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Chaudhary A, Das R, Mehta K, Mehta DK. Indian herb Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora species: Phytochemical and therapeutic application. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31229. [PMID: 38813196 PMCID: PMC11133831 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical investigations are increasingly focusing on natural materials with medical benefits because, in contrast to medicines, they have extremely few adverse effects. Tinospora species of the Menispermaceae family has many bioactive principles for plant nutraceuticals. A thorough assessment of the existing literature revealed that Indian Tinospora species are an important group of medicinal herbs used for a variety of pharmacological activities. While, Tinospora cordifolia is widely recognized as a significant herb in the Indian System of Medicines (ISM) due to its bioactive components and has been used in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, urinary problems, fever, jaundice, helminthiasis, leprosy, dysentery, skin diseases, and many more. Using the search phrases "phytochemistry," "traditional uses," and "pharmacological evaluation of Indian Tinospora species," appropriate articles were carefully extracted from the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and WOS databases. Around 180 articles, related to the India Tinospora species, were selected from a pool of 200 papers published between 1991 and 2023. T. cordifolia has received a lot of scientific attention because of its diverse therapeutic characteristics in treating various diseases. Our present study in this review encompasses 1.) Phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological potential of T. cordifolia as well as other Indian Tinospora species. 2.) Safety and toxicity study and available marketed formulation of T. cordifolia for the treatment of various diseases. The chemical constitution and pharmacological characteristics of other Tinospora species must also be investigated, indicating a need for further scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Rina Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Kiran Mehta
- Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
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2
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Zbeeb H, Baldini F, Zeaiter L, Vergani L. The Anti-Inflammatory Potential of an Ethanolic Extract from Sarcopoterium spinosum Fruits for Protection and/or Counteraction against Oxidative Stress in Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1601. [PMID: 38338880 PMCID: PMC10855414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants and plant extracts are a relevant source of bioactive compounds widely employed as functional foods. In the Mediterranean area, the shrub Sarcopoterium spinosum is traditionally used as an herbal medicine for weight loss and a diabetes treatment. Inflammation is a protective mechanism involved in the development of many pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to investigate in vitro the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of an ethanolic extract from S. spinosum fruits (SEE) in a cellular model of endothelium dysfunction. Corilagin and quercetin are two polyphenols abundant in SEE and were tested for comparison. The exposure of HECV cells for 24 h to 30 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) lead to an oxidative stress condition. When HECV cells were treated with 10 µg/mL of SEE or single compounds after or before the oxidative insult, the results showed their ability to (i) decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production quantified using fluorometric analysis and the lipid peroxidation measured with a spectrophotometric assay; (ii) rescue both the glutathione reduced to oxidized (GSH/GSSG) ratio and nitric oxide impair and the protein denaturation; and (iii) accelerate the wound repair measured using a T-scratch assay. Taken together, our findings indicate that the ethanolic extract from S. spinosum fruits could be a potential candidate for nutraceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawraa Zbeeb
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldini
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Lama Zeaiter
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Zbeeb H, Khalifeh H, Lupidi G, Baldini F, Zeaiter L, Khalil M, Salis A, Damonte G, Vergani L. Polyphenol-enriched extracts of Sarcopoterium spinosum fruits for counteracting lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105743. [PMID: 37952761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach is a Rosaceae shrub employed in the folk medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The previous few studies have focused on the S. spinosum roots, while the fruits have been poorly investigated. The present study aims to assess the biological properties of S. spinosum fruits collected in Lebanon and subjected to ethanolic, water or boiling water extraction. The extracts were compared for the phenol and flavonoid contents, and for the in vitro radical scavenging ability. The ethanolic extract (SEE) was selected and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) showing a phenolome rich in tannins (ellagitannins), flavonoids (quercetin derivatives), and triterpenes. The biological activity of SEE was tested on a cellular model of moderate steatosis consisting of lipid-loaded hepatic cells treated with increasing concentrations of SEE (1-25 μg/mL), or with corilagin or quercetin as comparison. In steatotic hepatocytes the SEE was able (i) to ameliorate the hepatosteatosis; (ii) to counteract the excess ROS and lipid peroxidation; (iii) to restore the impaired catalase activity. The results indicate that the ethanolic extract from S. spinosum fruits is endowed with relevant antisteatotic and antioxidant activities and might find application as nutraceutical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawraa Zbeeb
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Hala Khalifeh
- Department of Biology, Laboratory Rammal Rammal (ATAC), Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldini
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Lama Zeaiter
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Kahraman O, Turunc E, Dogen A, Binzet R. Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dot Magnesium Hydroxide Nanocomposites and Investigation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:181. [PMID: 37046124 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesized graphene quantum dots magnesium hydroxide nanocomposites (GQDs/Mg(OH)2). The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Malvern Zetasizer. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the obtained GQDs/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposites were investigated. GQDs/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposites have MIC values of 15.625 μg/mL against fungi (C. metapsilosis and C. parapsilosis) and 62.5 μg/mL against Gram (+) (S. pneumonia and E. faecalis) and Gram (-) (E. coli). The synthesized GQDs/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposites showed moderate antioxidant activity. The results showed that at 100-µg/mL GQDs/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite concentration, the H2O2 scavenging activity was 62.18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskay Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ersan Turunc
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Dogen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33160, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Riza Binzet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey.
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Omale S, Amagon KI, Johnson TO, Bremner SK, Gould GW. A systematic analysis of anti-diabetic medicinal plants from cells to clinical trials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14639. [PMID: 36627919 PMCID: PMC9826616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing health emergencies of the 21st century, placing a severe economic burden on many countries. Current management approaches have improved diabetic care, but several limitations still exist, such as decreased efficacy, adverse effects, and the high cost of treatment, particularly for developing nations. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective therapies for diabetes management. The evidence-based application of phytochemicals from plants in the management of diseases is gaining traction. Methodology Various plants and plant parts have been investigated as antidiabetic agents. This review sought to collate and discuss published data on the cellular and molecular effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals on insulin signaling pathways to better understand the current trend in using plant products in the management of diabetes. Furthermore, we explored available information on medicinal plants that consistently produced hypoglycemic effects from isolated cells to animal studies and clinical trials. Results There is substantial literature describing the effects of a range of plant extracts on insulin action and insulin signaling, revealing a depth in knowledge of molecular detail. Our exploration also reveals effective antidiabetic actions in animal studies, and clear translational potential evidenced by clinical trials. Conclusion We suggest that this area of research should be further exploited in the search for novel therapeutics for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Omale
- African Centre for Excellence in Phytomedicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy I. Amagon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo O. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shaun Kennedy Bremner
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Gahramanov V, Oz M, Aouizerat T, Rosenzweig T, Gorelick J, Drori E, Salmon-Divon M, Sherman MY, Lubin BCR. Integration of the Connectivity Map and Pathway Analysis to Predict Plant Extract’s Medicinal Properties—The Study Case of Sarcopoterium spinosum L. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172195. [PMID: 36079576 PMCID: PMC9460920 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal properties of plants are usually identified based on knowledge of traditional medicine or using low-throughput screens for specific pharmacological activities. The former is very biased since it requires prior knowledge of plants’ properties, while the latter depends on a specific screening system and will miss medicinal activities not covered by the screen. We sought to enrich our understanding of the biological activities of Sarcopoterium spinosum L. root extract based on transcriptome changes to uncover a plurality of possible pharmacological effects without the need for prior knowledge or functional screening. We integrated Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the RNAseq data to identify pathways affected by the treatment of cells with the extract and perturbational signatures in the CMAP database to enhance the validity of the results. Activities of signaling pathways were measured using immunoblotting with phospho-specific antibodies. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using JC-1 staining. SARS-CoV-2-induced cell killing was assessed in Vero E6 and A549 cells using an MTT assay. Here, we identified transcriptome changes following exposure of cultured cells to the medicinal plant Sarcopoterium spinosum L. root extract. By integrating algorithms of GSEA and CMAP, we confirmed known anti-cancer activities of the extract and predicted novel biological effects on oxidative phosphorylation and interferon pathways. Experimental validation of these pathways uncovered strong activation of autophagy, including mitophagy, and excellent protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study shows that gene expression analysis alone is insufficient for predicting biological effects since some of the changes reflect compensatory effects, and additional biochemical tests provide necessary corrections. This study defines the advantages and limitations of transcriptome analysis in predicting the biological and medicinal effects of the Sarcopoterium spinosum L. extract. Such analysis could be used as a general approach for predicting the medicinal properties of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valid Gahramanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Moria Oz
- Agriculture and Oenology Department, Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Tzemach Aouizerat
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Jonathan Gorelick
- Judea Branch, Eastern Regional R&D Center, Kiryat Arba, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Elyashiv Drori
- Agriculture and Oenology Department, Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Bat Chen R. Lubin
- Agriculture and Oenology Department, Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-50-6554655
