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Singh M, Verma H, Gera N, Baddipadige R, Choudhary S, Bhandu P, Silakari O. Evaluation of Cordyceps militaris steroids as anti-inflammatory agents to combat the Covid-19 cytokine storm: a bioinformatics and structure-based drug designing approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5159-5177. [PMID: 37551029 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2245039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, researchers have been working on figuring out ways to tackle multi-organ failure and hyperinflation, which are brought on by a cytokine storm. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein's cellular receptor, is involved in complicated molecular processes that result in hyperinflammation. Cordyceps militaris is one of the traditional Chinese medicines that is used as an immune booster, and it has exhibited efficacy in lowering blood glucose levels, seminal emissions, and infertility. In the current study, we explored the potential of Cordyceps militaris steroids as key agents in managing the anger of cytokine storm in Covid-19 using network ethnopharmacological techniques and structure-based drug designing approaches. The steroids present in Cordyceps militaris were initially screened against the targets involved in inflammatory pathways. The results revealed that out of 16 steroids, 5 may be effective against 17 inflammatory pathways by targeting 11 pathological proteins. Among the five steroids, beta-sitosterol, Cholest-5-en-3β-ol, 3β, and 7α-Dihydroxycholest-5-ene were found to interact with thrombin (F2), an important protein reported to reduce the severity of inflammatory mediators and Cholest-4-en-3-one was found to target Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). The top docked steroid displayed key interactions with both targets, which retained key interactions throughout the 100 ns simulation period. These compounds were also shown high binding free energy scores in water swap studies. Based on obtained results the current study suggests the use of Cordyceps militaris as an add-on therapy that may reduce the progression of inflammatory co-morbidities among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Narendra Gera
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Raju Baddipadige
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Priyanka Bhandu
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Deshmukh N, Bhaskaran L. Optimization of cultural and nutritional conditions to enhance mycelial biomass of Cordyceps militaris using statistical approach. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:235-244. [PMID: 38150151 PMCID: PMC10920581 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a fungus with numerous therapeutic properties that has gained worldwide popularity due to its potential health benefits. The fruiting body of this mushroom is highly expensive and takes a longer time to produce, making mycelial a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. The study investigates and optimizes cultural and nutritional conditions to maximize mycelial biomass. The initial optimization was done by the conventional single-factor approach, followed by Plackett-Burman design to screen the most significant variables, with yeast extract, temperature, and glucose being the most significant, contributing 11.58%, 49.74%, and 27.98%, respectively, in mycelial biomass production. These variables were then optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The study observed that temperature and glucose had the highest impact on mycelial biomass, with p-values of 0.0128 and 0.0191, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, temperature 20 °C, glucose 2.5% (w/v), and yeast extract 0.8% (w/v), the maximal yield of mycelial biomass reached 547 ± 2.09 mg/100 mL, which was 1.95-fold higher than the yield in the basal medium. These findings suggest that optimizing the cultural and nutritional conditions can enhance mycelial biomass production of Cordyceps militaris, offering a sustainable and cost-effective source of this valuable fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketan Deshmukh
- L J School of Applied Sciences, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.
| | - Lakshmi Bhaskaran
- L J School of Applied Sciences, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
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Sun H, Wei S, Gong Y, Ding K, Tang S, Sun W, Yuan C, Huang L, Liu Z, Chen C, Yao L. Neuroprotective effects of cordycepin inhibit glutamate-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:10-20. [PMID: 38219840 PMCID: PMC10939076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that can cause excitatory neurotoxicity when its extracellular concentration is too high, leading to disrupted calcium balance and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cordycepin, a nucleoside adenosine derivative, has been shown to protect against excitatory neurotoxicity induced by glutamate. To investigate its potential neuroprotective effects, the present study employed fluorescence detection and spectrophotometry techniques to analyze primary hippocampal-cultured neurons. The results showed that glutamate toxicity reduced hippocampal neuron viability, increased ROS production, and increased intracellular calcium levels. Additionally, glutamate-induced cytotoxicity activated acetylcholinesterase and decreased glutathione levels. However, cordycepin inhibited glutamate-induced cell death, improved cell viability, reduced ROS production, and lowered Ca2+ levels. It also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activation and increased glutathione levels. This study suggests that cordycepin can protect against glutamate-induced neuronal injury in cell models, and this effect was inhibited by adenosine A1 receptor blockers, indicating that its neuroprotective effect is achieved through activation of the adenosine A1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; Shan County Renmin Road Primary School, Heze, Shandong,PR China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanchun Gong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Kaizhi Ding
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shan Tang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chunhua Yuan
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhibing Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Lihua Yao
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Dutta D, Singh NS, Aggarwal R, Verma AK. Cordyceps militaris: A Comprehensive Study on Laboratory Cultivation and Anticancer Potential in Dalton's Ascites Lymphoma Tumor Model. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:668-690. [PMID: 38305294 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206282174240115082518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, a predominant cause of mortality, poses a formidable challenge in our pursuit of elevating life expectancy. Throughout history, individuals have sought natural remedies with minimal side effects as an appealing substitute for chemotherapeutic drugs. One such remedy is Cordyceps militaris, a renowned medicinal mushroom deeply entrenched in Asian ethnomedicine. Revered for its rejuvenating and curative attributes, it relied upon for ages. OBJECTIVE The mushroom's soaring demand outpaced natural availability, necessitating controlled laboratory cultivation as the core focus and exploring the potential of methanolic extracts from harvested Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells in vitro, with a specific emphasis on its anticancer traits. METHODS For cultivation, we employed a diverse range of rice substrates, among which bora rice showed promising growth of C. militaris fruiting bodies. To assess DLA cell cytotoxicity, several assays, including trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT assay, and LDH assay, were employed at different time points (24-96 h), which provided valuable insights on DLA cell viability and proliferation, shedding light on its therapeutic potential against cancer. RESULTS Our studies unveiled that methanolic extract prompts apoptosis in DLA cells via AO/EB dual staining, manifesting consistent apoptosis indicators such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclei fragmentation, and cellular shrinkage at 48-96 h of treatment. Furthermore, these striking repercussions of apoptosis were comprehended by an in silico approach having molecular docking simulation against antiapoptotic proteins like BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BFL-1 & HSP100. CONCLUSION Methanolic C. militaris extracts exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptotic alterations in DLA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Dutta
