Flavonoids with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from the leaves of Tilia argentea (silver linden)

Bio-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory compounds from Tilia tuan Szyszyl. flowers via in vitro and in silico study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tilia tuan Szyszyl. is a perennial arboreal plant renowned for its medicinal and economic significance. All the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits have been used medicinally by the folk Bai and Yi people in Yunnan province, China, to treat inflammation, rheumatism and pain for a long time. The detailed chemical constituents and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unexplored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study was to investigate the main anti-inflammatory constituents of T. tuan flowers through bio-guided isolation and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects relevant to its traditional medicinal use.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Bio-guided isolation was conducted on the extract of T. tuan flowers using a combination of column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structures were established by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity in vitro was evaluated by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were evaluated by ELISA. The expression of COX-2 and NF-κB was assayed via western blotting, and in-silico molecular docking was conducted to explore the potential mechanism.

RESULTS

Twenty-two compounds, including ten flavonoids (1-10), seven phenylpropanoids (11-17), three triterpenoids (19-21), one sterol glucoside 18, and one glyceride 22, were identified from T. tuan flowers for the first time. Among them, 1 is a new compound. It is noted that 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, and 22 exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against NO production with a range of 5.2-34.5 μM, superior to the positive control L-NMMA. Moreover, the new compound 1 inhibited significantly inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

The results show that flavonoids including the new one and the phenyl-propanoid are the primary active constituents of T. tuan flowers, responsible for its ethno-pharmacological uses on osteoarthritis and rheumatism. T. tuan flowers could be a promising therapeutic agent to modulate inflammatory diseases.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of methanol extract and essential oil of two varieties of Citrus sinensis L. in Iran

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of skin and Flesh methanol extract and essential oil of two varieties of species of Citrus sinensis L in Iran (northern and southern oranges). This study evaluated total phenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml). Albumin denaturation inhibition and RBC membrane immobilisation assays were used as an in vitro model to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects. Based on the results, the highest phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity were related to the northern orange skin. This extract also had the most significant impact on albumin denaturation inhibition and RBC membrane immobilisation by IC50 of 365 ± 12 µg/ml and 940 ± 22 µg/ml, respectively. In antimicrobial assays, only the skin and flesh of northern orange positively affected Gram-positive bacteria.

Ionomic analysis, polyphenols characterization, analgesic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant capacities of Cistus laurifolius leaves: in vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigations

This study aims to investigate the chemical and mineral composition, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Cistus laurifolius var. atlanticus Pit. (Cistaceae). Additionally, molecular docking interactions of various ligands with antioxidant protein target urate oxidase (1R4U) and anti-inflammatory protein target cyclooxygenase-2 (3LN1), revealing potential dual activities and highlighting specific residue interactions. The chemical characterization focused at first glance on the mineral composition which showed that C. laurifolius extract is a mineral-rich source of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn). We next performed, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, the latter showed various polyphenols in C. laurifolius extract including Gallic acid as the predominant polyphenol. Isoquercetin, Taxifolin and Astragalin were also among the major flavonoids detected. The antioxidant capacity of C. laurifolius leaves was tested using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power (RP) assays. In vitro analysis of the anti-inflammatory property of C. laurifolius leaves was conducted by the albumin denaturation test and the in vivo was assessed in the sequel by carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The analgesic activity was evaluated in vivo using tail flick, acetic acid-induced contortion, and plantar tests. The findings showed that the leave extract had a powerful antioxidant activity with an IC50 values of 2.92 ± 0.03 µg/mL (DPPH) and 2.59 ± 0.09 µg/mL (in RP test). The studied extract strongly abolished the induced inflammation (82%). Albumin denaturation test recorded an IC50 value of 210 µg/mL. Importantly, the oral administration of C. laurifolius extract considerably reduced the nociceptive effect of acetic acid in rats, showing a significant analgesic effect in a dose-related manner. Altogether, our results showed that C. laurifolius can be a promising source of phytochemicals for drug development potential.

Investigating anti-inflammatory and apoptotic actions of fucoidan concentrating on computational and therapeutic applications

Fucoidan is linked to a variety of biological processes. Differences in algae species, extraction, seasons, and locations generate structural variability in fucoidan, affecting its bioactivities. Nothing is known about fucoidan from the brown alga Dictyota bartayresiana, its anti-inflammatory properties, or its inherent mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of fucoidan isolated from D. bartayresiana against LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and to explore potential molecular pathways associated with this anti-inflammatory effects. Fucoidan was first isolated and purified from D. bartayresiana, and then, MTT assay was used to determine the effect of fucoidan on cell viability. Its effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and apoptosis were also studied using the ROS assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescence labelling, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed on target proteins NF-κB and TNF-α to identify the route implicated in these inflammatory events. It was observed that fucoidan reduced LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Fucoidan also decreased the LPS-stimulated ROS surge and was found to induce apoptosis in the cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that fucoidan's potent anti-inflammatory action was achieved by obstructing the NF-κB signalling pathway. These findings were particularly noteworthy and novel because fucoidan isolated from D. bartayresiana had not previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 cells or to exert its activity by obstructing the NF-κB signalling pathway. Conclusively, these findings proposed fucoidan as a potential pharmaceutical drug for inflammation-related diseases.

Lysionotin exerts antinociceptive effects in various models of nociception induction

Background

Lysionotin, a natural flavonoid extracted from Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim (Gesneriaceae), has several pharmacological effects including anti-bacterial, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its analgesic effect has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the antinociceptive activity of lysionotin using chemically and thermally induced nociception in a mouse model.

Methods

The antinociceptive effects of various lysionotin doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/kg) were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin-induced paw licking assay. The effects were compared to those of mice treated with acetylsalicylic acid or morphine in the presence or absence of naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist). Capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests were also used to evaluate the involvement of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems, respectively.

Results

Lysionotin produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of nociceptive behavior in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, showing 60% inhibition at a dose of 200 μg/kg. Lysionotin also caused a significant increase in the latency period in response to the hot plate test (76.4% at 200 μg/kg), and significantly inhibited both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin-induced paw licking test. Naloxone significantly reverses the effect of lysionotin in both hot plate test and formalin-induced paw licking test. Moreover, lysionotin significantly inhibited the neurogenic nociception induced by intraplantar injections of glutamate and capsaicin (57% and 67.2%, respectively at a dose of 200 μg/kg). Thus, lysionotin exhibited peripheral and central antinociception through the modulation of vanilloid receptors, opioid receptors, and the glutamatergic system.

