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Kispotta S, Das D, Prusty SK. A recent update on drugs and alternative approaches for parkinsonism. Neuropeptides 2024; 104:102415. [PMID: 38402775 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, often known as PD, is a more common age-related neurological disorder that affects a huge number of older adults worldwide. Parkinson's disease is predominantly a movement-related pathosis and is distinguished by the deposition of intra-neuronal aggregates, as the alpha-synuclein gene is expressed as Lewy bodies (LB) causing dopaminergic neurons to die. Stress in early life may contribute to the development of depression, and depression in patients may result in the development of Parkinson's disease as they mature. Depression is a non-motor condition that leads to motor symptoms, such as Parkinson's disease. PD Patients are currently utilizing a variety of other therapies like utilizing nutritional supplements, herbal remedies, vitamins, and massage. When a patient's functional ability is impaired, drug treatment is usually initiated according to the individual's condition and the severity of signs and symptoms. The current marketed anti-Parkinson drugs, has low brain distribution and failing to repair dopaminergic neurons or delaying the progression of the disease these negative effects were unavoidable. To overcome these disadvantages, this review considers the inclusion of drugs used in Parkinson's disease, focusing on strategies to reuse existing compounds to speed up drug development, their capacity to traverse the BBB, and drug dispersion in the brain. We look at cellular therapies and repurposed drugs. We also investigate the mechanisms, effectiveness, as well as safety of several new medications that are being repositioned for Parkinson's disease pharmacotherapy. In this study, we focus on global trends in Parkinson's disease research. We hope to raise awareness about the present state of major factors for disability worldwide, including yearly prevalence's from international and national statistics. The pathophysiology of Parkinsonism and also analyze existing therapies for Parkinson's disease, moreover new and innovative drug therapies, and to assess the prospects for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Kispotta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Debajyoti Das
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Shakti Ketan Prusty
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.
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2
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Aldaajani Z, Khalil H. Challenges in Managing Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease in Low-Resourced Settings with Unavailability of Newer Drugs. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:123-128. [PMID: 38168114 PMCID: PMC10883395 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyah Aldaajani
- Neurology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Khalil
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Norouzkhani N, Karimi AG, Badami N, Jalalifar E, Mahmoudvand B, Ansari A, Pakrou Sariyarighan N, Alijanzadeh D, Aghakhani S, Shayestehmehr R, Arzaghi M, Sheikh Z, Salami Y, Marabi MH, Abdi A, Deravi N. From kitchen to clinic: Pharmacotherapeutic potential of common spices in Indian cooking in age-related neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:960037. [PMID: 36438833 PMCID: PMC9685814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.960037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is described as an advanced time-related collection of changes that may negatively affect with the risk of several diseases or death. Aging is a main factor of several age-related neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia), stroke, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, brain tumors, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently available medications for age-related neurological disorders may lead to several side effects, such as headache, diarrhea, nausea, gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, dyskinesia, and hallucinosis. These days, studies on plant efficacy in traditional medicine are being conducted because herbal medicine is affordable, safe, and culturally acceptable and easily accessible. The Indian traditional medicine system called Ayurveda uses several herbs and medicinal plants to treat various disorders including neurological disorders. This review aims to summarize the data on the neuroprotective potential of the following common Indian spices widely used in Ayurveda: cumin (Cuminum cyminum (L.), Apiaceae), black cumin (Nigella sativa (L.), Ranunculaceae), black pepper (Piper nigrum (L.), Piperaceae), curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii (L.), Spreng Rutaceae), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.), Fabaceae), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Apiaceae), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Zingiberaceae), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum (L.), Apiaceae) in age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Norouzkhani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arian Ghannadi Karimi
- Preclinical, Cardiovascular Imaging Core Facility, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Badami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Jalalifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Dorsa Alijanzadeh
- Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Aghakhani
- Student Research Committee, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Shayestehmehr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sheikh
- Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yasaman Salami
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hesam Marabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Niloofar Deravi, ,
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Dutta A, Phukan BC, Roy R, Mazumder MK, Paul R, Choudhury A, Kumar D, Bhattacharya P, Nath J, Kumar S, Borah A. Garcinia morella extract confers dopaminergic neuroprotection by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1887-1900. [PMID: 35622265 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neuroprotection is the main interest in designing novel therapeutics against Parkinson's disease (PD). In the process of dopaminergic degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation are significant. While the existing drugs provide symptomatic relief against PD, a therapy conferring total neuroprotection by targeting multiple degenerative pathways is still lacking. Garcinia morella is a common constituent of Ayurvedic medication and has been used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The present study investigates whether administration of G. morella fruit extract (GME) in MPTP mouse model of PD protects against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, including the underlying pathophysiologies, and reverses the motor behavioural abnormalities. Administration of GME prevented the loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra and its terminals in the corpus striatum of PD mice. Subsequently, reversal of parkinsonian behavioural abnormalities, viz. akinesia, catalepsy, and rearing, was observed along with the recovery of striatal dopamine and its metabolites in the experimental model. Furthermore, reduced activity of the mitochondrial complex II in the nigrostriatal pathway of brain of the mice was restored after the administration of GME. Also, MPTP-induced enhanced activation of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the nigrostriatal pathway, which are the markers of inflammatory stress, were found to be ameliorated on GME treatment. Thus, our study presented a novel mode of dopaminergic neuroprotection by G. morella in PD by targeting the mitochondrial dysfunctions and neuroinflammation, which are considered to be intricately associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankumoni Dutta
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
- Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Behali, Biswanath, Assam, India
| | - Banashree Chetia Phukan
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Eraligool, Karimganj, Assam, India
| | | | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Joyobrato Nath
- Department of Zoology, Cachar College, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Chittasupho C, Tadtong S, Vorarat S, Imaram W, Athikomkulchai S, Samee W, Sareedenchai V, Thongnopkoon T, Okonogi S, Kamkaen N. Development of Jelly Loaded with Nanogel Containing Natural L-Dopa from Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract for Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051079. [PMID: 35631666 PMCID: PMC9147856 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The first line therapy of patients with Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, is levodopa (L-dopa) given orally. Recently, the presence of natural L-dopa in the seed of Mucuna pruriens, a tropical legume in the Fabaceae family, was reported and it showed superior efficiency compared with synthetic L-dopa. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, particularly for natural L-dopa, in M. pruriens seed extract and subsequently prepare a nanogel containing the extract prior to incorporation into a jelly formulation for use as a functional food in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease. The results show that M. pruriens seed extract contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. The quantitative analysis performed by the HPLC method revealed that spray-dried M. pruriens seed extract contained 5.59 ± 0.21% L-dopa. M. pruriens seed extract possesses a ferric-reducing antioxidant power and shows free-radical scavenging activity, determined by DPPH and ABTS methods, suggesting a distinctive antioxidant ability of the extract. M. pruriens seed extract at 10 ng/mL did not show cytotoxicity against a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y cells), kidney cells (HEK293 cells), or Caco-2 cells. Nanogel of M. pruriens seed extract prepared by ionic gelation had the hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index and zeta potential value of 384.53 ± 11.24 nm, 0.38 ± 0.05, and −11.23 ± 1.15 mV, respectively. The transepithelial transport of L-dopa in M. pruriens seed-extract nanogel through Caco-2 cells was measured. Nanogel containing M. pruriens seed extract at the concentration of 10 ng/mL exhibited neuroprotective activity. A jelly formulation containing M. pruriens seed-extract nanogel was successfully developed. The prepared jelly exhibited the acceptable physical and microbiological stabilities upon 6 months of the stability test. The half-life of natural L-dopa in jelly were 3.2, 0.9, and 0.6 years for storage conditions at 4, 30, and 40 °C, respectively, indicating the thermal degradation of natural L-dopa. The prepared jelly containing natural L-dopa from M. pruriens seed extract with the prominent antioxidant activity is a promising option for elderly patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (S.O.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarin Tadtong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nahonnayok 26120, Thailand; (S.T.); (S.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Suwanna Vorarat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nahonnayok 26120, Thailand; (S.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Witcha Imaram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sirivan Athikomkulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nahonnayok 26120, Thailand; (S.T.); (S.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Weerasak Samee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nahonnayok 26120, Thailand; (S.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Vipaporn Sareedenchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nahonnayok 26120, Thailand; (S.T.); (S.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Thanu Thongnopkoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhonnayok 26120, Thailand;
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (S.O.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Narisa Kamkaen
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asia University, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2577-1028 (ext. 373)
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Gonçalves AC, Flores-Félix JD, Coutinho P, Alves G, Silva LR. Zimbro ( Juniperus communis L.) as a Promising Source of Bioactive Compounds and Biomedical Activities: A Review on Recent Trends. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3197. [PMID: 35328621 PMCID: PMC8952110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived products and their extracted compounds have been used in folk medicine since early times. Zimbro or common juniper (Juniperus communis) is traditionally used to treat renal suppression, acute and chronic cystitis, bladder catarrh, albuminuria, leucorrhea, and amenorrhea. These uses are mainly attributed to its bioactive composition, which is very rich in phenolics, terpenoids, organic acids, alkaloids, and volatile compounds. In the last few years, several studies have analyzed the huge potential of this evergreen shrub, describing a wide range of activities with relevance in different biomedical discipline areas, namely antimicrobial potential against human pathogens and foodborne microorganisms, notorious antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, and neuroprotective action, as well as antiproliferative ability against cancer cells and the ability to activate inductive hepato-, renal- and gastroprotective mechanisms. Owing to these promising activities, extracts and bioactive compounds of juniper could be useful for the development of new pharmacological applications in the treatment of several acute and chronic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (P.C.); (G.A.)
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (P.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (P.C.); (G.A.)
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (P.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (P.C.); (G.A.)
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiaging Activities of Ethanolic Seed Extracts of Four Mucuna Species. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation into promising botanical materials for natural cosmetics is expanding due to environmental and health awareness. Here, we aimed to evaluate the phytochemical substances and the potential skin-related pharmacological activities of four Mucuna seeds, namely M. gigantea (Willd.) DC. (MGG), M. interrupta Gagnep. (MIT), M. monosperma Wight (MMM), and M. pruriens (L.) DC. (MPR), belonging to the Fabaceae family. In methodology, the Mucuna seeds were authenticated using morphological and molecular approaches. L-DOPA, phenolics, and flavonoid content, incorporated with HPLC and GC–MS fingerprinting analyses, were determined. Then, skin-related antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiaging activities were determined. The results revealed that MPR showed the highest L-DOPA content (75.94 mg/100 mg extract), whereas MGG exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid content (56.73 ± 0.62 mg gallic/g extract and 1030.11 ± 3.97 mg quercetin/g extract, respectively). Only MMM and MPR could inhibit all of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans, but no sample could inhibit C. acnes. Furthermore, all samples demonstrated antioxidant activity. Interestingly, all Mucuna samples exhibited strong collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities. We conclude that the ethanolic extracts of four Mucuna seeds are probably advantageous in the development of skincare cosmeceutical products.
