1
|
Kanu SC, Ejezie FE, Ejezie CS, Eleazu CO. Effect of methanol extract of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br tuber and its fractions on indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118301. [PMID: 38735419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Many ethnopharmacological properties (anti-tumor, etc.) have been credited to Plectranthus esculentus tuber but the scientific basis has not been established. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effect of methanol extract of P. esculentus tuber (MEPET) (phase 1) and its fractions (phase 2) on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1, thirty-five male albino rats (6 weeks old) were divided into seven groups of five rats each: normal control (NC) received olive oil (subcutaneously) and water (orally); disease control (DC) received testosterone propionate (TP) (3 mg/kg) and water; test groups (1,2,3 and 4) received TP + MEPET at 100, 200, 400, 600 mg/kg respectively; positive control, received TP + finasteride (5 mg/70 kg). After 28 days, their relative prostate weights (RPW) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were determined. Phase 2, thirty rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each: NC received olive oil (subcutaneously daily) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (orally); DC received TP (3 mg/kg), and DMSO; test group 1 received TP and aqueous fraction of MEPET (400 mg/kg); test group 2 received TP and methanol fraction of MEPET (400 mg/kg); test group 3 received TP, and ethyl acetate fraction of MEPET (400 mg/kg); positive control received TP and finasteride (5 mg/70 kg). After 28 days, their erythrocyte sedimentation rates, RPW, prostate levels of PSA, DHT, inflammatory, apoptotic markers and prostate histology were determined. RESULTS Ethyl acetate fraction of MEPET modulated most of the parameters of BPH in the rats in a manner akin to finasteride as corroborated by prostate histology. CONCLUSIONS EFPET could be useful in the treatment of BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shedrach C Kanu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis E Ejezie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chioma S Ejezie
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chinedum O Eleazu
- