1
|
Shen R, Cheng K, Li G, Pan Z, Qiaolongbatu X, Wang Y, Ma C, Huang X, Wang L, Li W, Wang Y, Jing L, Fan G, Wu Z. Alisol A, the Eye-Entering Ingredient of Alisma orientale, Relieves Macular Edema Through TNF-α as Revealed by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS, Network Pharmacology, and Zebrafish Verification. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3361-3382. [PMID: 39100223 PMCID: PMC11297588 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s468119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alisma orientale (AO, Alisma orientale (Sam). Juzep) has been widely employed for the treatment of macular edema (ME) in traditional Chinese medicine due to its renowned water-relief properties. Nonetheless, the comprehensive investigation of AO in alleviating ME remained unexplored. This study aims to identify the active components of AO that target the eye and investigate its pharmacological effects and mechanisms on ME. Methods The study commenced with UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis to identify the primary constituents of AO. Zebrafish eye tissues were then analyzed after a five-day administration of AO to detect absorbed components and metabolites. Subsequently, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to predict the mechanisms of ME treatment via biological target pathways. In vivo experiments were conducted to corroborate the pharmacological actions and mechanisms. Results A total of 7 compounds, consisting of 2 prototype ingredients and 5 metabolites (including isomers), were found to traverse the blood-eye barrier and localized within eye tissues. Network pharmacology results showed that AO played a role in the treatment of ME mainly by regulating the pathway network of PI3K-AKT and MAPK with TNF-α centered. Computational analyses suggested that 11-dehydro-16-oxo-24-deoxy-alisol A, a metabolite of alisol A, mitigates edema through TNF-α inhibition. Furthermore, zebrafish fundus confocal experiments and HE staining of eyes confirmed the attenuating effects of alisol A on fundus angiogenesis and ocular edema, representing the first report of AO's ME-inhibitory effects. Conclusion In this study, computational analyses with experimental validation were used to understand the biological activity and mechanism of alisol A in the treatment of ME. The findings shed light on the bioactive constituents and pharmacological actions of AO, offering valuable insights and a theoretical foundation for its clinical application in managing ME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kebin Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanyi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xijier Qiaolongbatu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xucong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng W, Liu J, Zhao W, Zhao Z, Lan Z, Wen J. The complete chloroplast genomes of three Alismataceae species, including the medicinally important Alisma orientale. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2024; 9:385-389. [PMID: 38562439 PMCID: PMC10984228 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2024.2320419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alismataceae is one of the early diverged families of monocotyledonous plants. We report the complete chloroplast genomes of three Alisma species, including Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep. 1934, A. subcordatum Raf. 1908, and A. triviale Pursh 1813, of which A. orientale is a traditional Chinese medical plant used widely to treat diuretics, diabetes, hepatitis, and inflammation. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes with the Illumina Nova-Seq 6000 platform using herbarium collections. The chloroplast genomes of A. orientale, A. subcordatum and A. triviale are 159,861 bp, 160,180 bp, and 159,727 bp in length, respectively. The three chloroplast genomes each contain 113 genes, including four rRNAs, 30 tRNAs genes, and 79 protein-coding genes, and the average GC content is 36.0%. Based on the whole chloroplast genomes of 19 species of Alismataceae and the close allies, the medicinally important A. orientale was found to be closely related to another medicinal plant Alisma plantago-aquatica L. 1753 in the phylogenetic analysis. The genus Alisma was supported to be monophyletic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy/College of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Wenqi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy/College of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy/College of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiong Lan
- School of Pharmacy/College of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Radi MH, El-Shiekh RA, Hegab AM, Henry SR, Avula B, Katragunta K, Khan IA, El-Halawany AM, Abdel-Sattar E. LC-QToF chemical profiling of Euphorbia grantii Oliv. and its potential to inhibit LPS-induced lung inflammation in rats via the NF-κB, CY450P2E1, and P38 MAPK14 pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:461-494. [PMID: 37572137 PMCID: PMC10907465 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome that causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aerial parts of Euphorbia grantii Oliv. were extracted with methanol to give a total methanolic extract (TME), which was further fractionated into dichloromethane (DCMF) and the remaining mother liquor (MLF) fractions. Biological guided anti-inflammatory assays in vitro revealed that the DCMF showed the highest activity (IC50 6.9 ± 0.2 μg/mL and 0.29 ± 0.01 μg/mL) compared to. celecoxib (IC50 of 88.0 ± 1 μg/mL and 0.30 ± 0.01 μg/mL) on COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Additionally, anti-LOX activity was IC50 = 24.0 ± 2.5 μg/mL vs. zileuton with IC50 of 40.0 ± 0.5 μg/mL. LC-DAD-QToF analysis of TME and the active DCMF resulted in the tentative identification and characterization of 56 phytochemical compounds, where the diterpenes were the dominated metabolites. An LPS-induced inflammatory model of ALI (10 mg/kg i.p) was used to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of DCMF in vivo at dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg compared to dexamethasone (5 mg/kg i.p). Our treatments significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and MPO), increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH), decreased the activity of oxidative stress enzyme (MDA), and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes (p38.MAPK14 and CY450P2E1). The western blotting of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues was inhibited after orally administration of the DCMF. Histopathological study of the lung tissues, scoring, and immunohistochemistry of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were also assessed. In both dose regimens, DCMF of E. grantii prevented further lung damage and reduced the side effects of LPS on acute lung tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hussin Radi
- Herbal Department, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Amany Mohammed Hegab
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Bharathi Avula
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ali M El-Halawany
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv P, Han P, Cui Y, Chen Q, Cao W. Quercetin attenuates inflammation in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1185. [PMID: 38353312 PMCID: PMC10865417 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five, and kill almost two million children each year. Quercetin, a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, exerts many beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory functions. Our study aimed to investigate the possibility of quercetin as a therapeutic agent for pneumonia and its role in the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS LPS induced human alveolar epithelial cell A549 as a lung inflammation model in vitro. The effects of quercetin on the production of cytokines and the expression of related-proteins were detected by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and Western Blot, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect cell viability. flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. NO levels were also analyzed through NO kit. RESULTS Our results found that quercetin attenuated the release of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, and nitrite in LPS-induced A549 cells. In addition, quercetin inhibits cell apoptosis and relieves ROS generation in LPS-induced A549 cells. Quercetin also inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation. They have upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results suggested that quercetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in A549 by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Lv
- Translational Medical CenterZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Pengli Han
- Translational Medical CenterZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuanbo Cui
- Translational Medical CenterZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Wei Cao
- Translational Medical CenterZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim KH, Kim S, Kwun MJ, Lee JY, Oh SR, Choi JY, Joo M. Alismol Purified from the Tuber of Alisma orientale Relieves Acute Lung Injury in Mice via Nrf2 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15573. [PMID: 37958556 PMCID: PMC10647250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the ethanol extract of Alisma orientale Juzepzuk (EEAO) suppresses lung inflammation by suppressing Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf2), we set out to identify chemicals constituting EEAO that suppress lung inflammation. Here, we provide evidence that among the five most abundant chemical constituents identified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), alismol is one of the candidate constituents that suppresses lung inflammation in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model and protects mice from ALI-like symptoms. Alismol did not induce cytotoxicity or reactive oxygen species (ROS). When administered to the lung of LPS-induced ALI mice (n = 5/group), alismol decreased the level of neutrophils and of the pro-inflammatory molecules, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), suggesting an anti-inflammatory activity of alismol. Consistent with these findings, alismol ameliorated the key features of the inflamed lung of ALI, such as high cellularity due to infiltrated inflammatory cells, the development of hyaline membrane structure, and capillary destruction. Unlike EEAO, alismol did not suppress NF-κB activity but rather activated Nrf2. Consequently, alismol induced the expression of prototypic genes regulated by Nrf2, including Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic units (GCLC). Alismol activating Nrf2 appears to be associated with a decrease in the ubiquitination of Nrf2, a key suppressive mechanism for Nrf2 activity. Together, our results suggest that alismol is a chemical constituent of EEAO that contributes at least in part to suppressing some of the key features of ALI by activating Nrf2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ha Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (K.H.K.); (M.J.K.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korean Medicine Hospital, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min Jung Kwun