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Schreck K, Melzig MF. Traditionally Used Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Screening for Uptake Inhibition of Glucose and Fructose in the Caco2-Cell Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692566. [PMID: 34489694 PMCID: PMC8417609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional use of plants and their preparations in the treatment of diseases as a first medication in the past centuries indicates the presence of active components for specific targets in the natural material. Many of the tested plants in this study have been traditionally used in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 2 and associated symptoms in different cultural areas. Additionally, hypoglycemic effects, such as a decrease in blood glucose concentration, have been demonstrated in vivo for these plants. In order to determine the mode of action, the plants were prepared as methanolic and aqueous extracts and tested for their effects on intestinal glucose and fructose absorption in Caco2 cells. The results of this screening showed significant and reproducible inhibition of glucose uptake between 40 and 80% by methanolic extracts made from the fruits of Aronia melanocarpa, Cornus officinalis, Crataegus pinnatifida, Lycium chinense, and Vaccinium myrtillus; the leaves of Brassica oleracea, Juglans regia, and Peumus boldus; and the roots of Adenophora triphylla. Furthermore, glucose uptake was inhibited between 50 and 70% by aqueous extracts made from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides and the fruit skin of Malus domestica. The methanolic extracts of Juglans regia and Peumus boldus inhibited the fructose transport between 30 and 40% in Caco2 cells as well. These findings can be considered as fundamental work for further research regarding the treatment of obesity-correlated diseases, such as Diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Shemesh D, Rozenberg K, Rosenzweig T, Abookasis D. Single probe diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to assess the effect of sarcopoterium spinosum treatment on the cerebral tissue properties of ApoE knockout mouse. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000307. [PMID: 33084182 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, diffuse near-infrared light reflectance spectroscopy based on a single optical probe, contains central single collection fiber surrounded by a circular array of illumination fibers, was used to quantify cerebral tissue properties in ApoE knockout mice following Sarcopoterium spinosum treatment. Sarcopoterium spinosum, also known as Thorny burnet, is a Mediterranean plant widely used as a traditional therapy for the treatment of a variety of pathologies, primarily type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). While it's efficacy in the treatment of T2D, and of other components of metabolic syndrome, have already been validated by us, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) on dyslipidemia and vascular functions. We utilized ApoE deficient mice (ApoE-/- , Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient), who have a severe impairment in plasma lipoprotein clearance and thus develop alterations in blood lipid profile and are highly susceptible to atherogenic plaque formation. A total of 34 male mice were divided into five groups representing various genetic, dietary, and treatment configurations. Optical measurements were used to assess changes in diffused reflectance spectra, optical properties (absorption and scattering), and cerebral tissue chromophore contents. Specifically, significant improvement in cerebral hemoglobin level was observed in ApoE KO mice, fed an artherogenic diet (ATD), upon SSE treatment. Biochemical and histological analyses of ApoE-/- ATD mice showed elevated body weight and a high level of blood triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol. In contrast, in SSE treated mice improvement was observed, suggesting beneficial effects of SSE. In ApoE-/- ATD mice group a higher levels of deoxyhemoglobin was monitored indicating that the rate of oxygen release to the tissue is low. This was supported by decrease in oxygen saturation. It was also shown a reduction in water content in the brain of ApoE KO. Mice fed with the atherogenic diet demonstrated increased water content as compared to STD-fed ApoE KO mice, while SSE administration reversed the effect of the diet. To our knowledge, no such study has been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shemesh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Konstantin Rozenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - David Abookasis
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Abu-Odeh AM, Talib WH. Middle East Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:742. [PMID: 33572627 PMCID: PMC7867005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem, and the number of diabetic patients is in continuous rise. Conventional antidiabetic therapies are associated with high costs and limited efficiency. The use of traditional medicine and plant extracts to treat diabetes is gaining high popularity in many countries. Countries in the Middle East region have a long history of using herbal medicine to treat different diseases, including diabetes. In this review, we compiled and summarized all the in vivo and in vitro studies conducted for plants with potential antidiabetic activity in the Middle East region. Plants of the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families are the most investigated. It is hoped that this review will contribute scientifically to evidence the ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants as antidiabetic agents. Work has to be done to define tagetes, mechanism of action and the compound responsible for activity. In addition, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Abu-Odeh
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan
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Müller GA. Insulin-like and mimetic molecules from non-mammalian organisms: potential relevance for drug discovery. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:420-429. [PMID: 30633571 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1551906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin was first discovered in extracts of vertebrate pancreas during a focused search for a therapy for diabetes. Subsequent efforts to discover and isolate a similar active principle from yeast and plants driven by the hope to identify insulin-like/mimetic molecules with critical advantages in the pharmacokinetic profile and expenditure of production compared to authentic human insulin were not successful. As a consequence, it has generally been assumed that hormones evolved exclusively during course of the evolution of vertebrate endocrine organs, implying a rather recent origin. Concomitantly, the existence and physiological role of vertebrate hormones in lower multi- and unicellular eukaryotes have remained a rather controversial subject over decades, albeit there is some evidence that hormones and hormone-binding proteins resembling those of vertebrates are expressed in fungi and yeast. Past and recent findings on the existence of insulin-like and mimetic materials, such as the glucose tolerance factor, in lower eukaryotes, in particular Neurospora crassa and yeast, will be presented. These data provide further evidence for the provocative view that the evolutionary roots of the vertebrate endocrine system may be far more ancient than is generally believed and that the identification and characterisation of insulin-like/mimetic molecules from lower eukaryotes may be useful for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Center München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Department Biology I, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Rozenberg K, Wollman A, Ben-Shachar M, Argaev-Frenkel L, Rosenzweig T. Anti-inflammatory effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112391. [PMID: 31730890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sarcopoterium spinosum is a Mediterranean plant, widely used by the Beduin traditional medicine. While its major use is for the treatment of diabetes, there are also documentations for its use as anti-inflammatory agent. This therapeutic potential of Sarcopoterium spinosum was not validated before. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed on RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and the effect of SSE on markers of inflammation was investigated. In addition, the effect of SSE on the development of inflammation in adipose-tissue of obese, insulin resistant mice was measured in KK-Ay mice and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SSE increased the viability of RAW264.7. In addition, the cells acquired distinct dendritic-like morphology, however, while LPS induced NO production and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, SSE increased the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory genes and blocked LPS effects. All three pathways of MAPK were activated by LPS and SSE, as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK. NFκB was activated and Akt was phosphorylated by LPS, while SSE blocked this effects. STAT proteins were differently phosphorylated by SSE and LPS. Immunomodulatory effects of SSE were also found in BMDM. In adipose tissue of SSE-treated mice, less crown-like structures were found, and lower expression of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines was observed, although adipocytes hypertrophy was not affected. CONCLUSIONS SSE has an immunomodulatory effects that affect macrophage function, and reduces adipose tissue inflammation. Identifying active component and clarifying its mechanism of action might support the development of new anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rozenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Ayala Wollman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Michaella Ben-Shachar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Lital Argaev-Frenkel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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K Aldal In H, Wedian F, Al-Mazaideh GM, Ayyal Salman H, Al-Rimawi F, Alakhras F, Abu Lafi S, Al-Nadaf AH. Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition of Ethanolic Extract of Jordanian Silvia officinalis. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:989-994. [PMID: 32700848 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.989.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Salvia officinalis (Sage) is a plant native to the Middle East and Mediterranean areas. It is from the family of Labiatae used for the treatment of different kinds of disorders. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis screened for its chemical composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract obtained from Silvia officinalis growing wild in Al-Karak, Jordan, investigated for its photo components for the first time. The extract analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC instruments. The aerial part of the plant collected at the beginning of spring 2018. RESULTS Results show that the ethanolic extract has 28 natural compounds with 95.30% of the total identified components. Two peaks with 4.70% of total composition could not be identified. This analysis revealed that the compounds are mainly composed of aromatics and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Such as; L-Ascorbic acid, Silane, D-Glucuronic acid, Phenobarbital and Undecanedioic acid. CONCLUSION Overall this study highlights the identification of several oxygenated hydrocarbons of phytochemical compounds with two unknown components. Further investigation is needed for structural elucidation directed with pharmacological activity.
