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Perna Junior F, Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira R, Ferreira Carvalho R, Cuellar Orlandi Cassiano E, Mazza Rodrigues PH. Use of tannin extract as a strategy to reduce methane in Nellore and Holstein cattle and its effect on intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and ruminal fermentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:89-102. [PMID: 35298842 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the use of tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii as a strategy to reduce methane (CH4 ) in two distinct cattle genotypes and its effect on intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency and ruminal fermentation. Four Nellore (Bos indicus) and four Holstein (Bos taurus) dry cows fitted with rumen cannula were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin square design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, where each genotype represented a square receiving four tannin levels (commercial extract of A. mearnsii) in the diet (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of dry matter). Tannin levels used did not cause a reduction in feed intake or rumen passage rate for both genotypes (p > 0.05), although there was a linear reduction in the degradation rate and ruminal disappearance of diet (p < 0.05). The increase in tannin levels reduced the amount of entodiniomorph protozoa in the Nellore cattle (p < 0.05). There was no change in N retention or microbial efficiency (p > 0.05), despite the linear reduction of nutrient digestibility and the synthesis of microbial nitrogen (p < 0.05). The ruminal CH4 production was reduced (p < 0.05) without reducing the short-chain fatty acid production. The threshold of 0.72% of tannin in the diet was estimated as the starting point for the reduction of ruminal CH4 production with long-term efficacy. Therefore, the use of low levels of tannin extract from A. mearnsii is a potential option to manipulate rumen fermentation in Nellore and Holstein cattle and needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Perna Junior
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ferreira Carvalho
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cuellar Orlandi Cassiano
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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da Silva GF, de Souza Júnior ET, Almeida RN, Fianco ALB, do Espirito Santo AT, Lucas AM, Vargas RMF, Cassel E. The Response Surface Optimization of Supercritical CO 2 Modified with Ethanol Extraction of p-Anisic Acid from Acacia mearnsii Flowers and Mathematical Modeling of the Mass Transfer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030970. [PMID: 35164235 PMCID: PMC8840752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A widely disseminated native species from Australia, Acacia mearnsii, which is mainly cultivated in Brazil and South Africa, represents a rich source of natural tannins used in the tanning process. Many flowers of the Acacia species are used as sources of compounds of interest for the cosmetic industry, such as phenolic compounds. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction was used to obtain non-volatile compounds from A. mearnsii flowers for the first time. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and the presence of p-anisic acid, a substance with industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The fractionation of the extract was performed using a chromatographic column and the fraction containing p-anisic acid presented better minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results than the crude extract. Thus, the extraction process was optimized to maximize the p-anisic acid extraction. The response surface methodology and the Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the pressure, temperature, the cosolvent, and the influence of the particle size on the extraction process. After the optimization process, the p-anisic acid yield was 2.51% w/w and the extraction curve was plotted as a function of time. The simulation of the extraction process was performed using the three models available in the literature.
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Bairu MW, Amelework AB, Coetzer WG. Genetic diversity and population structure of six South African Acacia mearnsii breeding populations based on SSR markers. J Plant Res 2021; 134:1243-1252. [PMID: 34302570 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) has great economic value as a commercial source of tannins, timber and a source of firewood for local and international markets. It has been suggested that to maximize the genetic gain of A. mearnsii plantations in South Africa, the gene pool that exist within ICFR needs to be broadened via introduction of new genotypes with diverse traits. In this work, 282 A. mearnsii samples sourced from the ICFR breeding program were genotyped using 11 cross-species SSR markers. Our results showed low to moderate genetic differentiation (FST) among the six breeding subpopulations, with positive inbreeding (FIS) values that could be attributed to an historical inbreeding event. Low levels of relatedness could however indicate some mechanism of inbreeding avoidance. The effects from a recent supplementation of genetic material from two native Australian populations were observed through genetic structuring analyses. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that significant genetic variation was mainly distributed within populations (75%) and among individuals (23%). The results provide significant information on A. mearnsii population genetic diversity and structure, which can be used for conservation of the current subpopulations and future tree improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Bairu
- Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR), P. O. Box 100281, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Assefa B Amelework
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Willem G Coetzer
- Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR), P. O. Box 100281, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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Wu J, Yu S. Effect of root exudates of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mearnsii on soil microbes under simulated warming climate conditions. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:224. [PMID: 31615406 PMCID: PMC6794899 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies demonstrated that warming and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) indirectly affect the soil microbial community structure via plant root exudates. However, there is no direct evidence for how the root exudates affect soil microbes and how the compositions of root exudates respond to climate change. RESULTS The results showed that warming directly decreased biomass of soil-borne bacteria and fungi for Acacia mearnsii De Willd but it did not impact soil microbial community for Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake. In contrast, elevated CO2 had strong direct effect on increasing soil microbial biomass for both plant species. However, plant roots could significantly increase the secretion of antibacterial chemicals (most probable organic acids), which inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi in elevated CO2 environment. This inhibitory effect neutralized the facilitation from increasing CO2 concentration on microbial growth. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that climate change can directly affect microorganisms, and indirectly affect the soil microbial community structure by changes in composition and content of plant root exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences /State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences /State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
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Sinz S, Marquardt S, Soliva CR, Braun U, Liesegang A, Kreuzer M. Phenolic plant extracts are additive in their effects against in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019; 32:966-976. [PMID: 30744370 PMCID: PMC6601065 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective The methane mitigating potential of various plant-based polyphenol sources is known, but effects of combinations have rarely been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether binary and 3-way combinations of such phenol sources affect ruminal fermentation less, similar or more intensively than separate applications. Methods The extracts used were from Acacia mearnsii bark (acacia), Vitis vinifera (grape) seed, Camellia sinensis leaves (green tea), Uncaria gambir leaves (gambier), Vaccinium macrocarpon berries (cranberry), Fagopyrum esculentum seed (buckwheat), and Ginkgo biloba leaves (ginkgo). All extracts were tested using the Hohenheim gas test. This was done alone at 5% of dry matter (DM). Acacia was also combined with all other single extracts at 5% of DM each, and with two other phenol sources (all possible combinations) at 2.5%+2.5% of DM. Results Methane formation was reduced by 7% to 9% by acacia, grape seed and green tea and, in addition, by most extract combinations with acacia. Grape seed and green tea alone and in combination with acacia also reduced methane proportion of total gas to the same degree. The extracts of buckwheat and gingko were poor in phenols and promoted ruminal fermentation. All treatments except green tea alone lowered ammonia concentration by up to 23%, and the binary combinations were more effective as acacia alone. With three extracts, linear effects were found with total gas and methane formation, while with ammonia and other traits linear effects were rare. Conclusion The study identified methane and ammonia mitigating potential of various phenolic plant extracts and showed a number of additive and some non-linear effects of combinations of extracts. Further studies, especially in live animals, should concentrate on combinations of extracts from grape seed, green tea leaves Land acacia bark and determine the ideal dosages of such combinations for the purpose of methane mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sinz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Marquardt
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Carla R Soliva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Xiong J, Grace MH, Esposito D, Komarnytsky S, Wang F, Lila MA. Polyphenols isolated from Acacia mearnsii bark with anti-inflammatory and carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:816-824. [PMID: 29329608 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize the polyphenols isolated from Acacia mearnsii bark crude extract (B) and fractions (B1-B7) obtained by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and carbolytic enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) inhibitory activities. Fractions B4, B5, B6, B7 (total phenolics 850.3, 983.0, 843.9, and 572.5 mg·g-1, respectively; proanthocyanidins 75.7, 90.5, 95.0, and 44.8 mg·g-1, respectively) showed significant activities against reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, and expression of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. All the extracts suppressed α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, two primary enzymes responsible for carbohydrate digestion. A. mearnsii bark samples possessed significantly stronger inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase enzyme (IC50 of 0.4-1.4 μg·mL-1) than the pharmaceutical acarbose (IC50 141.8 μg·mL-1). B6 and B7 (IC50 17.6 and 11.7 μg·mL-1, respectively) exhibited α-amylase inhibitory activity as efficacious as acarbose (IC50 15.4 μg·mL-1). Moreover, B extract, at 25 µg·mL-1, significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst that is often associated with inflammatory response in human monocytic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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Chen X, Xiong J, He L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Wang F. Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Content and Biological Activity of Polyphenols from Acacia mearnsii Bark. Molecules 2018; 23:E1804. [PMID: 30037047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and bioaccessibility of polyphenol from Acacia mearnsii bark were measured at various stages during in vitro simulated digestion. Subsequently, the changes in the total polyphenol content (TPC) and biological activity were studied. The results showed that the phenolic compounds from A. mearnsii remained stable, and TPC underwent few changes during gastric digestion. Nonetheless, intestinal digestion led to the degradation of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and a significant decrease in TPC (26%). Degradation was determined by normal-phase HPLC and gel permeation chromatography. Only monomers, dimers, and trimers of flavan-3-ols were identified in the serum-accessible fraction for characterization of their bioaccessibility. The results also indicated the obvious antioxidant capacity of PAs from A. mearnsii bark, and ~53% of the α-glucosidase⁻inhibitory effect was preserved. All these findings show that PAs from A. mearnsii bark as a native plant source may be particularly beneficial for human health as a natural nutritional supplement.