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Namram Sushindrajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Rohit Aggarwal
- Cosmic Cordycep Farms, Badarpur Said Tehsil, Faridabad, 121101, Haryana, India
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
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Zhang KT, Huang ZP, Xu XR, Li SH, Xu YX, Zhao Q, Zhang XM. Two new diketopiperazines from the Cordyceps fungus Samsoniella sp. XY4. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:735-740. [PMID: 37789127 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new diketopiperazines, namely samsoniellain A (1) and samsoniellain B (2), together with two known compounds (3, 4) were isolated from Cordyceps fungus Samsoniella sp. XY4. The planar structures of 1 and 2 were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of quantum chemical TDDFT calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Results of antimicrobial activity indicated that compound 2 showed weak bacteriostatic activities against S. typhimurium χ 8956, H. influenza ATCC 10211, MRSA 2024 with the MIC values of 128, 256, and 256 μg ml-1, respectively. This is the first report about secondary metabolites of Samsoniella sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Pu Huang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Heng Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Liu JS, Huang RY, Wei YJ, Tsai GJ, Huang CH. Influence of Cordyceps militaris-fermented grain substrate extracts on alleviating food allergy in mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23315. [PMID: 38144334 PMCID: PMC10746508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is recognized as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine, and there have been documented findings on the anti-allergic properties of its extract derived from the fruiting body. Due to the limited availability of wild C. militaris, a specialized grain substrate has been devised for the solid-state fermentation of its fruiting bodies. However, the fermented grain substrate is considered waste and usually used as feeds for animals. To achieve the sustainable development goals, C. militaris-fermented grain substrate (CFGS) was collected to prepare CFGS extracts. Further, the anti-allergic properties of these extracts were assessed with the aim of exploring novel applications. Methods The water extract and ethanol extract of CFGS were prepared, and their potential in alleviating allergic enteritis was assessed in mice with food allergy. Assessment of immunomodulatory effects included the measurement of serum antibodies and splenic cytokines. Additionally, influence of extracts on gut microbiota composition was examined through sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene from freshly collected feces of the mice. Results Daily administration of the water and ethanol extracts, at doses of 50 or 250 mg/kg body weight, demonstrated a notable alleviation of allergic diarrhea and enteritis. This was accompanied by a decrease in mast cell infiltration in the duodenum and a reduction in allergen-specific IgE production in the serum. Both extracts led to a significant decrease in IL-4 secretion. Conversely, there was an increase in IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β secretion from splenocytes. Remarkably, allergic mice exhibited a distinct fecal microbiota profile compared to that of normal mice. Intriguingly, the administration of these extracts had varying effects on the fecal microbiota. Conclusion Taken together, these findings collectively indicate the potential of CFGS extracts as promising candidates for functional foods. These extracts show promise in managing allergic enteritis and modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shan Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Yi Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jyun Wei
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Jane Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Lu HY, Tsai WC, Liu JS, Huang CH. Preparation and evaluation of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide- and sesame oil-loaded nanoemulsion for the treatment of candidal vaginitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115506. [PMID: 37716120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen, affecting over 75% of women who have experienced candidal vaginitis. Given the identification of drug-resistant C. albicans strains, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic methods for treating vaginal Candida infection. Polysaccharide is the major bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, known to modulate immune responses and alleviate inflammation. Sesame oil is known with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS C. militaris polysaccharide was prepared and formulated with sesame oil to prepare emulsion and nanoemulsion, which are ideal mucosal delivery systems for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds concurrently. The physical property and storage stability of these formulations were illustrated, and their effects on ameliorating vaginitis were investigated in a murine model of vaginal Candida infection. RESULTS C. militaris polysaccharide-containing nanoemulsion showed smaller particle size, lower polydispersity index, higher zeta-potential and better stability than emulsion. Intravaginal administration of C. militaris polysaccharide-containing nanoemulsion significantly attenuated C. militaris colonization and vaginitis. Notably, these formulations exerted distinct effects on modulating cell infiltration and splenic cytokine production. Moreover, different profile of vaginal microflora was observed among the treatment groups, revealing the potential action mechanisms of these formulations to mitigate vaginal Candida infection. CONCLUSION C. militaris polysaccharide- and sesame oil-containing nanoemulsion is potential to be developed as intravaginal therapeutic strategy for C. albicans-induced vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shan Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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Air Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet to Improve Fruiting Body Production and Enhance Bioactive Phytochemicals from Mutant Cordyceps militaris (White Cordyceps militaris). FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Bioactive compounds from mushrooms: Emerging bioresources of food and nutraceuticals. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122321. [PMID: 36557573 PMCID: PMC9781638 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing and anti-viral effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 (GRC-SC11) isolated from a salted small octopus. The cordycepin, β-glucan, and total flavonoid contents increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 inhibits 3CL protease activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). GRC-SC11 significantly increased thymus and spleen indices in immunocompromised mice. The rate of splenocyte proliferation was higher in GRC-SC11-treated immunocompromised mice than that in GRC-treated immunocompromised mice in the presence or absence of concanavalin A. In addition, GRC-SC11 increased the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in immunocompromised mice. The mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was up-regulated in GRC-SC11 treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compared to GRC. Our study indicates that GRC-SC11 might be a potential therapeutic agent for immunocompromised patients who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV infection.
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Li A, Song Y, Wang C, Wang J. The molecular recognition of cordycepin arabinoside and analysis of changes on cordycepin and its arabinoside in fruiting body and pupa of Cordyceps militaris. Food Chem 2022; 389:133070. [PMID: 35490522 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an edible fungus that is widely used as a functional food in many countries. In order to objectively evaluate its nutritional value, free and glycosidic cordycepins need to be analyzed. The cordycepin arabinoside molecule was recognized by the MS2 fragmentation rule, and both cordycepin and its arabinoside were quantitatively analyzed in the fruiting body and pupa of Cordyceps militaris by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS). The method had good linear regression (R2 = 0.9999), with a detection limit of 0.021 ng/mL. The recovery range was 94.32-103.09% in the fruiting body and pupa. The content of cordycepin and its arabinoside showed an upward trend with growth, and the total contents reached the highest level at the mature stage (60-70th day) without mildew. This study provides a useful reference for the evaluation and application of Cordyceps militaris as a functional food resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Li
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiqiao Song
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Ha NI, Mun SK, Im SB, Jang HY, Jeong HG, Kang KY, Park KW, Seo KS, Ban SE, Kim KJ, Yee ST. Changes in Functionality of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Fermented by Cordyceps militaris Mycelia. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162477. [PMID: 36010477 PMCID: PMC9407045 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been estimating the potential of insects as human food since 2010, and for this reason, Tenebrio molitor larvae, also called mealworms, have been explored as an alternative protein source for various foods. In this study, in order to increase nutrient contents and improve preference as an alternative protein source, we fermented the T. molitor larvae by Cordyceps militaris mycelia. T. molitor larvae were prepared at optimal conditions for fermentation and fermented with C. militaris mycelia, and we analyzed T. molitor larvae change in functionality with proximate composition, β-glucan, cordycepin, adenosine, and free amino acids content. T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia showed higher total protein, total fiber, and β-glucan content than the unfermented larvae. In addition, the highest cordycepin content (13.75 mg/g) was observed in shaded dried T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia. Additionally, the isolated cordycepin from fermented T. molitor larvae showed similar cytotoxicity as standard cordycepin when treated with PC-9 cells. Therefore, we report that the optimized methods of T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia increase total protein, total fiber, β-glucan and produce the amount of cordycepin content, which can be contributed to healthy food and increase T. molitor larvae utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neul-I Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Mun
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Im
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Jang
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyeong Jeong
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wuk Park
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sun Seo
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Seung-Eon Ban
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Kyung-Je Kim
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3752; Fax: +82-61-750-3708
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Hsu JH, Chang WJ, Fu HI, Chang HH, Chen CC. Clinical evaluation of the short-term effects of Cordyceps cicadae mycelium in lowering intraocular pressure. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Efficacy of Cordyceps militaris Extracts against Some Skin Pathogenic Bacteria and Antioxidant Activity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040327. [PMID: 35448557 PMCID: PMC9030010 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been used for treating various diseases, as well as maintaining good overall health. The antibacterial properties of the C. militaris fruiting body and substrate, cultured in Chiang Mai (sample A and B) and Chiang Rai (sample C), Thailand, were investigated in this study. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. militaris exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cutibacterium acnes and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with the MIC/MBC ranging from 3.91 to 31.25 mg/mL. The ethanolic extracts of the fruiting body and substrate from sample B also inhibited all bacterial growth within 2-4 h of treatment. Furthermore, ethanolic extract from sample B showed the highest cordycepin content of 57.42 mg/g extract, whereas the highest adenosine content, 3.78 mg/g extract, was observed in the ethanolic extract from the fruiting body of sample A by HPLC. The ethanolic extracts from sample A also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity and flavonoid content by 9.50 mg GAE/g extract and 10.59 mg QAE/g extract, respectively. However, the highest phenolic content of 49.04 mg GAE/g extract was found in the aqueous extract of sample A. In addition, the ethanolic extract of sample A at 2 and 4 mg/mL could significantly down-regulate the mecA gene expression in MRSA. Our findings reported the potential of C. militaris extract as a new substance for the treatment of skin pathogenic bacteria infections and an antioxidant agent.
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Lowering the Intraocular Pressure in Rats and Rabbits by Cordyceps cicadae Extract and Its Active Compounds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030707. [PMID: 35163975 PMCID: PMC8837943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps cicadae (CC), an entomogenous fungus that has been reported to have therapeutic glaucoma, is a major cause of blindness worldwide and is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, mostly due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Here, an ethanolic extract of C. cicadae mycelium (CCME), a traditional medicinal mushroom, was studied for its potential in lowering IOP in rat and rabbit models. Data showed that CCME could significantly (60.5%) reduce the IOP induced by microbead occlusion after 56 days of oral administration. The apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rats decreased by 77.2%. CCME was also shown to lower the IOP of normal and dextrose-infusion-induced rabbits within 60 min after oral feeding. There were dose effects, and the effect was repeatable. The active ingredient, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), was also shown to alleviate 29.6% IOP at 0.2 mg/kg body weight in this rabbit model. CCME was confirmed with only minor inhibition in the phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 (pMLC2) pathway.
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Jędrejko KJ, Lazur J, Muszyńska B. Cordyceps militaris: An Overview of Its Chemical Constituents in Relation to Biological Activity. Foods 2021; 10:2634. [PMID: 34828915 PMCID: PMC8622900 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps spp. mushrooms have a long tradition of use as a natural raw material in Asian ethnomedicine because of their adaptogenic, tonic effects and their ability to reduce fatigue and stimulate the immune system in humans. This review aims to present the chemical composition and medicinal properties of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as mycelium from in vitro cultures. The analytical results of the composition of C. militaris grown in culture media show the bioactive components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine and others described in the review. To summarize, based on the presence of several bioactive compounds that contribute to biological activity, C. militaris mushrooms definitely deserve to be considered as functional foods and also have great potential for medicinal use. Recent scientific reports indicate the potential of cordycepin in antiviral activity, particularly against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30–688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.J.); (J.L.)
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Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Cordyceps militaris (GRC-SC11) Suppresses IgE Mediated Mast Cell Activation and Type I Hypersensitive Allergic Murine Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113849. [PMID: 34836105 PMCID: PMC8618942 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) has various biomedical applications in traditional oriental medicine for different diseases including inflammatory and immune-dysregulated diseases. It is a reservoir of nutritional components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, and antioxidants. To improve its bioactivity, we fermented C. militaris with a Pediococcus pentosaceus strain isolated from a salted small octopus (SC11). The current study aimed to evaluate whether P. pentosaceus (SC11) fermentation could enhance the anti-allergic potential of C. militaris cultured on germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) against a type I hypersensitive reaction in in vitro and in vivo studies. Total antioxidant capacity and cordycepin content were significantly increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 showed significantly enhanced anti-allergic responses by inhibiting immunoglobulin E (IgE)/antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells, compared to GRC. The results demonstrated the significant inhibition of phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)/ p38/GRB2-associated binding protein 2 (Gab2)/c-jun in IgE/Ag-triggered RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, suppressed mRNA levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in IgE/Ag-activated RBL-2H3 cells were observed. GRC-SC11 significantly ameliorated IgE-induced allergic reactions by suppressing the ear swelling, vascular permeability, and inflammatory cell infiltration in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) BALB/c mice. In conclusion, GRC fermented with P.pentosaceus exerted enhanced anti-allergic effects, and increased the cordycepin content and antioxidants potential compared to GRC. It can be used as bio-functional food in the prevention and management of type I allergic diseases.
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Radhi M, Ashraf S, Lawrence S, Tranholm AA, Wellham PAD, Hafeez A, Khamis AS, Thomas R, McWilliams D, de Moor CH. A Systematic Review of the Biological Effects of Cordycepin. Molecules 2021; 26:5886. [PMID: 34641429 PMCID: PMC8510467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation, inflammation, signal transduction and animal models. A total of 1204 publications on cordycepin were found by the cut-off date of 1 February 2021. After application of the exclusion criteria, 791 papers remained. These were read and data on the chosen subjects were extracted. We found 192 papers on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation and calculated a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 135 µM. Cordycepin consistently repressed cell migration (26 papers) and cellular inflammation (53 papers). Evaluation of 76 papers on signal transduction indicated consistently reduced PI3K/mTOR/AKT and ERK signalling and activation of AMPK. In contrast, the effects of cordycepin on the p38 and Jun kinases were variable, as were the effects on cell cycle arrest (53 papers), suggesting these are cell-specific responses. The examination of 150 animal studies indicated that purified cordycepin has many potential therapeutic effects, including the reduction of tumour growth (37 papers), repression of pain and inflammation (9 papers), protecting brain function (11 papers), improvement of respiratory and cardiac conditions (8 and 19 papers) and amelioration of metabolic disorders (8 papers). Nearly all these data are consistent with cordycepin mediating its therapeutic effects through activating AMPK, inhibiting PI3K/mTOR/AKT and repressing the inflammatory response. We conclude that cordycepin has excellent potential as a lead for drug development, especially for age-related diseases. In addition, we discuss the remaining issues around the mechanism of action, toxicity and biodistribution of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masar Radhi
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Sadaf Ashraf
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Steven Lawrence
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Asta Arendt Tranholm
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Peter Arthur David Wellham
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Ammar Sabah Khamis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Robert Thomas
- The Primrose Oncology Unit, Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford MK42 9DJ, UK;
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel McWilliams
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Cornelia Huiberdina de Moor
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
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Wongsorn D, Surasilp T, Rattanasuk S. Effects of Edible Insects on the Mycelium Formation of Cordyceps militaris. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:881-887. [PMID: 34486355 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.881.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Cordyceps militaris </i>is a potential edible medicinal mushroom which containing various biological activity such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing, anti-protozoal and anti-microbial. The compositions of <i>C. militaris</i> media were composed of carbon source, nitrogen source and other additives. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of edible insects on the <i>C. militaris </i>mycelium formation. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Seven edible insects including <i>Bombyx mori </i>L., <i>Samia ricini</i> D., <i>Acheta domesticus</i> L., <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i> De Geer, <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L., <i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i> and <i>Lethocerus indicus</i> were used as nitrogen source supplemented in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and the mycelium formation of each edible insects at day 7, 14 and 21 were recorded. <b>Results:</b> The results of nitrogen source from a boiled edible insect at day 21 indicated that the highest colony diameter at 88.00 mm was obtained when cultured with PDA+<i>B. mori</i> L. The results of nitrogen source from a dried edible insect at day 21 presented that the highest diameter at 84.33 mm was obtained from cultured using PDA+<i>A. domesticus</i> L. <b>Conclusion:</b> The suitable boiled and dried edible insects for the supplement in PDA were boiled <i>B. mori</i> L. and dried <i>A. domesticus </i>L. This is the first report about PDA supplemented with edible insects that can be increased the <i>C. militaris</i> mycelium formation which the initial stage that important for <i>C. militaris </i>cultivation.
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Panda MK, Paul M, Singdevsachan SK, Tayung K, Das SK, Thatoi H. Promising Anti-cancer Therapeutics From Mushrooms: Current Findings and Future Perceptions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1164-1191. [PMID: 33032507 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201008164056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, medicines derived from natural sources have drawn much attention as potential therapeutic agents in the suppression and treatment of cancer because of their low toxicity and fewer side effects. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to assess the currently available knowledge on the ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of bioactive compounds obtained from medicinal mushrooms towards cancer treatment. METHODS A literature search has been conducted for the collection of research papers from universally accepted scientific databases. These research papers and published book chapters were scrutinized to retrieve information on ethnomedicinal uses of mushrooms, different factors involved in cancer cell proliferation, clinical and in silico pharmaceutical studies made for possible treatments of cancer using mushroom derived compounds. Overall, 241 articles were retrieved and reviewed from the year 1970 to 2020, out of which 98 relevant articles were finally considered for the preparation of this review. RESULTS This review presents an update on the natural bioactive substances derived from medicinal mushrooms and their role in inhibiting the factors responsible for cancer cell proliferation. Along with it, the present review also provides information on the ethnomedicinal uses, solvents used for extraction of anti-cancer metabolites, clinical trials, and in silico studies that were undertaken towards anticancer drug development from medicinal mushrooms. CONCLUSION The present review provides extensive knowledge on various anti-cancer substances obtained from medicinal mushrooms, their biological actions, and in silico drug designing approaches, which could form a basis for the development of natural anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmaya K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
| | - Sameer K Singdevsachan
- Spinco Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Spinco Towers, No. 934, 5th A cross, Service Road, HRBR Layout 1st Block, Kalyan Nagar, Bengaluru-560043, Karnataka, India
| | - Kumananda Tayung
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Swagat K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India
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21
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Barido FH, Lee SK. Tenderness-related index and proteolytic enzyme response to the marination of spent hen breast by a protease extracted from Cordyceps militaris mushroom. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1859-1869. [PMID: 33902173 PMCID: PMC8563259 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The effects of a crude protease extracted from Cordyceps militaris (CM) mushrooms on the postmortem tenderization mechanism and quality improvement in spent hen breast were investigated. Methods Different percentages of the crude protease extracted from CM mushrooms were introduced to spent hen breast via spray marination, and its effects on tenderness-related indexes and proteolytic enzymes were compared to papain. Results The results indicated that there was a possible improvement by the protease extracted from CM mushroom through the upregulation of endogenous proteolytic enzymes involved in the calpain system, cathepsin-B, and caspase-3 coupled with its nucleotide-specific impact. However, the effect of the protease extracted from CM mushroom was likely dose-dependent, with significant improvements at a minimum level of 4%. Marination with the protease extracted from CM mushroom at this level led to increased protein solubility and an increased myofibrillar fragmentation index. The sarcoplasmic protein and collagen contents seemed to be less affected by the protease extracted from CM mushroom, indicating that substrate hydrolysis was limited to myofibrillar protein. Furthermore the protease extracted from CM mushroom intensified meat product taste due to increasing the inosinic acid content, a highly effective salt that provides umami taste. Conclusion The synergistic results of the proteolytic activity and nucleotide-specific effects following treatments suggest that the exogenous protease derived from CM mushroom has the potential for improving the texture of spent hen breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouq Heidar Barido