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (K.H.K.); (M.J.K.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (K.H.K.); (M.J.K.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun-Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korean Medicine Hospital, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (K.H.K.); (M.J.K.); (J.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei W, Li H, Deng Y, Zheng X, Zhou Y, Xue X. The combination of Alisma and Atractylodes ameliorates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury by negatively regulating astrocyte-derived exosomal miR-200a-3p/141-3p by targeting SIRT1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116597. [PMID: 37146842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The combination of Alisma and Atractylodes (AA), a classical traditional Chinese herbal decoction, may protect against cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, the underlying mechanism has not been characterized. Intriguingly, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as vital factors in the pharmacology of Chinese herbal decoctions. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to assess whether the neuroprotective effect of AA was dependent on the efficient transfer of miRNAs via exosomes in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCAL) was used to induce transient global cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (GCI/R) in C57BL/6 mice treated with/without AA. Neurological deficits were assessed with the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and Morris water maze (MWM) test. Western blot (WB) analysis was used to detect the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the cerebral cortex. The inflammatory state was quantitatively evaluated by measuring the expression of phospho-Nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) using WB analysis and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical staining. The protein expression of zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), occludin, caudin-5 and CD31 was examined by immunohistochemical staining to determine blood‒brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Exosomes were extracted from the brain interstitial space by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), WB analysis and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The origin of exosomes was clarified by measuring the specific mRNAs within exosomes via Real Time Quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR). Differential miRNAs in exosomes were identified using microarray screening and were validated by RT‒qPCR. Exosomes were labelled with fluorescent dye (PKH26) and incubated with bEnd.3 cells, the supernatant was collected, IL-1β/TNF-α expression was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), total RNA was extracted, and miR-200a-3p/141-3p expression was examined by RT‒qPCR. In addition, the levels of miR-200a-3p/141-3p in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced bEnd.3 cells were quantified. The direct interaction between miR-200a-3p/141-3p and the SIRT1 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) was measured by determining SIRT1 expression in bEnd.3 cells transfected with the miR-200a-3p/141-3p mimic/inhibitor. RESULTS Severe neurological deficits and memory loss caused by GCI/R in mice was markedly ameliorated by AA treatment, particularly in the AA medium-dose group. Moreover, AA-treated GCI/R-induced mice showed significant increases in SIRT1, ZO-1, occludin, caudin-5, and CD31 expression levels and decreases in p-NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and GFAP expression levels compared with those in untreated GCI/R-induced mice. Furthermore, we found that miR-200a-3p/141-3p was enriched in astrocyte-derived exosomes from GCI/R-induced mice and could be inhibited by treatment with a medium dose of AA. The exosomes mediated the transfer of miR-200a-3p/141-3p into bEnd.3 cells, promoted IL-1β and TNF-α release and downregulated the expression of SIRT1. No significant changes in the levels of miR-200a-3p/141-3p were observed in OGD/R-induced bEnd.3 cells. The miR-200a-3p/141-3p mimic/inhibitor decreased/increased SIRT1 expression in bEnd.3 cells, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that AA attenuated inflammation-mediated CIRI by inhibiting astrocyte-derived exosomal miR-200a-3p/141-3p by targeting the SIRT1 gene, which provided further evidence and identified a novel regulatory mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huihong Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - YunFei Deng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - XiaoQing Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangjie Zhou
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xiehua Xue
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsai JJ, Yen CY, Hsu CH, Yu SJ, Chen CH, Liao EC. Immunomodulatory effects of modified Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan Traditional Chinese medicine on allergic asthmatic mice. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 19:35. [PMID: 37101296 PMCID: PMC10134635 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma occurs worldwide and is particularly prevalent in westernized countries characterized by chronic airway inflammation resulting in airway hyperresponsiveness. The house dust mites (HDM) including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are major sources of sensitization and triggering allergic symptoms in asthmatic patients. The Der p 2 is a major allergen and the predominant source of causative respiratory disorders which induce airway inflammation and bronchial constriction in mite-allergic patients. Few studies evaluate the ameliorating effects of modified Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan (modified LWDHW) on allergic asthma. METHODS This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms of modified LWDHW on the reductions of airway inflammation, signal transduction, inflammatory cytokine production, Th2 cell proliferation, and bronchial obstruction in Der p 2-induced asthmatic mice. RESULTS At least ten active ingredients were contained in the formula of modified LWDHW- 1217A and 1217B. Results showed that the immunoglobulin generations (Der p 2 specific- IgE and IgG1), inflammatory cytokine productions (IL-5 and IL-13) in the Sera and BALF could be down-regulated, and the Th1-cytokine productions (IL-12 and IFN-γ) be increased after immunotherapy with modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B. The inflammatory cell infiltrations (macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils) in the airway and the expressions of TH2-related genes (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), TH2-related transcription factor (GATA-3), and neutrophil chemotactic chemokine (IL-8) in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice were significantly decreased after the immunotherapy. The Th1/Th2 polarization had been identified that the IL-4+/CD4+ T cells were downregulated and IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cells were increased. The airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine inhalation of Penh values was significantly decreased in the treated groups. There were significant improvements in the bronchus histopathology after immunotherapy with 1217A or 1217B which were evaluated by tracheal thickness, inflammatory cell count, and tracheal rupture of mouse lung. CONCLUSION It revealed that 1217A or 1217B could regulate the immune responses and improve pulmonary function. Data suggests that modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B have the potential for use as a therapeutic intervention for the treatment of mite allergen Der p 2-induced allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yang Yen
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hsu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No.46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - En-Chih Liao
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No.46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ren Q, Bakker W, de Haan L, Rietjens IMCM, Bouwmeester H. Induction of Nrf2-EpRE-mediated gene expression by hydroxyanthraquinones present in extracts from traditional Chinese medicine and herbs. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113802. [PMID: 37116774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyanthraquinones that can be present in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and herbal extracts have claimed beneficial intestinal effects. We examined the ability of a panel hydroxyanthraquinones, and methanolic extracts from selected TCM and herbal granules to activate Nrf2-EpRE mediated gene expression using a reporter-gene assay. The results indicate that purpurin, aloe-emodin, 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone and rhein induced Nrf2 mediated gene expressions with a high induction factor (IFs>10), with BMCL10 values (the lower confidence limit of the concentration giving 10% added response above background) of 16 μM, 1.1 μM, 23 μM and 2.3 μM, respectively, while aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, rubiadin 1-methyl ether and emodin were less potent (IFs<5), with BMCL10 values for added response above background level of 4.6 μM, 15 μM, 9.8 μM and 3.8 μM, respectively. All TCM extracts and the herbal extracts of Aloe Vera, Polygonum multiflorum, Rubia (cordifolia) and Rheum officinale activated the Nrf2-EpRE pathway. Of the TCM extracts, Chuan-Xin-Lian-Kang-Yan-Pian was the most potent Nrf2-inducer. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of selected hydroxyanthraquinones in the extracts and herbs, in part explaining their Nrf2-EpRE mediated activity. In conclusion, different hydroxyanthraquinones have different potencies of Nrf2 activation. The Nrf2 activation by extracts from TCM and herbs can be partially explained by the presence of selected hydroxyanthraquinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Ren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park HR, Lee SK, Yoon SH, Jo HG, Kim JY, Kim H, Sul JU, Leem J. Positive short term effects of an integrative korean medicine treatment package for low back pain caused by motor vehicle accidents: A retrospective chart review of real – world practice data. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1003849. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1003849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds No standard treatment exist for reducing symptoms related to sequelae of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). In Korea, comprehensive Korean Medicine (KM) treatment that includes botanical drugs (herbal medicine), acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, tuina, moxibustion, and cupping is covered by automobile insurance and increasingly used to help alleviate such pain. This study aimed to analyze real-world data and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of comprehensive KM treatment for low back pain caused by MVAs.Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who received KM treatment during hospitalization. Records that lacked follow-up outcome assessments were excluded. The Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS), the Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) and the Korean version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (K-RMDQ) were evaluated at admission and discharge. Adverse events were also analyzed. A paired t-test was used to identify the effectiveness of KM treatment.Results A total of 50 patients, 30 males and 20 females, were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was 40.72 ± 13.31 years and the average treatment period was 7.22 ± 3.84 days. After treatment, VNRS, K-ODI and K-RMDQ were significantly improved (p < 0.001). There was a decrease from 5.06 ± 1.60 to 3.40 ± 1.81 in VNRS, 33.38 ± 16.88 to 24.54 ± 13.63 in K-ODI, and 6.84 ± 6.27 to 4.14 ± 4.38 in K-RMDQ. During this period, a total of two adverse events were reported.Discussion Although this retrospective chart review looked into the short term effects only, comprehensive KM treatment might be an effective and safe therapeutic option to reduce acute low back pain especially after MVA. Prospective research data is needed to support this hypothesis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei W, Zhou YJ, Shen JL, Lu L, Lv XR, Lu TT, Xu PT, Xue XH. The Compatibility of Alisma and Atractylodes Affects the Biological Behaviours of VSMCs by Inhibiting the miR-128-5p/p21 Gene. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7617258. [PMID: 35845581 PMCID: PMC9283034 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7617258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The compatibility of Alisma and Atractylodes (AA) has been estimated to exhibit antiatherosclerotic effects, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the role of AA in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behaviours and to explore the effects of microRNAs (miRNAs). Methods A scratch wound-healing assay was used to detect the migration of VSMCs, and immunocytochemistry and western blotting for SM22ɑ were used to evaluate phenotypic transformation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were applied to detect the proliferation of VSMCs. miRNA microarray profiling was performed using Lianchuan biological small RNA sequencing analysis. VSMCs were transfected with the miR-128-5p mimic and inhibitor, and the migration, phenotypic modulation, and proliferation of VSMCs were investigated. The 3'UTR-binding sequence site of miR-128-5p on the p21 gene was predicted and assessed by luciferase assays. Result AA and the extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) blocker U0126 markedly inhibited migration, elevated smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) expression, repressed VSMC proliferation, elevated miR-466f-3p and miR-425-3p expression, and suppressed miR-27a-5p and miR-128-5p expression in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs. miR-128-5p targets the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), and p21 genes, which are linked to the behaviours of VSMCs. The miR-128-5p mimic promoted the migration and proliferation of VSMCs and suppressed p21, p27, and SM22ɑ expression. The inhibitor increased p21, p27, and SM22ɑ expression and repressed the migration, phenotypic transformation, and proliferation of VSMCs. miR-128-5p directly targeted the 3'UTR-binding sequences of the p21 gene, negatively regulated p21 expression, and supported the proliferation of VSMCs. Conclusion Our research showed that the migration, phenotypic transformation, and proliferation of ox-LDL-induced VSMCs were repressed by AA through inhibiting miR-128-5p by targeting the p21 gene, which may provide an effective option for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Jie Zhou
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ju Lian Shen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Lu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ru Lv
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Tao Lu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei Tao Xu
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xie Hua Xue
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Rehabilitation Industrial Institution, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie Z, Li EW, Gao G, Du Y, Wang M, Wang H, Wang P, Qiao Y, Su Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Zexie Tang targeting FKBP38/mTOR/SREBPs pathway improves hyperlipidemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 290:115101. [PMID: 35151834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zexie Tang (ZXT), only two consists with Alismatis Rhizoma (AR) and Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma (AM), a classical Chinese medicine formula from Synopsis of the Golden Chamber with a history of 2000 years. Clinical observation in recent years has found that ZXT has excellent lipid-lowering effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the potential mechanism of ZXT ameliorates hyperlipidemia based on FKBP38/mTOR/SREBPs pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS WD-induced hyperlipidemia mice and oleic acid induced cell lipid accumulation model were used to investigate pharmacodynamic. The effect of ZXT on the transcriptional activity of SREBPs was detected by reporter gene assay. Proteins and downstream genes of mTOR/SREBPs pathway were detected in vivo and in vitro. Combined with network pharmacology and HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, the active ingredients were screened and identified. The interaction between active compounds of ZXT and FKBP38 protein were analyzed by docking analysis. RESULTS ZXT decreased TC, TG and LDL-c levels in blood of WD-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model, and improved insulin resistance in vivo. ZXT also reduced TC, TG and lipid accumulation in cells line, and inhibited SREBPs luciferase activity, protein and its target genes expression such as FASN, HMGCR, etc. Meanwhile, ZXT inhibited protein expression levels of p-mTOR, p-S6K, etc in vitro and in vivo. Combined with network pharmacology and HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, 16 active ingredients were screened and identified. Docking results showed that active compounds of ZXT binding to FKBP38 and formed hydrogen bond. CONCLUSION Our findings highlighted that ZXT ameliorates hyperlipidemia, in which FKBP/mTOR/SREBPs pathway might be the potential regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishen Xie
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Er-Wen Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Gai Gao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yueyue Du
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Pan Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yonghui Qiao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yunfang Su
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Jiangyan Xu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mitra S, Anand U, Ghorai M, Vellingiri B, Jha NK, Behl T, Kumar M, Radha, Shekhawat MS, Proćków J, Dey A. Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Botanicals Against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Molecular Insights and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:824132. [PMID: 35645819 PMCID: PMC9130824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.824132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a serious health problem worldwide. Present treatments are insufficient and have severe side effects. There is a critical shortage of possible alternative treatments. Medicinal herbs are the most traditional and widely used therapy for treating a wide range of human illnesses around the world. In several countries, different plants are used to treat COPD. Purpose: In this review, we have discussed several known cellular and molecular components implicated in COPD and how plant-derived chemicals might modulate them. Methods: We have discussed how COVID-19 is associated with COPD mortality and severity along with the phytochemical roles of a few plants in the treatment of COPD. In addition, two tables have been included; the first summarizes different plants used for the treatment of COPD, and the second table consists of different kinds of phytochemicals extracted from plants, which are used to inhibit inflammation in the lungs. Conclusion: Various plants have been found to have medicinal properties against COPD. Many plant extracts and components may be used as novel disease-modifying drugs for lung inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- CytoGene Research & Development LLP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Mahipal S. Shekhawat
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang F, Kim M, Gu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Stimulation quantification of four natural lipase inhibitors from Alismatis Rhizoma by high-performance thin-layer chromatography method. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-022-00152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Sunagawa M, Takayama Y, Kato M, Tanaka M, Fukuoka S, Okumo T, Tsukada M, Yamaguchi K. Kampo Formulae for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain ∼ Especially the Mechanism of Action of Yokukansan ∼. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:705023. [PMID: 34970116 PMCID: PMC8712661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.705023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kampo medicine has been practiced as traditional medicine (TM) in Japan. Kampo medicine uses Kampo formulae that are composed of multiple crude drugs to make Kampo formulae. In Japan, Kampo formulae are commonly used instead of or combined with Western medicines. If drug therapy that follows the guidelines for neuropathic pain does not work or cannot be taken due to side effects, various Kampo formulae are considered as the next line of treatment. Since Kampo formulae are composed of two or more kinds of natural crude drugs, and their extracts contain many ingredients with pharmacological effects, one Kampo formula usually has multiple effects. Therefore, when selecting a formula, we consider symptoms other than pain. This review outlines the Kampo formulae that are frequently used for pain treatment and their crude drugs and the basic usage of each component. In recent years, Yokukansan (YKS) has become one of the most used Kampo formulae for pain treatment with an increasing body of baseline research available. We outline the known and possible mechanisms by which YKS exerts its pharmacologic benefits as an example of Kampo formulae's potency and holistic healing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Kato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Fukuoka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okumo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Tsukada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng JN, Zhuo JY, Nie J, Liu YL, Chen BY, Wu AZ, Li YC. Phenylethanoid Glycosides From Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun Attenuate TNF-α-Induced Cell Damage by Inhibiting NF-κB Pathway and Enhancing Nrf2 Pathway in A549 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:693983. [PMID: 34305604 PMCID: PMC8293607 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.693983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complicated and severe lung disease, which is often characterized by acute inflammation. Poliumoside (POL), acteoside (ACT) and forsythiaside B (FTB) are phenylethanoid glycosides (PGs) with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which are extracted from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun (CK). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of POL, ACT, and FTB against TNF-α-induced damage using an ALI cell model and explore their potential mechanisms. Methods and Results: MTT method was used to measure cell viability. Flow cytometry was used for detecting the apoptosis rate. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity was determined using fluorescence microscope. The expression of mRNA in apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Caspase 9) were tested by qPCR. The effects of POL, ACT, FTB on the activities of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the expression of their downstream genes were assessed by western blotting and RT-PCR in A549 cells. In the current study, POL, ACT, and FTB dose-dependently attenuated TNF-α-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 production, cell apoptosis, the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Caspase 9) and ROS activity. POL, ACT, and FTB not only increased in the mRNA levels of antioxidative enzymes NADPH quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), heme oxygenase (HO-1), but also decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, they upregulated the expression of Keap1 and enhanced the activation of Nrf2, while decreased the expression of phosphor-IκBα (p-IκBα) and nuclear p65. In addition, no significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of POL, ACT, FTB following Nrf2 and NF-κB p65 knockdown. Conclusion: Our study revealed that POL, ACT, and FTB alleviated oxidative damage and lung inflammation of TNF-α-induced ALI cell model through regulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Na Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yi Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Zhi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang F, Gu L, Han Z, Wang Z. Rapid screening for natural lipase inhibitors from Alisma orientale combining high-performance thin-layer chromatography-bioautography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1170:122599. [PMID: 33713950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipase inhibitors are an attractive class of hypolipidemic compounds, which inhibit the activity of human pancreatic lipase, thereby preventing the absorption of triglycerides in vivo. As a library of promising lead compounds for drug development, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained growing attention in quick discovery and identification of enzyme inhibitors of natural-origin. The purpose of this work was to discover unknown lipase inhibitors from Alisma orientale by the activity oriented analysis method thin-layer chromatography-bioautography, then use electrospray ionization mass spectrometry technology via the elution based TLC-MS interface to identify their structures. As a result, eleven natural lipase inhibitors from Alisma orientale extracts were identified based on molecular mass and fragment ions obtained by HPTLC-MS, and further confirmed by a series of complementary means including UV spectra, 1H NMR characteristic proton signals and polarity of compounds, eleven lipase inhibitors were tentatively assigned as triterpenoids: alisol B (m/z 495.50 [M + Na]+), alisol B 23-acetate (m/z 537.58 [M + Na]+), 11-deoxy-alisol B (m/z 479.50 [M + Na]+), 11-deoxy-alisol B 23-acetate (m/z 521.50 [M + Na]+), alisol A/epialisol A (m/z 513.50 [M + Na]+), 16-oxo-11-deoxy-alisol A (m/z 511.50 [M + Na]+), 16-oxo-alisol A (527.50 [M + Na] +), alisol C (m/z 509.58 [M + Na]+), alisol C 23-acetate (m/z 551.50 [M + Na]+), alisol M 23-acetate (m/z 567.50 [M + Na]+), and alismanol Q/neoalisol (m/z 493.42 [M + Na]+). The integrated approach is an efficient method for rapid screening lipase inhibitors from complex plant extracts and provides a reasonable and favorable basis for the identification and separation of other enzymatic system and other important compounds with therapeutic values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuzhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dashdondov O, Wazir J, Sukhbaatar G, Mikrani R, Dorjsuren B, Aktar N, Zhou X. Herbal nutraceutical treatment of chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a literature review. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:1515-1528. [PMID: 33907984 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is the most frequent form of prostatitis, and has a serious impact on patients' quality of life, and causes severe symptoms. The pain in the pelvic, perineal and penile areas, lower abdominal pain, and pain during urination or ejaculation are the main complaints of CP/CPPS. The underlying complex and unknown pathophysiology of this syndrome have made the management of CP/CPPS and the availability of monotherapy challenging. To identify an effective monotherapy, a plethora of clinical trials failed due to its puzzling etiology. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and a-blockers have been commonly used for the treatment of CP/CPPS, but the desired and complete effects have not been gotten yet. The patients and clinicians are attracted to alternative therapies because of their multi-targeted effects. Attention toward natural compounds effectiveness and safety, supporting the development of a new nutraceutical science. In the alternative remedies for the treatment of prostatic diseases, medicinal herbs, in the form of herb parts or extracts, are getting attention due to their positive effects on prostatic diseases. At present, there is no available detailed literature review about the efficacy of medicinal herbs in the treatment of CP/CPPS. This review aimed to explore the useful medicinal herbs in the treatment of CP/CPPS from different perspectives and their possible mechanism of action in managing CP/CPPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayasakh Dashdondov
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junaid Wazir
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganbolor Sukhbaatar
- Center for Cancer Genomics, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Buyankhishig Dorjsuren
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nasrin Aktar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China. .,Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated with Southeast University, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee W, Lee CH, Lee J, Jeong Y, Park JH, Nam IJ, Lee DS, Lee HM, Lee J, Yun N, Song J, Choi S, Kim S. Botanical formulation, TADIOS, alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced acute lung injury in mice via modulation of the Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113795. [PMID: 33421604 PMCID: PMC7832766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE TADIOS is an herbal formulation prepared from a mixture of Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg, Dioscorea batatas Decaisne and Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briquet. These plants have traditionally been used in Asia to treat a variety of respiratory diseases. A bulk of literature on traditional Korean medicine describe their activities and functions for respiratory problems. Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination of these plants might be effective in alleviating respiratory symptoms. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated whether TADIOS ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects of TADIOS. The amount of marker compounds contained in TADIOS was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The protein level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. Changes in the RNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice lungs and RAW264.7 cells were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The relative amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCF-DA assay. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate expression of cellular proteins. Effects of TADIOS on antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) were determined by luciferase assay. The severity of acute lung injury was evaluated by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining. To test the effects of TADIOS on LPS-induced oxidative stress, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the total antioxidant capacity were measured. RESULTS TADIOS was prepared by extraction of a blend of these three plants by ethanol, and quality control was performed through quantification of marker compounds by HPLC and measurement of bioactivities using cell-based bioassays. In the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, TADIOS effectively suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β, and also ROS induced by LPS. When RAW264.7 cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid containing nucleotide sequences for AREs, TADIOS treatment increased the level of relative luciferase units in a dose-dependent manner. In the LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model, orally administered TADIOS alleviated lung damage and neutrophil infiltration induced by LPS. Consistent with the in vitro data, treatment with TADIOS inhibited the LPS-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, and activated the Nrf2-HO-1 axis. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the potential for TADIOS to be developed as a safe and effective therapeutics for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoo Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Chang Hyung Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Jungkyu Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Yoonseon Jeong
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Hyung Park
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - In-Jeong Nam
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Doo Suk Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Myung Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Nayoung Yun
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Jisun Song
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Choi