Conclusion

Lysionotin possesses antinociceptive activity on adult mice that is mediated through both central and peripheral pathways.

Protective effects of extracts from Acer truncatum leaves on SLS-induced HaCaT cells

Introduction:A. truncatum Bunge (Sapindaceae or formerly Aceraceae) is a tall deciduous tree native to China. Traditionally, the leaves of A. truncatum are decocted and used by Chinese Mongolians, Koreans, and Tibetans to treat skin itching, dry cracks, and other skin ailments, which indicates A. truncatum leaves may have a potential inhibitory effect on various skin inflammations.

Methods: To examine the protective effect against skin inflammations of A. truncatum leaf extract (ATLE), an in vitro dermatitis model was established using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS)-induced HaCaT cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of ATLE was evaluated by analyzing cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels.

Results: Orthogonal experiments showed that the pretreatment with ATLE can reduce the IL-6 levels, PGE2 levels, and apoptosis increased in SLS-stimulated HaCaT cells, which indicates that ATLE has positive efficacy for dermatitis. Furthermore, three flavonoid compounds kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) were isolated and identified. Among them, kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside was isolated from this plant for the first time. These compounds have been proven to have an anti-inflammatory effect. They may contribute to the efficacy of A. truncatumin treating skin inflammation.

Discussion: The results revealed that ATLE has the potential to be used as an additive in various skin care products to prevent skin inflammations and may be incorporated in formulations for topical application as a therapeutic approach against dermatitis.

Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of valerian and hops combination in experimental animal models: Involvement of the opioid system

Pain is a common undertreated worldwide complaint. The need to explore the antinociceptive potential of alternative herbal products is essential. Although used as a mild sedative, limited evidence focused on the potential antinociceptive effect of valerian and hops combination. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vivo anti-nociceptive effect of the valerian-hops combination to justify its use as an effective and safe analgesic agent. Anti-nociceptive effects of valerian-hops combination (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were assessed in swiss albino mice for performing the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the paw licking test using formalin, the paw licking test using glutamate, and the tail immersion test. The effects were compared to those of diclofenac or morphine in the presence or absence of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Valerian-hops" extract of 100 and 200 mg/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of writhing episodes induced by acetic acid compared to the control (p < 0.05), a significant reduction in the licking number at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in the late phase formalin-induced paw licking, significantly reduced the number of lickings after glutamate injection compared to control (p < 0.05). And significantly increased pain reaction after 60 and 90 min of tail immersion test, this effect was opposed by naloxone treatment. The valerian-hops combination produced a significant antinociceptive effect that involved the opioid system. Further studies are required to fully uncover the underlying active constituents and their mechanisms.

Plant Metabolites as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors Candidates: In Silico and In Vitro Studies

Since it acquired pandemic status, SARS-CoV-2 has been causing all kinds of damage all over the world. More than 6.3 million people have died, and many cases of sequelae are in survivors. Currently, the only products available to most of the world’s population to fight the pandemic are vaccines, which still need improvement since the number of new cases, admissions into intensive care units, and deaths are again reaching worrying rates, which makes it essential to compounds that can be used during infection, reducing the impacts of the disease. Plant metabolites are recognized sources of diverse biological activities and are the safest way to research anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. The present study computationally evaluated 55 plant compounds in five SARS-CoV-2 targets such Main Protease (Mpro or 3CL or MainPro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Papain-Like Protease (PLpro), NSP15 Endoribonuclease, Spike Protein (Protein S or Spro) and human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by in vitro evaluation of their potential for the inhibition of the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spro with human ACE-2. The in silico results indicated that, in general, amentoflavone, 7-O-galloylquercetin, kaempferitrin, and gallagic acid were the compounds with the strongest electronic interaction parameters with the selected targets. Through the data obtained, we can demonstrate that although the indication of individual interaction of plant metabolites with both Spro and ACE-2, the metabolites evaluated were not able to inhibit the interaction between these two structures in the in vitro test. Despite this, these molecules still must be considered in the research of therapeutic agents for treatment of patients affected by COVID-19 since the activity on other targets and influence on the dynamics of viral infection during the interaction Spro x ACE-2 should be investigated.

Tiliae flos metabolites and their beneficial influence on human gut microbiota biodiversity ex vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The linden flower (Tiliae flos) has been used for centuries to treat and relieve symptoms of the common cold, throat irritation, and upper respiratory tract disturbances. Traditionally, this herb is administered orally, and thus it undergoes intestinal metabolism. Although it is pharmacopeial plant material, there are no reports about its interaction with human gut microbiota.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to determine the interaction between human gut microbiota and the linden flower extracts, resulting in the biotransformation of the extract's constituents and changes in the microbiota composition.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The linden flower metabolites were obtained by incubation of extract with human faecal slurries from 5 healthy donors. The UHPLC-DAD-MSⁿ analysis determined the composition of raw extract and analysis of microbial metabolites. The intestinal microbiota isolation and sequencing were used to determine changes in microbiota composition. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the LPS-stimulated human neutrophils model and ELISA test.

RESULTS

After incubation of linden flower extract with human gut microbiota, twenty metabolites were detected and characterized, and three among them were identified. The extract changed human gut microbiota composition but did not cause dysbiosis (change in the abundance of forty-three genera). Raw extract and their metabolites exhibit different levels of inhibition of cytokines production by LPS-stimulated neutrophils, but the reduction of TNF-α production was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The linden flower extract has a beneficial influence on human gut microbiota because it promotes increasing the abundance of bacteria responsible for SCFAs production. The anti-inflammatory effect might be linked to both microbiota composition changes and direct activity of bioavailable metabolites. Increased abundance of SCFAs producers may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A low concentration of phenolic compounds in metabolized linden flower extract and responsible for anti-inflammatory properties, and the multitude of biological and chemical particles and their interactions may weaken these properties.

