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Mcotshana ZKS, McGaw LJ, Kemboi D, Fouche G, Famuyide IM, Krause RWM, Siwe-Noundou X, Tembu VJ. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds from Monsonia angustifolia and Dodonaea angustifolia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115170. [PMID: 35358625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Monsonia angustifolia is traditionally used to treat anthrax, heartburn, diarrhea, eye infections and hemorrhoids. Dodonaea angustifolia is frequently used as a treatment for dental pain, microbial infections and jungle fever. The two plant species were selected due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and polyphenolics from the crude extracts, which exhibit pharmacological significance. The pure isolated compounds from the crude extracts are known for their diverse structures and interesting pharmacophores. AIM To isolate and identify antibacterial and antifungal chemical constituents from Monsonia angustifolia and Dodonaea angustifolia plant extracts and evaluate the cytotoxicity of pure compounds from the crude extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extractives from M. angustifolia and D. angustifolia plants were isolated using chromatographic techniques and structures were elucidated based on NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic techniques. A microplate serial dilution method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts and pure compounds against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The cytotoxicity was determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts from the plants exhibited significant inhibition of microbial growth. The phytochemical investigation of these active crude extracts led to the isolation of five pure active compounds, 5-methoxyjusticidin A (1), cis-phytyl diterpenoidal fatty acid ester (2), stigmasterol (3), β-sitosterol (4) and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (5). Stigmasterol (3) showed good antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 25 μg/mL and Candida albicans (MIC = 50 μg/mL). CONCLUSION Compounds (1-5) isolated from Monsonia angustifolia and Dodonaea angustifolia showed antibacterial and antifungal activities and were non-toxic against Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and VERO monkey kidney (VERO) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenande K S Mcotshana
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Douglas Kemboi
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, 0001, South Africa
| | - Gerda Fouche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Ibukun M Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Rui W M Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Xavier Siwe-Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Vuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, 0001, South Africa.
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Arslan D, Akbal Dağıstan Ö, Sagirli O, Mulazimoglu L, Cevher E, Yildiz-Pekoz A. Development and Evaluation of Combined Effect Buccal Films for Treatment of Oral Candidiasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:23. [DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Synthesis, pharmacological and molecular docking investigations of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thionyl derivatives of extracted cis-clerodane diterpenoid from Cistus monspeliensis. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Andra S, Balu SK, Ponnada S, Mohan S, Hossain MS, Sivakumar B, Palanivel B, Alsalme A, Muthalagu M. Antimicrobial and Toxicity Studies of
Dodonaea aungustifolia
Extracts‐Mediated Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Particles. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Andra
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology Chennai Institute of Technology Chennai 600069 Tamilnadu India
| | - Satheesh kumar Balu
- Department of Oral Pathology Saveetha Dental College Chennai 600077 Tamilnadu India
| | - Srikanth Ponnada
- Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL) Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Karwad Jodhpur 342037 India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry Andhra University College of Engineering (A) Andhra University Visakhapatnam 530003 India
| | - Sakar Mohan
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Bangalore 562112 Karnataka India
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Innovation Systems Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Utsunomiya University Yoto 7–1-2 Utsunomiya 321–8585 Japan
| | - Bharathkumar Sivakumar
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology University of Madras Chennai 600025 Tamilnadu India
| | - Baskaran Palanivel
- Department of Physics Kings Engineering College Sriperumbudur, Kancheepuram 602117 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 1145 Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugesan Muthalagu
- Department of Textile Technology Anna University Chennai 600025 Tamilnadu India
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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Patel M, Srivastava V, Ahmad A. Dodonaea viscosa var angustifolia derived 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7,4' dimethoxy flavone inhibits ergosterol synthesis and the production of hyphae and biofilm in Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112965. [PMID: 32413575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Candida albicans is developing resistance to existing drugs increasing morbidity and mortality, which elevates an immediate need to explore new antifungal agents. Phytochemicals are an excellent source of therapeutic agents. We previously reported the antifungal activity of the crude extract of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia Jacq. (DVA) from which a beneficial compound flavone: 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7,4' dimethoxy flavone (5,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one) abbreviated as TMMC, was extracted. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the effect of a TMMC subfraction on biofilms, membrane stability, ergosterol biosynthesis and germ tube (GT) formation in Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were prepared and fractionated to obtain purified TMMC. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of TMMC were obtained and subinhibitory concentrations were selected for further studies. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed to assess the effect of TMMC on membrane permeability and sterol deposition using propidium iodide (PI) and filipin stains, respectively. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of TMMC were 0.39 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. TMMC inhibited biofilm formation and damaged mature biofilms at 0.39 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. CLSM further confirmed the disruption and architectural changes in biofilms following treatment with TMMC. TMMC also inhibited GT formation and ergosterol biosynthesis in a concentration dependent manner, which was further confirmed by varying sterol distribution and membrane disruption in treated and untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS With the multiple targets at different concentrations, TMMC warrants its potential use as antifungal drug against C. albicans. However further studies using animal models and more mechanistic approaches will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Patel
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service and Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service and Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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Modified Clerodanes from the Essential Oil of Dodonea viscosa Leaves. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040850. [PMID: 32075135 PMCID: PMC7070720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq from Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) was investigated for its leaf essential oil composition. The plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and its essential oil analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This study revealed that oxygenated nor-diterpenes and diterpenes were one of the major chemical classes (> 50%) mainly consisting of three modified cyclopropylclerodanes containing a bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane ring system: one new furanoid norditerpene, dodovisate C, and two furanoid diterpenes, the known methyl dodovisate A and the new methyl iso-dodovisate A. These three compounds were isolated by liquid chromatography and their structures established on the basis of spectroscopic studies. The absolute configuration of dodovisate C was elucidated through a joint experimental and theoretical (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) electronic circular dichroism study. The relative configurations of methyl dodovisate A and methyl iso-dodovisate A were determined using linear regressions of theoretical chemical shifts versus experimental values with the (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) method.
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Anti-acidogenic, anti-biofilm and slow release properties of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia flavone stabilized polymeric nanoparticles. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Anandan M, Poorani G, Boomi P, Varunkumar K, Anand K, Chuturgoon AA, Saravanan M, Gurumallesh Prabu H. Green synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles from the aqueous leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa with their antibacterial and anticancer activities. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Alamgeer, Sharif A, Asif H, Younis W, Riaz H, Bukhari IA, Assiri AM. Indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan used to treat skin diseases: a review. Chin Med 2018; 13:52. [PMID: 30364348 PMCID: PMC6194552 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethno-pharmacological relevance Plants are providing reliable therapy since time immemorial. Pakistan has a great diversity in medicinal flora and people use these ethno-medicines to deal with many skin problems. This review explores the fundamental knowledge on various dermatological properties of medicinal plants of Pakistan and is aimed to provide a baseline for the discovery of new plants having activities against skin issues. Material and method A total of 244 published articles were studied using different research engines like PubMed, Google, Google-scholar and science direct. Results Review of literature revealed ethno-pharmacological use of 545 plant species, belonging to 118 families and 355 genera, to combat various skin ailments. Out of these, ten most commonly used plant species belonging to ten different families are documented in this review. It was also found out that ehno-medicines are prepared using various parts of the plants including leaves (28.32%), whole plant and roots 13.17% and 10.97% respectively, in the form of powder (23.5%) and paste (22.75%). A total of 13 endangered plant species and ten commercially important plants were recorded. Conclusion Medicinal plants of Pakistan have therapeutic effects against several skin problems; however most of medicinal plants are still not evaluated scientifically to support their ethno-pharmacological claim on skin. Dermatological pathogens are recommended to study. Further, the conservational programs should be established for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgeer
- 1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Amber Sharif
- 1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hira Asif
- 1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Younis
- 1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humayun Riaz
- Rashid Latif College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ishfaq Ali Bukhari
- 3Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Mohamed Assiri