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Wu TF, Shi WY, Chiu YC, Chan YY. Investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory activities of ethanol extract of Bombyx mori pupa-incubated Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies toward allergic rhinitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111248. [PMID: 33450505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been widely studied for its various pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammation, and immune regulation. The binding of an allergen to IgE-sensitized mast cells in nasal mucosa triggers allergic rhinitis. We found that oral administration of 300 mg/kg of the ethanol extract prepared from silkworm pupa-cultivated Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies significantly alleviated the symptoms of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice, including sneeze/scratch, mast cell activation, eosinophil infiltration, and Syk activation. The treatment of ethanol extract significantly suppressed the release of β-hexosaminidase (a degranulation marker) and mRNA expression levels of various cytokines, including IL-3, IL-10, and IL-13 in activated RBL2H3 cells. The ethanol extract and β-sitostenone, which was purified from the extract, could respectively reduce the Ca2+ ion mobilization in activated RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, results collected from western immunoblotting demonstrated that ethanol extract significantly retarded Ca2+ ion mobilization-initiated signaling cascade, which provoked the expression of various allergic cytokines. Also, the extract incubation interfered with P38 as well as NF-kB activation and Nrf-2 translocation. Our study suggested that ethanol extract possessed some natural constituents which could inhibit immediate degranulation and de novo synthesis of allergic cytokines via inhibition of Ca2+ ion mobilization in mast cells in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Yin Shi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chen Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Yi Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Choi EJ, Park B, Lee J, Kim J. Anti-atopic dermatitis properties of Cordyceps militaris on TNFα/IFNγ-stimulated HaCaT cells and experimentally induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 24:7-14. [PMID: 33539689 PMCID: PMC7931639 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study evaluated the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) properties of Cordyceps militaris (CM) aqueous extract in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the nutraceutical composition of the CM extract, including its protein, carbohydrate, and selected phytochemical content. [Methods] The expression of pathogenic cytokines in keratinocytes was assayed using an in vitro model. The CM extract downregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase expression in TNFα/IFNγ-stimulated HaCaT cells. We also established an in vivo AD model by repeatedly exposing the ears of mice to local Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE; house dust mite extract) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The epidermal and dermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin levels were measured following a 4-week oral administration of the CM extract. [Results] Histopathological examination showed reduced epidermal/dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration in mouse ears. The CM extract also suppressed serum immunoglobulin levels and gene expression of T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokines in mouse ear tissue. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the CM extract may be useful for the treatment of AD-like skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyeon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Sport, Health and Rehabilitation, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Office of Academic Affairs, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Thanh VH, Le Thao My P, Do Dat T, Viet ND, Phuc NCM, Thao NH, Nam HM, Phong MT, Hieu NH. Integrating of Aqueous Enzymolysis with Ethanolic Ultrasonication to Ameliorate Cordycepin Content from Vietnamese
Cordyceps militaris
and Biological Analysis of Extracts. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Hoai Thanh
- VNU-HCMC Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (CEPP - Lab) Vietnam
| | - Phan Le Thao My
- VNU-HCMC Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (CEPP - Lab) Vietnam
| | - Tran Do Dat
- VNU-HCMC Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (CEPP - Lab) Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Viet
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Cao Minh Phuc
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ngo Hong Thao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Nam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Phong
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Hieu
- VNU-HCMC Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (CEPP - Lab) Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ward 14 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abo Nahas HH, Abo Nahas YH, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Acosta RAS, Abdel-Azeem AM. Diversity of Cordyceps from Different Environmental Agroecosystems and Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Anyu AT, Zhang WH, Xu QH. Cultivated Cordyceps: A Tale of Two Treasured Mushrooms. CHINESE MEDICINE AND CULTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/cmac.cmac_41_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Rupa EJ, Li JF, Arif MH, Yaxi H, Puja AM, Chan AJ, Hoang VA, Kaliraj L, Yang DC, Kang SC. Cordyceps militaris Fungus Extracts-Mediated Nanoemulsion for Improvement Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235733. [PMID: 33291776 PMCID: PMC7730259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce and optimize a Cordyceps militaris-based oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) encapsulated in sea buckthorn oil (SBT) using an ultrasonication process. Herein, a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) and chitosan cosurfactant were used as emulsifying agents. The Cordyceps nanoemulsion (COR-NE) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM). The DLS analyses revealed that the NE droplets were 87.0 ± 2.1 nm in diameter, with a PDI value of 0.089 ± 0.023, and zeta potential of -26.20 ± 2. The small size, low PDI, and stable zeta potential highlighted the excellent stability of the NE. The NE was tested for stability under different temperature (4 °C, 25 °C, and 60 °C) and storage conditions for 3 months where 4 °C did not affect the stability. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The results suggested that the NE was not toxic to RAW 264.7 or HaCaT (human keratinocyte) cell lines at up to 100 µL/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity in liposaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells was evident at 50 µg/mL and showed inhibition of NO production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Further, the NE exhibited good antioxidant (2.96 ± 0.10 mg/mL) activity and inhibited E. coli and S. aureus bacterial growth. Overall, the COR-NE had greater efficacy than the free extract and added significant value for future biomedical and cosmetics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrat Jahan Rupa
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
| | - Jin Feng Li
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
| | - Muhammad Huzaifa Arif
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
| | - Han Yaxi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
| | - Aditi Mitra Puja
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (A.M.P.); (A.J.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Ahn Jong Chan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (A.M.P.); (A.J.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Van-An Hoang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
| | - Lalitha Kaliraj
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (A.M.P.); (A.J.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (E.J.R.); (J.F.L.); (M.H.A.); (H.Y.); (V.-A.H.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (A.M.P.); (A.J.C.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (S.C.K.); Tel.: +82-1024835434 (D.C.Y.); +82-1089501273 (S.C.K.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea; (A.M.P.); (A.J.C.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (S.C.K.); Tel.: +82-1024835434 (D.C.Y.); +82-1089501273 (S.C.K.)