The genus Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. (Rhamnaceae): A review of its customary uses, phytochemistry and biological activities

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. is a relatively small genus of the family Rhamnaceae. Plants of this genus are found predominantly in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific, with some species being widely distributed and others endemic to a region. Almost half of the species of the Alphitonia genus have been reported for their customary (traditional and contemporary) medicinal uses. This includes for the treatment of skin conditions, headache, stomachache, inflammation, and body pain such as joint pain and childbirth.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The aim of this review is to provide the first comprehensive account on the customary uses including ethnomedicinal uses, and phytochemistry and biological activities of the Alphitonia genus, and to identify gaps in current knowledge and scope for future research of plants of this genus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information relevant to the genus Alphitonia was collected by searching the scientific databases (SciFinder, Google Scholar, ACS publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library and International Plant name Index). Species names were validated using the World Flora Online database (www.worldfloraonline.org).

RESULTS

Eight plants from the Alphitonia genus have been reported to be used as customary medicines, i.e. A. excelsa, A. ferruginea, A. franguloides, A. incana, A. neocaledonica, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides. A. excelsa, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides, have been shown to have biological activities that align with their customary uses, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Only five Alphitonia species reported for their medicinal customary uses have been explored for their phytochemistry, i.e. A. excelsa, A. neocaledonica, A. petriei, A. philippinensis and A. zizyphoides. Compounds identified from these plants include those that are well known for their medicinal importance. A. macrocarpa, A. whitei and A. xerocarpus have also been examined for their phytochemistry and have been found to have the same or similar bioactive compounds to those found in customarily used Alphitonia species. No biological activities or phytochemistry studies have been reported for the known customarily used medicinal plants A. ferruginea, A. franguloides and A. incana.

CONCLUSIONS

This review highlights the customary uses, biological activities and phytochemistry of plants of the Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. genus and highlights the significance of the knowledge systems of Indigenous peoples. Of the plants that have been researched for their biological activities and phytochemistry, there is good correlation with these properties and their customary medicinal uses. However, over half of the plants of the Alphitonia genus, including those that are already reported in the public domain for their customary medicinal uses, have had none or limited biological activities or phytochemistry studies conducted. While only eight species of the Alphitonia genus have been reported as customary medicines, other Alphitonia species also possess medicinally important compounds, and it is possible that they are customary medicines but their uses have not been shared publicly by the Indigenous knowledge custodians. There is clearly much scope for further investigation of this genus with regards to their ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic potential.

Renoprotective and hepatoprotective activity of Lepidium draba L. extracts on oxymetholone-induced oxidative stress in rat

Misuse and abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) such as oxymetholone (OM) cause side effects such as male infertility, cardiovascular disorders, musculoskeletal, and hepato-renal dysfunctions in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Lepidium draba L. (L. draba) extract on OM-induced hepato-renal toxicity. Thirty adult male Wistar rats into six groups (n = 5) were randomly divided as follows: control (normal saline), OM (5 mg/kg/day), L. draba-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d) plus 5 mg/kg/day OM, and L. draba (400 mg/kg/d) groups. Normal saline, OM and L. draba extract were orally administered for 30 days. On day 31 of the study, hepatic and renal biochemical parameters were measured. Serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6) tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide, levels alongside catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated. Also, changes in liver and kidney histopathology were evaluated. Finally, the anti-oxidant properties of the extract were determined. The results of this study showed that in the groups treated with the L. draba extract, hepatic-renal biochemical parameters improved and also the level of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines decreased and the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes increased compared with the OM group. These findings revealed that L. draba, due to its high anti-oxidant properties and high content of polyphenols (especially flavonoids), can improve OM-induced hepato-renal oxidative damages. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: L. draba due to its remarkable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can protects the kidney and liver injuries against oxymetholone. These features are attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid components. This fidings would be helpful to desgin new therapeutic agents for treating and preventing liver/kidney injuries.

Systemic and topical Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) ameliorated rat paw inflammation in comparison to dexamethasone

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) is used for treating various inflammatory disease conditions therefore this study was performed.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed at comparing the ameliorative effects of both systemic and topical Egb-761 versus dexamethasone on carrageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Wistar albino rats were injected with carrageenan solution in the sub-planter region of the right hind paw. Egb-761 and dexamethasone were administered systemically to two groups while Egb-761 ointment 2% and dexamethasone sodium phosphate ointment were applied topically for another two groups. Vernier Caliper was used to assess rat paw thickness. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels have been estimated.

RESULTS

Carrageenan induced a significant rat paw edema and inflammation noticed 1 h post-injection as well as an increase of MDA, NO, and TNF-α in the inflamed skin tissues compared to the control group. Systemic and topical administration of Egb-761 and dexamethasone resulted in a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. They reduced the tissue levels of MDA, NO, and TNF-α. Dexamethasone showed a little bit superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy over Egb-761.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate the possibility of the therapeutic value of Egb-761 for alleviation of local inflammation by attenuating the increased MDA, NO and TNF-α levels.

Cereus peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) as a source of natural antioxidants: Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cladode extracts in two collection periods

The economic potential of the cactus species Cereus peruvianus Mill. (syn. C. hildmannianus K. Schum.) has already been demonstrated through the generation of products and patents. However, the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity have not yet been evaluated. The aim of our study was to determine the total phenolic compounds, evaluate the antioxidant activity and characterize the phenolic compounds of cladode extracts from C. peruvianus grown in the southern region of Brazil, in two collection periods. Higher total content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were detected in the cladode extract collected in 2016 than in the cladode extract collected in 2015. The profile of phenolic compounds identified five flavonoids that had not previously been reported in species of the genus Cereus. The phenolic compounds linked to antioxidant activities identified in the cladode extract from C. peruvianus support the use of this species in human food as a source of natural antioxidants.

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Total phenolic compounds were determined in cladode extracts from Cereus peruvianus.

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The antioxidant activity and the phenolic compounds were evaluated and characterized.

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Different total content of phenolic compounds was detected in two collection periods.

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The production of phenolic compounds by the same plant underwent annual variation.

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Five flavonoids that had not previously been reported in Cereus genus were identified.

Chemical diversity analysis and biological activities evaluation of different polyphenolic extracts of Marrubium deserti De Noé from Algeria

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Marrubium deserti De Noé (Lamiaceae) commonly known as desert horehound, is a small perennial herb distributed in arid climates. This plant has been used in Algeria for the treatment of cold, cough, fever and inflammation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to perform a phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the effect of diethyl ether (ExDiEth), n-butanol (ExBut) and hydroalcoholic (ExHyD) extracts of the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé on inflammation, nociceptive response and fever in animal models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The total phenolic content and the different phenolic fraction (flavones-flavonols, free aglycones, anthocyanidins, C-glycosides and flavonic heterosides) were quantified in order to study the chemical diversity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema test and the nociceptive response was determined by the chemical method using acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking tests and by the thermal method using the hot plate in mice. In addition, anti-fever was investigated using yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.