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Gesteira SM, Oliveira RL, Silva TM, Ribeiro RDX, Ribeiro CVDM, Pereira ES, Lanna DPD, Pinto LFB, Rocha TC, Vieira JF, Bezerra LR. Physicochemical Quality, Fatty Acid Composition, and Sensory Analysis of Nellore Steers Meat Fed with Inclusion of Condensed Tannin in the Diet. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1366-1372. [PMID: 29660800 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the effect of dietary tannin on the fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat from Nellore steers. Thirty-two Nellore bull male were distributed in a completely randomized design and fed diets with condensed tannin extract as follows: 0, 10, 30, and 50 g/kg total DM basis. The physicochemical composition of the meat, lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile, flavor, tenderness, and overall acceptance were evaluated. There was a linear decrease (P ≤ 0.05) on lipid content, tenderness, cooking weight loss, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids in meat as tannin increased in the diets. The total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, the atherogenicity index decreased. However, a linear increase (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids. The physicochemical characteristic of the meat, such as moisture, ash, and protein contents, water retention capacity, final pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, collagen, and color indexes (lightness, redness, yellowness, and chrome) did not change with dietary tannin. Also, CLA, n-6:n-3 ratio, Δ9 -desaturase, and elongase activity were not different among diets. In conclusion, condensed tannin linearly increases unsaturated fatty acids and decreases the atherogenicity index of meat; thus, it can be recommended at the highest level (50 g/kg DM) in the diet of Nellore steers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Agriculture byproducts plays an important part in the diet of ruminant animals and consequently on food chain and has implications for the composition and quality of the livestock products (milk, meat, and eggs) that people consume. Feeding tannin to steers increases the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and meat tenderness, with a concomitant reduction on saturated fatty acids and the atherogenicity index in meat. Thus, we recommend adding tannin to steer diets to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in red meat for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Gesteira
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo L Oliveira
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Thadeu M Silva
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Rebeca D X Ribeiro
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Cláudio V D M Ribeiro
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Elzania S Pereira
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. Ceará, Av. da Universidade, 2853, Benfica, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455760, Brazil
| | - Dante P D Lanna
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Growth, Univ. of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Av. Padua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418900, Brazil
| | - Luis F B Pinto
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Tiago C Rocha
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Jusaline F Vieira
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170110, Brazil
| | - Leilson R Bezerra
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Piaui, Rodovia Bom Jesus-Viana, km 135, Bom Jesus, Piaui 64900000, Brazil
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Dos Santos C, Vargas Á, Fronza N, Dos Santos JHZ. Structural, textural and morphological characteristics of tannins from Acacia mearnsii encapsulated using sol-gel methods: Applications as antimicrobial agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 151:26-33. [PMID: 27940166 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tannins from Acacia mearnsii were encapsulated using four different sol-gel methods acid (SGAR), basic (SGBR), silicate (SGSR) and non-hydrolytic (SGNHR) routes. The hybrid materials were analyzed using a set of techniques to characterize their structure, texture and morphology. The antimicrobial performance of the encapsulated materials was evaluated against different microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida sp.). The data showed that the encapsulation route significantly affects the characteristics of the resulting hybrid materials. Better functional performances were obtained using the silicate route, which produced mesoporous materials with a small surface area (0.96m2g-1) and small particle size (<1nm). These characteristics promoted the gradual release of tannins in an aqueous medium and improved their interactions with microorganisms. Furthermore, the process demonstrated the preservation of tannins after synthesis and increased antimicrobial activity (via a controlled tannin release), as demonstrated by the moderate activity against filamentous fungi and yeast.
