La3+ and 96.03 % for Y3+. And after 10 cycles of reuse, 70 % of the adsorption amount could be maintained, revealing excellent reusability. Furthermore, CDIH expressed better adsorption selectivity to La3+ and Y3+ than its non-imprinted counterparts in a solution containing six metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Ding
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Ying You
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Liweng Tang
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Ziyu Qin
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Xueqiong Yin
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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ALSamman MT, Sánchez J. Adsorption of Copper and Arsenic from Water Using a Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Based on Alginate and Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092192. [PMID: 37177337 PMCID: PMC10180717 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New biobased hydrogels were prepared via a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) using polyacrylamide/chitosan (PAAM/chitosan) hydrogel for the adsorption of As(V) or poly acrylic acid/alginate (PAA/alginate) hydrogel for the adsorption of Cu(II). Both systems were crosslinked using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as the initiating agent. The hydrogels were characterized by SEM, Z-potential, and FTIR. Their performance was studied under different variables, such as the biopolymer effect, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and concentration of metal ions. The characterization of hydrogels revealed the morphology of the material, with and without biopolymers. In both cases, the added biopolymer provided porosity and cavities' formation, which improved the removal capacity. The Z-potential informed the surface charge of hydrogels, and the addition of biopolymers modified it, which explains the further metal removal ability. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups of the hydrogels, confirming its chemical structure. In addition, the adsorption results showed that PAAM/chitosan can efficiently remove arsenic, reaching a capacity of 17.8 mg/g at pH 5.0, and it can also be regenerated by HNO3 for six cycles. On the other hand, copper-ion absorption was studied on PAA/alginate, which can remove with an adsorption capacity of 63.59 mg/g at pH 4.0, and the results indicate that it can also be regenerated by HNO3 for five cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T ALSamman
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Julio Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
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Yang F, Yang X, Su K, He Y, Lin Q. Synthesis and characterization of pendant N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-functionalized chitosan Schiff base composite (CS@MABA) as a new sorbent for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous media. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124642. [PMID: 37119917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, new pendant N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-functionalized chitosan Schiff base composite (CS@MABA) was prepared from the simple and convenient condensation reaction between chitosan (CS) and N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (MABA) in ethanol-glacial acetic acid (1:1 v/v) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The as-prepared composite CS@MABA was applied for the removal of Pb(II) ions, due to the presence of imine, hydroxyl and phenyl groups, and the effects of important parameters such as solution pH, contact time and sorbent dosage on the removal percentage and adsorption capacity were investigated and discussed. The optimum conditions were found to be at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g, Pb(II) concentration of 50 mg/L and contact time of 60 min. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage was found to be 94.28 % with the high adsorption capacity of 165 mg/g. The adsorption capacity of CS@MABA is remain 87 % after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that the Pb(II) removal by CS@MABA follows a pseudo-first order and Langmuir models, respectively. Compared to similar compounds, the synthesized CS@MABA composite has shown a relatively high yield for removing Pb(II) ions. According to these results, the CS@MABA suggested for the sorption of other heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xingxing Yang
- College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi Water Resources Institute, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Kaimin Su
- College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yun He
- College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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Sun J, Zhou C, Shen H, Du J, Li Q, Wu W, Guo B, Liu G. Green synthesis of ceramsite from industrial wastes and its application in selective adsorption: Performance and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113786. [PMID: 35798269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing requirement and consumption of coal has resulted in a large accumulation of coal gangue. The reuse and recycling of coal gangue have become a high priority for sustainable development. A sustainable and efficient ceramsite adsorbent was prepared for copper ions adsorption by using coal gangue, coal fly ash, and copper slag as the main materials. The appropriate performance of the ceramsite could be obtained at a mixture of coal gangue, coal fly ash, and copper slag at a weight ratio of 3:4:1. The optimal sintering temperature and time were 1050 °C and 20 min, respectively. The main crystalline phases of ceramsite were quartz, mullite, and anorthite. Many micropores are connecting the interior on the surface of ceramsite under scanning electron microscope. The maximum copper ions adsorption capacity reached up to 20.6 mg/g at 303 K when pH and time were 5 and 1440 min, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm could be described by the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich model, respectively. The adsorption mechanisms of Cu2+ with ceramsite were attributed to Cu(OH)2 precipitation formed on the alkaline surface of ceramsite and complexation reactions occurred between the O-containing groups (including C-O, Fe-O, and Si-O) from ceramsite and Cu2+. The prepared ceramsite may be also applied to other heavy metal wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Chuncai Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Hexin Shen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiao Du
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Quanzhong Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Binglin Guo
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Road Jinzhai, Hefei, 230026, China