RESULTS

Quantitative analysis revealed that among all extracts, ExBut had a higher phenolic content and the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé collected from two different sites (Biskra and Tamanresset) had a significant difference in the contents of flavonic heterosids and flavones-flavonols. PCA and CA showed a strong intra-specific variability of M. deserti De Noé individuals. Our results showed that the ExDiEth, ExBut and ExHyD treatments prevented the increase of paw oedema by 56.25%, 66.65% and 45.56% inhibition percent, respectively. Moreover, treatments with these extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of writhing and increased the reaction time to thermal stimulation as well as demonstrated reduction in paw licking time both at early and late phases. Likewise, they also showed a significant reduction of yeast-induced pyrexia till 4 h of treatment.

CONCLUSION

Results from this study show that M. deserti De Noé aerial parts exhibited anti-inflammatory, analgesic with central and peripheral actions and antipyretic activities which could be associated with the presence of some phytochemicals as flavones, flavonols, flavonic heterosids and phenolic acids.

Functional genomics and metabolomics advance the ethnobotany of the Samoan traditional medicine "matalafi"

The leaf homogenate of Psychotria insularum is widely used in Samoan traditional medicine to treat inflammation associated with fever, body aches, swellings, wounds, elephantiasis, incontinence, skin infections, vomiting, respiratory infections, and abdominal distress. However, the bioactive components and underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. We used chemical genomic analyses in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) to identify and characterize an iron homeostasis mechanism of action in the traditional medicine as an unfractionated entity to emulate its traditional use. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the homogenate identified two flavonol glycosides, rutin and nicotiflorin, each binding iron in an ion-dependent molecular networking metabolomics analysis. Translating results to mammalian immune cells and traditional application, the iron chelator activity of the P. insularum homogenate or rutin decreased proinflammatory and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in immune cells. Together, the synergistic power of combining traditional knowledge with chemical genomics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation provided molecular insight into a relatively understudied Samoan traditional medicine and developed methodology to advance ethnobotany.

Influence of Tilia tomentosa Moench Extract on Mouse Small Intestine Neuromuscular Contractility

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and bowel disturbances. FGID therapy is primarily symptomatic, including treatment with herbal remedies. Flower extract of Tilia tomentosa Moench (TtM) is occasionally used as an anti-spasmodic in popular medicine. Since its effect on intestinal response is unknown, we evaluated the influence of TtM extract on small intestine contractility. Ileal preparations from C57BL/6J mice were mounted in organ baths to assess changes in muscle tension, following addition of TtM extract (0.5–36 μg/mL) or a vehicle (ethanol). Changes in contractile response to receptor- and non-receptor-mediated stimuli were assessed in ileal preparations pretreated with 12 μg/mL TtM. Alterations in the enteric nervous system neuroglial network were analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence. Increasing addition of TtM induced a marked relaxation in ileal specimens compared to the vehicle. Pretreatment with TtM affected cholinergic and tachykininergic neuromuscular contractions as well as K⁺-induced smooth muscle depolarization. Following incubation with TtM, a significant reduction in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic-mediated relaxation sensitive to Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (pan-nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) was found. In vitro incubation of intestinal specimens with TtM did not affect the myenteric plexus neuroglial network. Our findings show that TtM-induced intestinal relaxation is mediated by nitric oxide pathways, providing a pharmacological basis for the use of TtM in FGIDs.

Elucidation of glycosylation sites of kaempferol di-O-glycosides from methanolic extract of the leaves of Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca

RATIONALE

Flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation patterns 3,4'-di-O and 4',7-di-O are rare in nature and they have not yet been studied in detail by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(+/-), in contrast to the flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation pattern 3,7-di-O.

METHOD

The leaves from Prunus domestica L. subsp. syriaca were extracted with pure methanol or, in order to perform hydrolysis and extraction simultaneously, with a 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI-MS(+/-) analyses were performed using a Waters model 2690 HPLC pump and a Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

Three kinds of kaempferol di-O-glycosides have been identified, namely kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-7-O-rhamnosides, kaempferol-3-O-pentoside-4'-O-rhamnosides and kaempferol 4',7-di-O-rhamnoside. The identification was performed on the basis of the abundances of the respective Y-type product ions.

CONCLUSIONS

The abundances of [Yⁿ ₀ - H]^-· , Yⁿ ₀ ^- and Yⁿ ₀ ⁺ product ions were of crucial importance for the determination of glycosylation patterns. The obtained results can be useful for HPLC/ESI-MS identification of rare flavonol-di-O-glycosides.

Tilia sp. Seed Oil—Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Potential Use

Research on new, untapped seed oil sources is receiving increased attention. In this study, 18 different seed samples of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos from various locations in Slovenia were collected and oil was extracted. The compositions of triglyceride fatty acids and unsaponifiable compounds were determined using GC-MS, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The oil content in the seeds varied significantly, from 9.1% to 21.7%. Linoleic acid (50–60%) was found to be the predominant fatty acid, followed by oleic acid (18–22%) and palmitic acid (8–9%). Characteristic cyclopropene fatty acids (sterculic, dihydrosterculic and malvalic acids) were present in the average range of 4–8.4%. Antioxidant activity ranged from 8.9% to 65.5%, and was higher, on average, for T. platyphyllos. Higher antioxidant activity was closely correlated with higher γ-tocopherol contents. Statistically significant correlations were confirmed between antioxidant activity and γ-tocopherol, between Δ-tocopherol and phytol, between stigmasterol and β-sitosterol and between squalene and malvalic acid. Tilia oil may be of great interest for cosmetic and dermal preparations. It is, however, not considered a good source of dietary fatty acids due to the undesired, significant content of omega-6 fatty acids.