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Reid DG, Bonnet SL, Kemp G, van der Westhuizen JH. Analysis of commercial proanthocyanidins. Part 4: solid state (13)C NMR as a tool for in situ analysis of proanthocyanidin tannins, in heartwood and bark of quebracho and acacia, and related species. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:243-248. [PMID: 23838626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
(13)C NMR is an effective method of characterizing proanthocyanidin (PAC) tannins in quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) heartwood and black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) bark, before and after commercial extraction. The B-rings of the constituent flavan-3-ols, catechols (quebracho) or pyrogallols (wattle), are recognized in unprocessed source materials by "marker" signals at ca. 118 or 105ppm, respectively. NMR allows the minimum extraction efficiency to be calculated; ca. 30%, and ca. 80%, for quebracho heartwood and black wattle bark, respectively. NMR can also identify PAC tannin (predominantly robinetinidin), and compare tannin content, in bark from other acacia species; tannin content decreases in the order A. mearnsii, Acacia pycnantha (87% of A. mearnsii), Acacia dealbata and Acacia decurrens (each 74%) and Acacia karroo (30%). Heartwood from an underexploited PAC tannin source, Searsia lancea, taxonomically close to quebracho, shows abundant profisetinidin and catechin PACs. NMR offers the advantage of being applicable to source materials in their native state, and has potential applications in optimizing extraction processes, identification of tannin sources, and characterization of tannin content in cultivar yield improvement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. Synergistic interactions of methanolic extract of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. with antibiotics against bacteria of clinical relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8915-8932. [PMID: 22942742 PMCID: PMC3430273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, combining medicinal plants with synthetic or orthodox medicines against resistant bacteria becomes necessary. In this study, interactions between methanolic extract of Acacia mearnsii and eight antibiotics were investigated by agar diffusion and checkerboard assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all the antibiotics ranged between 0.020 and 500 μg/mL while that of the crude extract varied between 0.156 and 1.25 mg/mL. The agar diffusion assay showed that extract-kanamycin combination had zones of inhibition ≥20 ± 1.0 mm in all the bacteria tested (100%), followed by extract-chloramphenicol (90%) > extract-ciprofloxacin = extract-tetracycline (70%) > extract-amoxicillin (60%) > extract-nalidixic acid (50%) > extract-erythromycin (40%) > extract-metronidazole (20%). The checkerboard showed synergistic interaction (61.25%), additivity/indifference (23.75%) and antagonistic (15%) effects. The synergistic interaction was most expressed by combining the extract with tetracycline, metronidazole, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid against E. coli (ATCC 25922), erythromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin against S. aureus (ATCC 6538), erythromycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol against B. subtilis KZN, erythromycin, metronidazole and amoxicillin against E. faecalis KZN, erythromycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol against K. pneumoniae (ATCC 10031), erythromycin, tetracycline, metronidazole and chloramphenicol against P. vulgaris (ATCC 6830), erythromycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol against S. sonnei (ATCC 29930), metronidazole, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol against Proteus vulgaris KZN. The synergistic interactions indicated that the bactericidal potentials of the antibacterial agents were improved and combining natural products with antibiotic could be potential sources for resistance-modifying agents useful against infectious multi-drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmiso O. Olajuyigbe
- Phytomedicine Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Anthony J. Afolayan
- Phytomedicine Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; E-Mail:
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Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. Pharmacological assessment of the medicinal potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4255-4267. [PMID: 22605976 PMCID: PMC3344212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of microbial infections in South Africa without scientific validation of its bioactivity and toxicity. The antimicrobial activity of the crude acetone extract was evaluated by both agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods while its cytotoxicity effect was assessed with brine shrimp lethality assay. The study showed that both bacterial and fungal isolates were highly inhibited by the crude extract. The MIC values for the gram-positive bacteria (78.1–312.5) μg/mL, gram-negative bacteria (39.1–625) μg/mL and fungal isolates (625–5000) μg/mL differ significantly. The bacteria were more susceptible than the fungal strains tested. The antibiosis determination showed that the extract was more (75%) bactericidal than bacteriostatic (25%) and more fungicidal (66.67%) than fungistatic (33.33%). The cytotoxic activity of the extract was observed between 31.25 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL and the LC50 value (112.36 μg/mL) indicates that the extract was nontoxic in the brine shrimp lethality assay (LC50 > 100 μg/mL). These results support the use of A. mearnsii in traditional medicine for treatment of microbial infections. The extract exhibiting significant broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and nontoxic effects has potential to yield active antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Afolayan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +27-822-022-167; Fax: +27-866-282-295
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