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Carullo G, Borghini F, Fusi F, Saponara S, Fontana A, Pozzetti L, Fedeli R, Panti A, Gorelli B, Aquino G, Basilicata MG, Pepe G, Campiglia P, Biagiotti S, Gemma S, Butini S, Pianezze S, Loppi S, Cavaglioni A, Perini M, Campiani G. Traceability and authentication in agri-food production: A multivariate approach to the characterization ofthe Italian food excellence elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.), a vasoactive nutraceutical. Food Chem 2024; 444:138684. [PMID: 38359701 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A research platform for food authentication was set up by combining stable isotope ratio analysis, metabolomics by gas and liquid mass-spectrometry and NMR investigations, chemometric analyses for food excellences. This multi-analytical approach was tested on samples of elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.), a species belonging to the same genus of common garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.), mainly produced in southern Tuscany-(Allium ampeloprasum). The isotopic composition allowed the product to be geographically characterized. Flavonoids, like (+)-catechin, cinnamic acids, quercetin glycosides were identified. The samples showed also a significant amount of dipeptides, sulphur-containing metabolites and glutathione, the latter of which could be considered a molecular marker of the analyzed elephant garlic. For nutraceutical profiling to reach quality labels, extracts were investigated in specific biological assays, displaying interesting vasorelaxant properties in rat aorta by mediating nitric oxide release from the endothelium and exhibited positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects in rat perfused heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Borghini
- ISVEA Srl, Istituto per lo Sviluppo Viticolo Enologico e Agroindustriale, 53036 Poggibonsi(SI), Italy.
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Anna Fontana
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Fedeli
- BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alice Panti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Stefano Biagiotti
- Telematic University Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48 -80132 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pianezze
- Experimental and Technological Services Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
| | - Stefano Loppi
- BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Cavaglioni
- ISVEA Srl, Istituto per lo Sviluppo Viticolo Enologico e Agroindustriale, 53036 Poggibonsi(SI), Italy.
| | - Matteo Perini
- Experimental and Technological Services Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; BioAgryLab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-7346, Iran.
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Lu M, Pan J, Hu Y, Ding L, Li Y, Cui X, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li C. Advances in the study of vascular related protective effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract and compounds. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109531. [PMID: 37984733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a functional food containing multiple bioactive compounds that find widespread applications in culinary and medicinal practices. It consists of multiple chemical components, including allicin and alliin. This article offers a comprehensive review of the protective effects of garlic extracts and their active constituents on the vascular system. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that garlic extracts and their active ingredients possess various bioactive properties. These substances demonstrate beneficial effects on blood vessels by demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, inhibiting lipid accumulation and migration, preventing lipid peroxidation, promoting angiogenesis, reducing platelet aggregation, enhancing endothelial function, and inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis. In clinical studies, garlic and its extracts have demonstrated their efficacy in managing vascular system diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels. In summary, these studies highlight the potential therapeutic roles and underlying mechanisms of garlic and its constituents in managing conditions like diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemic diseases, and other vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Lu
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinyuan Pan
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanlong Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinhai Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Muxin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Keihanian F, Moohebati M, Saeidinia A, Mohajeri SA. Iranian traditional medicinal plants for management of chronic heart failure: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33636. [PMID: 37171363 PMCID: PMC10174410 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is a public health problem with a high prevalence worldwide and an important topic in clinical cardiology. Despite of advances in the drug treatment strategy for heart failure, the number of deaths from this condition continues to rise. It will be a renewed focus on preventing heart failure using proven and perhaps novel drugs. Management will also focus on comorbid conditions that may influence the progression of the disease. Traditional medicine has a potential to introduce different approaches for treatment of some disorders. We here reviewed top medicinal plants, according to traditional medicine to experimental studies, and their potency for the treatment of chronic heart failure based on the evidence of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Keihanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Saeidinia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pediatric Department, Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Rakotondramanana DA, Razafindrakoto ZR, Donno D, Tombozara N, Nalimanana NR, Andrianajara C, Beccaro GL, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Nicoletti M. Bio-guided isolation of androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione as a vasodilator active principle from the inflorescence of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. (Strelitziaceae). Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:809-818. [PMID: 35724374 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2089668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione was isolated for the first time from the plant kingdom of the ethanolic extract of the Ravenala madagascariensis' inflorescence by the bio-guided method. Its structure was elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic data analysis. The vascular effects of ethanol extracts, fractions and androsta-1,4-dien-3,16-dione were assessed on the phenylephrine pre-contracted isolated rat aorta. The isolated compound exerted the most potent vaso-relaxing effect (EC50 = 109.32 ± 15.82 µM) than the ethanol extract and fractions. The pharmacological mechanism of its vaso-relaxing action was analysed on isolated rat aorta using free-endothelial vascular tissue, specific contracting reagents (CaCl2 and KCl), antagonist (propranolol), enzyme inhibitors (L-NAME, methylene blue) and channel blocker (glibenclamide). Its vaso-relaxing activity could be due, at least partly, to the non-specific inhibition of the calcic influx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dario Donno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nantenaina Tombozara
- Applied Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Nina Robertina Nalimanana
- Applied Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Charles Andrianajara
- Applied Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - David Ramanitrahasimbola
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Applied Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
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Piragine E, Citi V, Lawson K, Calderone V, Martelli A. Regulation of blood pressure by natural sulfur compounds: Focus on their mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115302. [PMID: 36265595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural sulfur compounds are emerging as therapeutic options for the management of hypertension and prehypertension. They are mainly represented by polysulfides from Alliaceae (i.e., garlic) and isothiocyanates from Brassicaceae (or crucifers). The beneficial cardiovascular effects of these compounds, especially garlic polysulfides, are well known and widely reported both in preclinical and clinical studies. However, only a few authors have linked the ability of natural sulfur compounds to induce vasorelaxation and subsequent antihypertensive effects with their ability to release hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biological tissue. H2S is an endogenous gasotransmitter involved in vascular tone regulation. Some cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, are associated with lower plasma H2S levels. Consequently, exogenous sources of H2S (H2S donors) have been designed and synthesized or identified among secondary plant metabolites as potential therapeutic options. In addition to antioxidant effects due to its chemical properties as a reducing agent, H2S induces vasorelaxation by interacting with a range of molecular targets. The mechanisms of action accounting for H2S-induced vasodilation include opening of vascular potassium channels (such as ATP-sensitive (KATP) and voltage-operated (Kv7) channels), inhibition of 5-phosphodiesterase (5-PDE), and activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). These effects may be attributed to H2S-induced S-persulfidation (or S-sulfhydration), which is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues of many types of proteins resulting in structural and functional alterations (activation/inhibition). Thus, H2S donors, such as natural sulfur compounds, are promising antihypertensive agents with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Piragine
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kim Lawson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. Natural Products in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Potential of Plants from the Allioideae Subfamily (Ex-Alliaceae Family) and Their Sulphur-Containing Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1920. [PMID: 35893624 PMCID: PMC9332240 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and, together with associated risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, greatly impact patients' quality of life and health care systems. This burden can be alleviated by fomenting lifestyle modifications and/or resorting to pharmacological approaches. However, due to several side effects, current therapies show low patient compliance, thus compromising their efficacy and enforcing the need to develop more amenable preventive/therapeutic strategies. In this scenario, medicinal and aromatic plants are a potential source of new effective agents. Specifically, plants from the Allioideae subfamily (formerly Alliaceae family), particularly those from the genus Allium and Tulbaghia, have been extensively used in traditional medicine for the management of several CVDs and associated risk factors, mainly due to the presence of sulphur-containing compounds. Bearing in mind this potential, the present review aims to gather information on traditional uses ascribed to these genera and provide an updated compilation of in vitro and in vivo studies validating these claims as well as clinical trials carried out in the context of CVDs. Furthermore, the effect of isolated sulphur-containing compounds is presented, and whenever possible, the relation between composition and activity and the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
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Piragine E, Citi V, Lawson K, Calderone V, Martelli A. Potential Effects of Natural H 2S-Donors in Hypertension Management. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040581. [PMID: 35454169 PMCID: PMC9024781 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the central nervous system by Abe and Kimura in 1996, the physiopathological role of H2S has been widely investigated in several systems such as the cardiovascular. In particular, H2S plays a pivotal role in the control of vascular tone, exhibiting mechanisms of action able to induce vasodilation: for instance, activation of potassium channels (KATP and Kv7) and inhibition of 5-phosphodiesterase (5-PDE). These findings paved the way for the research of natural and synthetic exogenous H2S-donors (i.e., molecules able to release H2S) in order to have new tools for the management of hypertension. In this scenario, some natural molecules derived from Alliaceae (i.e., garlic) and Brassicaceae (i.e., rocket or broccoli) botanical families show the profile of slow H2S-donors able to mimic the endogenous production of this gasotransmitter and therefore can be viewed as interesting potential tools for management of hypertension or pre-hypertension. In this article, the preclinical and clinical impacts of these natural H2S-donors on hypertension and vascular integrity have been reviewed in order to give a complete panorama of their potential use for the management of hypertension and related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Piragine
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Kim Lawson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing, Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing, Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Amin AR, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE, Amin HK. Comparison Among Garlic, Berberine, Resveratrol,Hibiscus sabdariffa, GenusZizyphus, Hesperidin, Red Beetroot,Catha edulis,Portulaca oleracea, and Mulberry Leaves in the Treatment of Hypertension and Type 2 DM: A Comprehensive Review. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20921623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are 2 of the most prevalent diseases with poor impact on health status worldwide. In most cases, they coexist with other metabolic disorders as well as cardiac, micro- and macrovascular complications. Many plants are known for their hypotensive, cardioprotective, and/or antidiabetic activities. Their active ingredients either identified and isolated or still utilized as herbal preparations of certain plant parts. The use of medicinal plants comprises the main basis for most of the traditional medicine (TM) systems and procedures. As conventional medicines seem insufficient to control such progressive diseases, herbal agents from TM could be used as adjuvant with good impact on disease control and progression as well as other concomitant health conditions. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of 10 different herbal medicines of botanical origin or herbal preparations in the management of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications and type 2 DM along with various coexisting health disorders. These herbal medicines are garlic, berberine, resveratrol, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Zizyphus ( oxyphylla, mucronate, jujube, rugosa), hesperidin, red beetroot, Catha edulis, mulberry leaves, and Portulaca oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira R. Amin
- Cardiology and Oncology Section, Nasser Institute for Research and Treatment, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B. Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem K. Amin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
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Gheibi S, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Regulation of vascular tone homeostasis by NO and H 2S: Implications in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 149:42-59. [PMID: 29330066 PMCID: PMC5866223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two gasotransmitters that are produced in the vasculature and contribute to the regulation of vascular tone. NO and H2S are synthesized in both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells; NO functions primarily through the sGC/cGMP pathway, and H2S mainly through activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels; both leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. A deficit in the NO/H2S homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension. It is now becoming increasingly clear that there are important interactions between NO and H2S and that have a profound impact on vascular tone and this may provide insights into the new therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding of individual and interactive roles of NO and H2S in vascular biology. Overall, available data indicate that both NO and H2S contribute to vascular (patho)physiology and in regulating blood pressure. In addition, boosting NO and H2S using various dietary sources or donors could be a hopeful therapeutic strategy in the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Gheibi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Al-Qattan KK, Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic extract increases non-clipped kidney tubular natriuresis and diuresis in the 2-kidney, 1-clip rat model: Significance in hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:317-325. [PMID: 28928059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potent modulator of vascular tone and renal clearance function. Raw garlic aqueous extract (RGAE) inhibits angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) dipeptidase activity and therefore AngII generation in the 2-kidney, 1-clip rat model (2K-1Cr). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of RGAE on the non-clipped kidney clearance function and blood pressure (BP) in the 2 K-1Cr. METHOD 2K-1Cr were anesthetized, cannulated and instrumentalized and the acute effect during the first hour post-administration of a single intravenous dose of RGAE (30mg/100gb.wt/0.3ml) was tested on: 1- The ACE dipeptidase activity estimated from a reduction in the vasopressor action of angiotensin I [(AngI, 200ng/0.2ml): the precursor of AngII] in one group (n=5); 2- The non-clipped (left) kidney (LK) clearance function in a second group (n=6). Similar protocols were carried out on two groups of normal rats (Nr: n=5+n=6). RESULTS In the 2K-1Cr, RGAE partially, however significantly, decreased the vasopressor action of AngI. Furthermore, RGAE had no effect on systolic BP, mean BP, plasma osmolarity, LK cortical circulation or glomerular filtration rate. Alternatively, RGAE significantly increased LK urine volume, fractional excretion of water, sodium clearance and fractional excretion of sodium; while significantly decreasing heart rate and LK urine osmolarity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a single i.v. dose of RGAE causes ACE dipeptidase inhibition, thus reducing AngII generation and bioavailability in the 2K-1Cr. This action of RGAE enhances the non-clipped kidney clearance of sodium and water by modulating the tubular handling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled K Al-Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
| | - Martha Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
| | - Muslim Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
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Inorganic Reactive Sulfur-Nitrogen Species: Intricate Release Mechanisms or Cacophony in Yellow, Blue and Red? Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010014. [PMID: 28212297 PMCID: PMC5384177 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the heydays of Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS) research during the first decade of the Millennium, numerous sulfur species involved in cellular regulation and signalling have been discovered. Yet despite the general predominance of organic species in organisms, recent years have also seen the emergence of inorganic reactive sulfur species, ranging from inorganic polysulfides (HSx-/Sx2-) to thionitrous acid (HSNO) and nitrosopersulfide (SSNO-). These inorganic species engage in a complex interplay of reactions in vitro and possibly also in vivo. Employing a combination of spectrophotometry and sulfide assays, we have investigated the role of polysulfanes from garlic during the release of nitric oxide (•NO) from S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in the absence and presence of thiol reducing agents. Our studies reveal a distinct enhancement of GSNO decomposition by compounds such as diallyltrisulfane, which is most pronounced in the presence of cysteine and glutathione and presumably proceeds via the initial release of an inorganic mono- or polysulfides, i.e., hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or HSx-, from the organic polysulfane. Albeit being of a preliminary nature, our spectrophotometric data also reveals a complicated underlying mechanism which appears to involve transient species such as SSNO-. Eventually, more in depth studies are required to further explore the underlying chemistry and wider biological and nutritional implications of this interplay between edible garlic compounds, reductive activation, inorganic polysulfides and their interplay with •NO storage and release.
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Takashima M, Kanamori Y, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. Aged garlic extract exerts endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta by increasing nitric oxide production. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 24:56-61. [PMID: 28160862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that aged garlic extract (AGE) is effective in reducing blood pressure of hypertensive patients. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of AGE on the aorta and its mechanism of action in order to clarify the blood pressure-lowering action of AGE. METHODS The vasorelaxant effect was evaluated in isolated rat aortic rings. After aortic rings were contracted by 3 × 10-6M norepinephrine (NE) for 30min, AGE and other test drugs were added to the aortic rings. All results were expressed as percentages of the maximal NE-induced contraction. RESULTS AGE induced the concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of isolated rat aortic rings that had been precontracted with norepinephrine. The effect of AGE was severely impaired in aortic rings lacking endothelium. In addition, the effect of AGE was inhibited by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger. Moreover, AGE treatment of aorta significantly increased the NO production. When various constituents of AGE were tested, the vasorelaxation of aorta was observed only in the presence of L-arginine, a substrate of NOS. CONCLUSION AGE causes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aorta via stimulation of NO production and that L-arginine in AGE serves as a key agent for NOS-mediated NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takashima
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Yuta Kanamori
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Koichi Tamura
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Kolluru GK, Shen X, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: pathophysiological roles and detection. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:5-20. [PMID: 23850632 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the most recent endogenous gasotransmitter that has been reported to serve many physiological and pathological functions in different tissues. Studies over the past decade have revealed that H2S can be synthesized through numerous pathways and its bioavailability regulated through its conversion into different biochemical forms. H2S exerts its biological effects in various manners including redox regulation of protein and small molecular weight thiols, polysulfides, thiosulfate/sulfite, iron-sulfur cluster proteins, and anti-oxidant properties that affect multiple cellular and molecular responses. However, precise measurement of H2S bioavailability and its associated biochemical and pathophysiological roles remains less well understood. In this review, we discuss recent understanding of H2S chemical biology, its relationship to tissue pathophysiological responses and possible therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health-Shreveport, United States