The Effect of Selected Herbal Extracts on Lactic Acid Bacteria Activity

This study aimed to investigate the effect of plant extracts (valerian Valeriana officinalis L., sage Salvia officinalis L., chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L., cistus Cistus L., linden blossom Tilia L., ribwort plantain Plantago lanceolata L., marshmallow Althaea L.) on the activity and growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during the fermentation and passage of milk through a digestive system model. The tested extracts were also characterized in terms of their content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. It was observed that the addition of the tested herbal extracts did not inhibit the growth of LAB in fermented milk drinks, such as yogurts. However, they can gradually inhibit fermentation when added at concentrations above 2% by weight, and hence should be used in limited amounts. The microflora of yogurts containing the tested herbal extracts did not die during digestion in model digestive juices, and no stimulating effect of the added plant extracts was noted either. Nevertheless, due to the antioxidant properties, a slight addition of the herbal extracts containing polyphenols to different kinds of food products can increase the nutritional quality, thus making them functional foods.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an amazonian plant traditionally used by indigenous communities

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Siparuna guianensis Aublet leaves, known as negramina, are used by indigenous and local communities in Brazil and other countries in the Americas to treat pain and inflammatory diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To characterize the chemical constituents and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and locomotor activities of the dichloromethane fraction (DF) of S. guianensis leaves. Also, an acute oral toxicity test was accomplished.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The chemical characterization of DF was performed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The antioxidant potential of DF was investigated using nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging test. The evaluation study of the anti-inflammatory activity was carried out in vitro by NO measurement in stimulated macrophages and, in vivo, by croton oil-induced ear edema, LPS-induced peritonitis, and zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Different mechanisms of central and peripheral nociception were stimulated by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests. Besides that, the open field assay was performed.

RESULTS

UHPLC analyses of DF showed the presence of a mixture of glycosylated and methoxylated flavonoids. DF was able to scavenge NO and OH radicals in vitro and showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the ear edema after croton oil application and reduced the leukocyte infiltrated in LPS-induced peritonitis. In the inflammatory intra-articular zymosan-induced process, DF showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory area and of the cells in the synovial and connective tissues adjacent to the joint. Also, DF was able to reduce the intra-articular edema. In nociception models, the oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhings. The formalin test showed that DF attenuated the licking time in both phases, which suggested that DF reduce the nociception by central and peripheral mechanisms. In the tail-flick test, DF showed no activity. Besides that, DF did not affect the animal locomotion, and no acute toxicity was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

For the first time, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of S. guianensis were reported, supporting its ethnopharmacological uses for some inflammatory diseases and painful conditions.

Metabolome-Based Analysis of Herbal Cough Preparations Via Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS and Multivariate Data Analyses: A Prospect for Its Essential Oil Equivalency

Liquid cough preparations containing essential oils pose a challenge for isolating and quantifying their volatile components from such a complex matrix enriched with nonvolatile constituents and excipients. This study aims to develop a strategy integrating QC analysis of seven natural cough preparations in the Egyptian market and to assess volatile variation among the preparations using multivariate data analyses. Cough preparations were subjected to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for determination of their essential oil composition mediating for their actions and to assess volatile differences among them. HS-SPME is a suitable technique for sample preparation that allows for extraction and enrichment of volatiles from complex nonvolatile matrices and their direct desorption into the gas chromatography analytical system. A total of 88 volatile components were identified belonging to seven classes, viz. aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, mono/sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated mono/sesquiterpenes. Oxygenated monoterpenes, viz., menthol, cineole, thymol, and (E)-anethole, were the major volatiles identified in five cough preparations (79.5-98.6%), whereas aromatics, chiefly cinnamate derivatives, constituted the second class amounting for 50.5 and 27.4% in the other two cough preparations. Meaningful results regarding the products' efficacy and safety were extrapolated from this analytical procedure, where artificial preservatives (parabens) were detected in five cough preparations. This study established an efficient strategy for exploring volatile profiling and defining different markers among the different cough preparations. Additionally, authenticity of listed herbal ingredients in the cough preparations was also confirmed in certain preparations, while other formulations failed to show representative volatile components. Volatile variation among preparations was assessed using multivariate data analyses in an attempt to prioritize cough preparations for usage, suggesting the preference of Bronchicum and Babetone among examined cough products.

Anti-inflammatory activity of 3-cinnamoyltribuloside and its metabolomic analysis in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is a response to tissue injuries, which is indispensable and important for human health, but excessive inflammation can potentially cause damage to the host organisms. Camellia nitidissima Chi, one traditional medicinal and edible plant in China, was reported to exhibit anti-inflammation capability. Hence, this study was conducted to isolate the bioactive compounds from the flowers of C. nitidissima Chi and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity.

METHODS

The phytochemicals from the flowers of C. nitidissima Chi were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel, C18 reversed silica gel, semi-preparative HPLC, and identified by the spectrum technologies. The anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds was evaluated using cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Whereafter the potential metabolic mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the bioactive compound was investigated by a 1H-NMR based metabolomics approach. The metabolites in 1H-NMR spectra were identified by querying the Human Metabolome Database and Madison Metabolomics Consortium Database online. And the multivariate statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the variability of metabolites among samples and between sample classes.

RESULTS

The compound isolated from the flowers of C. nitidissima Chi was identified as 3-cinnamoyltribuloside (3-CT). 3-CT could inhibit the NO production and the mRNA expression of iNOS involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, 3-CT could inhibit the expression of a series of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, both at the mRNA level and protein level. The 1H-NMR based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the potential metabolic mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of 3-CT. Thirty-five metabolites were identified and assigned. Orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) of the 1H-NMR data showed 3-CT could balance the significant changes in many endogenous metabolites (e.g., choline, glucose, phenylalanine) induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells, which related to cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and amino acids metabolism.

CONCLUSION

3-CT, isolated from the flowers of C. nitidissima Chi, had potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, our results indicated that 3-CT had effects on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and amino acids metabolism in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells.

Concurrent metformin and silibinin therapy in diabetes: assessments in zebrafish (Danio rerio) animal model

Objective

In this study, zebrafish was used as a biological model to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus through glucose. Then, the effect of metformin and silibinin combination was examined on elevated blood glucose, intestinal tissues, liver enzymes, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, INL1β genes as inflammation marker genes.

Methods

The liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) derived from fish viscera homogenate supernatants were assayed in an auto-analyzer. The expression of target genes was quantified on RNA extracted from the tails by an in-house RT-PCR method, with fine intestine tissue staining performed by hematoxylin and eosin protocol (H&E).

