1
|
Guan Y, Fan K, Wang S, Cui L, Wang H, Guo Z, Chen W, He H, Liu Z. Assessment of the depositional characteristics of the Yellow River estuary from 1960s by 239+240Pu and 137Cs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169473. [PMID: 38141998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and vertical distribution of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in the sediments of the Yellow River Delta was studied to evaluate the deposition dynamics in the Yellow River estuary from 1960s. The activity of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in sediment core ranged from 0.001 to 0.212 Bq/kg and 0.52-2.53 Bq/kg, respectively. A maximum accumulation peak and two secondary accumulation peaks appeared in the sediment core YR2. The average deposition rate of 8.3 cm/y for the Yellow River estuary from 1964 to 1976 was obtained. The proportion of Pu from the Yellow River net input and direct deposition to the total inventory of Pu in the estuary was assessed, with a total inventory of Pu in the abandoned estuary of 7.4 × 1010 Bq and a net input of 2.2 × 1010 Bq from the Yellow River. Pu deposited in the estuary only accounts for 18 % of the total Pu transported by the Yellow River, and most of the Pu is injected into the Bohai Sea with the Yellow River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Kaidi Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shenzhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liangjia Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zichen Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hua He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guan YJ, He H, Fan KD, Wang SZ, Guo ZC, Wang HJ, Cui LJ, Chen W, Huang CP, Liu ZY, He XW, Guo KX, Zhang JJ, Xu ZY. Spatial distribution, source identification, and transportation paths of plutonium in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115972. [PMID: 38154170 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the spatial distribution and source of plutonium isotopes in the Beibu Gulf, surface sediments were collected and analyzed using sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The activities of 239+240Pu in surface sediments ranged from 0.012 to 0.451 mBq/g (mean: 0.171 ± 0.138 mBq/g, n = 36), indicating a decreasing trend in a counterclockwise direction from the southern bay mouth. The counterclockwise decreasing trend in the south of the bay mouth is similar to the current in the Beibu Gulf. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in surface sediments ranged from 0.156 to 0.283 (mean: 0.236 ± 0.031, n = 36), slightly higher than that of the global fallout value of 0.18. This suggests that the Pu in the Beibu Gulf was a combination of global fallout and Pacific Proving Ground (PPG). The average contribution of the plutonium (Pu) derived from the PPG in the sediment was estimated to be 52 % ± 24 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jing Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hua He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kai-di Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zi-Chen Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liang-Jia Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xian-Wen He
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Kai-Xing Guo
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Ze-Yue Xu
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Z, Li Y, Shao M, Sun T, Lin M, Zhang T, Hu K, Jiang H, Guan X. Succession and environmental response of sediment bacterial communities in the Liao River Estuary at the centenary scale. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:105980. [PMID: 37141709 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial community succession in turbulent estuarine environments is key to the understanding of microbial community development in estuaries. Centennial-scale sediment core samples collected from the Liao River Estuary (LRE) channel bar and side beaches were studied for geochemistry and 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial analyses. The results showed that bacterial community composition significantly differed between the sediments of the two sides of the channel bar, with Campilobacterota and Bacteroidota being dominant bacterial phyla in the tributary (T1, T2) and mainstream (MS1, MS2) sediment, respectively. Co-occurrence network of the bacterial community at the genus level showed more centralized and compacted topological features in tributary with weaker hydrodynamic, and the keystone taxas were Halioglobus, Luteolibacter, and Lutibacter in the bacterial community. The bacterial network structure had more edges and larger average degree in LRE sediments from the stage of the year 2016-2009 and the stage before 1939, which was possibly related to hydrodynamic conditions and nutrients. Stochastic processes (dispersal limitation) were the key factors driving bacterial community assembly in the LRE sediments. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and grain size were the main deterministic factors affecting the change of bacterial community structure. Relative microbial abundance has the potential to indicate geologically historical environmental changes. This study provided a new perspective to reveal the succession and response of bacterial communities under frequent fluctuation environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zining Guo
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengqi Shao
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tongxin Sun
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengping Lin