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Lee CT, Huang KS, Shaw JF, Chen JR, Kuo WS, Shen G, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM, Wang YT, Wang JS, Hsiang YP, Lin YM, Hsu HH, Yang CH. Trends in the Immunomodulatory Effects of Cordyceps militaris: Total Extracts, Polysaccharides and Cordycepin. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:575704. [PMID: 33328984 PMCID: PMC7735063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.575704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a fungus with a long history of widespread use in folk medicine, and its biological and medicinal functions are well studied. A crucial pharmacological effect of C. militaris is immunomodulation. In this review, we catalog the immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of C. militaris, namely total extracts, polysaccharides and cordycepin. Total extracts obtained using water or 50% ethyl alcohol and polysaccharides from C. militaris were discovered to tend to promote type 1 immunity, whereas total extracts obtained using 70-80% ethyl alcohol and cordycepin from C. militaris were more likely to promote type 2 immunity. This article is the first to classify the immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of C. militaris. In addition, we discovered a relationship between different segments or extracts and differing types of immunity. This review can provide the readers a comprehensive understanding on the immunomodulatory effects of the precious folk medicine and guidance on its use for both health people and those with an immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Amulette Chinese Medicine Clinic, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ren Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shuo Kuo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangxu Shen
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsiang
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Hsu
- Amulette Chinese Medicine Clinic, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Song Q, Zhu Z. Using Cordyceps militaris extracellular polysaccharides to prevent Pb 2+-induced liver and kidney toxicity by activating Nrf2 signals and modulating gut microbiota. Food Funct 2020; 11:9226-9239. [PMID: 33030475 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of extracellular polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (CEP-I) in liver and kidney and their regulating effect on gut microbiota against Pb-induced toxicity in vivo. The results indicated that CEP-I could reduce the Pb2+ content and organ index of liver and kidney in mice. Besides, biochemical analysis showed that CEP-I could improve the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and organs, restore the physiological indexes of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in serum and decrease the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the liver and kidney of mice poisoned by Pb2+. This indicated that CEP-I has a protective effect on organs against damage in mice. In addition, CEP-I could regulate the expression of key proteins in the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), Heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, the intestinal flora analysis results indicated that CEP-I also has the capacity to regulate the intestinal flora imbalance caused by Pb2+ in poisoned mice. In conclusion, we hope that this study can provide theoretical basis for the treatment of tissue damage induced by Pb2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Zhenyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Ren YY, Sun PP, Li HR, Zhu ZY. Effects of Na2SeO3 on growth, metabolism, antioxidase and enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis of Cordyceps militaris. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Protective Effect of Simplicillium sp. Ethyl Acetate Extract against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress in HUVECs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5172765. [PMID: 32879632 PMCID: PMC7448235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5172765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the cytoprotective effect of an ethyl acetate extract of insect fungi against high glucose- (HG-) induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). An insect fungus strain termed CH180672 (CH) was found for protecting HUVECs from HG-induced damage. In this study, CH was identified as Simplicillium sp. based on a phylogenetic analysis of ITS-rDNA sequences. Ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc) of this strain (CH) was subjected to the following experiments. Cell viability was examined with the MTT method. To evaluate the protection of CH, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured and the expression of oxidation-associated proteins was assessed. In the current study, it has been found that CH can increase the survival rate of HUVECs induced by HG. Additionally, we found that HG-induced nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signal decreased and increased the intracellular ROS and MDA generation in HUVECs. However, CH treatment strongly promoted the translocation of Nrf2 and its transregulation on HO-1 and ultimately inhibited the high level of ROS and MDA induced by HG. The regulatory ability of CH was similar to Nrf2 agonist bardoxolone, while the effect was abolished by ML385, suggesting that Nrf2 mediated the inhibition of CH on HG-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs. Taken together, CH can improve HG-induced oxidative damage of HUVECs, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Barido FH, Jang A, Pak JI, Kim DY, Lee SK. Investigation of Taste-Related Compounds and Antioxidative Profiles of Retorted Samgyetang Made from Fresh and Dried Cordyceps militaris Mushrooms. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:772-784. [PMID: 32968729 PMCID: PMC7492179 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of taste-related compounds and antioxidatve profiles of retorted samgyetang made from fresh and dried Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) mushrooms. A total of 48 carcasses were prepared from commercial broilers (CB; Ross, 4 weeks old) and randomly distributed into eight different treatments. Each treatment group consisted of 6 chicken carcasses made with the addition of broth in different condition and concentration of C. militaris mushrooms. The addition concentration was based on the broth volume (v/w) under either fresh or dried conditions ranging from 0% as a control to 1%, 2%, and 3% of C. militaris mushrooms. C. militaris mushrooms contributed to an improvement of meat tenderness and the antioxidative profile that led to a greater suppression of lipid oxidation. The addition of C. militaris mushrooms at 2% could also enrich the flavor and taste-related compounds, particularly the increase in 5'-AMP and umami-related free amino acid compounds, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid. Different addition forms of C. militaris mushrooms, particularly fresh or dried mushrooms, had only small effects on bioactive compounds, where the dried addition could possibly enrich samgyetang broth with higher cordycepin and adenosine contents than the fresh addition. Besides, the addition of C. militaris mushrooms in the dried form could also contribute to a higher antioxidative profile. Eventually, the addition of C. militaris mushrooms with a minimum addition of 2% contributed to an improvement of meat quality, antioxidative profile and flavor improvement of samgyetang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouq Heidar Barido
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Aera Jang
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jae In Pak
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Do Yeong Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Liu YN, Liu BY, Ma YC, Yang HL, Liu GQ. Analysis of reference genes stability and histidine kinase expression under cold stress in Cordyceps militaris. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236898. [PMID: 32785280 PMCID: PMC7423124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of fungal fruiting bodies from a hyphal thallus is inducible under low temperature (cold stress). The molecular mechanism has been subject to surprisingly few studies. Analysis of gene expression level has become an important means to study gene function and its regulation mechanism. But identification of reference genes (RGs) stability under cold stress have not been reported in famous medicinal mushroom-forming fungi Cordyceps militaris. Herein, 12 candidate RGs had been systematically validated under cold stress in C. militaris. Three different algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper were applied to evaluate the expression stability of the RGs. Our results showed that UBC and UBQ were the most stable RGs for cold treatments in short and long periods, respectively. 2 RGs (UBC and PP2A) and 3 RGs (UBQ, TUB and CYP) were the suitable RGs for cold treatments in short and long periods, respectively. Moreover, target genes, two-component-system histidine kinase genes, were selected to validate the most and least stable RGs under cold treatment, which indicated that use of unstable expressed genes as RGs leads to biased results. Our results provide a good starting point for accurate reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction normalization by using UBC and UBQ in C. militaris under cold stress and better support for understanding the mechanism of response to cold stress and fruiting body formation in C. militaris and other mushroom-forming fungi in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Yang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - You-Chu Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Long Yang