Result

In the glucose-free treatments, metformin and silymarin decreased the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes in the blood. The combination of these two drugs had also a significant role in reducing glucose levels. The body weight increased significantly in the control group which was affected by glucose concentration, with the lowest body weight gain observed in the metformin group. The expression of INL-1β gene was significantly enhanced in the control group and the highest IFN-γ expression was observed in both control groups with glucose (G + CTRL) and without glucose (G-CTRL) (p < 0.05). The lowest level of TNF-α gene expression was observed in the control + glucose group (G + CTRL) (p < 0.05). Diabetic state causes weak absorption whereby the fish body demands to increase absorption level by enhancing the amount of acidic goblet cells thereby acidifying the environment in the gastric tracts.

Conclusion

Collectively, this study indicated that treatment with metformin and Silibinin could improve metabolic-mediated performances by reducing the expression of inflammatory genes and blood glucose, modulating liver enzymes, and ameliorating the intestinal inflammation in type 2 diabetic zebrafish model.

Inhibitory effect of Jangkanghwan (Korean traditional food) on experimental ulcerative colitis in mice

Jangkanghwan (JKH) can delay weight loss in mice, promote weight gain during recovery, and reduce colonic shortening and colon weight. In addition, the murine disease activity index was controlled after treatment using JKH. It can reduce the content of pro-inflammatory factors in serum and expression in tissues, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B; in contrast, the content and expression of IL-10 and the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase-α in the serum and tissues were increased. The mRNA expression of the colitis characteristic biomarker monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-3α were reduced in colon tissues. Using next-generation sequencing technology, the Bacteroidetes phylum in the JKH group decreased, while the Firmicutes phylum increased, and the number of beneficial bacteria-Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Akkermansiaceae-increased. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: JKH is a mixture of colonic healthy foods composed of Atractylodes macrocephala koidzumi, radish leaves, Viscum album var. coloratum, dried Zingiber officinale Roscoe, etc. According to UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis, JKH consists mainly of 17 active substances, such as pheophorbide A, nabumetone alcohol, dehydrocostus lactone, plantamajoside, kaempferol 3, 7-dirhamnoside, quercetin 3-D-glucuronide, and viscumneoside III. We investigated the preventive effects of JKH on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in a murine model and found that JKH can reduce the damage in mice caused by DSS treatment.

The analgesic potential of glycosides derived from medicinal plants

Pain represents an unpleasant sensation linked to actual or potential tissue damage. In the early phase, the sensation of pain is caused due to direct stimulation of the sensory nerve fibers. On the other hand, the pain in the late phase is attributed to inflammatory mediators. Current medicines used to treat inflammation and pain are effective; however, they cause severe side effects, such as ulcer, anemia, osteoporosis, and endocrine disruption. Increased attention is recently being focused on the examination of the analgesic potential of phytoconstituents, such as glycosides of traditional medicinal plants, because they often have suitable biological activities with fewer side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The purpose of this article is to review for the first time the current state of knowledge on the use of glycosides from medicinal plants to induce analgesia and anti-inflammatory effect. Various databases and search engines, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, were used to search and collect relevant studies on glycosides with antinociceptive activities. The results led to the identification of several glycosides that exhibited marked inhibition of various pain mediators based on different well-established assays. Additionally, these glycosides were found to induce most of the analgesic effects through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. These findings can be useful to identify new candidates which can be clinically developed as analgesics with better bioavailability and reduced side effects. Graphical abstract Analgesic mechanisms of plant glycosides.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Flavonoids from Brugmansia arborea L. Flowers

Brugmansia arborea L. (Solanaceae), commonly known as "angel's trumpet," is widely grown in North America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. It has been mainly used for ornamental purposes as well as analgesic, anti-rheumatic, vulnerary, decongestant, and anti-spasmodic materials. B. arborea is also reported to show anti-cholinergic activity, for which many alkaloids were reported to be principally responsible. However, to the best of our knowledge, a phytochemical study of B. arborea flowers has not yet been performed. Four flavonol glycosides (1-4) and one dihydroflavanol (5) were for the first time isolated from B. arborea flowers in this study. The flavonoids showed significant antioxidant capacities, suppressed nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells, and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) protein production increased by LPS treatment. The contents of compounds 1-4 in n-BuOH fraction were determined to be 3.8 ± 0.9%, 2.2 ± 0.5%, 20.3 ± 1.1%, and 2.3 ± 0.4%, respectively, and that of compound 5 in EtOAc fraction was determined to be 12.7 ± 0.7%, by HPLC experiment. These results suggest that flavonol glycosides (1-4) and dihydroflavanol (5) can serve as index components of B. arborea flowers in standardizing anti-inflammatory materials.

The effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. whole fruit on the sex hormone profile in menopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Menopause is a product of interrupted ovarian activity and decrease in its estradiol production. Herbal medicines as an alternative to hormone therapy are increasingly used by menopausal women. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Senjed in Persian) is a well-known herbal remedy with various therapeutic effects according to Iranian traditional medicine which is recommended to relieve the menopausal side effects. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of oral intake of whole fruit powder of E. angustifolia on the sex hormones profile in menopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In present double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, 58 eligible women who were referred to Kamali Women Hospital (Karaj, Iran, 2017) were randomly assigned into herbal medicine (15 g E. angustifolia) and placebo (7.5 g cornstarch +7.5 g isomalt) groups. Initially and after 10 weeks of the treatment, serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) hormones were measured.

RESULTS

According to between-group analyses, the changes in the studied parameters were not significant between herbal medicine and placebo groups, except for joint pain that improved significantly in herbal medicine group. However, by within-group analysis the levels of FSH and FSH to testosterone showed a significant increase, whereas the level of progesterone decreased significantly after 10 weeks of E. angustifolia consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

The improvement of the sex hormone profile was not in a full accordance with Iranian folklore after E. angustifolia consumption in the present menopausal participants. However, considering a strong belief on the beneficial effects of E. angustifolia in Iranian folklore, a long-term studies of larger group participants are needed to evaluate the efficacy.

A phosphine-mediated domino sequence of salicylaldehyde with but-3-yn-2-one: rapid access to chromanone

Chromanone is a privileged structure with a wide range of unique biological activities.

Analgesic Effect of Valerian Root and Turnip Extracts

BACKGROUND

Medicinal plants are considered as one of the important sources of chemical substances with therapeutic effects. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of alcoholic extract of valerian root and turnip in rats.

METHODS

Fifty female Wistar rats weighing 190 g were divided into 5 equal groups of control (subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin in the right foot), sham (subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin+distilled water), experimental 1 (subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin+200 mg/kg turnip extract), experimental 2 (subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin 2+200 mg/kg valerian root extract) and experimental 3 (subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin+200 mg/kg turnip extract+200 mg/kg valerian root extract). The time duration of 0-5 and 16-60 minutes after injection of formalin were respectively considered as acute and chronic phases. Injection of distilled water and the extracts was conducted 30 minutes before assessing the analgesic effects.