- 4Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ngabaza T, Moeno S, Patel M. Anti-acidogenic and anti-biofilm activity of 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:149-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Henley-Smith CJ, Botha FS, Hussein AA, Nkomo M, Meyer D, Lall N. Biological Activities of Heteropyxis natalensis Against Micro-Organisms Involved in Oral Infections. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:291. [PMID: 29692723 PMCID: PMC5903190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative medicine from plants in South Africa, as in the rest of the world, continues to increase. Heteropyxis natalensis, known as the Lavender tree, is indigenous to South Africa and is traditionally used for oral care. The ethanolic extract, of the leaves and twigs, of H. natalensis was investigated for antimicrobial activity against selected oral microorganisms. Actinomyces israelii was found to be the most sensitive oral microorganism to the extract, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.88 mg/ml and an MIC of 2.6 mg/ml against Streptococcus mutans. Five known compounds were identified from the ethanolic extract of H. natalensis. The compounds were identified as aurentiacin A (1), cardamomin (2), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavanone (3), quercetin (4) and 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavan (5). The MICs of the compounds 1 and 4 were found to be 0.06 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml, respectively, against A. israelii. The cytotoxicity, acute and sub-acute toxicity in pre-clinical studies were also determined for H. natalensis. The extract showed moderate cytotoxicity (35.56 ± 0.16 μg/ml) on human monocyte cells. The acute and sub-acute toxicity analysis of H. natalensis indicated the NOEL (no-observed-effect level) at 200 mg/kg. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that stimulates the recruitment of leukocytes. A significant reduction of IL-8 production by macrophage cells was observed when exposed to the extract of H. natalensis. It is possible that H. natalensis can prevent excessive tissue damage in periodontal diseases through its reduction of inflammation. Enzymatic bioanalysis of lactic and acetic acid production from Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus paracasei was done. A reduction in the acid production from each bacterium was observed on exposure to the extract of H. natalensis. Consequently, this increased the pH, which could possibly reduce the demineralization of enamel which may help prevent the formation of dental caries. In addition the extract may be considered for preventing periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francien S Botha
- Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mpumelelo Nkomo
- Von Seidels Intellectual Property Attorneys, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Debra Meyer
- Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Muthamil S, Devi VA, Balasubramaniam B, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrating enhanced in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm activity against Candida
spp. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:343-357. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthamil
- Department of Biotechnology; Science Campus; Alagappa University; Karaikudi Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vivekanandham Amsa Devi
- Department of Biotechnology; Science Campus; Alagappa University; Karaikudi Tamil Nadu India
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Akhalwaya S, van Vuuren S, Patel M. An in vitro investigation of indigenous South African medicinal plants used to treat oral infections. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:359-371. [PMID: 28888760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Over a 120 South African medicinal plants are used for the treatment of oral diseases. Despite the vast collection of antimicrobial studies being done on South African plants, there is still limited research on pathogens associated with oral infections. In consultation with the available ethnobotanical literature, this study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy of some South African medicinal plants against oral pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide a detailed account of the antimicrobial properties of selected South African medicinal plants used traditionally to treat oral infections. The effect on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and the toxicity profiles of these plants are also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 136 aqueous and organic extracts and six essential oils were prepared from 31 different plant species. These plant samples were screened for antimicrobial efficacy against nine oral pathogens using the micro-titre plate dilution assay. Plant extracts that were found to have noteworthy antimicrobial activity against S. mutans were further evaluated on the effect on S. mutans biofilm formation using the glass slide technique. The toxicity profiles of plant samples that were found to have noteworthy antimicrobial activity were evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. RESULTS The organic extract of Cissampelos torulosa stems displayed the lowest MIC value of 0.05mg/mL against both Lactobacillus spp. This high antimicrobial activity was also observed with the organic extract of Spirostachys africana leaves against Candida albicans. In some instances, a direct relationship was found between the traditional use of the plant and the antimicrobial activity observed. For example, noteworthy activity (MIC < 1.00mg/mL) was observed against all three Candida spp. when tested against Clematis brachiata (leaves), a plant traditionally used to treat oral thrush. Englerophytum magalismonatanum stems displayed notable activity against both Streptococcus spp. (MIC 0.83mg/mL against S. mutans and MIC 0.67mg/mL against S. sanguis). Spirostachys africana leaves displayed the greatest anti-adherent properties against S. mutans biofilm formation at both 24 and 48h, reducing the biofilm by 97.56% and 86.58% respectively. The majority of plant samples tested in the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) were considered safe, however, 13 plant samples were considered toxic, at a concentration of 1mg/mL. CONCLUSION Noteworthy antimicrobial activity for plants species such as C. brachiata and E. magalismonatnum provides validation for the traditional use of these plants. Spirostachys africana displayed the greatest reduction of adherent S. mutans cells. The BSLA results revealed that the majority of the plant samples were not toxic in nature. The findings from the results favour the potential use of these plants in treating oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases and oral thrush.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akhalwaya