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Sarcopoterium spinosum Inhibited the Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123044. [PMID: 31847157 PMCID: PMC6950080 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a comorbidity of obesity, which gradually develops from hepatic steatosis into steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually even into fibrosis or hepatic carcinoma. To date, there has been no specific and effective treatment for NAFLD. Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) was found to improve insulin sensitivity. Recognizing the intimate link between insulin resistance and NAFLD, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectivity of SSE in the prevention and management of NAFLD at various severities. SSE was given to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (steatosis model) or to mice given a Western diet (WD) in the short or long term (NASH prevention or treatment, respectively). SSE reduced body weight accumulation, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and prevented the development of hepatic steatosis. SSE also blocked the progression of liver disease toward NASH in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant machinery was regulated by SSE in both models of steatosis and NASH development. However, SSE failed to reverse the hepatic damage in the advanced model of NASH. In summary, SSE might be considered as a botanical supplement for the prevention and treatment of hepatic steatosis, and for slowing the deterioration toward NASH.
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Ben-Shachar M, Rozenberg K, Skalka N, Wollman A, Michlin M, Rosenzweig T. Activation of Insulin Signaling in Adipocytes and Myotubes by Sarcopoterium Spinosum Extract. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061396. [PMID: 31234331 PMCID: PMC6628217 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopoterium spinosum (S. spinosum) is a medicinal plant, traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy. Previous studies demonstrated its beneficial properties in the treatment of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to further clarify the effect of S. spinosum extract (SSE) on insulin signaling. Phosphoproteomic analysis, performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with SSE, revealed the activation of insulin receptor pathways. SSE increased Glut4-facilitated glucose uptake in adipocytes, with an additive effect between SSE and insulin. While the maximal effect of insulin on glucose uptake was found at days 15–16 of differentiation, SSE-induced glucose uptake was found at an earlier stage of differentiation. Inhibition of PI3K and Akt blocked SSE-dependent glucose uptake. Western blot analysis, performed on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, showed that in contrast to insulin action, Akt was only marginally phosphorylated by SSE. Furthermore, GSK3β and PRAS40 phosphorylation as well as glucose uptake were increased by the extract. SSE also induced the phosphorylation of ERK similar to insulin. In conclusion, SSE activates insulin signaling, although the upstream event mediating its effects should be further clarified. Identifying the active molecules in SSE may lead to the development of new agents for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaella Ben-Shachar
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Konstantin Rozenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Nir Skalka
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Ayala Wollman
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Michal Michlin
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
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Antiobesity and Antioxidant Potentials of Selected Palestinian Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8426752. [PMID: 30026782 PMCID: PMC6031216 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8426752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antioxidant and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition (PPLI) activities of 90 plants extracts. The antioxidant activity was measured using the free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and reducing power (RP) assays. The pancreatic lipase inhibition assay was used to determine the PPLI activity of plant extracts. Among the 90 plant extracts examined, 41.0 % crude extracts showed antilipase activity of more than 50%. The most active plants by means of IC50 value were Camellia sinensis (0.5 mg/ml), Ceratonia siliqua (leaves) (0.8 mg/mL), Curcuma longa (0.8 mg/mL), Sarcopoterium spinosum (1.2 mg/mL), and Mentha spicata (1.2 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity of plant extracts using the DPPH and RP assays reveals comparable results. The most active antioxidant extracts using both assays were the leaves and fruit epicarp of Rhus coriaria, areal parts of Sarcopoterium spinosum, and leaves of Ceratonia siliqua. Our results suggest natural resources that possess strong antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities with potential applications in the treatment and prevention of obesity and overweight. The extracts of Camellia sinensis, Ceratonia siliqua, Curcuma longa, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and Mentha spicata were proved to have a great potential as antioxidants and antiobesity agents.
