Application of pyridine-modified chitosan derivative for simultaneous adsorption of Cu(II) and oxyanions of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution

Ligand geometry matters: Comparative study of linear and annular chelating ligands in tailored magnetic chitosan for Cu(II) removal

The chelation between metal ions and ligands is pivotal in defining the adsorption capacity and selectivity of Cu(II) adsorbents, particularly those based on chitosan (CS). However, the influence of the spatial geometric configuration of chelating ligands on Cu(II) chelation remains poorly understood. Here, we developed two amino ligand-modified CS-based adsorbents with distinct spatial ligand configurations-linear (DA-CS) and annular (MA-CS)-to elucidate their Cu(II) chelation mechanisms. Adsorption isothermal and kinetic studies revealed that the MA-CS adsorbent exhibited an adsorption capacity and rate constant approximately double those of DA-CS under identical conditions, underscoring the superior performance of MA-CS. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations further demonstrated that Cu(II) ions form more stable coordination bonds with nitrogen atoms in the annular MA-CS structure than in the linear DA-CS structure, with calculated adsorption energies of -28.63 eV and - 26.98 eV, respectively. Additionally, MA-CS displayed excellent thermal stability and a rougher surface morphology, achieving Cu(II) removal rates of up to 96.2 % while maintaining structural integrity and adsorption efficiency over five reuse cycles. These results establish MA-CS, with its annular ligand structure, as a durable adsorbent and optimized CS-based adsorbent for water treatment and environmental engineering applications.

NiFe2O4/g- C3N4 modified chitosan Schiff base composite for efficient removal of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions from the aquatic environment and its antibacterial properties

Modification of chitosan has been achieved by the reaction of chitosan with 4- nitro-benzaldehyde via the sol-gel method, resulting in a Schiff base. A novel magnetic Graphitic Carbon Nitride/chitosan-Schiff base/NiFe2O3 (SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4) adsorbent was synthesized by hydrothermal route for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions from the aquatic environment. The synthesized SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4 was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), with a surface area of approximately 13.657 m2/g. It was anticipated by the results that magnetic SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4 would be effectively synthesized. On Cu(II) and Hg(II) adsorption, the impacts of significant variables, including pH solution, contact duration, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and co-existing ions, were examined. Under ideal circumstances, the optimum adsorption capacities of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions were 889.76 mg/g and 703.21 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4 material exhibited the beneficial property of simple separation, permitting the continuation of high removal effectiveness for heavy metals like Cu (II) and Hg(II) despite experiencing many reuse cycles. In summary, there are a lot of opportunities for the effective elimination of Cu (II) and Hg (II) from different water sources shortly with the use of SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4, a new adsorbent. The as-synthesized SBIV@NiFe/g-C3N4 displayed better antibacterial activity against highly lethal bacteria like S. aureus and P. vulgaris.

DOTA functionalized adsorbent DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan derived from recycled shrimp shells and sludge and its application for lead and chromium removal from water

DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was synthesized by a facile treatment using DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N,N'-tetraacetic acid) to modify dry sludge and chitosan in an acidic solution. The performance of developed DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was investigated for the adsorptive removal of Cr6+ and Pb2+ from water. Characterization studies showed that the materials possess a large surface area (52.009 m2/g), pore volume (0.069 cm3/g), and abundant functional groups of amino and hydroxyl. The prepared material showed a synergetic effect due to carboxylic acid and sludge, effectively removing Cr6+ and Pb2+. It reached 329.4 mg/g (Pb2+) and 273.3 mg/g (Cr6+) at 20 °C, much higher than commercial activated carbon. The regeneration of the adsorbent was tested for six adsorption and desorption cycles. The results demonstrate that the DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan adsorbent well-maintained high adsorption capacity attributed to its stability, making it a promising adsorbent for heavy metals removal from industrial effluent.

"One-pot" preparation and adsorption performance of chitosan-based La3+/Y3+ dual-ion-imprinted thermosensitive hydrogel

Temperature-sensitive materials are increasingly of deep interest to researchers. Ion imprinting technology is widely used in the field of metal recovery. In order to solve the problem of rare earth metal recovery, we designed a temperature-sensitive dual-imprinted hydrogel adsorption product (CDIH) with chitosan as the matrix, N-isopropylacrylamide as a thermally responsive monomer, and La³⁺ and Y³⁺ as the co-templates. The reversible thermal sensitivity and ion-imprinted structure were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectra, Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectroscopy various characterizations and analyses. The simultaneous adsorption amount of CDIH for La³⁺ and Y³⁺ was 87.04 mg/g and 90.70 mg/g, respectively. The quasi-secondary kinetic model and Freundlich isotherms model well described the adsorption mechanism of CDIH. It's worthy to mention that CDIH could be well regenerated through washing with deionized water at 20 °C, with a desorption rate of 95.29 % for La³⁺ and 96.03 % for Y³⁺. And after 10 cycles of reuse, 70 % of the adsorption amount could be maintained, revealing excellent reusability. Furthermore, CDIH expressed better adsorption selectivity to La³⁺ and Y³⁺ than its non-imprinted counterparts in a solution containing six metal ions.