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - M Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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P J, P F A, B A, T A, R N, D K. IN VITRO ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT Senna didymobotrya (FRESEN.) H.S. IRWIN & BARNEBY PLANT PARTS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 13:168-174. [PMID: 28480375 PMCID: PMC5412189 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines have been in use for many years and remain widespread in developing countries; whereas, the use of complementary alternative medicine is on the increase in developed countries. Senna didymobotrya is important for its medicinal benefits among most communities in treating a wide range of ailments. Materials and methods: Plants were collected from a cluster in Siaya, Nandi and Nakuru counties (Kenya). Stem bark, root bark, leaves, flowers and immature pods were obtained; air-dried and ground into fine powder. Methanol was used to extract the plant extracts. The extracts were reconstituted in water and incorporated into growth media to obtain 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. Bioassays were carried out on T. tonsurans (ATCC 28942) and C. albicans (14053). The growth of cultures on the plates was measured over a period of sixteen days. The area under disease progress stairs was determined and subjected to ANOVA and comparison of means using LSD. Results: Results indicated that the growth of C. albicans was not significantly affected by the plant extracts. Growth of T. tonsurans was completely inhibited by immature pods extract at 10%, the leaves and flowers extracts inhibited the growth at 7.5%. The stem and root bark extracts inhibited growth at low dosages of 2.5- 5 %. Conclusion: There is need to carry out research on root and stem barks to identify the active phytochemicals that contribute to their high efficacies. On species conservation, harvesting of roots may lead to depletion of S. didymobotrya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeruto P
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Eldoret University, Kenya
| | - Arama P F
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Rongo University College, P.O. Box 103 - 40401 Rongo, Kenya
| | - Anyango B
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology
| | - Akenga T
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Eldoret University, Kenya
| | - Nyunja R
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology
| | - Khasabuli D
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Maseno University, Private Bag Maseno, Kenya
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Transfer Rates of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th for E. globulus, A. mearnsii, H. filipendula and Hazardous Effects of the Usage of Medicinal Plants From Around Gold Mine Dump Environs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15782-93. [PMID: 26690462 PMCID: PMC4690957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plant consumption can be a source of human exposure to radioactive elements such as 238U and 232Th, which can lead to internal radiation doses. The uptake of 238U and 232Th from soils to the leaf samples of three different medicinal plant species (Eucalyptus globulus, Acacia mearnsii and Hyparrhenia filipendula) from the purlieu of the Princess gold mine dump, an abandoned contaminated tailings storage site (TSS), located at longitude 27°55′00″E and latitude 26°09′30″S in Davidsonville (Roodepoort, west of Johannesburg, South Africa) was measured. This was done using ICP-MS spectrometry and substantial differences were observed in the soil-plant transfer factor (TF) values between these radionuclides. The plant species E. globulus exhibited the highest uptake of 238U, with an average TF of 3.97, while that of H. filipendula was 0.01 and the lowest TF of 0.15 × 10−2 was measured for A. mearnsii. However, in the case of 232Th, the highest average TF was observed for A. mearnsii (0.29), followed by E. globulus (0.10) and lowest was measured for H. filipendula (0.27 × 10−2). The ratio of TF average value i.e., 238U to 232Th in the soil-plant leaves was 38.05 for E. globulus, 0.01 for A. mearnsii and 4.38 for H. filipendula.
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Rapid Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial Clerodane Type Diterpenoid from Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20290-307. [PMID: 26343638 PMCID: PMC4613204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are complex matrices and, although crude extracts are widely in use, purified compounds are pivotal in drug discovery. This study describes the application of automated preparative-HPLC combined with a rapid off-line bacterial bioassay, using reduction of a tetrazolium salt as an indicator of bacterial metabolism. This approach enabled the identification of fractions from Dodonaea viscosa that were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which, ultimately, resulted in the identification of a clerodane type diterpenoid, 6β-hydroxy-15,16-epoxy-5β, 8β, 9β, 10α-cleroda-3, 13(16), 14-trien-18-oic acid, showing bacteriostatic activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 64–128 µg/mL) against test bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antibacterial activity of this metabolite from D. viscosa.