RESULTS

A significant decrease in pain score in the acute phase was observed in the group received valerian root extract compared to the control group. Also, a significant reduction in pain score was noted in the acute and chronic phases of the group receiving simultaneous administration of valerian root and turnip extracts when compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

Simultaneous use of valerian root and turnip extracts is recommended for analgesic effects in both acute and chronic phases of the pain.

Antinociceptive Activity of Methanolic Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves: Possible Mechanisms of Action Involved

Methanolic extract of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves (MECN) has been proven to possess antinociceptive activity that works via the opioid and NO-dependent/cGMP-independent pathways. In the present study, we aimed to further determine the possible mechanisms of antinociception of MECN using various nociceptive assays. The antinociceptive activity of MECN was (i) tested against capsaicin-, glutamate-, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, bradykinin-induced nociception model; (ii) prechallenged against selective antagonist of opioid receptor subtypes (β-funaltrexamine, naltrindole, and nor-binaltorphimine); (iii) prechallenged against antagonist of nonopioid systems, namely, α₂-noradrenergic (yohimbine), β-adrenergic (pindolol), adenosinergic (caffeine), dopaminergic (haloperidol), and cholinergic (atropine) receptors; (iv) prechallenged with inhibitors of various potassium channels (glibenclamide, apamin, charybdotoxin, and tetraethylammonium chloride). The results demonstrated that the orally administered MECN (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the nociceptive effect of all models in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the antinociceptive activity of 500 mg/kg MECN was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by (i) antagonists of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors; (ii) antagonists of α₂-noradrenergic, β-adrenergic, adenosinergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic receptors; and (iii) blockers of different K⁺ channels (voltage-activated-, Ca²⁺-activated, and ATP-sensitive-K⁺ channels, resp.). In conclusion, MECN-induced antinociception involves modulation of protein kinase C-, bradykinin-, TRVP1 receptors-, and glutamatergic-signaling pathways; opioidergic, α₂-noradrenergic, β-adrenergic, adenosinergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic receptors; and nonopioidergic receptors as well as the opening of various K⁺ channels. The antinociceptive activity could be associated with the presence of several flavonoid-based bioactive compounds and their synergistic action with nonvolatile bioactive compounds.

Acute toxicity study and anti-nociceptive activity of Bauhinia acuminata Linn. leaf extracts in experimental animal models

Bauhinia acuminata commonly known as dwarf white orchid tree is traditionally used to treat acute and chronic pain, skin ailments, cancer, diabetes, throat infections and asthma. As there were no scientific reports on use of Bauhinia acuminata for anti-nociceptive activity, the present study was designed to evaluate possible effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts in experimentally induced pain in animals. Acute toxicity was carried out as per OECD guideline 423. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated in Swiss albino mice by hot plate, acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion tests at three different dose levels (250, 500 and 1000mg/kg) of aqueous and alcoholic extracts. Formalin induced nociception test was performed in Sprague Dawley rats at three dose levels. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts were found safe at dose of 5000mg/kg. In hot plate test, both extracts showed significant (p<0.001) anti-nociceptive activity. In acetic acid writhing test, both aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly reduced number of writhes (p<0.001). In Tail immersion test, both the extracts showed significant increase in tail withdrawal response (p<0.001). Treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly reduced nociception in formalin induced nociception model (p<0.001). From the results it can be concluded that aqueous and alcoholic extracts possesses potent anti-nociceptive activity.

The Effects of Natural Flavonoids on Lipoxygenase-Mediated Oxidation of Compounds with a Benzene Ring Structure—A New Possible Mechanism of Flavonoid Anti-Chemical Carcinogenesis and Other Toxicities

Numerous studies have strongly suggested that flavonoids exhibit antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the mechanism is still far from clear. In this study, the effect of natural flavonoid compounds, such as green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, and rutin on lipoxygenase-mediated co-oxidation of guaiacol, benzidine, paraphenylenediamine, and dimethoxybenzidine was investigated. Green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, and rutin can reduce the co-oxidation reaction speed of tested compounds mediated by soybean lipoxygenase and the production of oxidative products and free radical intermediates. Their median inhibition concentrations on guaiacol oxidation mediated by soybean lipoxygenase were 8.22 mg·L−1, 17.8 μmol·L−1, 41.5 μmol·L−1, and 46.3 μmol·L−1, respectively. These were all significantly lower than glutathione, dithiothreitol, butylated hydroxyanisole and gossypol. The data collected in this study suggest that flavonoids may have an anticarcinogenicity and antitoxicity effect through inhibition of oxidative activation.

Natural Flavonoids as Promising Analgesic Candidates: A Systematic Review

Due to the chemical structural diversity and various analgesic mechanisms, an increasing number of studies indicated that some flavonoids from medicinal plants could be promising candidates for new natural analgesic drugs, which attract high interests of advanced users and academic researchers. The aim of this systematic review is to report flavonoids and its derivatives as new analgesic candidates based on the pharmacological evidences. Sixty-four papers were found concerning the potential analgesic activity of 46 flavonoids. In this case, the evidence for analgesic activity of flavonoids and total flavonoids was investigated. Meanwhile, the corresponding analgesic mechanism of flavonoids was discussed by generalizing and analyzing the current publications. Based on this review, the conclusion can be drawn that some flavonoids are promising candidates for painful conditions and deserve particular attention in further research and development.

Mexican medicinal plants with anxiolytic or antidepressant activity: Focus on preclinical research

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Anxiety and depression are considered the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants to alleviate the symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is increasing. However, there is little scientific evidence that validates the efficacy of these plants. This evidence needs to be critically revised, and further studied to provided scientific support for their use.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To identify the plants that are used in Mexico for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression, and to review the current preclinical and when available, clinical information of these plants.

METHODS

We searched in scientific databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and other web sources such as "Biblioteca digital de la medicina tradicional Mexicana" ) for Mexican plants used for the treatment of anxiety and depression that have been analyzed in preclinical studies. Additional information was obtained from published books. For this review, we also consider those plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of "nervios," "susto" or "espanto;" common terms that describe symptoms related to anxiety and depression disorders.

RESULTS

The bibliographic search identified 49 plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression. From all these plants, 59% were analyzed in preclinical research, and only 8% were tested in clinical studies; only a few of these studies tried to elucidate their mechanism of action. In general, it is proposed that the plant extracts interact with the GABAergic system. However, only part of these studies attempted to analyze other neurotransmitter systems. Finally, in some cases, drug-herbal interactions were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a large number of Mexican medicinal plants used as a treatment for anxiety and depression disorders. Although some of these plants have been studied in preclinical research, in most cases these studies are preliminary, and the understanding of the mechanism of action is inconclusive. The need for systematic studies in preclinical and clinical research is evident, and efforts should be done to fulfill these research. Finally, it is important also to study possible drug-herbal interactions to establish specific recommendations for people that use these plants as anxiolytic or antidepressant treatments either alone or in combination with another type of medicine.

Radical scavenging activity of extruded corn gruels with addition of linden inflorescence

Antioxidant activity is one of the most desirable properties of natural compounds. Among these substances are phenolic compounds which exhibit excellent antiradical activity. The main aim of the present study was determination of the free radical scavenging activity of gruels with 5, 10 and 20% addition of linden inflorescence. The studies were based on two methods: TLC-bioautographic assay and spectrophotometric analysis using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical). The obtained results indicate that the radical scavenging properties of the extracts are positively correlated with the content of phenolic compounds in gruels and that a high-temperature extrusion process does not deactivate antioxidant polyphenolic compounds.

Extruded corn gruels containing linden flowers: quantitation of phenolic compounds and selected quality characteristics

Extrusion-cooking of plant materials may enhance antioxidant activity and improve health benefits. Selected antioxidant polyphenols in extruded corn gruels enriched with different amounts of linden flowers were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS and quality characteristics were determined.

Phenolic content increased with Tiliae inflorescentia addition and was not decreased by high-temperature extrusion. Linden flower incorporation into instant gruels should be limited to 10% to retain acceptable sensory properties.

Topical analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Oxybaphus nyctagineus: phytochemical characterization of active fractions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet has traditionally been used by several Native American tribes predominantly as a topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Oxybaphus nyctagineus and to characterize the major chemical constituents of the bioactive extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Crude polar and apolar extracts (PCE and ACE) of the herb of Oxybaphus nyctagineus were prepared and tested in the models of the CFA-induced hyperalgesia in rat knee and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. To identify the active compounds, subfractions were prepared by column chromatography and subjected in vitro assays, such as antioxidant assays (DPPH, peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenging), and the LPS-induced IL-1β release test in human monocytes. Preparative HPLC was employed for the isolation of active substances, while phytochemical analysis was performed by mean of LC-MS/MS and NMR.

RESULTS

The topically administered PCE and ACE of Oxybaphus nyctagineus demonstrated a significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect in the inflammation animal models. The subfraction A4 of ACE and the subfraction P5 of PCE considerably inhibited the LPS-induced IL-1β release in human monocytes, while the strongest activity was localized in the subfraction P5 in the antioxidant assays. The HPLC-MS/MS and NMR analysis revealed that 6-methoxyflavonol diglycosides, namely patuletin-3-O-robinobioside (1), 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-robinobioside (2), spinacetin-3-O-robinobioside (3), and hydroxy-polyenoic fatty acids, namely corchorifatty acid B (4), 9-hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HOT acid) (5), and 9-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9-HOD acid) (6) were present in PCE, and in ACE as major compounds.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study established a pharmacological evidence for the traditional use of Oxybaphus nyctagineus as an anti-inflammatory agent used topically, and provided data on its phytochemical composition for the first time.

Analgesic activity of Eugenia jambolana leave constituent: a dikaempferol rhamnopyranoside from ethyl acetate soluble fraction

CONTEXT

Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, and pain.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the antinociceptive effect of kaempferol-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside]- 4'-O-4'-[kaempferol-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (EJ-01), isolated from the E. jambolana leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EJ-01 (3, 10, and 30 mg kg(-1), orally) was assessed for peripheral (formalin-nociception and acetic acid-writhing) and central (hot plate and tail flick test) analgesic activity in mice and the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (25, 50, and 100 µg mL(-1)) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

EJ-01 (10 and 30 mg kg(-1)) significantly inhibited mean writhing counts (37.74 and 36.83) in acetic acid writhing and paw licking time (55.16 and 45.66 s) in the late phase of the formalin test as compared with the respective control (60.66 and 104.33 s). EJ-01 did not show analgesic activity in central pain models. Significant reduction in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (295.48, 51.20, and 49.47 pg mL(-1)) and interleukin (IL)-1β (59.38, 20.08, and 15.46 pg mL(-1)) levels were observed in EJ-01-treated medium (25, 50, and 100 µg mL(-1)) as compared with vehicle-treated control values (788.67 and 161.77 pg mL(-1)), respectively. Significant reduction in total nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) levels (70.80 nmol) was observed in the EJ-01-treated medium (100 µg mL(-1)) as compared with the vehicle-treated value (110.41 nmol).

CONCLUSION

EJ-01 is a valuable analgesic constituent of E. jambolana leaves and this study supports the pharmacological basis for the use of this plant in traditional medicine for curing inflammatory pain.

Protective effect of hesperetin in rat model of partial sciatic nerve ligation induced painful neuropathic pain: an evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity

Behavioral, biochemical and gene expression changes were investigated in a rat model of partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) after administration of hesperetin (20, 50mg/kg; p.o.), pregabalin (10mg/kg; p.o.) or vehicle (1 ml/kg, p.o.). Thirty-six animals were randomly divided into six groups. Left sciatic nerve was exposed and ligated, animals in the control and test groups were treated orally with respective drugs for fifteen days. Nociceptive threshold was assessed on 0 day and thereafter every three days. Three weeks later, sciatic nerve tissue homogenate was prepared and subjected for estimation of oxidative markers namely total protein, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidase, interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and TNF-α. Administration of hesperetin resulted in a dose dependent attenuation in PSNL-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia as well as down regulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and biochemical markers. Consequently, it can be concluded that anti-hyperalgesic effect of hesperetin in rats after PSNL may be attributed to various oxidative markers as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators secreted at the injury site. Hesperetin appears to be a promising candidate for the development as a novel therapeutic for the patients suffering from the neuropathic pain.