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Liu M, Zhang X, Han R, Qu L. Crosslinked polyethylenimine/polyacrylonitrile blend membrane for multifunctional adsorption of heavy metals and endocrine disrupting chemicals in solution. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu J, Fan R, Wu H, Zhang W, Li J, Zhang X, Sun H, Liu D. Simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) from acid wastewater by electrocoagulation using sacrificial metal anodes. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chopra L, Chohan JS, Sharma S, Pelc M, Kawala-Sterniuk A. Multifunctional Modified Chitosan Biopolymers for Dual Applications in Biomedical and Industrial Field: Synthesis and Evaluation of Thermal, Chemical, Morphological, Structural, In Vitro Drug-Release Rate, Swelling and Metal Uptake Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3454. [PMID: 35591144 PMCID: PMC9103994 DOI: 10.3390/s22093454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogel materials are getting attention from the research due to their multidimensional usage in various fields. Chitosan is one of the most important hydrogels used in this regard. In this paper multifunctional binary graft copolymeric matrices of chitosan with monomer AA and various comonomers AAm and AN were prepared by performing free radical graft copolymerization in the presence of an initiator KPS. The binary grafting can be done at five different molar concentrations of binary comonomers at already optimized concentration of AA, KPS and other reaction conditions such as time, temperature, solvent amount, etc. Various optimum reaction conditions were investigated and presented in this work; the backbone as well as binary grafts Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) and Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AN) were characterized via various physio-chemical techniques of analysis such as SEM analysis, Xray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA and FTIR. In the batch experiments, the binary grafts were investigated for the percent swelling with respect to pH (pH of 2.2, 7.0, 7.4 and 9.4) and time (contact time 1 to 24 h). Uploading and controllable in vitro release of the drug DS (anti-inflammatory) was examined with reverence to gastrointestinal pH and time. The binary grafts showed significantly better-controlled drug diffusion than the unmodified backbone. The kinetic study revealed that the diffusion of the drug occurred by the non-Fickian way. In the case of separation technologies, experiments (batch tests) were executed for the toxic bivalent metal ions Fe (II) and Pb (II) sorption from the aqueous media with respect to the parameters such as interaction period, concentration of fed metal ions in solution, pH and temperature. The binary grafted matrices showed superior results compared to chitosan. The kinetics study revealed that the matrices show pseudo-second order adsorption. The graft copolymer Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) provided superior results in sustainable drug release as well as metal ion uptake. The study explored the potential of chitosan-based materials in the industry as well in the biomedical field. The results proved these to be excellent materials with a lot of potential as adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Chopra
- Environment Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry (UIS), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India;
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Mariusz Pelc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, ul. Proszkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
- School of Computing of Mathematical Sciences, Old Royal Naval College, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, ul. Proszkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
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Application of Raw and Chemically Modified Biomasses for Heterogeneous Cu-Catalysed Conversion of Aryl boronic Acids to Phenols Derivatives. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the application of raw and chemically modified cellulose and sugarcane bagasse for ipso-hydroxylation of aryl boronic acids in environmentally friendly reaction conditions. The catalytic efficiency of five support-[Cu] materials was compared in forming phenols from aryl boronic acids. Our investigation highlights that the CEDA-[Cu] material (6-deoxy-6-aminoethyleneamino cellulose loaded with Cu) leads to the best results under very mild reaction conditions. The optimized catalytic sequence, allowing a facile transformation of boronic acids to phenols, required the mandatory and joint presence of the support, Cu2O, and KOH at room temperature. CEDA-[Cu] was characterized using 13C solid-state NMR, ICP, and FTIR. The use of CEDA-[Cu] accounts for the efficacious synthesis of variously substituted phenol derivatives and presents very good recyclability after five catalytic cycles.
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Zhang Q, Liu G, Peng S, Zhou C. Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate from Coal Gangue for Cr(VI) and Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206192. [PMID: 34684772 PMCID: PMC8537422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the accumulation of coal gangue and potentially toxic elements in aqueous solution have caused biological damage to the surrounding ecosystem of the Huainan coal mining field. In this study, coal gangue was used to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) to remove Cr(VI) and Cu(II)from aqueous solutions and aqueous solution. The optimum parameters for C-S-H synthesis were 700 °C for 1 h and a Ca/Si molar ratio of 1.0. Quantitative sorption analysis was done at variable temperature, C-S-H dosages, solution pH, initial concentrations of metals, and reaction time. The solution pH was precisely controlled by a pH meter. The adsorption temperature was controlled by a thermostatic gas bath oscillator. The error of solution temperature was controlled at ± 0.3, compared with the adsorption temperature. For Cr(VI) and Cu(II), the optimum initial concentration, temperature, and reaction time were 200 mg/L, 40 °C and 90 min, pH 2 and 0.1 g C-S-H for Cr(VI), pH 6 and 0.07 g C-S-H for Cu(II), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) were 68.03 and 70.42 mg·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) in aqueous solution could meet the surface water quality standards in China. The adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) onto C-S-H were reduction, electrostatic interaction, chelation interaction, and surface complexation. It was found that C-S-H is an environmentally friendly adsorbent for effective removal of metals from aqueous solution through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China;
| | - Guijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuchuan Peng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-3603714; Fax: +86-551-3621485
| | - Chuncai Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China;
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Alvarado N, Abarca RL, Linares-Flores C. Two Fascinating Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Starch. Some Prominent Characterizations for Applying as Eco-Friendly Food Packaging and Pollutant Remover in Aqueous Medium. Progress in Recent Years: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1737. [PMID: 34073343 PMCID: PMC8198307 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The call to use biodegradable, eco-friendly materials is urgent. The use of biopolymers as a replacement for the classic petroleum-based materials is increasing. Chitosan and starch have been widely studied with this purpose: to be part of this replacement. The importance of proper physical characterization of these biopolymers is essential for the intended application. This review focuses on characterizations of chitosan and starch, approximately from 2017 to date, in one of their most-used applications: food packaging for chitosan and as an adsorbent agent of pollutants in aqueous medium for starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Alvarado
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel 8900000, Chile
| | - Romina L. Abarca
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Cristian Linares-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel 8900000, Chile;
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