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Masevhe NA, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN. The traditional use of plants to manage candidiasis and related infections in Venda, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:364-72. [PMID: 25816985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This paper presents results of an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for the management of candidiasis and related fungal infections in the Venda area, South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data about the uses of plants were gathered from eleven rural traditional healers using semi-structured interviews. RESULTS A total of 45 species belonging to 24 different families were identified, of which the dominant family was the Fabaceae with 13 species (28.9%) followed by the Asteraceae and Solanaceae with 3 species each (6.7 %). A total of 28 of these plant species (62.2%) have been shown to have anticandidal activity and 14 species (31%) have been recorded for antifungal uses in the literature. Amongst the 45 species recorded, 51% were trees, 33% were shrubs, and 16% were herbs. The most widely used plant species were Acacia caffra, Clerodendrum glabrum, Croton gratissimus, Elaeodendron transvaalense, Faurea saligna, Hippocratea longipetiolata, Osyris lanceolata, Richardia brasiliensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Schotia brachypetala, Spilanthes acmella, Strychnos potatorum, Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta and Withania somnifera. The plant parts mostly used in the therapeutic preparations were roots (27.7%), bark (23.2%), and a combination of roots, bark (18.7%) and leaves (14.3%). Decoctions (44.4%), infusions (20%), macerations (17.7%), burning (11.4%) and paste (6.5%) were used. Most of the herbal remedies were administered orally. The main factors threatening the conservation status of these plants are unsustainable methods of harvesting, logging for firewood, building materials and crafts. CONCLUSION The Venda area is rich in plant diversity and local indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants can play an important role as a model for low cost primary health care. Further studies are in progress to validate the indigenous plants recorded as traditional remedies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndivhaleni A Masevhe
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Botany, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Dhanya SR, Kumar SN, Sankar V, Raghu KG, Kumar BSD, Nair MS. Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica and its derivatives plus first-generation cephalosporin antibiotics: a novel drug combination for wound-infecting pathogens. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16071e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the in vitro efficacy of nimbolide, desacetylnimbin, and the amide derivatives of nimbolide in combination with first-generation cephalosporin antibiotics against major wound-associated bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Dhanya
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - S. Nishanth Kumar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Vandana Sankar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - K. G. Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - B. S. Dileep Kumar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Mangalam S. Nair
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
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Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia Inhibits Germ Tube and Biofilm Formation by C. albicans. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:261978. [PMID: 24223612 PMCID: PMC3809598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The virulence factors of Candida albicans are germ tube and biofilm formation, adherence to host tissues, and production of hydrolytic enzymes. This study investigated the effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia extract on the germ tube and biofilm formation of C. albicans. Serum containing the three subinhibitory concentrations of leaf extract was inoculated with C. albicans, incubated, and viewed under a light microscope. Number of cells with germ tube was recorded and the results were analysed using Scheffe test for pairwise comparison. Biofilms were grown on coverslips in the presence of plant extracts and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Planktonic cells were grown in the presence of plant extract for 6 h and processed for electron microscopy (TEM).
The crude plant extract significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the germ tube formation of C. albicans at 3.125 (85.36%), 1.56 (61.91%), and 0.78 mg/mL (26.27%) showing a concentration dependent effect. SEM results showed concentration dependent reduction in biofilm and hyphae formation. TEM results showed that the plant extract caused damage to the cell wall and cell membrane. DVA extract has ability to reduce virulence of C. albicans by inhibiting germ tube and biofilm formation through damage to the cell wall. Therefore, it has therapeutic potential.
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Zonyane S, Van Vuuren SF, Makunga NP. Antimicrobial interactions of Khoi-San poly-herbal remedies with emphasis on the combination; Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:144-151. [PMID: 23588096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants are often combined in traditional herbal remedies to increase medicinal efficacy, thus this investigation provides some insight into the antimicrobial efficacies of selected combinations. AIMS OF THE STUDY The first aim was to scientifically validate antibacterial efficacy of plant mixtures that are traded within peri-urban centres of Cape Town (Western Cape, South Africa). This was followed by an in-depth evaluation of the most antimicrobially active mixture; Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa with Eucalyptus globulus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol and aqueous extracts of six plant mixtures were screened for antibacterial properties against two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria using the minimum inhibitory microdilution method. Thereafter, chloroform: methanol (1:1; v/v) extracts, essential oils and aqueous extracts of Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus were assayed for antimicrobial activity independently and in various combinations. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices (ƩFIC) were determined for double and triple plant combinations to establish antimicrobial interactions. RESULTS From the six plant mixtures prepared by herbalists, a methanol extract derived from combining Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus showed the best antibacterial activity. The MIC values of 49μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and 98μg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were recorded. When Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus were mixed in various 1:1 combinations, mostly additive and synergistic interactions were noted. The most noteworthy synergistic (ΣFIC value 0.07) 1:1 combinations were observed for the chloroform: methanol extracts of Agathosma crenulata mixed with Eucalyptus globulus against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. When combined in a mixture of three plants (1:1:1), enhanced efficacy was evident against most of the pathogens, for both organic and aqueous extracts. The triple combination against Bacillus subtilis demonstrated the greatest synergy (ΣFIC values of 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The enhanced antimicrobial efficacy and synergistic interactions noted for some of the mixtures, particularly the combination of Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus support the Western Cape Khoi-San traditional medicinal practices of combining plants for enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zonyane
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Twanabasu BR, Stevens KJ, Venables BJ. The effects of triclosan on spore germination and hyphal growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 454-455:51-60. [PMID: 23538136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy]phenol; TCS), on spore germination, hyphal growth, and hyphal branching of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices spores was evaluated at exposure concentrations of 0.4 and 4.0 μg/L in a static renewal exposure system. To determine if potential effects were mycotoxic or a consequence of impaired signaling between a host plant and the fungal symbiont, spores were incubated with and without the addition of a root exudate. Exposed spores were harvested at days 7, 14, and 21. AM spore germination, hyphal growth, and hyphal branching were significantly lower in both TCS concentrations compared to controls in non-root exudate treatments suggesting direct mycotoxic effects of TCS on AM development. Greater hyphal growth and hyphal branching in controls and 0.4μg/L TCS treatments with root exudate compared to non-root exudate treatments demonstrated growth stimulation by signaling chemicals present in the root exudate. This stimulatory effect was absent in the 4.0 μg/L TCS treatments indicating a direct effect on plant signaling compounds or plant signal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu R Twanabasu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Andrioli J, Oliveira G, Oliveira FD, Oliveira MD, Uetanabaro A, Sousa Z. In vitro Antifungal Activity of Irlbachia purpurascens, Lantana macrophylla and Kielmeyera neglecta Extracts Against Candida Isolates Collected from Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2013.141.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mazumder AH, Das J, Kumar Gogoi H, Chattopadhyay P, Singh L, Paul SB. In vitro activity of some medicinal plants from Cachar district, Assam (India) against Candida albicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.33.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. In vitro antibacterial and time-kill evaluation of the Erythrina caffra Thunb. extract against bacteria associated with diarrhoea. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:738314. [PMID: 23213297 PMCID: PMC3504411 DOI: 10.1100/2012/738314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activities of stem bark ethanolic extract of Erythrina caffra Thunb. against bacteria in diarrhoea was determined in vitro by the agar diffusion and dilution, macrobroth dilution, and time-kill assay methods. The result showed that the extract produced inhibition zones ranging between 15 ± 1.0 mm and 23 ± 1.0 mm, and the bacteria were susceptible at concentrations ranging between ≤100 and ≤1000 μg/mL. While the MICs of the extract ranged between 39.1 and 625 μg/mL, and the MBCs ranged between 78.1 and 625 μg/mL, the MICs of Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030, Enterococcus faecalis KZN, and Staphylococcus aureus OK3 were less than 100 μg/mL, and the mechanisms of antibiosis indicated that the crude ethanolic extract was highly bactericidal against the entire test bacteria isolates. In the time-kill assay, the average log reduction of the viable cell count ranged between 0.916log 10 and 1.851log 10 cfu/mL on incubating the bacteria for 4 h at the MICs, while the reduction ranged between 0.183log 10 and 1.105log 10 cfu/mL after 8 h of incubation. Incubating the bacteria for 4 h at 2 × MICs resulted in the reduction of the viable cell count to between −0.264log 10 and 0.961log 10 cfu/mL, while the average log reduction ranged between −3.968log 10 and −0.425log 10 cfu/mL after 8 h of incubation with Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030, and Staphylococcus aureus OK3 being the most highly affected bacteria. The result showed that the extract exhibited broader-spectrum antibacterial activity and justifies the use of Erythrina caffra in the folkloric medicine for treating gastrointestinal infections in South Africa.
