Effects of Scutellariae radix and Aloe vera gel extracts on immunoglobulin E and cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice

Comprehensive Review on Phytoconstituents-based Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is known as a chronic disease characterized by eczematous and pruritus skin lesions. The pathology behind atopic dermatitis etiology is loss of epidermal barrier, which prevents the production of protein filaggrin that can induce T-cell infiltration and inflammation. Treatment of AD is majorly based on limiting skin repair as well as reducing inflammation and itching. There are several remedies available for the treatment of AD, such as Janus kinase and calcineurin inhibitors, topical corticosteroids, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. The conventional formulations in the market have limited safety and efficacy. Hence, effective treatment of atopic dermatitis requires the development of novel, efficacious, reliable, and specific therapies. Recent research data have revealed that some naturally occurring medicinal plants have potential applications in the management of AD through different mechanisms. The nanotechnology-based therapeutics have gained a lot of attention in the last decade for the improvement in the activity of drugs having low absorption due to poor solubility, thus leading to lesser bioavailability. Therapies based on nanotechnology can be an effective way to overcome these obstacles. Due to their effective propensity to provide better drug diffusion and bioavailability as well as drug targeting potential at the desired site of action, these approaches may have decreased adverse drug effects, better penetration, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Hence, this review highlights the potential of phytoconstituents-based novel formulations for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, recent patents on therapeutic approaches to atopic dermatitis have also been briefly described.

The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is a perennial herb with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, which is traditionally used to treat inflammation of respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, abdominal cramps, bacterial and viral infections. Clinically, it is often used to treat inflammatory-related diseases. Research has shown that the ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SGE) has anti-inflammatory effect, and its main components baicalin and baicalein have analgesic effects. However, the mechanism of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain has not been deeply studied.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of SGE on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain rats, and to investigate whether its effect on relieving inflammatory pain is associated with regulation of P2X3 receptor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The analgesic effects of SGE on CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats were evaluated by measuring mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, and motor coordination ability. The mechanisms of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain were explored by detecting inflammatory factors levels, NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3 expression, and were further verified by addition of P2X3 receptor agonist (α, β me-ATP).

RESULTS

Our results revealed that SGE can notably increase the mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats, and markedly alleviate the pathological damage in DRG. SGE could suppress the release of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and restrain the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3. Moreover, α, β me-ATP further exacerbated the inflammatory pain of CFA-induced rats, while SGE could markedly raise the pain thresholds and relieve inflammatory pain. SGE could attenuate the pathological damage, inhibit P2X3 expression, inhibit the elevation of inflammatory factors caused by α, β me-ATP. SGE can also inhibit NF-κB and ERK1/2 activation caused by α, β me-ATP, and inhibit the mRNA expression of P2X3, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in DRG of rats induced by CFA coupled with α, β me-ATP.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our research indicated that SGE could alleviate CFA-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor.

Anti-atopic dermatitis effect of a modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and its active fraction on 2,4-dinitrobenzene and MC903-induced mouse models

BACKGROUND

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine formula which has long been used to treat inflammatory skin disease including AD. However, Gardeniae Fructus, a component herb of HLJDD, has noticeable toxicity in liver and kidney. We therefore replaced Gardeniae Fructus with Dictamni Cortex with a hope to derive at a modified HLJDD (MHLJDD) with better safety profile.

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to develop MHLJDD and identify its active fraction as innovative therapeutic agents for AD using 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and calcipotriol (MC903)-sensitized mouse models of AD.

METHODS

MHLJDD and the combination of the 1-butanol-soluble-fraction and the water-soluble-fraction (MHLJDD-F) were given intragastrically to the DNCB-induced mice and MC903-induced mice for two weeks. The body weight, dorsal skin/ear thickness and severity of AD symptoms of the mice were measured throughout the study. Scratching behaviors were observed after drug treatment. The blood and dorsal skin/ear tissues of mice were harvested for histopathological examination and biochemical analyses.