- College of Environmental & Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Zhang H, Wang YX, Tong XX, Yokoyama W, Cao J, Wang F, Peng C, Guo JL. Overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, RNRM, increases cordycepin biosynthesis in transformed Cordyceps militaris. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:393-400. [PMID: 32451097 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin was the first adenosine analogue used as an anticancer and antiviral agent, which is extracted from Cordyceps militaris and hasn't been biosynthesized until now. This study was first conducted to verify the role of ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs, the two RNR subunits, RNRL and RNRM) in the biosynthesis of cordycepin by over expressing RNRs genes in transformed C. militaris. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of RNR subunit genes were significantly upregulated in transformant C. militaris strains compared to the control strain. The results of the HPLC assay indicated that the cordycepin was significantly higher in the C. militaris transformants carrying RNRM than in the wild-type strain, whereas the RNRML was preferentially downregulated. For the C. militaris transformant carrying RNRL, the content of cordycepin wasn't remarkably changed. Furthermore, we revealed that inhibiting RNRs with Triapine (3-AP) almost abrogated the upregulation of cordycepin. Therefore, our results suggested that RNRM can probably directly participate in cordycepin biosynthesis by hydrolyzing adenosine, which is useful for improving cordycepin synthesis and helps to satisfy the commercial demand of cordycepin in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu-Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin-Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wallace Yokoyama
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine, Resources Breeding Base of Co-founded by Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Chuang WY, Hsieh YC, Lee TT. The Effects of Fungal Feed Additives in Animals: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E805. [PMID: 32384791 PMCID: PMC7278461 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As probiotics, fungi enhance animal health and are suitable animal feed additives. In addition to brewing fungi, there are also edible and medicinal fungi. Common fungi utilized in feeding programs include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Pleurotus spp., Antrodia cinnamomea, and Cordyceps militaris. These fungi are rich in glucans, polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenes, ergosterol, adenosine, and laccases. These functional components play important roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and immune system regulation. As such, fungal feed additives could be of potential use when breeding livestock. In previous studies, fungal feed additives enhanced body weight and egg production in poultry and improved the feed conversion rate. Several mycotoxins can be produced by hazardous fungi but fortunately, the cell walls constituents and enzymes of fungal probiotics can also act to decrease the toxicity of mycotoxins. Overall, fungal feed additives are of value, but their safety and usage must be studied further, including cost-benefit economic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
| | - Yun Chen Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
| | - Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Hsieh YC, Lin WC, Chuang WY, Chen MH, Chang SC, Lee TT. Effects of mushroom waster medium and stalk residues on the growth performance and oxidative status in broilers. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:265-275. [PMID: 32138471 PMCID: PMC7876722 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study developed mushroom stalk residues as feed additives in the broiler diet for improving the growth performance and immunity of broilers as well as to increase the value of mushroom stalk residues. METHODS In total, 300 ROSS 308 broilers were randomly allocated into fifteen pens with five dietary treatments: i) control, basal diet; ii) CMWM, supplemented with 1% Cordyceps militaris waster medium (CM); iii) CMPE, supplemented with 0.5% CM+0.5% Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PE); iv) CMPS, supplemented with 0.5% CM+0.5% Pleurotus sajorcaju stalk residue (PS); v) CMFV, supplemented with 0.5% CM+0.5% Fammulina velutipes stalk residue (FV). RESULTS The chemical analysis results showed that CM extracts, PE extracts, PS extracts, and FV extracts contain functional components such as polysaccharides and phenols and have both 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate scavenging and Ferrous scavenging capacities. The group CMWM saw increased body weight gain and feed conversion rate and the promotion of jejunum villus growth, but there is no significant difference in the intestinal bacteria phase. Antioxidant genes in the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)- antioxidant responsive element pathway among the groups are significantly higher than that of the control group, especially in group CMWM. CONCLUSION The mushroom stalk residues have antioxidant functional components, can improve the intestinal health and body weight gain of chickens, and can activate the antioxidant pathway of Nrf2 to increase the heme oxygenase-1 expression. The treatment with 1% CM was the most promising as a feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - W C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - W Y Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - M H Chen
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung City, 41362, Taiwan
| | - S C Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - T T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Oh SS, Lee KW, Madhi H, Jeong JW, Park S, Kim M, Lee Y, Han HT, Hwangbo C, Yoo J, Kim KD. Cordycepin Resensitizes T24R2 Cisplatin-Resistant Human Bladder Cancer Cells to Cisplatin by Inactivating Ets-1 Dependent MDR1 Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051710. [PMID: 32131547 PMCID: PMC7084876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell resistance to anti-cancer drugs is a major obstacle in tumor therapy. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cordycepin-mediated resensitization to cisplatin in T24R2 cells, a T24-derived cell line. Treatment with cordycepin or cisplatin (2 μg/mL) alone failed to induce cell death in T24R2 cells, but combination treatment with these drugs significantly induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways, including depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax. High expression levels of MDR1 were the cause of cisplatin resistance in T24R2 cells, and cordycepin significantly reduced MDR1 expression through inhibition of MDR1 promoter activity. MDR1 promoter activity was dependent on transcription factor Ets-1 in T24R2 cells. Although correlation exists between MDR1 and Ets-1 expression in bladder cancer patients, active Ets-1, Thr38 phosphorylated form (pThr38), was critical to induce MDR1 expression. Cordycepin decreased pThr-38 Ets-1 levels and reduced MDR1 transcription, probably through its effects on PI3K signaling, inducing the resensitization of T24R2 cells to cisplatin. The results suggest that cordycepin effectively resensitizes cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells to cisplatin, thus serving as a potential strategy for treatment of cancer in patients with resistance to anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Seok Oh
- Gene & Cell Therapy Team, Division of Drug Development & Optimization, New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osongsaengmyung-ro 123, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28160, Korea;
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hamadi Madhi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Bureau, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea;
| | - Soojong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yerin Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hyun-Tak Han
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.W.L.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (Y.L.); (C.H.); (J.Y.)