Adsorption of Copper and Arsenic from Water Using a Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Based on Alginate and Chitosan

New biobased hydrogels were prepared via a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) using polyacrylamide/chitosan (PAAM/chitosan) hydrogel for the adsorption of As(V) or poly acrylic acid/alginate (PAA/alginate) hydrogel for the adsorption of Cu(II). Both systems were crosslinked using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as the initiating agent. The hydrogels were characterized by SEM, Z-potential, and FTIR. Their performance was studied under different variables, such as the biopolymer effect, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and concentration of metal ions. The characterization of hydrogels revealed the morphology of the material, with and without biopolymers. In both cases, the added biopolymer provided porosity and cavities' formation, which improved the removal capacity. The Z-potential informed the surface charge of hydrogels, and the addition of biopolymers modified it, which explains the further metal removal ability. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups of the hydrogels, confirming its chemical structure. In addition, the adsorption results showed that PAAM/chitosan can efficiently remove arsenic, reaching a capacity of 17.8 mg/g at pH 5.0, and it can also be regenerated by HNO3 for six cycles. On the other hand, copper-ion absorption was studied on PAA/alginate, which can remove with an adsorption capacity of 63.59 mg/g at pH 4.0, and the results indicate that it can also be regenerated by HNO3 for five cycles.

Synthesis and characterization of pendant N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-functionalized chitosan Schiff base composite (CS@MABA) as a new sorbent for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous media

In this work, new pendant N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-functionalized chitosan Schiff base composite (CS@MABA) was prepared from the simple and convenient condensation reaction between chitosan (CS) and N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (MABA) in ethanol-glacial acetic acid (1:1 v/v) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The as-prepared composite CS@MABA was applied for the removal of Pb(II) ions, due to the presence of imine, hydroxyl and phenyl groups, and the effects of important parameters such as solution pH, contact time and sorbent dosage on the removal percentage and adsorption capacity were investigated and discussed. The optimum conditions were found to be at pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g, Pb(II) concentration of 50 mg/L and contact time of 60 min. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage was found to be 94.28 % with the high adsorption capacity of 165 mg/g. The adsorption capacity of CS@MABA is remain 87 % after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that the Pb(II) removal by CS@MABA follows a pseudo-first order and Langmuir models, respectively. Compared to similar compounds, the synthesized CS@MABA composite has shown a relatively high yield for removing Pb(II) ions. According to these results, the CS@MABA suggested for the sorption of other heavy metals.

Green synthesis of ceramsite from industrial wastes and its application in selective adsorption: Performance and mechanism

The increasing requirement and consumption of coal has resulted in a large accumulation of coal gangue. The reuse and recycling of coal gangue have become a high priority for sustainable development. A sustainable and efficient ceramsite adsorbent was prepared for copper ions adsorption by using coal gangue, coal fly ash, and copper slag as the main materials. The appropriate performance of the ceramsite could be obtained at a mixture of coal gangue, coal fly ash, and copper slag at a weight ratio of 3:4:1. The optimal sintering temperature and time were 1050 °C and 20 min, respectively. The main crystalline phases of ceramsite were quartz, mullite, and anorthite. Many micropores are connecting the interior on the surface of ceramsite under scanning electron microscope. The maximum copper ions adsorption capacity reached up to 20.6 mg/g at 303 K when pH and time were 5 and 1440 min, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm could be described by the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich model, respectively. The adsorption mechanisms of Cu²⁺ with ceramsite were attributed to Cu(OH)₂ precipitation formed on the alkaline surface of ceramsite and complexation reactions occurred between the O-containing groups (including C-O, Fe-O, and Si-O) from ceramsite and Cu²⁺. The prepared ceramsite may be also applied to other heavy metal wastewater treatments.