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Rozenberg K, Rosenzweig T. Sarcopoterium spinosum extract improved insulin sensitivity in mice models of glucose intolerance and diabetes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196736. [PMID: 29768504 PMCID: PMC5955592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucose lowering properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum, a traditional medicinal plant, were previously validated by us using KK-Ay mice as a genetic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE To clarify the effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) on diet-induced glucose intolerance and to investigate SSE effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in target tissues of both high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed and KK-Ay mice. RESULTS Mice were given SSE (70 mg/day) for 6 weeks. SSE improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice as was demonstrated previously in KK-Ay mice. Higher insulin sensitivity was validated by lower serum insulin and activation of the insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle and liver of SSE-treated mice in both models. H&E staining of the livers demonstrated lower severity of steatosis in SSE-treated mice. Several model-specific effects of SSE were observed-mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes and CD36 was reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of PEPCK was also reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice, while other genes involved in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism were not affected. HFD-fed mice treated by SSE had elevated hepatic glycogen stores. Gluconeogenic gene expression was not affected, while GCK expression was increased. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not affected by SSE. However, while genes involved in lipid metabolism were downregulated by HFD, this was not found in HFD-fed mice given SSE, demonstrating an expression profile which is similar to that of standard diet-fed mice. CONCLUSION Our study supports the insulin sensitizing activity of SSE and suggests that this extract might improve other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rozenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutritional Studies, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Elyasiyan U, Nudel A, Skalka N, Rozenberg K, Drori E, Oppenheimer R, Kerem Z, Rosenzweig T. Anti-diabetic activity of aerial parts of Sarcopoterium spinosum. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:356. [PMID: 28683738 PMCID: PMC5501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Sarcopoterium spinosum (S. spinosum) is used by Bedouin medicinal practitioners for the treatment of diabetes. While the anti-diabetic activity of S. spinosum root extract was validated in previous studies, the activity of aerial parts of the same plants has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to clarify the glucose lowering properties of the aerial parts of the shrub. Methods Anti-diabetic properties were evaluated by measuring the activity of carbohydrate digesting enzymes, glucose uptake into 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, and insulin secretion. Insulin signaling cascade was followed in L6 myotubes using Western blot and PathScan analysis. Results Activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was inhibited by extracts of all S. spinosum organs. Basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion was measured in Min6 cells and found to be enhanced as well. Glucose uptake was induced by all S. spinosum extracts, with roots found to be the most effective and fruits the least. The effect of S. spinosum on Akt phosphorylation was minor compared to insulin effect. However, GSK3β and PRAS40, which are downstream elements of the insulin cascade, were found to be highly phosphorylated by S. spinosum extracts. Inhibition of PI3K and Akt, but not AMPK and ERK, abrogated the induction of glucose uptake by the aerial parts of the shrub. Conclusion The aerial organs of S. spinosum have anti-diabetic properties and may be used as a basis for the development of dietary supplements or to identify new agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Piras A, Era B, Di Petrillo A, González Paramás AM, Maxia A, Maccioni A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Rosa A. Evaluation of antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extracts of Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach fruits. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2900-2904. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1297994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Piras
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Benedetta Era
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Maxia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Porcedda
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Danilo Falconieri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- State Institute of Higher Education “Michele Giua”, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Fattahi A, Niyazi F, Shahbazi B, Farzaei MH, Bahrami G. Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Rosa canina Fruits: An In Vitro Evaluation. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 22:127-133. [PMID: 27352916 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216655263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa canina fruits have been used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The aim of current study was to evaluate the in vitro mechanism of action of R canina in managing diabetes mellitus. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay were performed on pancreatic β-cells, βTC6. The protective activity of the extract on streptozotocin-induced death in βTC6 cells was studied. The effect of R canina on the metabolism of glucose in HepG2, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, was evaluated. The effect of the extract on glucose diffusion across the dialysis membrane, which is a comfortable model for assessing cellular glucose absorption, was evaluated. The results obtained from current study confirmed that R canina extract can act as a growth factor for pancreatic β-cell line providing a novel mechanism for the observed antidiabetic effect of this natural agent. Further preclinical studies are necessary to evaluate the perfect mechanism of action of R canina in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fattahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Niyazi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran .,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Salvadó MJ, Casanova E, Fernández-Iglesias A, Arola L, Bladé C. Roles of proanthocyanidin rich extracts in obesity. Food Funct 2015; 6:1053-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving an abnormal or excessive amount of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Josepa Salvadó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Ester Casanova
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | | | - Lluis Arola
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Tarragona
- Spain
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Rozenberg K, Smirin P, Sampson SR, Rosenzweig T. Insulin-sensitizing and insulin-mimetic activities of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:362-372. [PMID: 24882728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sarcopoterium spinosum is an abundant plant in Israel, used by Bedouin medicinal practitioners for the treatment of diabetes. In our previous study we validated the anti-diabetic activity of Sarcopoterium spinosum. The aim of this study was to further clarify its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In-vivo studies were performed on KK-a/y mice given the extract for 6 weeks. Insulin tolerance test was performed, and relative pancreatic islets area was measured. Mechanisms of action were investigated in L6 myotubes using protein array, Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Glucose uptake assays were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RESULTS Sarcopoterium spinosum extract reduced fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity in treated mice. Hypertrophic islets were detected in diabetic, but not in Sarcopoterium spinosum-treated mice. Sarcopoterium spinosum phosphorylated PTEN on ser380 and thr382/383, which are known inhibitory sites. PKB was not phosphorylated by Sarcopoterium spinosum, however, translocation of PKB from cytoplasm to the membrane and nucleus was detected. Target proteins of PKB were regulated by Sarcopoterium spinosum; GSK3β was phosphorylated and cytosolic localization of FoxO was increased. Glucose uptake was increased in a PI3K and AMPK-independent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that Sarcopoterium spinosum inhibited PTEN and activated PKB by a mechanism which is independent of ser473 and thr308 phosphorylation. Other post translation modifications might be involved and should be analyzed further in order to understand this unique PKB activation. Identifying the active molecules in the extract, may lead to the development of new agents for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rozenberg
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Polina Smirin
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sanford R Sampson
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76101, Israel
| | - Tovit Rosenzweig
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; Samaria and Jordan Rift R&D Center, Ariel 40700, Israel.