RESULTS

The results revealed that DNCB- and MC903-induced AD symptoms, including skin thickening, dryness, erythema and excoriations, in the dorsal skin and ears were significantly alleviated in the MHLJDD and MHLJDD-F-treated mice. Ceramides content and protein expressions of filaggrin and loricrin were also up-regulated after treatment with MHLJDD and MHLJDD-F. In addition, skin inflammation induced by DNCB and MC903 were markedly suppressed in the MHLJDD and MHLJDD-F-treated mice, and the action mechanisms involve suppression of the release of inflammatory cytokines, as well as downregulation of the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Besides, MHLJDD and MHLJDD-F could reverse the abundance of gut microbiota induced by DNCB in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

MHLJDD and MHLJDD-F could markedly relieve AD-like symptoms induced by DNCB and MC903 in mice through, at least in part, improving the epidermal barrier function and inhibiting skin inflammation via suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways and regulation of the gut microflora dysbiosis. This study reported for the first time that MHLJDD and its active fraction could be used as innovative therapeutic agents for AD.

Management of Atopic Dermatitis Via Oral and Topical Administration of Herbs in Murine Model: A Systematic Review

Over the past few decades, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) using herbs, or their active constituents have garnered substantial attention in the management of a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder called atopic dermatitis (AD), particularly in attenuating disease recurrence and maintaining long-term remission. In Eastern Asian countries including China, Korea and Taiwan, herbal medicine available in both topical and oral preparation plays a significant role in treating skin diseases like AD as they possibly confer high anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory functions. Conventional murine models of AD have been employed in drug discovery to provide scientific evidence for conclusive and specific pharmacological effects elicited by the use of traditional herbs and their active constituents. Coupled with the goal to develop safe and effective novel therapeutic agents for AD, this systematic review consists of a summary of 103 articles on both orally and topically administered herbs and their active constituents in the murine model, whereby articles were screened and selected via a specialized framework known as PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome). The objectives of this review paper were to identify the efficacy of oral and topical administered herbs along with their active constituents in alleviating AD and the underlying mechanism of actions, as well as the animal models and choice of inducer agents used in these studies. The main outcome on the efficacy of the majority of the herbs and their active constituents illustrated suppression of Th2 response as well as improvements in the severity of AD lesions, suppression of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration and mast cell infiltration. The majority of these studies used BALB/c mice followed by NC/Nga mice (commonly used gender-male; commonly used age group - 6-8 weeks). The most used agent in inducing AD was 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and the average induction period for both oral and topical administered herbs and their active constituents in AD experiments lasted between 3 and 4 weeks. In light of these findings, this review paper could potentially assist researchers in exploring the potential candidate herbs and their active constituents using murine model for the amelioration of AD.

Pear pomace alleviated atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice and inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Poorly regulated inflammation is believed to be the most predominant factor that can result in a wide scope of diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD). Despite many studies on the effect of pear pomace in obesity-related disorders including dysregulated gut microbiota, the protective effect of pear pomace in AD is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pear pomace ethanol extract (PPE) on AD by inhibiting inflammation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In the in vivo experiment, 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was applied to NC/Nga mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. After the induction, PPE was administered daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The clinical severity score, serum IgE levels, spleen weight, histological changes in dorsal skin, and inflammation-related proteins were measured. In the cell study, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with PPE before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) protein expression were detected.

RESULTS

Compared to the AD control (AD-C) group, IgE levels were dramatically decreased via PPE treatment. PPE significantly reduced scratching behavior, improved skin symptoms, and decreased ear thickness compared to the AD-C group. In addition, PPE inhibited the DNCB-induced expression of inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), the receptor for advanced glycation end products, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and NF-κB. PPE inhibited the LPS-induced overproduction of NO and the enhanced expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells was suppressed by PPE.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that PPE could be explored as a therapeutic agent to prevent AD.

An Insight into Biomolecules for the Treatment of Skin Infectious Diseases

In assigning priorities, skin infectious diseases are frequently classified as minor when compared to infectious diseases of high mortality rates, such as tuberculosis or HIV. However, skin infections are amongst the most common and prevalent diseases worldwide. Elderly individuals present an increased susceptibility to skin infections, which may develop atypical signs and symptoms or even complicate pre-existing chronic disorders. When the skin fails to correct or inhibit the action of certain pathogenic microorganisms, biomolecules endowed with antimicrobial features are frequently administered topically or systemically to assist or treat such conditions. (1) Antibiotics, (2) antimicrobial peptides, or (3) natural extracts display important features that can actively inhibit the propagation of these pathogens and prevent the evolution of infectious diseases. This review highlights the properties and mechanisms of action of these biomolecules, emphasizing their effects on the most prevalent and difficult to treat skin infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The versatility of biomolecules’ actions, their symbiotic effects with skin cells and other inherent antimicrobial components, and their target-directed signatures are also explored here.

Efficacy and action mechanisms of a Chinese herbal formula on experimental models of atopic dermatitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin inflammatory disease characterized by erythema, eruption, lichenification and pruritus. Shi Zhen Formula (SZF), an empirical Chinese herbal preparation, has clinical efficacy in relieving the symptoms of AD patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SZF remained unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to investigate the anti-AD effects of SZF and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms using in vitro and in vivo models of AD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed for quality control of SZF extract. The anti-inflammatory effect of SZF was investigated through evaluating the levels of nitric oxide (NO), chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AD-like skin lesions in female BALB/c mice were induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). SZF (3.15, 6.30 and 9.45 g/kg) and dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) were administered by gavage daily for 15 consecutive days. The body weight, skin thickness, skin dermatitis severity and scratching behaviors were recorded throughout the study. Histological analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot (WB) and ELISA analysis were used to illuminate the molecular targets associated with the anti-AD effects of SZF.

RESULTS

SZF markedly decreased the epidermal thickening and infiltration of mast cells in the ears and dorsal skin of the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-treated mice. SZF not only suppressed the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), histamine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-4 in the serum but also suppressed the over-production of IL-4 and IL-6 and gene expressions of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 and TSLP in the dorsal skin. Moreover, SZF improved epidermal barrier by increasing the protein expressions of filaggrin, involucrin and loricrin and inhibited the activation of NF-κB p65 pathway in the dorsal skin of the DNCB-treated mice.

CONCLUSION

SZF alleviates DNCB induced AD-like skin lesions in mice through regulating Th1/Th2 balance, improving epidermal barrier and inhibiting skin inflammation. Our research findings provide scientific footing on the use of this Chinese herbal formula for the treatment of AD.

Skullcapflavone II Suppresses TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced TARC, MDC, and CTSS Production in HaCaT Cells

Skullcapflavone II (SFII), a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, its therapeutic potential for skin inflammatory diseases and its mechanism are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of SFII on TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-associated cytokines, such as thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC). Co-stimulation with TNF-α/IFN-γ in HaCaT cells is a well-established model for induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We treated cells with SFII prior to TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulation and confirmed that it significantly inhibited TARC and MDC expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, SFII also inhibited the expression of cathepsin S (CTSS), which is associated with itching in patients with AD. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that STAT1, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK mediate TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC and MDC, as well as CTSS expression. Finally, we confirmed that SFII significantly suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK. Taken together, our study indicates that SFII inhibits TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC, MDC, and CTSS expression by regulating STAT1, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

Atopic dermatitis: new insight into the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and novel treatment strategies