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07794, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alismatis Rhizoma Triterpenes Alleviate High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8857687. [PMID: 33623531 PMCID: PMC7875633 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8857687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alismatis rhizoma (AR), which is the dried rhizome of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. (Alismataceae), is an important component of many famous Chinese formulas for hypoglycemic. This study aimed to evaluate the insulin resistance (IR) alleviating effects of AR triterpenes (ART) and ART component compatibility (ARTC, the mixture of 16-oxo-alisol A, 16-oxo-alisol A 23-acetate, 16-oxo-alisol A 24-acetate, alisol C, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol L, alisol A, alisol A 23-acetate, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol L 23-acetate, alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate, 11-deoxy-alisol B and 11-deoxy-alisol B 23-acetate) in high-fat diet-induced IR mice and plamitate-treated IR C2C12 cells, respectively. A dose of 200 mg/kg of ART was orally administered to IR mice, and different doses (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) of ARTC groups were treated to IR C2C12 cells. IPGTT, IPITT, body weight, Hb1AC, FFA, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IR-associated gene expression (p-AMPK, p-IRS-1, PI3K, p-AKT, p-JNK, and GLUT4) were measured in IR mice. Glucose uptake, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IR-associated gene expression were also measured in IR C2C12 cells. Results showed that ART alleviated high-fat diet-induced IR in the skeletal muscle of mice, and this finding was further validated by ARTC. This study demonstrated that ART presented a notable IR alleviating effect by regulating IR-associated gene expression, and triterpenes were the material basis for the IR alleviating activity of AR.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang K, Zhang B, Song D, Xi J, Hao W, Yuan J, Gao C, Cui Z, Cheng Z. Alisol A Alleviates Arterial Plaque by Activating AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway in apoE-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580073. [PMID: 33224034 PMCID: PMC7667245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alismatis Rhizoma (zexie), an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits hypolipemic, anti-inflammation and anti-atherosclerotic activities. Alisol A is one of the main active ingredients in Alismatis Rhizoma extract. In this study, we investigate the role of alisol A in anti-atherosclerosis (AS). Our study demonstrated that alisol A can effectively inhibit the formation of arterial plaques and blocked the progression of AS in ApoE−/− mice fed with high-fat diet and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokins in aorta, including ICAM-1, IL-6, and MMP-9. In addition, we found that alisol A increased the expression of PPARα and PPARδ proteins in HepG2 cells and in liver tissue from ApoE−/− mice. Alisol A activated the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway and NF-κB inhibitor IκBα in HepG2 cells. Our results suggested that alisol A is a multi-targeted agent that exerts anti-atherosclerotic action by regulating lipid metabolism and inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, alisol could be a promising lead compound to develop drugs for the treatment of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingzhong Song
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Xi
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wusi Hao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Gao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongbao Cui
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feng L, Liu TT, Huo XK, Tian XG, Wang C, Lv X, Ning J, Zhao WY, Zhang BJ, Sun CP, Ma XC. Alisma genus: Phytochemical constituents, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1872-1886. [PMID: 33184919 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Alisma contains 11 species distributed worldwide, of which at least two species (A. orientale [Sam.] Juzep. and A. plantago-aquatica Linn.) have been used as common herbal medicines. Secondary metabolites obtained from the genus Alisma are considered to be the material basis for the various biological functions and medicinal applications. In this review, we mainly focused on the recent investigations of secondary metabolites from plants of the genus Alisma and their biological activities, with the highlighting on the diversity of the chemical structures, the biosynthesis of interesting secondary metabolites, the biological activities, and the relationships between structures and bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells under ox-LDL Is Regulated by Alismatis rhizoma Decoction via InhibitingERK1/2 and miR-17∼92a Cluster Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7275246. [PMID: 32908568 PMCID: PMC7463403 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7275246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Context: Alismatis rhizome decoction (AD) exhibits antiatherosclerotic activities. The activity of AD against vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation remains unclear. Objective. The mechanisms and effects of AD on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced VSMC proliferation were explored. Materials and methods. The male SD rats were fed with AD (2.56 g/mL) or 0.9% NaCl by oral gavage 4 mL twice daily for 7 d. Then, AD-containing serum (ADcs) was collected. MTS assay was applied to measure the VSMC viability. The proliferation of VSMCs was detected by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry. The microRNA (miRNA) profiling was performed, and the target genes of miRNAs were searched from the TargetScan 7.2 database. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 (MMP-2/9), cyclin D1/E, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were examined by western blotting or quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results. The ox-LDL-induced miR-17-92a expression promoted VSMC proliferation. AD and the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/L) inhibited VSMC proliferation and reduced the overexpression of miR-17∼92a. AD was found to inhibit phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and reduced the expression of MMP-2/9 in VSMCs. The expression of cyclin D1/E was suppressed, and p27 was elevated following treatment with AD as well as ERK1/2 inhibitor. According to the TargetScan 7.2 database, the target genes of miR-17∼92a act on tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-MMPs, p27/21 cyclins, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1/G1, which are involved in the process of atherosclerosis. Conclusions. AD inhibits ox-LDL-induced VSMC proliferation via inhibiting ERK1/2 and miR-17∼92a activation. The results provide the multitarget mechanisms for application of AD in the treatment of atherosclerosis. It would be helpful to the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li S, Liu C, Guo F, Taleb SJ, Tong M, Shang D. Traditional Chinese Medicine as Potential Therapy for COVID-19. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1263-1277. [PMID: 32907358 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19, spread from Wuhan throughout China and has infected people over 200 countries. Thus far, more than 3,400,000 cases and 240,000 deaths have occurred worldwide, and the coronavirus pandemic continues to grip the globe. While numbers of cases in China have been steadying, the number of infections outside China is increasing at a worrying pace. We face an urgent need to control the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, which is currently expanding to a global pandemic. Efforts have focused on testing antiviral drugs and vaccines, but there is currently no treatment specifically approved. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is grounded in empirical observations and the Chinese people use TCM to overcome these sorts of plagues many times in thousands of years of history. Currently, the Chinese National Health Commission recommended a TCM prescription of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang (QFPDT) in the latest version of the "Diagnosis and Treatment guidelines of COVID-19" which has been reported to provide reliable effects for COVID-19. While doubts about TCM still exist today, this review paper will describe the rationalities that QFPDT is likely to bring a safe and effective treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Fangyue Guo
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Sarah J Taleb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mengying Tong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Microbial assessment of medicinal herbs (Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma), effects of electron beam irradiation and detection characteristics. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:705-715. [PMID: 32419969 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal herbs comprise of heavy microbial contaminations. This study aimed to assess microbial hazards including foodborne pathogens in 20 commercial medicinal herbs, Cnidii Rhizoma (C1-C10) and Alismatis Rhizoma (T1-T10) as well as to evaluate irradiation effects of E-beam on microbial load and detection chracteristics. Four samples (C5, C10, T1, T8) from both herbs with higher microbial load were selected for evaluating the irradiation effect of E-beam (up to 10 kGy) on microbial load and radiation-induced changes in detection markers by standard methods (Codex, Korean Food Code), such as direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC), photostimulated luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron spin resonance (ESR). DEFT/APC revealed non-evidence of pre-sterilization of all samples. PSL differentiated irradiated samples (1, 5, and 10 kGy) of both herbs from non-irradiated (control: 0 kGy). Both TL and ESR methods validated PSL screening results by detecting radiation-induced markers from E-beam irradiated medicinal herbs.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang P, Song T, Shi R, He M, Wang R, Lv J, Jiang M. Triterpenoids From Alisma Species: Phytochemistry, Structure Modification, and Bioactivities. Front Chem 2020; 8:363. [PMID: 32426329 PMCID: PMC7205456 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants from Alisma species belong to the genus of Alisma Linn. in Alismataceae family. The tubers of A. orientale (Sam.) Juzep, also known as Ze Xie in Chinese and Takusha in Japanese, have been used in traditional medicine for a long history. Triterpenoids are the main secondary metabolites isolated from Alisma species, and reported with various bioactive properties, including anticancer, lipid-regulating, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and diuretic activities. In this brief review, we aimed to summarize the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of triterpenoids found in Alisma, and discuss their structure modification to enhance cytotoxicity as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongxin Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingshuai He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialin Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in a Murine Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury and TNF-α-Stimulated NCI-H292 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030198. [PMID: 32111036 PMCID: PMC7139931 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora (SP) is traditionally used as an herbal remedy to treat fever, malaria, and emesis. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of SP leaves in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells and in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. SP decreased the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissues of SP-treated mice. In addition, SP significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. SP significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and p65-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in LPS-induced ALI mice and TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. SP treatment enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) with upregulated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the lung tissues of LPS-induced ALI model and TNF-α-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. Collectively, SP effectively inhibited airway inflammation and ROS-mediated oxidative stress, which was closely related to its ability to induce activation of Nrf2 and inhibit the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB. These findings suggest that SP has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ALI.
Collapse
|
27
|
Güvenç M, Cellat M, Özkan H, Tekeli İO, Uyar A, Gökçek İ, İşler CT, Yakan A. Protective Effects of Tyrosol Against DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats. Inflammation 2020; 42:1680-1691. [PMID: 31115770 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of tyrosol were investigated in DSS-induced experimental ulcerative colitis model. For this purpose, rats were divided into five groups of seven rats in each: control group, colitis group (DSS-4%), tyrosol group (tyrosol 20 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (sulfasalazine+DSS 100 mg/kg), and treatment group (tyrosol+DSS 20 mg/kg). In the study, the active substances were administered to all animals for a period of 21 days. At the end of the study, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased (p < 0.001); GSH level (p < 0.05) along with GSH.Px (p < 0.01) and CAT (p < 0.001) activities decreased in the DSS-induced colitis group. However, with the administration of tyrosol, MDA and GSH levels along with GSH.Px and CAT activities came to the same levels as the control group. In the colitis group, an increase occurred in IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB parameters, which created a significant difference compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Similarly, TNF-α levels also significantly increased with the administration of DSS (p < 0.05) which created a significant difference compared to the control group, while there was no difference among the other groups. As for the Nrf-2 data, it decreased with the administration of DSS which created a significant difference compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no difference in other groups. In the colitis-induced group, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB gene expression levels also similarly increased but returned to the normal levels with the administration of tyrosol. In the histopathological scoring, the negativity that increased with the administration of DSS returned to the normal levels with the administration of tyrosol+DSS. In conclusion, according to the data obtained, tyrosol fixed the destruction picture in the DSS-induced colitis model, giving rise to thought that it has a protective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güvenç
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cellat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uyar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - İshak Gökçek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Cafer Tayer İşler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Akın Yakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Zootechnics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen JX, Li HY, Li TT, Fu WC, Du X, Liu CH, Zhang W. Alisol A-24-acetate promotes glucose uptake via activation of AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:22. [PMID: 32020870 PMCID: PMC7076831 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alisol A-24-acetate (AA-24-a) is one of the main active triterpenes isolated from the well-known medicinal plant Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz., which possesses multiple biological activities, including a hypoglycemic effect. Whether AA-24-a is a hypoglycemic-active compound of A. orientale (Sam.) Juz. is unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effect and potential mechanism of action of AA-24-a on glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. METHOD Effects of AA-24-a on glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane were evaluated. Glucose uptake was determined using a 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) uptake assay. Cell membrane proteins were isolated and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein was detected by western blotting to examine the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. To determine the underlying mechanism, the phosphorylation levels of proteins involved in the insulin and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways were examined using western blotting. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of key enzymes in AMPK signaling pathway were used to examine the role of these kinases in the AA-24-a-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. RESULTS We found that AA-24-a significantly promoted glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myotubes. AA-24-a increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, but had no effect on the insulin-dependent pathway involving insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT). In addition, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), two proteins that act downstream of AMPK, was upregulated. Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, blocked AA-24-a-induced AMPK pathway activation and reversed AA-24-a-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, indicating that AA-24-a promotes glucose metabolism via the AMPK pathway in vitro. STO-609, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) inhibitor, also attenuated AA-24-a-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. Moreover, STO-609 weakened AA-24-a-induced phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and AS160. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AA-24-a isolated from A. orientale (Sam.) Juz. significantly enhances glucose uptake via the CaMKKβ-AMPK-p38 MAPK/AS160 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tian-Tian Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xin Du
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- China national institute of standardization, 4 Zhichun Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scrophularia koraiensis Nakai Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation via Suppression of NF-κB and Enhancement of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020099. [PMID: 31991647 PMCID: PMC7070852 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrophularia koraiensis Nakai (Scrophulariaceae) is a medicinal herb that grows in Korea and which has been widely used to treat fever, edema, neuritis and laryngitis. Hence, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract (SKE) of S. koraiensis Nakai in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model. We injected 20 μg of OVA with 2 mg of aluminum on day 0 and day 14 to induce allergic airway inflammation in six-week-old BALB/c mice, and mice were challenged with 1% OVA by nebulization for 1 h on days 21, 22, and 23. SKE was orally administered at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg from day 18 to 23, and its effects were compared with those of montelukast treatment. SKE significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cell counts, immunoglobulin-E, and airway hyperresponsiveness during the OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation model; it also reduced airway inflammation and mucus production. In addition, SKE reduced the OVA-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation in lung tissues while enhancing nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. In conclusion, SKE showed the protective effects on OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation via the suppression of NF-κB phosphorylation and the enhancement of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These results indicate that SKE is a potential therapeutic agent for allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu SS, Sheng WL, Li Y, Zhang SS, Zhu JJ, Gao HM, Yan LH, Wang ZM, Gao L, Zhang M. Chemical constituents from Alismatis Rhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
31
|
Baek ME, Jo Y, Chung N, Choi M, Kim JO, Won J, Lee SH, Kwon JH. Effect of E-Beam Irradiation on Microbial Load, Stability of Active Components, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma. J Med Food 2019; 22:1067-1077. [PMID: 31403348 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce microbial loads in medicinal herbs, Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma were subjected to electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation at doses (≤10 kGy) as permitted by the Korean Food Code. The effects of e-beam irradiation on the microbial load, stability of the active components, and anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal herbs were determined. We observed that the total aerobic bacteria (TAB; 4.0-7.0 log CFU/g), yeasts and molds (Y&M; 3.3-6.8 log CFU/g), and coliform counts (CC; 3.2-3.8 log CFU/g) in both herb samples were effectively reduced in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in acceptable levels of <3.0 log CFU/g in TAB and Y&M and negative in CC at 10 kGy irradiation. The concentration of the active components (0.87-4.22 mg/g) of Cnidii Rhizoma, including z-ligustilide, chlorogenic acid, senkyunolide A, and ferulic acid, in order of prevalence and those (0.86-2.76 mg/g) of Alismatis Rhizoma, including Alisol B acetate and Alisol B, were not changed at irradiation doses of ≤10 kGy. The extracts of e-beam irradiated Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma showed a reduced production of inflammation-related factors, such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, in a concentration-dependent manner, which was induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cell. However, there was no significant difference observed at e-beam irradiation doses of 0, 1, 5, and 10 kGy. Thus, we confirm that e-beam irradiation up to 10 kGy was effective for the control of microbial load in Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma without causing considerable changes in their major active components and anti-inflammatory activity. The results show the potential of e-beam application for sanitization of medicinal herbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Eun Baek
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Quality Certification Center, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yunhee Jo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Namhyeok Chung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Ok Kim
- Quality Certification Center, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaehee Won
- Quality Certification Center, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joong-Ho Kwon
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jin Q, Zhang J, Hou J, Lei M, Liu C, Wang X, Huang Y, Yao S, Hwang BY, Wu W, Guo D. Novel C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids from Alisma plantago-aquatica with anti-inflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:809-818. [PMID: 31384540 PMCID: PMC6664094 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one protostane-type triterpenoids with diverse structures, including nine new compounds (1-9), were isolated from the of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. Structurally, alisolides A‒F (1-6), composed of an oxole group coupled to a five-membered ring, represent unusual C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids. Alisolide H (8) is a novel triterpenoid with an unreported endoperoxide bridge. Alisolide I (9) represents the first example of 23,24-acetal triterpenoid. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, wherein the absolute configurations of 4‒6, 8 were further confirmed by the Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD method. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in Caco-2 cells, and all the compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activities, with IC50 values in the range of 0.76-38.20 μmol/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuai Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 2816, South Korea
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cui F, Qian ZK, Ling YX, Zhu WJ, Li XQ, Mao Z, Li MT. Alisma orientalis (Sam.) juzep polysaccharide-regulated glucose-lipid metabolism in experimental rats and cell model of diabetes mellitus with regulation of mir-126. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_441_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
34
|