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Afifi FU, Kasabri V. Pharmacological and phytochemical appraisal of selected medicinal plants from jordan with claimed antidiabetic activities. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:889-932. [PMID: 24482764 PMCID: PMC3867248 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1212-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species have long been regarded as possessing the principal ingredients used in widely disseminated ethnomedical practices. Different surveys showed that medicinal plant species used by the inhabitants of Jordan for the traditional treatment of diabetes are inadequately screened for their therapeutic/preventive potential and phytochemical findings. In this review, traditional herbal medicine pursued indigenously with its methods of preparation and its active constituents are listed. Studies of random screening for selective antidiabetic bioactivity and plausible mechanisms of action of local species, domesticated greens, or wild plants are briefly discussed. Recommended future directives incurring the design and conduct of comprehensive trials are pointed out to validate the usefulness of these active plants or bioactive secondary metabolites either alone or in combination with existing conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma U. Afifi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Violet Kasabri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street, 11942 Amman, Jordan
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In vitro effects of Geranium graveolens, Sarcopoterium spinosum and Varthemia iphionoides extracts on pancreatic MIN6 proliferation and insulin secretion and on extrapancreatic glucose diffusion. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-013-0131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Arya A, Looi CY, Cheah SC, Mustafa MR, Mohd MA. Anti-diabetic effects of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds methanolic fraction on pancreatic cells, β-TC6 and its alleviating role in type 2 diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:22-32. [PMID: 22954496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum (Asteraceae) have been popularly used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes and skin disorders. Folk medicine from Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh, India) reported wide spread usage in diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the hypoglycemic properties and mechanism of the methanolic fraction of C. anthelminticum seeds (CAMFs) on mouse β-TC6 pancreatic cell line and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the crude methanolic fraction of C. anthelminticum seeds (CAMFs) on β-TC6 cell line and confirmed its effects on type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats to understand its mechanism in managing diabetes mellitus. CAMFs were initially tested on β-TC6 cells for cytotoxicity, 2-NBDG glucose uptake, insulin secretion and glucose transporter (GLUT-1, 2 and 4) protein expression. Furthermore, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic and STZ-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected or administered orally with CAMFs daily for 28 days. The effect of CAMFs on blood glucose and insulin levels was subsequently evaluated. RESULTS In cell line studies, CAMFs showed non-cytotoxic effect on β-TC6 cell proliferation compared to untreated control cells at 50 μg/ml. CAMFs increased glucose uptake and insulin secretion dose-dependently by up-regulating GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expression in these cells. Further in vivo studies on streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models revealed that CAMFs significantly reduced hyperglycemia by augmenting insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic rats. However, CAMFs displayed less significant effects on type 1 diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS CAMFs demonstrated anti-diabetic potential on β-TC6 cells and type 2 diabetic rat model, plausibly through enhancing glucose uptake and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Leiherer A, Mündlein A, Drexel H. Phytochemicals and their impact on adipose tissue inflammation and diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:3-20. [PMID: 22982056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an inflammatory disease and the mechanisms that underlie this disease, although still incompletely understood, take place in the adipose tissue of obese subjects. Concurrently, the prevalence of obesity caused by Western diet's excessive energy intake and the lack of exercise escalates, and is believed to be causative for the chronic inflammatory state in adipose tissue. Overnutrition itself as an overload of energy may induce the adipocytes to secrete chemokines activating and attracting immune cells to adipose tissue. But also inflammation-mediating food ingredients like saturated fatty acids are believed to directly initiate the inflammatory cascade. In addition, hypoxia in adipose tissue as a direct consequence of obesity, and its effect on gene expression in adipocytes and surrounding cells in fat tissue of obese subjects appears to play a central role in this inflammatory response too. In contrast, revisiting diet all over the world, there are also some natural food products and beverages which are associated with curative effects on human health. Several natural compounds known as spices such as curcumin, capsaicin, and gingerol, or secondary plant metabolites catechin, resveratrol, genistein, and quercetin have been reported to provide an improved health status to their consumers, especially with regard to diabetes, and therefore have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we will give an overview about these phytochemicals and their role to interfere with inflammatory cascades in adipose tissue and their potential for fighting against inflammatory diseases like diabetes as investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment, Feldkirch, Austria