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Boye A, Barku VYA, Acheampong DO, Ofori EG. Abrus precatorius Leaf Extract Reverses Alloxan/Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats through Hormonal (Insulin, GLP-1, and Glucagon) and Enzymatic ( α-Amylase/ α-Glucosidase) Modulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9920826. [PMID: 34341763 PMCID: PMC8325591 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9920826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abrus precatorius is used in folk medicine across Afro-Asian regions of the world. Earlier, glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus precatorius leaf extract (APLE) was confirmed experimentally in STZ/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats; however, the underlying mechanism of antidiabetic effect and pancreato-protection remained unknown. OBJECTIVE This study elucidated antidiabetic mechanisms and pancreato-protective effects of APLE in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS APLE was prepared by ethanol/Soxhlet extraction method. Total phenols and flavonoids were quantified calorimetrically after initial phytochemical screening. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was established in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 120-180 g) of both sexes by daily sequential injection of nicotinamide (48 mg/kg; ip) and Alloxan (120 mg/kg; ip) over a period of 7 days. Except control rats which had fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 4.60 mmol/L, rats having stable FBG (16-21 mmol/L) 7 days post-nicotinamide/Alloxan injection were considered diabetic and were randomly reassigned to one of the following groups (model, APLE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively; po) and metformin (300 mg/kg; po)) and treated daily for 18 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured every 72 hours for 18 days. On day 18, rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia; organs (kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen) were isolated and weighed. Blood was collected for estimation of serum insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 using a rat-specific ELISA kit. The pancreas was processed, sectioned, and H&E-stained for histological examination. Effect of APLE on enzymatic activity of alpha (α)-amylase and α-glucosidase was assessed. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of APLE were assessed using standard methods. RESULTS APLE dose-dependently decreased the initial FBG by 68.67%, 31.07%, and 4.39% compared to model (4.34%) and metformin (43.63%). APLE (100 mg/kg) treatment restored weight loss relative to model. APLE increased serum insulin and GLP-1 but decreased serum glucagon relative to model. APLE increased both the number and median crosssectional area (×106 μm2) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model. APLE produced concentration-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase relative to acarbose. APLE concentration dependently scavenged DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radicals and demonstrated increased ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC) relative to standards. CONCLUSION Antidiabetic effect of APLE is mediated through modulation of insulin and GLP-1 inversely with glucagon, noncompetitive inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, free radical scavenging, and recovery of damaged/necro-apoptosized pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Victor Yao Atsu Barku
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Gyamerah Ofori
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Islam MS, Azim F, Saju H, Zargaran A, Shirzad M, Kamal M, Fatema K, Rehman S, Azad MAM, Ebrahimi-Barough S. Pesticides and Parkinson's disease: Current and future perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 115:101966. [PMID: 33991619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate use of pesticides has globally exposed mankind to a number of health hazards. Still their production is rising at the rate of 11 % annually and, has already exceeded more than 5 million tons in 2000 (FAO 2017). Plenty of available data reveals that pesticides exposures through agricultural use and food-preservative residue consumption may lead to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive motor impairment and a neurodegenerative disorder, considered as the leading source of motor disability. Pesticides strongly inhibit mitochondrial Complex-I, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), thus leading to pathophysiologic implications of PD. Current medical treatment strategies, including pharmacotherapeutics and supportive therapies can only provide symptomatic relief. While complementary and alternative medicines including traditional medicine or acupuncture are considered as beneficial ways of treatment with significant clinical effect. Medically non-responding cases can be treated by surgical means, 'Deep Brain Stimulation'. Cell therapy is also an emerging and promising technology for disease modeling and drug development in PD. Their main aim is to replace and/or support the lost and dying dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Recently I/II clinical phase trial (Japan) have used dopaminergic progenitors generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells which can unveil a successful cell therapy to treat PD symptoms efficiently. This review focuses on PD caused by pesticides use, current treatment modalities, and ongoing research updates. Since PD is not a cell-autonomous disease rather caused by multiple factors, a combinatorial therapeutic approach may address not only the motor-related symptoms but also non-motor cognitive-behavioral issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahidul Islam
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Fazli Azim
- Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; IHITC: Isolation Hospital & Infection Treatment Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hedaeytullah Saju
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arman Zargaran
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Meysam Shirzad
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostofa Kamal
- Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Kaniz Fatema
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Hospital (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Sumbul Rehman
- Faculty of Unani Medicine, Department of Ilmul Advia (Unani Pharmacology), Aligarh Muslim University, India.
| | - M A Momith Azad
- Dept of Research & Product Development (Natural Medicine), The IBN SINA Pharma Ltd, Bangladesh.