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Zeggwagh NA, Michel JB, Eddouks M. Vascular Effects of Aqueous Extract ofChamaemelum nobile :In VitroPharmacological Studies in Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 35:200-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2012.712179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Martelli A, Testai L, Breschi MC, Blandizzi C, Virdis A, Taddei S, Calderone V. Hydrogen sulphide: novel opportunity for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:1093-130. [PMID: 23059761 DOI: 10.1002/med.20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is emerging as an important endogenous modulator, which exhibits the beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the cardiovascular (CV) system, without producing toxic metabolites. H(2)S is biosynthesized in mammalian tissues by cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase. H(2)S exhibits the antioxidant properties of inorganic and organic sulphites, behaving as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. There is also clear evidence that H(2)S triggers other important effects, mainly mediated by the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)). This mechanism accounts for the vasorelaxing and cardioprotective effects of H(2)S. Furthermore, H(2)S inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and platelet aggregation. In non-CV systems, H(2)S regulates the functions of the central nervous system, as well as respiratory, gastroenteric, and endocrine systems. Conversely, H(2)S deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Likewise, impairment of H(2)S biosynthesis is involved in CV complications associated with diabetes mellitus. There is also evidence of a cross-talk between the H(2)S and the endothelial NO pathways. In particular, recent observations indicate a possible pathogenic link between deficiencies of H(2 S activity and the progress of endothelial dysfunction. These biological aspects of endogenous H(2)S have led several authors to look at this mediator as "the new NO" that has given attractive opportunities to develop innovative classes of drugs. In this review, the main biological actions of H(2)S are discussed. Moreover, some examples of H(2)S-donors are shown, as well as some hybrids, in which H(2)S-releasing moieties are added to well-known drugs, for improving their pharmacodynamic profile or reducing the potential for adverse effects, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Schmitt CA, Dirsch VM. Modulation of endothelial nitric oxide by plant-derived products. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shankland WE. Four common herbs seen in dental practice: properties and potential adverse effects. Cranio 2009; 27:118-24. [PMID: 19455923 DOI: 10.1179/crn.2009.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of herbal supplements in North America is steadily growing and raises concerns about safety, efficacy, and how they affect safe patient care. The most notable and direct health risks associated with herbal supplements include hypertension, prolonged bleeding, and the potential for drug-herb interactions, which is of particular concern for patients undergoing anesthesia, both general and local anesthesia. In this article, four of the most commonly used herbs today in North America will be discussed: garlic, gingko, ginseng, and ginger. The pharmacology, benefits, and possible side effects of these herbs will be presented. Awareness of the rising use of herbs is important to prevent, recognize, and treat potential problems that can arise from herbal preparations taken alone or in conjunction with prescription medications.
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Endothelial nitric oxide attenuates Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-mediated vasoconstriction in rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:982-90. [PMID: 18469841 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) may be an important modulator of Ca2+ entry and exit. The present study investigated whether NCX was affected by prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) released from the vascular endothelium, as NCX contains phosphorylation sites for PKA and PKG. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat aortic rings were set up in organ baths. Tension was measured across the ring with a force transducer. KEY RESULTS Lowering extracellular [Na+] ([Na+]o) to 1.18 mM induced vasoconstriction in rat endothelium-denuded aortic rings. This effect was blocked by the NCX inhibitor KB-R7943 (2-2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl] ethyl isothiourea methanesulphonate; 1 microM). In endothelium-intact aortic rings, decreasing [Na+]o did not constrict the aortic rings significantly, but after treatment with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one; 1 microM) or the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 50 microM), a vasoconstriction that was similar in size to that in endothelium-denuded preparations was evident. The vasorelaxation induced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside sodium nitroprusside dihydrate (30 nM) was the same in the endothelium-denuded aortic rings preconstricted with either low Na+ (1.18 mM), the thromboxane A2 agonist U46619 (9,11-dideoxy-9alpha, 11alpha-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F(2alpha); 0.1 microM) or high K+ (80 mM). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest that the endothelium inhibits NCX operation via guanylate cyclase/NO. This is stronger than for other constrictors such as phenylephrine and may relate to concomitant NCX-stimulated NO release from the endothelium. This finding may be important where NCX operates in reverse mode, such as during ischaemia, and highlights a new mechanism whereby the endothelium modulates Ca2+ homoeostasis in vascular smooth muscle.
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Li L, Whiteman M, Guan YY, Neo KL, Cheng Y, Lee SW, Zhao Y, Baskar R, Tan CH, Moore PK. Characterization of a novel, water-soluble hydrogen sulfide-releasing molecule (GYY4137): new insights into the biology of hydrogen sulfide. Circulation 2008; 117:2351-60. [PMID: 18443240 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.753467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential biological significance of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has attracted growing interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to characterize a novel, water-soluble, slow-releasing H(2)S compound [morpholin-4-ium 4 methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate (GYY4137)] and evaluate its use as a tool to investigate the cardiovascular biology of this gas. METHODS AND RESULTS The acute vasorelaxant effect of drugs was assessed in rat aortic rings and perfused rat kidney in vitro and in the anesthetized rat in vivo. The chronic effect of GYY4137 on blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats was determined by tail-cuff plethysmography. GYY4137 released H(2)S slowly both in aqueous solution in vitro and after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration in anesthetized rats in vivo. GYY4137 caused a slow relaxation of rat aortic rings and dilated the perfused rat renal vasculature by opening vascular smooth muscle K(ATP) channels. GYY4137 did not affect rat heart rate or force of contraction in vitro. GYY4137 exhibited antihypertensive activity as evidenced by ability to reduce N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-evoked hypertension in the anesthetized rat and after chronic (14-day) administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS These results identify GYY4137 as a slow-releasing H(2)S compound with vasodilator and antihypertensive activity. GYY4137 is likely to prove useful in the study of the many and varied biological effects of H(2)S. GYY4137 may also prove of therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) attenuate structural nephropathy progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The consumption of garlic is inversely correlated with the progression of cardiovascular disease, although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that human RBCs convert garlic-derived organic polysulfides into hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell signaling molecule. This H(2)S production, measured in real time by a novel polarographic H(2)S sensor, is supported by glucose-maintained cytosolic glutathione levels and is to a large extent reliant on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. H(2)S production from organic polysulfides is facilitated by allyl substituents and by increasing numbers of tethering sulfur atoms. Allyl-substituted polysulfides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the alpha carbon of the allyl substituent, thereby forming a hydropolysulfide (RS(n)H), a key intermediate during the formation of H(2)S. Organic polysulfides (R-S(n)-R'; n > 2) also undergo nucleophilic substitution at a sulfur atom, yielding RS(n)H and H(2)S. Intact aorta rings, under physiologically relevant oxygen levels, also metabolize garlic-derived organic polysulfides to liberate H(2)S. The vasoactivity of garlic compounds is synchronous with H(2)S production, and their potency to mediate relaxation increases with H(2)S yield, strongly supporting our hypothesis that H(2)S mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Our results also suggest that the capacity to produce H(2)S can be used to standardize garlic dietary supplements.
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McNeill JR, Jurgens TM. A systematic review of mechanisms by which natural products of plant origin evoke vasodilatation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 84:803-21. [PMID: 17111026 DOI: 10.1139/y06-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the body of work aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of action by which natural products of plant origin exert a vasodilatory effect at the level of the vasculature. The search was restricted to 4 mechanisms: the nitric oxide system and (or) reactive oxygen species, the eicosanoid system, potassium channel function, and calcium channel function. The National Library of Medicine database was searched using "PubMed" without restriction to language. The search generated 266 references on 15 November 2005. Most studies were in vitro in nature and of these, most involved studies in the rat aorta. Many of the natural products evoked vasodilatation through an endothelium-dependent mechanism. The vasodilatation was attenuated or abolished by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and, in some of these studies, by an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. A few studies reported a cyclooxygenase component, but most found no effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. The vasorelaxation evoked by several natural products was attenuated by various potassium channel blocking agents, suggesting that some natural products exerted their effect either directly or indirectly through activation of potassium channels. Finally, a significant number of natural products evoked vasodilatation either through blockade of calcium channels or by inhibiting the release of calcium from intracellular stores. Many natural products evoked vasodilatation through multiple mechanisms. The information in this review on mechanisms of action should facilitate good clinical practice by increasing the predictive capabilities of the practitioner, notably the ability to predict adverse effects and interactions among medications. The knowledge should also help to provide leads to the ultimate goal of developing new therapeutic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert McNeill
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
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