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Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. Pharmacological assessment of the medicinal potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4255-4267. [PMID: 22605976 PMCID: PMC3344212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of microbial infections in South Africa without scientific validation of its bioactivity and toxicity. The antimicrobial activity of the crude acetone extract was evaluated by both agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods while its cytotoxicity effect was assessed with brine shrimp lethality assay. The study showed that both bacterial and fungal isolates were highly inhibited by the crude extract. The MIC values for the gram-positive bacteria (78.1–312.5) μg/mL, gram-negative bacteria (39.1–625) μg/mL and fungal isolates (625–5000) μg/mL differ significantly. The bacteria were more susceptible than the fungal strains tested. The antibiosis determination showed that the extract was more (75%) bactericidal than bacteriostatic (25%) and more fungicidal (66.67%) than fungistatic (33.33%). The cytotoxic activity of the extract was observed between 31.25 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL and the LC50 value (112.36 μg/mL) indicates that the extract was nontoxic in the brine shrimp lethality assay (LC50 > 100 μg/mL). These results support the use of A. mearnsii in traditional medicine for treatment of microbial infections. The extract exhibiting significant broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and nontoxic effects has potential to yield active antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Afolayan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +27-822-022-167; Fax: +27-866-282-295
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Rajeshkumar R, Sundararaman M. Emergence of Candida spp. and exploration of natural bioactive molecules for anticandidal therapy--status quo. Mycoses 2011; 55:e60-73. [PMID: 22118661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and the emerging non-albicans Candida spp. cause life-threatening infections in immuno-compromised patients, leading to an increase in mortality rate. At present, the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. causes serious infections that are difficult to treat the human populations worldwide. The available, synthetic antifungal drugs show high toxicity to host tissues causing adverse effects. Many metabolites of terrestrial and marine plants, microbes, algae, etc., contain a rich source of unexplored novel leads of different types, which are under use to treat various diseases. Such natural drugs are less expensive and have lower toxicity to host tissues. The patent search on identified and potential anticandidal-lead molecules, from various patent databases, has been described in this review. Furthermore, this article consolidates the trends in the development of anticandidal drug discovery worldwide. Most of the investigations on natural, bioactive molecules against candidiasis are in various phases of clinical trials, of which, two drugs Caspofungin acetate and Micafungin sodium were approved by the U.S. FDA. In conclusion, the exploration of drugs from natural resources serves as a better alternative source in anticandidal therapeutics, having great scope for drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antifungal activity of traditional medicinal plants from Tamil Nadu, India. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Tempesti TC, Alvarez MG, de Araújo MF, Catunda Júnior FEA, de Carvalho MG, Durantini EN. Antifungal activity of a novel quercetin derivative bearing a trifluoromethyl group on Candida albicans. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Patel M, Gulube Z, Dutton M. The effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia on Candida albicans proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to oral epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:562-565. [PMID: 19450675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated effect of a crude extract of Dodonaea viscosa on the proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to epithelial cells by Candida albicans isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and 20 from HIV negative patients were investigated. The isolates were exposed to subinhibitory concentration of crude plant extract and adherence, proteinase and phospholipase production were assessed. The results were analysed using Student's t-test and a two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells (p=<0.01) but no significant effect of the plant extract on proteinase and phospholipase production was observed. Results from Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients were similar. CONCLUSIONS Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells, which is the initial step of colonization in the infection process. This plant has a therapeutic potential at subinhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Patel
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Antibacterial activities of Dodonaea viscosa using contact bioautography technique. Molecules 2009; 14:1332-41. [PMID: 19325527 PMCID: PMC6253877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crude ethanolic extract and n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Dodonaea viscosa were analyzed for antibacterial potential against four Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and three Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Preliminary screening showed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The thin layer chromatograms of the fractions were then subjected to contact bioautography, which showed inhibition zone at different R(f) values against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the presence of antibacterial components. The MIC of each fraction was determined through a 96-well micro-titer plate method. The non-viability of the organisms was ascertained by determining the MBC of the fractions.
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