Multifunctional Modified Chitosan Biopolymers for Dual Applications in Biomedical and Industrial Field: Synthesis and Evaluation of Thermal, Chemical, Morphological, Structural, In Vitro Drug-Release Rate, Swelling and Metal Uptake Studies

The hydrogel materials are getting attention from the research due to their multidimensional usage in various fields. Chitosan is one of the most important hydrogels used in this regard. In this paper multifunctional binary graft copolymeric matrices of chitosan with monomer AA and various comonomers AAm and AN were prepared by performing free radical graft copolymerization in the presence of an initiator KPS. The binary grafting can be done at five different molar concentrations of binary comonomers at already optimized concentration of AA, KPS and other reaction conditions such as time, temperature, solvent amount, etc. Various optimum reaction conditions were investigated and presented in this work; the backbone as well as binary grafts Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) and Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AN) were characterized via various physio-chemical techniques of analysis such as SEM analysis, Xray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA and FTIR. In the batch experiments, the binary grafts were investigated for the percent swelling with respect to pH (pH of 2.2, 7.0, 7.4 and 9.4) and time (contact time 1 to 24 h). Uploading and controllable in vitro release of the drug DS (anti-inflammatory) was examined with reverence to gastrointestinal pH and time. The binary grafts showed significantly better-controlled drug diffusion than the unmodified backbone. The kinetic study revealed that the diffusion of the drug occurred by the non-Fickian way. In the case of separation technologies, experiments (batch tests) were executed for the toxic bivalent metal ions Fe (II) and Pb (II) sorption from the aqueous media with respect to the parameters such as interaction period, concentration of fed metal ions in solution, pH and temperature. The binary grafted matrices showed superior results compared to chitosan. The kinetics study revealed that the matrices show pseudo-second order adsorption. The graft copolymer Ch-graft-poly (AA-cop-AAm) provided superior results in sustainable drug release as well as metal ion uptake. The study explored the potential of chitosan-based materials in the industry as well in the biomedical field. The results proved these to be excellent materials with a lot of potential as adsorbents.

Application of Raw and Chemically Modified Biomasses for Heterogeneous Cu-Catalysed Conversion of Aryl boronic Acids to Phenols Derivatives

This work describes the application of raw and chemically modified cellulose and sugarcane bagasse for ipso-hydroxylation of aryl boronic acids in environmentally friendly reaction conditions. The catalytic efficiency of five support-[Cu] materials was compared in forming phenols from aryl boronic acids. Our investigation highlights that the CEDA-[Cu] material (6-deoxy-6-aminoethyleneamino cellulose loaded with Cu) leads to the best results under very mild reaction conditions. The optimized catalytic sequence, allowing a facile transformation of boronic acids to phenols, required the mandatory and joint presence of the support, Cu2O, and KOH at room temperature. CEDA-[Cu] was characterized using 13C solid-state NMR, ICP, and FTIR. The use of CEDA-[Cu] accounts for the efficacious synthesis of variously substituted phenol derivatives and presents very good recyclability after five catalytic cycles.

Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate from Coal Gangue for Cr(VI) and Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution

Both the accumulation of coal gangue and potentially toxic elements in aqueous solution have caused biological damage to the surrounding ecosystem of the Huainan coal mining field. In this study, coal gangue was used to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) to remove Cr(VI) and Cu(II)from aqueous solutions and aqueous solution. The optimum parameters for C-S-H synthesis were 700 °C for 1 h and a Ca/Si molar ratio of 1.0. Quantitative sorption analysis was done at variable temperature, C-S-H dosages, solution pH, initial concentrations of metals, and reaction time. The solution pH was precisely controlled by a pH meter. The adsorption temperature was controlled by a thermostatic gas bath oscillator. The error of solution temperature was controlled at ± 0.3, compared with the adsorption temperature. For Cr(VI) and Cu(II), the optimum initial concentration, temperature, and reaction time were 200 mg/L, 40 °C and 90 min, pH 2 and 0.1 g C-S-H for Cr(VI), pH 6 and 0.07 g C-S-H for Cu(II), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) were 68.03 and 70.42 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) in aqueous solution could meet the surface water quality standards in China. The adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) onto C-S-H were reduction, electrostatic interaction, chelation interaction, and surface complexation. It was found that C-S-H is an environmentally friendly adsorbent for effective removal of metals from aqueous solution through different mechanisms.

Two Fascinating Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Starch. Some Prominent Characterizations for Applying as Eco-Friendly Food Packaging and Pollutant Remover in Aqueous Medium. Progress in Recent Years: A Review

The call to use biodegradable, eco-friendly materials is urgent. The use of biopolymers as a replacement for the classic petroleum-based materials is increasing. Chitosan and starch have been widely studied with this purpose: to be part of this replacement. The importance of proper physical characterization of these biopolymers is essential for the intended application. This review focuses on characterizations of chitosan and starch, approximately from 2017 to date, in one of their most-used applications: food packaging for chitosan and as an adsorbent agent of pollutants in aqueous medium for starch.