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Majumdar S, Gupta S, Prajapati SK, Krishnamurthy S. Neuro-nutraceutical potential of Asparagus racemosus: A review. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105013. [PMID: 33689806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Debilitating neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions are associated with complex multifactorial pathophysiology. Their treatment strategies often only provide symptomatic relief, delaying disease progression without giving a complete cure. Potent and safer treatment alternatives beyond symptomatic relief are sought. Herbal supplements have surely been explored due to their multiple component nature to enhance the effect of western medications. One such well-documented nutraceutical in the ancient Greek, Chinese, and Ayurvedic medicine system known for its various medicinal benefits is Asparagus racemosus. Widely used for its lactogenic properties, A. racemosus is also cited in Ayurveda as a nervine tonic. A. racemosus based nutraceuticals have shown to possess adaptogenic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nootropic activity under preclinical and clinical settings without posing significant adverse effects. A. racemosus extracts restore the perturbed neurotransmitters and prevent oxidative neuronal damage. From the available neuropharmacological researches, the physiological actions of A. racemosus can ultimately be directed for either augmentation of cognitive ability or in the management of neurological conditions such as stress, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. The studies focus on the multi-component extract, and the lack of standardization has been a major hurdle in preventing the allotment of reported neuropharmacological activity to one of the phytoconstituent. Herbal standardization of the plant extract based on a specific biomarker can help elucidate the intricate biomolecular pathway and neurocircuitries being involved. This, followed by rigorous standardized clinical trials, fixing dosages, and determining contraindications would facilitate the translation of A. racemosus to a FDA-approved neuromedicine for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Majumdar
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Smriti Gupta
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri-A review of experimental evidence. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2653-2668. [PMID: 33675463 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brahmi or aindri is a popular herb in the vast and rich compendium of herbs of Ayurveda and is botanically identified as Bacopa monnieri Linn. (BM). It is extensively used in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine in the management of neurological psychiatric disorders. BM possess active principles belonging to alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins categories. Numerous research have been undertaken across the globe to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of this herb. This review collates and summarises current (as on May 2020) published literature on Brahmi as a neuroprotective in neurological and psychiatric disorders. English language articles from databases PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar were searched using appropriate free keywords and MeSH terms related to the topic. The review demonstrates the neuroprotective potential of the Ayurveda herb Brahmi in several disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, cerebral ischemia and infarct and neoplasms.
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Rachsee A, Chiranthanut N, Kunnaja P, Sireeratawong S, Khonsung P, Chansakaow S, Panthong A. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. seed extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113518. [PMID: 33122120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inflammation caused by activated microglia is known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibiting the inflammatory process can be considered a potential strategy for the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Leguminosae) has long been used in Thailand, India, China and other tropical countries to treat several diseases including PD. M. pruriens seeds have been found to possess a variety of pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-Parkinsonism effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of M. pruriens seeds during microglial activation have yet to be reported. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of M. pruriens seed extract and elucidate its underlying mechanism using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS BV2 microglial cells were pretreated with various concentrations of M. pruriens seed extract before being stimulated with LPS. The levels of inflammatory mediators were analyzed by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by Western blot analysis. The translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS M. pruriens seed extract significantly inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The extract also decreased the protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, M. pruriens seed extract inhibited the translocation of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS M. pruriens seed extract could suppress inflammatory responses in LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings support the use of M. pruriens seeds in traditional and alternative medicine for the treatment of PD and other inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aungkana Rachsee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Natthakarn Chiranthanut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Phraepakaporn Kunnaja
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Seewaboon Sireeratawong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Parirat Khonsung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sunee Chansakaow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ampai Panthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Khatri DK, Choudhary M, Sood A, Singh SB. Anxiety: An ignored aspect of Parkinson’s disease lacking attention. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Anjaneyulu J, R V, Godbole A. Differential effect of Ayurvedic nootropics on C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 11:440-447. [PMID: 32978047 PMCID: PMC7772502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, there is increased incidence of Parkinson's Disease (PD), which is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. The currently available PD-therapeutics provide only symptomatic relief. Thus, there is an urgent need to devise an effective and safe treatment strategy for PD. The holistic approach of Ayurveda can be a potential effective strategy for treating PD. The integration of different medicine systems, such as modern bio-medicine and Ayurveda can be an effective strategy for treatment of complex diseases, including PD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective mechanism of six Ayurvedic nootropics that are commonly used to treat PD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six Ayurvedic herbs, namely Mucuna pruriens (MP), Bacopa monnieri (BM), Withania somnifera (WS), Centella asiatica (CA), Sida cordifolia (SC), and Celastrus paniculatus (CP), were selected after consultation with Ayurvedic scholars and physicians. The mode of action of methanolic herbal extracts was evaluated using the Caenorhabditis elegans BZ555 and NL5901 strains, which can be used to model the two main hallmarks of PD, namely degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of α-synuclein protein. RESULTS All six herbal extracts exhibited neuroprotective effect. The extracts of BM and MP exhibited maximum protection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+ iodide)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the BZ555 strain. Furthermore, the herbal extracts, except CA extract, inhibited the aggregation of heterologously expressed human α-synuclein in the NL5901 strain. CONCLUSION Ayurvedic herbs used in the treatment of PD exhibited differential neuroprotective and protein aggregation mitigating effects in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalagam Anjaneyulu
- Centre for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU)-Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), No 74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post: Attur, Via Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560106, India
| | - Vidyashankar R
- Centre for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU)-Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), No 74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post: Attur, Via Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560106, India
| | - Ashwini Godbole
- Centre for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU)-Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), No 74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post: Attur, Via Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560106, India.
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Peterson CT. Dysfunction of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Disease: The Promise of Therapeutic Modulation With Prebiotics, Medicinal Herbs, Probiotics, and Synbiotics. J Evid Based Integr Med 2020; 25:2515690X20957225. [PMID: 33092396 PMCID: PMC7586271 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x20957225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest gut microbiota dysbiosis as a contributing factor in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and these pathologies may manifest via the microbiota-gut-brain-axis, which comprises bidirectional communication through neuroimmune, neuroendocrine, and direct neural pathways such as the vagus nerve. Preclinical and human clinical trial data reveal exciting potential for novel treatment targets and therapeutic modulation with prebiotics, medicinal herbs, probiotics, and synbiotics in health, aging, and neurodegeneration and are reviewed here. While greater insights and characterization of the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been revealed over the past decade, salient questions related to the pathology, pathogenesis and clinical treatment of the axis in the context of both health and neurodegenerative disease remain and are discussed in this review. Future directions such as additional well-controlled, large scale, longitudinal human clinical trials are urgently needed to further elucidate both mechanism and therapeutic opportunity in health, neurological disease, and disease subpopulations to ensure that the next decade ushers the dawn of targeted therapeutic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tara Peterson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Peterson CT, Sharma V, Iablokov SN, Albayrak L, Khanipov K, Uchitel S, Chopra D, Mills PJ, Fofanov Y, Rodionov DA, Peterson SN. 16S rRNA gene profiling and genome reconstruction reveal community metabolic interactions and prebiotic potential of medicinal herbs used in neurodegenerative disease and as nootropics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213869. [PMID: 30889210 PMCID: PMC6424447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic potential of nervine herbal medicines has been scarcely studied. We therefore used anaerobic human fecal cultivation to investigate whether medicinal herbs commonly used as treatment in neurological health and disease in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine modulate gut microbiota. Profiling of fecal cultures supplemented with either Kapikacchu, Gotu Kola, Bacopa/Brahmi, Shankhapushpi, Boswellia/Frankincense, Jatamansi, Bhringaraj, Guduchi, Ashwagandha or Shatavari by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed profound changes in diverse taxa. Principal