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tie Zhang
- Panjin Natural Resources Service Center, Bureau of Natural Resources of Panjin, Panjin, 120010, China
| | - Ke Hu
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Romanenko V, Lujanienė G. Short review of plutonium applications for the sediment transport studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 257:107066. [PMID: 36395679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transport of sediments in surface waters is a natural process involving the relocation of the sediments themselves and the nutrients, pollutants and radionuclides associated with them. Plutonium isotopes have proven to be a useful tool for studying this process over several decades. In this article, we review the characteristics of the behaviour of plutonium in the water column and the main directions of its use to study the transport of sediments at different scales. The characteristic isotopic fingerprints of the sources and their known input functions, as well as the good reactivity of the particles, favour the widespread use of plutonium for the study of the chronology of sediments and deposits and for studies of the fate and migration pathways of sediments at different scales. While other radionuclides are losing relevance due to the short half-life the 239Pu and 240Pu will remain useable for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Romanenko
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Galina Lujanienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Public Institution, Savanorių ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Y, Sun X, Zhang W. Spatio-temporal distribution of 239+240Pu in sediments of the China sea and adjacent waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 253-254:107010. [PMID: 36108554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Data of 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in surface and core sediments of the China Sea and adjacent waters were collected. We examine a dataset of 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu ratios determined from surface sediments at 516 sites and 84 core sediment mainly across the China Sea and adjacent waters. For the first time the spatial distributions of the 239+240Pu activities, the 240Pu/239Pu ratios and the Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) fraction in the China Sea and adjacent waters are fully presented at the same time. Four types of typical 239+240Pu distribution with depth are commonly summarized: non-peak, pseudo single peak, single peak and multi peaks, which are based on the comprehensive analysis of the vertical distribution of 239+240Pu in 84 sediment cores that had been studied in the China Sea and adjacent waters. Their occurrence probability are ∼15%, ∼4%, ∼67% and ∼11%, respectively. This is the dominant Pu source in seawater which was transported by the North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio Current and its extension into the China Sea and adjacent waters first from east to west, then from south to north. A sea area to the northeast of Taiwan Island and the Okinawa Trough, shows high 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios spatial distribution trends, which are related to the intrusion of the Kuroshio Current carrying 239+240Pu from the PPG nuclear weapon tests. The used two end-member mixing model suggests that global fallout and PPG close-in fallout are the main sources of Pu in most of the investigate areas. As the 240Pu/239Pu of global fallout is relatively constant, the change of 240Pu/239Pu ratios in surface sediments of the China Sea and adjacent waters are mainly controlled by the PPG close-in fallout input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China; Centre Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA),Sevilla, 41092, Spain.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540-6654, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Radioanalytical chemistry for nuclear forensics in China: Progress and future perspective. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Huang Y, Sun X, Zhang W, Xiao Z. Spatial distribution and migration of 239+240Pu in Chinese soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153724. [PMID: 35157857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The migration of radionuclides is a critical threat to the soil and groundwater environment. This study investigates highly radiological toxic 239+240Pu in 647 surface soils and 66 soil cores in China. First, the spatial distributions of 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu ratios are presented in Chinese surface soils. Second, four different types of vertical distribution of 239+240Pu, namely 45.4%, 40.9%, 9.1% and 4.5% of Chinese soil cores proportions are integrated using statistical analysis. Furthermore, different soil types are accompanied by different 239+240Pu vertical distributions, which relate closely to the 239+240Pu migration. Finally, based on the Convection Dispersion Equation (CDE) model, the present work find that the apparent convection velocities of 239+240Pu are ranging from 0.00032 ± 0.00031 cm a-1 to 0.473 ± 0.083 cm a-1. As shown by the four typical vertical activity distribution of 239+240Pu in soil cores, the deepened activity maximum value position of 239+240Pu implies a fast migration rate or apparent convection velocity. This study, for the first time, suggests a significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.847) between the depth of 239+240Pu maximum value (cm) and the apparent convection velocity (v, cm a-1). We hypothesize that v usually does not exceed 0.5 cm a-1 in the CDE model. A significant linear correlation is also identified between apparent dispersion coefficient (D, cm2 a-1) and v2 in Chinese soil cores from the CDE model. It will provide an important reference for harmful heavy metal migration research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Centro Nacional de Aceleradores,Sevilla 41092, Spain.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University,Princeton, NJ 08540-6654, USA