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Glucose tolerance factor extracted from yeast: oral insulin-mimetic and insulin-potentiating agent: in vivo and in vitro studies. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:875-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In search for an effective oral treatment for diabetes, we examined the capacity of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) extracted from yeast and administered orally to reduce hyperglycaemia in rat models exhibiting insulin deficiency. The cellular effect of GTF on the insulin signalling pathway was investigated in vitro. GTF (oral bolus), insulin (intraperitoneal) or their combination was administered to streptozotocin-diabetic (STZ) or hyperglycaemic Cohen diabetic-sensitive (hyp-CDs) rats. Blood glucose (BG) and insulin levels were measured in the postprandial (PP) state and during an oral glucose tolerance test. Deoxy-glucose transport and insulin signal transduction were assessed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and myoblasts incubated with the GTF. Low dose of insulin produced a 34 and 12·5 % reduction in the PP-BG levels of hyp-CDs and STZ rats, respectively. GTF induced a 33 and 17 % reduction in the PP-BG levels of hyp-CDs and STZ rats, respectively. When combined with insulin, a respective decrease (58 and 42 %) in BG levels was observed, suggesting a partially additive (hyp-CDs) or synergistic (STZ rats) effect of the GTF and insulin. GTF did not induce insulin secretion in hyp-CDs rats, yet it lowered their BG levels, proposing an effect on glucose clearance by peripheral tissues. GTF induced a dose-dependent increase in deoxy-glucose transport into myoblasts and fat cells similar to insulin, while the combined treatment resulted in augmented transport rate. GTF induced a dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase independent of insulin receptor phosphorylation. GTF exerts remarkable insulin-mimetic and insulin-potentiating effects, both in vivo and in vitro. It produces an insulin-like effect by acting on cellular signals downstream of the insulin receptor. These results demonstrate a potential source for a novel oral medication for diabetes.
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Kasabri V, Afifi FU, Hamdan I. In vitro and in vivo acute antihyperglycemic effects of five selected indigenous plants from Jordan used in traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:888-96. [PMID: 21093568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achillea santolina L., Pistacia atlantica Desf, Rheum ribes L., Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach and Teucrium polium L. have traditionally been used as herbal antidiabetic medicines. However their alleged benefits and mechanisms remain elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water extracts of these plants in in vitro and in vivo experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro enzymatic starch digestion with aqueous extracts from plants at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml was assayed using α-amylase and α-amyloglucosidase. Acarbose was used as control and glucose liberation was determined by glucose oxidase method. Oral starch tolerance test (OSTT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were determined for the plant extracts at concentrations 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt. on Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood glucose levels in rats treated with plant extracts and drugs (acarbose or metformin and glipizide) were measured at -30, 0, 45, 90 and 135 min. RESULTS Compared to acarbose (IC(50)=1.2 μg/ml), water extracts of Pistacia atlantica, Rheum ribes and Sarcopoterium spinosum exerted significant dose dependent dual inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in in vitro enzymatic starch digestion bioassay, with IC(50)s; 46.98, 58.9 and 49.9 mg/ml, respectively. Comparable in vivo results were obtained for starch-fed rats, exhibiting significant acute postprandial antihyperglycemic efficacies. While Achillea santolina and Teucrium polium extracts lacked any favourable in vitro anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase effect, other modes of action can possibly explain their substantial acute antihyperglycemic activities in starch-treated rats. Except for Pistacia atlantica extracts, none of the investigated extracts qualified for improving the glucose intolerance in fasted rats on glucose loading. CONCLUSIONS Pistacia atlantica, Rheum ribes and Sarcopoterium spinosum can be considered as potential candidates for amelioration/management of type 2 diabetes.
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