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the long-lasting chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with cutaneous hyper-reactivity and triggered by environmental factors. The attributes of AD include dry skin, pruritus, lichenification and frequent eczematous abrasions. This has a strong heritable aspect and typically occurs with asthma and allergic rhinitis. The complex pathological mechanism behind AD etiology is epidermal barrier destruction resulting in the lack of filaggrin protein that can induce inflammation and T-cell infiltration. T-helper 2 cell-mediated pathways also bear the responsibility of damage to the epidermal barrier. Certain causative factors for AD include microbial imbalance of skin microbiota, immunoglobulin-E-induced sensitization and neuro-inflammation. Numerous beneficial topical and oral treatments have been available to patients and there are even more drugs in the pipeline for the treatment of AD. Topical moisturizers, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents such as calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, cAMP-specific 3, 5 half-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and systemic immunosuppressants are widely available for AD treatments. Different positions and pathways inside the immune system including JAK-STAT, phosphodiesterase 4, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and T-helper 2 cytokines are targeted by above-mentioned drug treatments. Instead of the severe side effects of topical steroids and oral antihistamines, herbal plants and their derived phytoconstituents are commonly used for the treatment of AD. A clear understanding of AD's cellular and molecular pathogenesis through substantial advancement in genetics, skin immunology and psychological factors resulted in advancement of AD management. Therefore, the review highlights the recent advancements in the understanding of clinical features, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and management and non-adherence to AD treatment.

A Natural Compound Mixture Containing Arctigenin, Hederagenin, and Baicalein Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Regulating HPA Axis and Immune Activity

Forsythiae Fructus, Lonicerae Flos, and Scutellariae Radix are medicinal herbs that possess anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic effects. Hence, we investigated the effects of a mixture (ADM), containing arctigenin, hederagenin, and baicalein, which are the main compound from these herbs on atopic dermatitis (AD) skin lesions and the underlying molecular mechanisms. ADM was topically applied to dorsal skin lesions of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced ICR mice, and the expressions of proinflammatory mediators and HPA axis hormones were investigated. The topical application of 0.5% ADM significantly reduced the DNCB-induced symptoms of AD in ICR mice. Histological analysis showed that ADM exerted antiatopic effects by reducing the epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration into skin lesions. 0.5% ADM attenuated the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, and VEGF in skin lesions and serum IgE. The production of Th1-/Th2-related cytokines in splenic tissues, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4, were also decreased by ADM treatment. ADM diminished corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosteroid (CORT) production in DNCB-induced mice. In vitro, ADM reduced the productions of TARC/CCL17, MDC/CCL22, IL-6, and ICAM-1 in TNF-α/IFN-γ- (TI-) stimulated HaCaT cells by suppressing the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. In addition, ADM inhibited corticotropin-releasing hormone/substance P- (CRH/SP-) induced VEGF production in HMC-1 cells. These results suggest that ADM may have therapeutic potential in AD by reducing inflammation and attenuating HPA axis activation.

Plant-Derived Bioactives in Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Key Emphasis to Curcumin, Lycopene, Chamomile, Aloe vera, Green Tea and Coffee Properties

Oral mucosal lesions have many etiologies, including viral or bacterial infections, local trauma or irritation, systemic disorders, and even excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. Folk knowledge on medicinal plants and phytochemicals in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions has gained special attention among the scientific community. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the traditional knowledge of plants in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions. This review was carried out consulting reports between 2008 and 2018 of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The chosen keywords were plant, phytochemical, oral mucosa, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral health. A special emphasis was given to certain plants (e.g., chamomile, Aloe vera, green tea, and coffea) and plant-derived bioactives (e.g., curcumin, lycopene) with anti-oral mucosal lesion activity. Finally, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies examining both the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived phytochemicals were also carefully addressed.

Trends and prescription patterns of traditional Chinese medicine use among subjects with allergic diseases: A nationwide population-based study

Background

The alarmingly rising prevalence of allergic diseases has led to substantial healthcare and economic burdens worldwide. The integrated use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and Western medicines has been common in treating subjects with allergic diseases in clinical practice in Taiwan. However, limited studies have been conducted to evaluate long-term trends and prescription patterns of TCM use among subjects with allergic diseases. Thus, we conducted a nationwide population-based study to characterize TCM use among subjects with allergic diseases.

Methods

A total of 241,858 subjects with diagnosed atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergic rhinitis in the period of 2003–2012 were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan and included in this study. We assessed trends and prescribed patterns related to TCM (both single herbs and herbal formulas) among the study subjects over the 10-year study period.