| | - Zhi Xiao
- School of Natural Resource and Surveying, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, Qiao J, Zhang W, Zhu L, Hou X. Plutonium isotopes in the northwestern South China Sea: Level, distribution, source and deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118846. [PMID: 35032601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of plutonium isotopes (239Pu, 240Pu) in the surface sediments collected from the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) in 2018 was investigated. The 239,240Pu concentrations in surface sediments vary from 0.048 to 0.960 mBq/g (with mean of 0.282 ± 0.242 mBq/g) depending on the geographical feature of the sampling location such as the river estuary, continental shelf, slope and deep basin. Higher 240Pu/239Pu atomic ratios (0.24-0.31) in the surface sediment of the SCS compared to the global fallout value of 0.18 were observed, this is attributed to the input of close-in fallout of the Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) transported by the North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio Current to the northern SCS. The contribution of the PPG derived plutonium in the SCS sediment was estimated to be 39%-78% using a simple two-end member mixing model based on the measured 240Pu/239Pu atomic ratios in the sediment. Besides the soluble 239,240Pu level in seawater, load of suspended particulate matter from the river runoff and biological debris, hydrographic and hydrodynamic conditions are key parameters influencing the deposition process of plutonium to the sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Jixin Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Weichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, PR China
| | - Liuchao Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266061, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meteoric 10Be, 137Cs and 239+240Pu as Tracers of Long- and Medium-Term Soil Erosion—A Review. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isotopes of meteoric 10Be, 137Cs, 239+240Pu have been proposed as a soil redistribution tracer and applied worldwide as an alternative method to classical field-related techniques (e.g., sediment traps). Meteoric 10Be provides information about long-term soil redistribution rates (millennia), while 137Cs and 239+240Pu give medium-term rates (decades). A significant progress in developing new models and approaches for the calculation of erosion rates has been made; thus, we provide a global review (n = 59) of research articles to present these three isotopes (meteoric 10Be, 239+240Pu and 137Cs) as soil erosion markers in different environments and under different land-use types. Understanding the dynamics and behaviours of isotopes in the soil environment is crucial to determine their usefulness as soil erosion tracers; thus, we discuss the chemical–physical behaviour of meteoric 10Be, 137Cs and 239+240Pu in soils. The application of these isotopes sometimes has strong limitations, and we give suggestions on how to overcome them or how to adapt them to a given situation. This review also shows where these isotopic methods can potentially be applied in the future. A lack in knowledge about soil redistribution rates exists particularly in loess-dominated areas where the tillage system has changed or in areas with strong wind erosion.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang W, Hou X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Dang H, Xing S, Chen N. Level, distribution and sources of plutonium in the northeast and north China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117967. [PMID: 34426197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 239Pu and 240Pu in 163 surface soil samples and five soil cores collected from the northeast and north China were analyzed using the radiochemical separation combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurement. The average 240Pu/239Pu atomic ratios (0.185 ± 0.018) for all surface soil samples indicated that the global fallout is the major source of plutonium in the studied region. The 239,240Pu concentrations of the surface soil ranged from 0.002 mBq/g to 4.82 mBq/g, lying in the range of the reported results in the areas with similar latitude, except for a few samples. The distribution of 239,240Pu in this region is controlled by the deposition of plutonium in the atmosphere and its preservation in the soil, which were affects by multi-factors such as topography, climate, utilization of the land and vegetation coverage. The analytical results could be used as the baseline data for the assessment of the impact of nuclear activities in the past and the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Risø Campus, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; CAS Center of Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Haijun Dang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, China
| | - Shan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guan Y, Mai J, Xu J, Liu Z. Characteristic of Pu from urban wetland and lacustrine sediments in Suzhou Industrial Park, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 213:106134. [PMID: 31983444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, plutonium activity concentrations in the urban wetlands and lacustrine sediment of Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) are studied for the first time. Results show 239+240Pu activity concentrations in the wetland surface soils of SIP range from 0.035 to 0.426 mBq/g and the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio ranges from 0.171±0.024 to 0.226±0.049. Judging from the atom ratio of 240Pu/239Pu, the main source of Pu in the wetland is global fallout. The correlations of Pu between organic matter and heavy metals are also studied. The correlation coefficients show Pu has significant positive correlations with Cu, Sn and Pb but negative correlation with As. Unlike distributions of Pu in other places, Pu in SIP has weak correlation with organic matter content. A sediment core from Lake Yangcheng is also analyzed to investigate the historical record of Pu deposition. The atom ratios of each layer in the sediment core indicate the area is mainly influenced by global fallout. Using Pu as a discrete-time maker, the deposition rate in Lake Yangcheng is 0.396±0.019 cm/yr. The calculated inventory of 239+240Pu is 58.5 Bq/m2, which is in the range of inventories of the corresponding latitudes according to UNSCEAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jingyu Mai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Sun J, Xiao X. An overview of current knowledge concerning the inventory and sources of plutonium in the China Seas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110599. [PMID: 31733905 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the current understanding of the inventory and sources of plutonium (Pu) in the marine environment adjacent to China. The 239+240Pu inventory in the China Seas was found to have large spatial variations. The quantity in sediments decreases away from the shore, generally tracing the sedimentation rate distribution. High 239+240Pu inventories indicated that Pu in the water column was easily scavenged since Pu has a high particle affinity. Indeed, substantially higher 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios were observed in the sediment and seawater of the China Seas than are found in global fallout. We thus clarified that Pu sources in the China Seas were from both global fallout and the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) in the Pacific Marshall Islands. Plutonium from the latter source is transported into the China Seas through the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and Kuroshio. Using a two end-member mixing model, we revealed that the contribution of Pu from the PPG accounts for over 40% of the Pu in the East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), and less than 20% of the Pu in the Yellow Sea (YS). The distributions and isotopic composition of Pu in the China Seas indicate strong scavenging of Pu in the ECS and high Pu accumulation in the SCS. This information on the inventory and isotopic composition of Pu helps to establish a background for the future study of Pu in the China Seas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wu
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Jiang Sun
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xiyu Xiao
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang R, Fu Y, Lei L, Li G, Liu Z. Distribution and Source Identification of Pu in River Basins in Southern China. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22646-22654. [PMID: 31909349 PMCID: PMC6941367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in surface sediments from the major river basins in southern China were analyzed to investigate the distribution and source of Pu. We clarified that the 239+240Pu activities in these river basins were very similar, however, only the 239+240Pu activities in the Jinjiang Basin were generally higher than other samples. Because of river transport function, the distribution of 239+240Pu activities in these river basins presented an increasing trend from the upstream region to the estuary. According to the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios, the Pu source in the inner river basins might be from global fallout, and the Pu in river estuaries might be from the global fallout and the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) in the Marshall Islands. Using a mass balance of the Pu model, we quantified in the Pearl River Estuary and the Pu contribution from the Pearl River Basin to Pu inventory was 13 ± 5%. These data not only filled in a knowledge gap of Pu in these river basins but also served as background data for Pu contamination from a nuclear reactor. Also, there are several planned and operating nuclear power plants in these river basins and these data could provide some indications for dealing with nuclear accidents in different parts of river basins in the future. In this study, we also analyzed some factors that would affect the distribution of 239+240Pu activities; however, only total organic carbon (TOC) content and the heavy metal As had a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation
Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yao Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation
Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ling Lei
- State
Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation
Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute
of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological
and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation
Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang Y, Tims SG, Froehlich MB, Pan S, Fifield LK, Pavetich S, Koll D. The 240Pu/ 239Pu atom ratio in Chinese soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:603-610. [PMID: 31085490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio is a very effective tool for the identification of the origin of plutonium (Pu) in the soil environment. We examine a dataset of 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios determined from surface and core soils at 240 sites across China. The data were compiled from 18 separate literature sources from the last 20 years. For the first time the spatial distribution (3 latitude bands and 7 natural regions) of the weighted average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in Chinese soils is investigated. An area to the West of Xining City, shows a weighted average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio of 0.167 ± 0.002, lower than that of average global fallout, which likely arises from the addition of local fallout radionuclides from the Chinese nuclear weapon tests at Lop Nor between 1964 and 1980. The Yumen and Jiuquan areas of Northwest China in particular show evidence of very low ratio material from the Chinese nuclear weapon tests. Excluding the impacted area around the test site the weighted average 240Pu/239Pu ratio of 0.182 ± 0.002 suggests that global fallout is the main source of Pu in most Chinese soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Huang
- The key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen G Tims
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia.
| | - Michaela B Froehlich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaoming Pan
- The key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - L Keith Fifield
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Pavetich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Dominik Koll
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhuang Q, Li G, Wang F, Tian L, Jiang X, Zhang K, Liu G, Pan S, Liu Z. 137Cs and 239+240Pu in the Bohai Sea of China: Comparison in distribution and source identification between the inner bay and the tidal flat. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:604-617. [PMID: 30660312 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated artificial radionuclides (239+240Pu and 137Cs) in surface sediments and sediment cores collected from the Bohai Bay and the tidal flat of the Liaodong Bay, China. Increasing trends for 239+240Pu activities and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios (˃0.18) were observed from land to sea and from north to south in the Bohai Bay. This spatial pattern implied that the scavenging process between riverine sediments and Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) source Pu transported by the currents such as Yellow Sea Warm Current had occurred in the Bohai Bay. In contrast, relatively lower 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in the tidal flat of Liaodong Bay were due to the mixing process between more global out and less PPG source Pu. The riverine Pu contributions to the total global fallout Pu in the Haihe River (32.8%) were much lower than those in the Yangtze River estuary (77%-80%), indicating better soil conservation in the Haihe River Catchment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey, CGS, Key Laboratory of Coast and Quaternary Geo-Environment, Tianjin 300170, China.
| | - Lizhu Tian
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey, CGS, Key Laboratory of Coast and Quaternary Geo-Environment, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey, CGS, Key Laboratory of Coast and Quaternary Geo-Environment, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Kexing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Geng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX37DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoming Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hao Y, Xu Y, Pan S, Song X, Zhang K, Guo H, Gu Z. Sources of plutonium isotopes and 137Cs in coastal seawaters of Liaodong Bay and Bohai Strait, China and its environmental implications. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 130:240-248. [PMID: 29866553 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the sources of plutonium in seawaters of Liaodong Bay and Bohai Strait, China, surface seawater samples were collected and analyzed for 239+240Pu and 137Cs by radiochemical separation combined with ICP-MS and γ-spectrometry, respectively. A large variation of 239+240Pu activities was observed, ranging from 1.993 to 29.677 mBq/m3 in the Liaodong Bay and from 0.932 to 10.183 mBq/m3 in the Bohai Strait. 137Cs activities showed little variation between the investigated locations, which was attributed to the different behavior characteristics of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in seawaters. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios showed a significant variation between the Liaodong Bay (0.185) and Bohai Strait (0.225), indicating that Pu derived from the Pacific Proving Grounds might have been transported to the Bohai Strait but not yet to the Liaodong Bay, which could further provide valuable reference for evaluating the seawater exchange cycle between the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongpei Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yihong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shaoming Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaowei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haiting Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|