coordinate analysis highlights that each herb drives the formation of unique microbial communities predicted to display unique metabolic potential. The relative abundance of approximately one-third of the 243 enumerated species was altered by all herbs. Additional species were impacted in an herb-specific manner. In this study, we combine genome reconstruction of sugar utilization and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) pathways encoded in the genomes of 216 profiled taxa with monosaccharide composition analysis of each medicinal herb by quantitative mass spectrometry to enhance the interpretation of resulting microbial communities and discern potential drivers of microbiota restructuring. Collectively, our results indicate that gut microbiota engage in both protein and glycan catabolism, providing amino acid and sugar substrates that are consumed by fermentative species. We identified taxa that are efficient amino acid fermenters and those capable of both amino acid and sugar fermentation. Herb-induced microbial communities are predicted to alter the relative abundance of taxa encoding SCFA (butyrate and propionate) pathways. Co-occurrence network analyses identified a large number of taxa pairs in medicinal herb cultures. Some of these pairs displayed related culture growth relationships in replicate cultures highlighting potential functional interactions among medicinal herb-induced taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tara Peterson
- UC San Diego, School of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Bioinformatics and Structural Biology Program, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stanislav N. Iablokov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Levent Albayrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sasha Uchitel
- Washington University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deepak Chopra
- UC San Diego, School of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Chopra Foundation, Department of Ayurveda and Yoga Research, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Mills
- UC San Diego, School of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dmitry A. Rodionov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Bioinformatics and Structural Biology Program, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Scott N. Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Bioinformatics and Structural Biology Program, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Patel S, Sangeeta S. Pesticides as the drivers of neuropsychotic diseases, cancers, and teratogenicity among agro-workers as well as general public. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:91-100. [PMID: 30411285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The need to maximize agricultural productivity has made pesticides an indispensable part of current times. Farmers are unaware of the lurking consequences of the pesticide exposure, which endanger their health. It also puts the unsuspecting consumers in peril. The pesticides (from organophosphates, organochlorine, and carbamate class) disrupt the immune and hormonal signaling, causing recurrent inflammation, which leads to a wide array pathologies, including teratogenicity. Numerous farmers have fallen victim to neural disorders-driven suicides and lungs, prostate/breast cancer-caused untimely deaths. Green revolution which significantly escalated agricultural productivity is backfiring now. It is high time that environmental and agricultural authorities act to restrain the excessive usage of the detrimental chemicals and educate farmers regarding the crisis. This review discusses the biological mechanisms of pesticide-driven pathogenesis (such as the activation or inhibition of caspase, serine protease, acetylcholinesterase) and presents the pesticide-exposure-caused health deterioration in USA, India, and Africa. This holistic and critical review should be an eye-opener for general public, and a guide for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Sushree Sangeeta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Fernandez-Pastor I, Luque-Muñoz A, Rivas F, Medina-O'Donnell M, Martinez A, Gonzalez-Maldonado R, Haidour A, Parra A. Quantitative NMR analysis of L-Dopa in seeds from two varieties of Mucuna pruriens. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:89-94. [PMID: 30216583 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-Dopa, a key neurotransmitter used to treat neural disorders such as Parkinson's disease, is found in the seeds of the genus Mucuna at a sufficient concentration for possible commercial use. OBJECTIVE To develop a simple and reliable method to extract L-Dopa from M. pruriens seeds in an aqueous medium and then quantitate this compound using a 1 H qNMR method (internal standard); and also to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of this method with an NMR calibration curve. METHODOLOGY The extraction method of L-Dopa from M. pruriens was optimized. The quantitation with single point quantitative NMR (qNMR) and NMR calibration curve was based on the resonance properties of the main functional groups of the L-Dopa molecule, in particular the signals of the three aromatic protons, which were compared with the signal of an internal standard such as syringic acid. The accuracy (precision and trueness) and reproducibility of both NMR techniques were evaluated. RESULTS The methods of single point qNMR and NMR calibration curve, applied to the seeds of two M. pruriens varieties, gave very similar L-Dopa contents: 3.0-3.2% and 3.0-3.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION The statistical analysis confirmed the accuracy and reproducibility of this single point qNMR method (internal standard) for determining L-Dopa, as well as other commercial preparations of this species, without performing an NMR calibration curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernandez-Pastor