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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Jana P, Acharya K. Mushroom: A New Resource for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1721529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Jana
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Thitarodes Armoricanus in Response to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces Hepiali and Ophiocordyceps Sinensis. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010004. [PMID: 31861642 PMCID: PMC7022891 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes armoricanus is a medicinal and economically important Lepidopteran insect species. The larvae infected by Paecilomyces hepiali survive no more than four days, while those infected by Ophiocordyceps sinensis can survive for several months before mummification. This provides a valuable comparative system to study interactions between an insect host and different pathogenic fungi. By using the T. armoricanus genome, a time-course transcriptome analysis of the whole larvae without guts was performed to explore the larvae response to P. hepiali and O. sinensis infection. A total of 3106 differentially expressed genes in five clusters were identified. The genes involved in coagulation and multiple metabolisms were both suppressed after P. hepiali or O. sinensis infection, whereas those related to environmental information responses, cell processes, biotic stimulus, and immunity (such as cecropin (CEC)) were elevated. The rapid death of T. armoricanus after P. hepiali infection might be caused by osmotic imbalance, immunocompromise (such as DEFs and GLVs), and nervous system dysfunction (glutamatergic synapse). Up-regulation of the genes related to cuticle structure, nervous system (such as neurotrophin signal pathway and dopaminergic synapse) and immune effectors (such as attacin (ATT) and proline-rich antimicrobial peptide 1 (PRAMP1)) in T. armoricanus, may contribute to the co-existence of T. armoricanus and O. sinensis. This study provides a global view and potential key genes of the interaction between T. armoricanus and two fungal entomopathogens.
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Ke BJ, Lee CL. Using submerged fermentation to fast increase N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, adenosine and polysaccharide productions of Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868. AMB Express 2019; 9:198. [PMID: 31820136 PMCID: PMC6901654 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps cicadae is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for treating palpitations and eye diseases. It contains several bioactive compounds such as adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), and polysaccharide. Those bioactive compounds have been reported to perform anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties and provide renal protection. In this study, we researched different fermentation conditions in order to enhance the biomass, adenosine, HEA, and polysaccharide productions of C. cicadae NTTU 868. Solid fermentation was carried out with different grain substrates (barley, oat, rice and wheat). Various submerged fermentation scales were used to produce the C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium. The results of solid fermentation revealed that C. cicadae NTTU 868 produced higher adenosine and HEA concentrations in oat rather than in other substrates. C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium had obtained the highest concentrations of adenosine and HEA on Day 2 as using the small-scale submerged fermentation. Furthermore, potato dextrose broth with extra 0.2% of yeast extract was able to result in higher HEA concentration. In conclusion, using submerged fermentation to culture C. cicadae NTTU 868 resulted in more efficient adenosine, HEA, and polysaccharide productions than using solid-fermentation, especially when 0.2% of yeast extract was used in the PDB. Importantly, this can be easily scaled-up in the fermentation industry.
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Meng M, Wang H, Li Z, Guo M, Hou L. Protective effects of polysaccharides from Cordyceps gunnii mycelia against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression to TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB signalling in BALB/c mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:3262-3271. [PMID: 31089650 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are closely associated with immune regulation. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of polysaccharides from Cordyceps gunnii mycelia (PPS) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunodeficient mice. Compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, the spleen and thymus indexes in mice with orally administered PPS were significantly increased, body weight loss was alleviated, and the natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity and proliferative activities of the lymphocytes were elevated. The recovery of peripheral white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobins and platelets was accelerated. Furthermore, the results from ELISA showed that PPS could up-regulate the serum levels of IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ and IgG, and reduce the level of TGF-β. Histopathological analysis of the spleen revealed the protective effect of PPS against CTX-induced immunosuppression. Western blotting results showed that PPS possessed immunomodulatory activity via TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB signalling pathways. Finally, the intestinal absorption of PPS was poor, as detected in the Caco-2 transwell system. Taken together, these findings suggest that PPS plays a crucial role in protection against immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and could be a potential candidate for use in immune therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China.
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Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) Link polysaccharides: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:906-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Challa S, Dutta T, Neelapu NRR. Fungal White Biotechnology Applications for Food Security: Opportunities and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14846-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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45
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Effects of solution behavior on polysaccharide structure and inhibitory of α-glucosidase activity from Cordyceps militaris. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Zheng H, Hao M, Liu W, Zheng W, Yingying, Fan S, Wu Z. Foam fractionation for the concentration of exopolysaccharides produced by repeated batch fermentation of cordyceps militaris. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in subcultured Cordyceps militaris. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:369-375. [PMID: 30680410 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic mushroom Cordyceps militaris is a storehouse of various medicinal compounds and pharmacological effects. However, the high frequency of strain degeneration during subculture and preservation severely limits the large-scale production of C. militaris. DNA methylation is an important epigenomic modification involved in gene regulation. In this study, we used bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation profiling of wild-type and mutant C. militaris. The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the two types were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) clustering and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. DNA methylation levels of the wild-type and mutant-type C. militaris were 0.48% and 0.56%, respectively. Methylation appeared at CHH dinucleotides in 58.62% and 58.20% of all methylated cytosine sites in the wild and mutant types, respectively. In all, 188 DMRs were identified from the wild and mutant types. Most of the DMRs ranged from 200 to 350 bp in length. KEGG pathways of the expression of DMR-related genes, which are involved in pyruvate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, DNA replication, and N-glycan biosynthesis. This contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the possible mechanisms of C. militaris strain degeneration.
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Ren YY, Sun PP, Ji YP, Wang XT, Dai SH, Zhu ZY. Carboxymethylation and acetylation of the polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:369-377. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1533830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Han Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Chen DD, Xu R, Zhou JY, Chen JQ, Wang L, Liu XS, Liang CL, Liu BH, Lu RR, Wu JB, Lin H. Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides exerted protective effects on diabetic nephropathy in mice via regulation of autophagy. Food Funct 2019; 10:5102-5114. [PMID: 31363726 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the protective effects of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides (CMP) on STZ-treated DN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Clinical pharmacy
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Rui Xu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Jiu-Yao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jun-Qi Chen
- Department of Clinical pharmacy
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical pharmacy
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Chun-ling Liang
- Section of Immunology & Chinese Medicine
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Bi-Hao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Rui-Rui Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jun-Biao Wu
- Department of Clinical pharmacy
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Clinical pharmacy
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
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Metabolomic profiling reveals enrichment of cordycepin in senescence process of Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies. J Microbiol 2018; 57:54-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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