Results

The overall proportions of TCM use were 30.5%, 29.0% and 45.7% in subjects with atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis, respectively. We found increasing trends of TCM use among subjects having atopic dermatitis and asthma, with annual increase of 0.91% and 0.38%, respectively, over the 10-year study period while the proportion remained steadily high (from 46.6% in 2003 to 46.3% in 2012) among subjects having allergic rhinitis. Moreover, the number of hospitalization due to allergic diseases in TCM users was significantly smaller than that in non TCM users for all three allergic diseases.

Conclusion

A notable proportion (30%–50%) of subjects with allergic diseases in Taiwan has used TCM, with the highest proportion of TCM use found in subjects with allergic rhinitis, whereas increasing trends of TCM use are found among subjects with atopic dermatitis and asthma, respectively. Our results suggest that TCM use may help reduce the severe episodes of allergic diseases necessitating hospitalizations.

Emollient treatment of atopic dermatitis: latest evidence and clinical considerations

Aim

To review current classes of emollients in the market, their clinical efficacy in atopic dermatitis (AD) and considerations for choice of an emollient.

Methods

PubMed Clinical Queries under Clinical Study Categories (with Category limited to Therapy and Scope limited to Narrow) and Systematic Reviews were used as the search engine. Keywords of ‘emollient or moisturizer’ and ‘atopic dermatitis’ were used.

Overview of findings

Using the keywords of ‘emollient’ and ‘atopic dermatitis’, there were 105 and 36 hits under Clinical Study Categories (with Category limited to Therapy and Scope limited to Narrow) and Systematic Reviews, respectively. Plant-derived products, animal products and special ingredients were discussed. Selected proprietary products were tabulated.

Conclusions

A number of proprietary emollients have undergone trials with clinical data available on PubMed-indexed journals. Most moisturizers showed some beneficial effects, but there was generally no evidence that one moisturizer is superior to another. Choosing an appropriate emollient for AD patients would improve acceptability and adherence for emollient treatment. Physician’s recommendation is the primary consideration for patients when selecting a moisturizer/emollient; therefore, doctors should provide evidence-based information about these emollients.

The potential benefits of using aloe vera in stoma patient skin care

Individuals living with an ostomy may suffer from a variety of peri-stomal skin complications related to the use of their stoma appliance or accessories. These conditions can be serious enough to significantly impact on a patient's quality of life and may result in severe clinical complications (such as infection). This article is a review of the literature with the objective of investigating and presenting evidence for the well-documented use of aloe vera in the prevention of skin conditions similar to those seen in peri-stomal skin complications. An exploration for the potential use of aloe vera directly or indirectly (as an adjunct to medical devices such as wafers) in stoma patients is presented with the view that this use may be beneficial in the prevention of such peri-stomal skin complications.

Integrative medical approaches to allergic rhinitis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM), formerly known as alternative medicine, is now part of the mainstream management for patients with a host of medical issues. This current opinion focuses on the use of CIM, more specifically, the use of nutritional and herbal therapies and homeopathic medications for patients with allergic symptoms.

RECENT FINDINGS

The literature review revealed that naturally occurring substances when compared with placebo more often than not resulted in significant improvement of the allergic rhinitis symptoms.

SUMMARY

Despite encouraging results, additional studies with greater rigor are needed.

Traditional Herbal Formula Banhasasim-tang Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and HaCaT Keratinocytes

Banhasasim-tang (BHSST) is a Korean traditional herbal formula comprising eight medicinal herbs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of BHSST using macrophage and keratinocyte cell lines. First, we evaluated the effects of BHSST on inflammatory mediator and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. BHSST markedly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and interleukin- (IL-) 6. BHSST significantly suppressed the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in RAW 264.7 cells. Second, we examined whether BHSST influences the production of chemokines and STAT1 phosphorylation in tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ TI-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. BHSST significantly suppressed the production of RANTES/CCL5, TARC/CCL17, MDC/CCL22, and IL-8 in TI-stimulated HaCaT cells. BHSST also suppressed TI-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 in HaCaT cells. These results suggest that BHSST may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially for inflammatory skin diseases.