Qi F, Sun JH, Yan JQ, Li CM, Lv XC. Anti-inflammatory effects of isorhamnetin on LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
35
|
Tekeli İO, Ateşşahin A, Sakin F, Aslan A, Çeribaşı S, Yipel M. Protective effects of conventional and colon-targeted lycopene and linalool on ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:10.1007/s10787-018-0485-x. [PMID: 29736689 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the potential protective effects of conventional and colon-targeted lycopene (TLC) and linalool (TLN) on acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. METHODS Conventional and colon-targeted LC (10 mg/kg) and LN (200 mg/kg) were administered in vivo orally for 7 days and sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) was also used as reference drug. Then, 4% AA was administered intrarectally to induce UC. Subsequently, the colon tissues were taken as samples for biochemical and histopathological analysis. RESULTS Malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were decreased (p < 0.05) in the targeted groups compared to the AA group, whereas nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) level was increased (p < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level was also decreased (p < 0.05) and catalase activity (CAT) was increased (p < 0.05) in the TLC group compared to the AA group. IL-1β and IL-6 levels were lower in the TLC group compared to the conventional LC and sulfasalazine groups (p < 0.05). COX-2 and NF-κB levels were lower, while the Nrf-2 level was higher in the targeted groups compared to the conventional groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, COX-2 level was lower and Nrf-2 level was higher in the targeted groups compared to the sulfasalazine group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION As expected, sulfasalazine was effective on all parameters analyzed, but the colon-targeted pretreatments were more effective from sulfasalazine on some parameters. Therefore, colon-targeted plant-derived therapies might be alternative approaches to provide protection against UC, which deserves to be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, 31060, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Ateşşahin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, 23119, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, 31060, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Aslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, 23119, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Songül Çeribaşı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, 23119, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yipel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namık Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun Z, Niu Z, Wu S, Shan S. Protective mechanism of sulforaphane in Nrf2 and anti-lung injury in ARDS rabbits. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4911-4915. [PMID: 29805514 PMCID: PMC5952085 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sulforaphane on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its protective mechanism for lung injury in rabbits with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were investigated. Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into control (n=10), model (n=10) and experimental groups (n=10). Rabbits in model group and experimental group were treated with femoral venous injection of oleic acid to establish the ARDS model, while those in control group were injected with the same volume of normal saline. The experimental group received intravenous injection of sulforaphane. Twelve hours after modeling, the clinical manifestations and deaths of rabbits in each group were recorded and compared, including blood gas indexes, lung index (LI), alveolar damage coefficient, serum Nrf2 expression, as well as messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression of Nrf2 in lung tissues. Pink frothy sputum and death were observed in rabbits in model group and experimental group, but the number of such cases in experimental group was smaller than that in the model group (p<0.05). Compared with those in control group, LI and IQA in model group and experimental group were increased, but LI and IQA in the experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those in the model group. Compared with those in the model group, the blood gas indexes (PaO2, PaCO2 and SaO2) in the experimental group were significantly increased (p<0.05). Nrf2 in serum and lung tissues of rabbits in experimental group was significantly increased compared with that in model group (p<0.05). Sulforaphane significantly inhibits ARDS in rabbits and plays a protective role in ARDS through upregulating Nrf2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Shuishui Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Shiqiang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huo XK, Liu J, Yu ZL, Wang YF, Wang C, Tian XG, Ning J, Feng L, Sun CP, Zhang BJ, Ma XC. Alisma orientale extract exerts the reversing cholestasis effect by activation of farnesoid X receptor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:34-42. [PMID: 29655695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome of liver damage that is caused by accumulation of bile acids in the liver and systemic circulation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can regulate synthesis, metabolism, and excretion of bile acids. The rhizomes of Alisma orientale is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine to treat edema, obesity, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes in China. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We hypothesized Alisma orientale extract (AOE) to exert hepatoprotective effect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced cholestasis in rat. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of AOE. STUDY DESIGN Male Sprague Dawley rats with intrahepatic cholestasis induced by ANIT were treated with AOE (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg). Rats receiving vehicle (0.5% CMC-Na) served as control. METHODS 48 h after ANIT administration, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected to obtain serum and livers were removed for histopathology and protein preparation. Biochemical indicators in serum were determined using commercial kits and triterpenoids were determined by liquid chromatography tandem Qtrap mass spectrometry. Proteomics was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem ion-trap mass spectrometry. The differently expressed proteins were analyzed via the network database and verified by western blotting. The interaction between triterpenoids and FXR were evaluated by luciferase assay and molecular docking. RESULTS AOE treatment significantly decreased the serum AST, ALT, TBIL, and intrahepatic TBA and improved the liver pathologic change induced by ANIT. Proteomics analysis indicated that AOE regulated proteins related to bile acid homeostasis via activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. Luciferase assay and molecular docking results indicated that triterpenoids could activate FXR, which resulting in ameliorative accumulation of bile acids in the liver by increase of metabolism and transportation for bile acids, and decrease of synthesis for bile acids. CONCLUSION AOE protected against rat liver injury and cholestasis induced by ANIT by activation of farnesoid X receptor, suggesting that A. orientale could be regarded as a potential hepatoprotective drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Basic Medical College, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Differential Regulation of NF- κB and Nrf2 by Bojungikki-Tang Is Associated with Suppressing Lung Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5059469. [PMID: 29636779 PMCID: PMC5831875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5059469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bojungikki-tang (BT), an Asian herbal remedy, has been prescribed to increase the vitality of debilitated patients. Since a compromised, weakened vitality often leads to illness, BT has been widely used to treat various diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism by which BT exerts its effect. Given that BT ameliorates inflammatory pulmonary diseases including acute lung injury (ALI), we investigated whether BT regulates the function of key inflammatory factors such as NF-κB and Nrf2, contributing to suppressing inflammation. Results show that BT interrupted the nuclear localization of NF-κB and suppressed the expression of the NF-κB-dependent genes in RAW 264.7 cells. In similar experiments, BT induced the nuclear localization of Nrf2 and the expression of the Nrf2-dependent genes. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI mouse model, a single intratracheal administration of BT to mouse lungs ameliorated alveolar structure and suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes and neutrophil infiltration to mouse lungs. Therefore, our findings suggest that suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2, by which BT suppresses inflammation, are ways for BT to exert its effect.
Collapse
|
39
|
Yirui Capsules Alleviate Atherosclerosis by Improving the Lipid Profile and Reducing Inflammation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020142. [PMID: 29382111 PMCID: PMC5852718 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated Yirui (YR) capsules, whose ingredients are available in health food stores, against AS and the underlying mechanisms. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks developed severe aortic lesions, but YR significantly decreased the plaque area in the total aorta and aortic root. YR affected the serum lipid profile by significantly reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and oxidative modification of LDL-C (Ox-LDL) levels. In addition, multi-cytokine analysis revealed that higher serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-27 (IL-27), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), which were induced by a high-fat diet, declined with YR treatment. These results suggest that YR reduces the atherosclerotic plaque burden, thereby alleviating AS by modulating the lipid profile and inhibiting inflammation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Novel treatment strategies for chronic kidney disease: insights from the animal kingdom. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:265-284. [PMID: 29332935 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many of the >2 million animal species that inhabit Earth have developed survival mechanisms that aid in the prevention of obesity, kidney disease, starvation, dehydration and vascular ageing; however, some animals remain susceptible to these complications. Domestic and captive wild felids, for example, show susceptibility to chronic kidney disease (CKD), potentially linked to the high protein intake of these animals. By contrast, naked mole rats are a model of longevity and are protected from extreme environmental conditions through mechanisms that provide resistance to oxidative stress. Biomimetic studies suggest that the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) offers protection in extreme environmental conditions and promotes longevity in the animal kingdom. Similarly, during months of fasting, immobilization and anuria, hibernating bears are protected from muscle wasting, azotaemia, thrombotic complications, organ damage and osteoporosis - features that are often associated with CKD. Improved understanding of the susceptibility and protective mechanisms of these animals and others could provide insights into novel strategies to prevent and treat several human diseases, such as CKD and ageing-associated complications. An integrated collaboration between nephrologists and experts from other fields, such as veterinarians, zoologists, biologists, anthropologists and ecologists, could introduce a novel approach for improving human health and help nephrologists to find novel treatment strategies for CKD.