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Luque-Muñoz
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnetica Nuclear, Centro de Instrumentacion Cientifica, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Medina-O'Donnell
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ali Haidour
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnetica Nuclear, Centro de Instrumentacion Cientifica, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Andres Parra
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
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Sadaoui N, Bec N, Barragan-Montero V, Kadri N, Cuisinier F, Larroque C, Arab K, Khettal B. The essential oil of Algerian Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. and its effect on the cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities. Fitoterapia 2018; 130:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dzobo K, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA, Shipanga H, Rowe A, Dandara C, Pillay M, Motaung KSCM. Advances in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovation and Transformation of Medicine. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2495848. [PMID: 30154861 PMCID: PMC6091336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2495848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals lose tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma, and diseases. The human body has a low regenerative potential as opposed to the urodele amphibians commonly referred to as salamanders. Globally, millions of people would benefit immensely if tissues and organs can be replaced on demand. Traditionally, transplantation of intact tissues and organs has been the bedrock to replace damaged and diseased parts of the body. The sole reliance on transplantation has created a waiting list of people requiring donated tissues and organs, and generally, supply cannot meet the demand. The total cost to society in terms of caring for patients with failing organs and debilitating diseases is enormous. Scientists and clinicians, motivated by the need to develop safe and reliable sources of tissues and organs, have been improving therapies and technologies that can regenerate tissues and in some cases create new tissues altogether. Tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine are fields of life science employing both engineering and biological principles to create new tissues and organs and to promote the regeneration of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and have a huge impact on three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. 3D bioprinting holds great promise for artificial tissue and organ bioprinting, thereby revolutionizing the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses how recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering can improve 3D bioprinting and vice versa. Several challenges must be overcome in the application of 3D bioprinting before this disruptive technology is widely used to create organotypic constructs for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and UCT Medical Campus, Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and UCT Medical Campus, Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hendrina Shipanga
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and UCT Medical Campus, Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arielle Rowe
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and UCT Medical Campus, Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Pillay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
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Patel S, Homaei A, Raju AB, Meher BR. Estrogen: The necessary evil for human health, and ways to tame it. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:403-411. [PMID: 29573619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a pivotal enzyme for survival and health in both genders, though their quantum, tropism, tissue-specific distribution, and receptor affinity varies with different phases of life. Converted from androgen via aromatase enzyme, this hormone is indispensable to glucose homeostasis, immune robustness, bone health, cardiovascular health, fertility, and neural functions. However, estrogen is at the center of almost all human pathologies as well-infectious, autoimmune, metabolic to degenerative. Both hypo and hyper level of estrogen has been linked to chronic and acute diseases. While normal aging is supposed to lower its level, leading to tissue degeneration (bone, muscle, neural etc.), and metabolite imbalance (glucose, lipid etc.), the increment in inflammatory agents in day-to-day life are enhancing the estrogen (or estrogen mimic) level, fueling 'estrogen dominance'. The resultant excess estrogen is inducing an overexpression of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), harming tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases, and neoplasms. The unprecedented escalation in the polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, breast cancer, ovary cancer, and gynecomastia cases are indicating that this sensitive hormone is getting exacerbated. This critical review is an effort to analyze the dual, and opposing facets of estrogen, via understanding its crosstalk with other hormones, enzymes, metabolites, and drugs. Why estrogen level correction is no trivial task, and how it can be restored to normalcy by a disciplined lifestyle with wise dietary and selective chemical usage choices has been discussed. Overall, our current state of knowledge does not disclose the full picture of estrogen's pleiotropic importance. Hence, this review should be a resource for general public as well as researchers to work in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Akondi Butchi Raju
- Department of Pharmacology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Biswa Ranjan Meher
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
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