Plants used to treat skin diseases

Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body. Many people may develop skin diseases that affect the skin, including cancer, herpes and cellulitis. Some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases. The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. It is also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. A review of some plants for the treatment of skin diseases is provided that summarizes the recent technical advancements that have taken place in this area during the past 17 years.

Preventive effects of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) extract in a mouse model of food allergy

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Food allergy, which accompanies acute symptoms such as pruritus, vomiting, diarrhea, and lethal anaphylactic shock is an increasing clinical problem. Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation, cancer, and allergy, but its effects in treating food allergy are not yet known.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To examine the effect of skullcap on food allergy, female BALB/c mice were sensitized with 20 μg OVA and 2mg alum by intraperitoneal injection on day 0. From day 17, mice were orally challenged with OVA (50 mg) in saline every 3 days, for a total of six times. To investigate the preventive effect, skullcap (25 mg/kg) was orally administered every day from day 17 to 34.

RESULTS

Food allergy symptoms were evaluated by the criteria for diarrhea, anaphylactic response, and rectal temperature. Severe symptoms of food allergy were observed in the sham group (diarrhea, 3 points; anaphylactic response, 2.6 points; rectal temperature, -8.36 °C. In contrast, the skullcap treatment group had a significantly suppressed OVA-induced anaphylactic response (1.3 points) and rectal temperature (-4.76°C). Moreover, both OVA-specific IgE, Th17 cytokine (IL-17), and Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13), which increased with food allergy, were significantly inhibited by skullcap treatment.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate that the administration of skullcap attenuates OVA-induced food allergy symptoms through regulating systemic immune responses of Th cells. These results indicate that skullcap may be a potential candidate as a preventive agent for food allergy.

Effect of Arctium lappa (burdock) extract on canine dermal fibroblasts

Although the biological activities of Arctium lappa (burdock) have been already investigated in human and other species, data evaluating the molecular mechanisms have not been reported in the dog. In this study we analyzed for the first time the effect of a root extract of burdock on molecular responses in canine dermal fibroblasts with H2O2 stimulation (H group), with burdock treatment (B group) and with H2O2 stimulation and burdock treatment (BH group), using RNAseq technology. Differentially expressed genes (P<0.05) of H, B and BH groups in comparison to the untreated sample (negative control, C group) were identified with MeV software and were functional annotated and monitored for signaling pathways and candidate biomarkers using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). The expression profile of canine dermal fibroblasts treated with burdock extract with or without H2O2 stimulation, showed an up-regulation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), disheveled 3 (DVL3) and chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (CSGALNACT2). The data suggested that burdock has implications in cell adhesion and gene expression with the modulation of Wnt/β catenin signaling and Chondroitin Sulphate Biosynthesis that are particularly important for the wound healing process.

Application of Scutellariae radix, Gardeniae fructus, and Probiotics to Prevent Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection in Swine

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, a host-adapted pathogen of swine, usually causes septicemia. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have been widely studied in recent years for their probiotic properties. In this study, a mouse infection model first screened for potential agents against infection, then a pig infection model evaluated effects of LAB strains and herbal plants against infection. Scutellariae radix (SR) and Gardeniae fructus (GF) showed abilities to reduce bacteria shedding and suppressing serum level of TNF-α induced by infection in swine. Bioactivities of SR and GF were enhanced by combining with LAB strains, which alone could speed up the bacteria elimination time in feces and boost immunity of infected pigs. Baicalein and genipin exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than baicalin and geniposide did, as well as prevent Salmonella from invading macrophages. Our study suggests LAB strains as exhibiting multiple functions: preventing infection, enhancing immunity to prepare host defenses against further infection, and adjusting intestinal microbes' enzymatic activity in order to convert herbal compounds to active compounds. The SR/GF-LAB strain mixture holds potential infection-prevention agents supplied as feed additives.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity of Gumiganghwal-tang, a traditional herbal prescription

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gumiganghwal-tang (GGT, known as Kumi-Kyokatsu-to in Japanese) is a traditional herbal prescription made from nine different herbs that is used for the treatment of the common cold, pain, and inflammatory diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of an aqueous GGT extract using three standard battery of tests as part of a safety evaluation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We prepared GGT using a water extraction method and subsequently extracted six compounds from GGT by high performance liquid chromatography. GGT extract genotoxicity was assayed using three standard tests including the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test, the in vitro chromosomal aberration test with Chinese hamster lung cells, and the in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mouse bone marrow recommended by the Korean Food and Drug Administration.