Collapse
|
41
|
Dai J, Gu L, Su Y, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Chen X, Deng H, Li W, Wang G, Li K. Inhibition of curcumin on influenza A virus infection and influenzal pneumonia via oxidative stress, TLR2/4, p38/JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 54:177-187. [PMID: 29153953 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, Nrf2-HO-1 and TLR-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways have been proved to be involved in influenza A virus (IAV) replication and influenzal pneumonia. In the previous studies, we have performed several high-throughput drug screenings based on the TLR pathways. In the present study, through plaque inhibition test, luciferase reporter assay, TCID50, qRT-PCR, western blotting, ELISA and siRNA assays, we investigated the effect and mechanism of action of curcumin against IAV infection in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that curcumin could directly inactivate IAV, blocked IAV adsorption and inhibited IAV proliferation. As for the underlying mechanisms, we found that curcumin could significantly inhibit IAV-induced oxidative stress, increased Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GSTA3 and IFN-β production, and suppressed IAV-induced activation of TLR2/4/7, Akt, p38/JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Suppression of Nrf2 via siRNA significantly abolished the stimulatory effect of curcumin on HO-1, NQO1, GSTA3 and IFN-β production and meanwhile blocked the inhibitory effect of curcumin on IAV M2 production. Oxidant H2O2 and TLR2/4, p38/JNK and NF-κB agonists could significantly antagonize the anti-IAV activity of curcumin in vitro. Additionally, curcumin significantly increased the survival rate of mice, reduced lung index, inflammatory cytokines and lung IAV titer, and finally improved pulmonary histopathological changes after IAV infection. In conclusion, curcumin can directly inactivate IAV, inhibits IAV adsorption and replication; and its inhibition on IAV replication may be via activating Nrf2 signal and inhibiting IAV-induced activation of TLR2/4, p38/JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Liming Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoxua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 159 College Park Rd, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xingling Rd, Shantou 515041, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ha Kim K, Sadikot RT, Yeon Lee J, Jeong HS, Oh YK, Blackwell TS, Joo M. Suppressed ubiquitination of Nrf2 by p47 phox contributes to Nrf2 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:48-58. [PMID: 28939422 PMCID: PMC5889093 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although critical in phagocytosis in innate immunity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) collaterally inflict damage to host phagocytes because they indiscriminate targets. Since Nrf2 increases the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes that nullifies ROS, ROS activating Nrf2 is a critical negative regulatory step for countering the deleterious effects of ROS. Here, we postulate whether, along with ROS activating Nrf2, NADPH oxidase components also participate in direct activation of Nrf2, contributing to protection from ROS. Our results show that the p47phox of the NADPH oxidase, but not p65phox or p40phox, physically binds to Nrf2, activating the Nrf2 function. p47phox binding to Nrf2/Keap1 complex suppresses the ubiquitination of Nrf2, while p47phox becomes ubiquitinated by Keap1. p47phox increases the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes, whereas genetic ablation of p47phox decreases the expression of those genes. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation mouse model, selective expression of p47phox in mouse lungs induces the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes and is sufficient to suppress neutrophilic lung inflammation. Therefore, our findings suggest that p47phox is a novel regulator of Nrf2 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ha Kim
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Diuretic Activity of Compatible Triterpene Components of Alismatis rhizoma. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091459. [PMID: 28878160 PMCID: PMC6151603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alismatis rhizoma (AR), the dried rhizoma of Alisma orientale Juzepzuk (Alismataceae), is a traditional Chinese medicine. AR is an important part of many prescriptions and is commonly used as a diuretic agent in Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the diuretic effects of total triterpene extract (TTE) and triterpene component compatibility (TCC, the mixture of alisol B 23-acetate, alisol B, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol A, and alisol C 23-acetate) of AR in saline-loaded rats. The optimal diuretic TCC of AR was optimized using a uniform design. Different doses (5, 20, and 40 mg/kg) of TTE and TCC groups (N1–N8) were orally administered to rats. Urinary excretion rate, pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Results showed that TTE doses increased urine volume and electrolyte excretion compared with the control group. All uniformly designed groups of TCC also increased urine excretion. In addition, optimal diuretic TCC was calculated (alisol B 23-acetate: alisol B: alisol A 24-acetate: alisol A: alisol C 23-acetate 7.2:0.6:2.8:3.0:6.4) and further validated by saline-loaded rats. This study demonstrated that TTE presented a notable diuretic effect by increasing Na+, K+, and Cl− displacements. The most suitable TTC compatible proportion of alisol B 23-acetate: alisol B: alisol A 24-acetate: alisol A: alisol C 23-acetate for diuretic activity was validated, and triterpenes were the material basis for the diuretic activity of AR.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen XY, Dou YX, Luo DD, Zhang ZB, Li CL, Zeng HF, Su ZR, Xie JH, Lai XP, Li YC. β-Patchoulene from patchouli oil protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury via suppressing NF-κB and activating Nrf2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:270-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
45
|
Yuk HJ, Lee JW, Park HA, Kwon OK, Seo KH, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Ryu HW. Protective effects of coumestrol on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators and NF-κB activation. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
46
|
Zhang LL, Xu W, Xu YL, Chen X, Huang M, Lu JJ. Therapeutic potential of Rhizoma Alismatis: a review on ethnomedicinal application, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1401:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy; Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fuzhou China
| | - Yu-Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy; Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Fuzhou China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bi X, Wang P, Ma Q, Han L, Wang X, Mu Y, Guan P, Qu X, Wang Z, Huang X. Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Liver Protection of Alisol F and 25-Anhydroalisol F through the Inhibition of MAPK, STAT3, and NF-κB Activation In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060951. [PMID: 28594379 PMCID: PMC6152757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F isolated from Alisma orientale, were proved to exhibit anti-inflammatory potential in our previous work. In the current study, the anti-inflammatory effects and action mechanisms of alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F were investigated in vitro. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of alisol F in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (d-gal)-induced acute liver-injured mice were evaluated. The results demonstrated that alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F could suppress LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as inhibit the mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, we investigated the role of alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F in mediating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), signal transducers, and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways involved in the inflammation process of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, and STAT3, and the NF-κB signaling pathway, were obviously suppressed in alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F treated cells. Results obtained from in vitro experiments suggested alisol F obviously improved liver pathological injury by inhibiting the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and significantly decreasing the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in LPS/d-gal-induced mice. Furthermore, the reduction of phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, as well as suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway, were also observed in liver tissues of the alisol F-treated mice model. Alisol F and 25-anhydroalisol F may serve as potential leads for development of anti-inflammatory agents for acute liver failure treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Bi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Qingjuan Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Li Han
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xingbo Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yu Mu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Peipei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xiaodan Qu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu Y, Song M, Zhu G, Xi X, Li K, Wu C, Huang L. Corynoline attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by activating Nrf2. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:96-101. [PMID: 28486213 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Corynoline, isolated from Corydalis bungeana Turcz, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. In this study, we aimed to explore the treatment effect of corynoline on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. In the present study, the signaling pathways were measured by Western blot analysis. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Additionally, the effects of corynoline on LPS-induced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was examined. The results showed that corynoline markedly inhibited LPS-induced neutrophils influx, MPO activity, and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 release. Corynoline also attenuated lung histopathological changes induced by LPS. Furthermore, corynoline inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In addition, corynoline up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The data suggest that corynoline has a treatment effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice by inhibiting inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Man Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guangfa Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Keng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chunting Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang C, Feng L, Ma L, Chen H, Tan X, Hou X, Song J, Cui L, Liu D, Chen J, Yang N, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao B, Wang G, Zhou Y, Jia X. Alisol A 24-Acetate and Alisol B 23-Acetate Induced Autophagy Mediates Apoptosis and Nephrotoxicity in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28408883 PMCID: PMC5374204 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two natural compounds alisol A 24-acetate (24A) and alisol B 23-acetate (23B) are abundant in Rhizoma alismatis. In the present study, we evaluated the induction of 24A and 23B on apoptosis and possible nephrotoxicity of human renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells by activating autophagy and also explored its regulation on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Presently, Clusterin, Kim-1, and TFF-3 were considered to be new bioindicators of nephrotoxicity. Interestingly, the protein expression and mRNA levels of Clusterin, Kim-1 and TFF-3 could be significantly increased by 23B and 24A in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, cell apoptosis could be triggered by 23B and 24A via significantly decreasing the protein expression and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Autophagy of HK-2 cells could be induced by both 23B and 24A via significantly enhancing the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, the protein expression of Beclin-1 as well as the mRNA levels of LC3 and Beclin-1. Meanwhile, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway could be inhibited by these two compounds. An autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, could partially reverse cell viability and conversely change the ratio of LC3II/LC3I and the protein expression of Bcl-2 and Kim-1. Thus this study helped to understand that 23B and 24A induced autophagy resulted in apoptosis and nephrotoxicity through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, facilitating further studies for nephrotoxicity induced by these two compounds and could be beneficial for safe use of Rhizoma alismatis in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Xiaobin Tan
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
| | - Yuanli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang A, Liu Z, Sheng L, Wu H. Protective effects of syringin against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. J Surg Res 2017; 209:252-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|