RESULTS

The bacterial reverse mutation assay showed that GGT extract doses ranging from 333.3 up to 5000mg/plate induced a greater than 2-fold increase in the number of revertant TA1537 strain colonies exhibiting metabolic activation (with S-9 mix), when compared with the vehicle control. The chromosomal aberration test showed that GGT extract induced an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations after treatment for 6h with the S-9 mix and 22h without the S-9 mix, when compared with vehicle control. In contrast, the micronucleus test showed that GGT extract did not significantly increase the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in ICR mouse bone marrow.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these results, it was concluded that GGT extract acted as a genotoxic material in our experimental conditions. We did not identify the compounds responsible for the induction of genotoxic effects, but it was significant that we provided a basic genotoxicity profile for GGT.

Augmented humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Aloe vera in rats

OBJECTIVE

The present study was performed to explore the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on parameters of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Delayed-type hypersensitivity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness following sensitisation by keyhole limpet haemocyanin injection and subsequently challenged by the same. Humoral immunity was assessed by measurement of haemagglutination titre to sheep red blood cells.

RESULTS

Aloe vera (400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant decrease in foot pad thickness compared with the control group, and also significantly enhanced the secondary humoral immune response.

CONCLUSION

Thus, these findings suggest that A. vera can modulate immune response by augmenting secondary humoral immunity and decreasing cell-mediated immunity.

Topical Application of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Attenuates the Development of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions by Suppressing Serum IgE Levels, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in Nc/Nga Mice

Chrysanthemum indicum L. (CIL) is widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent in Asia and our preliminary study revealed that CIL reduced interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-treated HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line. We investigated the atopic dermatitis (AD) effect of topically applied CIL in mice with AD-like symptoms. After topical application of 1,3-butylen glycol (control), CIL-Low (5%), CIL-High (30%), or 0.1% hydrocortisone (HC) on the AD-like skin lesions in DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice for 5 weeks, the ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured. The gene expressions of IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ in the dorsal skin were assayed. CIL treatment dosedependently reduced severity of clinical symptoms of dorsal skin, ear thickness, and the number of mast cells and eosinophils. CIL-High significantly decreased serum IgE, IgG1, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels and reduced mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13 in dorsal skin lesion. The improvement by CIL-High was similar to HC, but without its adverse effects such as skin atrophy maceration, and secondary infection. In conclusion, CIL may be an effective alternative substance for the management of AD.

A Herbal Composition of Scutellaria baicalensis and Eleutherococcus senticosus Shows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an Ex Vivo Human Mucosal Tissue Model

Background. Patients seek an effective alternative to pharmacotherapy including herbal treatment options for allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Material and Methods. Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 12 patients, fragmented, preincubated with tissue culture medium, S. baicalensis and/or E. senticosus and/or vitamin C (each compound 0.2 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL) for 1 hour at 37°C/5% CO2, and stimulated with anti-IgE for 30 minutes and 6 hours to imitate the allergic early and late phases. Furthermore, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen B (SEB) stimulation for 6 hours was used to imitate T-cell activation. Results. The combination of S. baicalensis and E. senticosus had a more potent suppressive effect on the release of PGD2, histamine, and IL-5 than S. baicalensis alone. The combination also resulted in a significant inhibition of SEB-induced cytokines comparable or superior to an established topical corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate. Vitamin C increased ciliary beat frequency, but had no anti-inflammatory effects. Discussion. The combination of S. baicalensis and E. senticosus may be able to significantly block allergic early-and late-phase mediators and substantially suppress the release of proinflammatory, and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-derived cytokines.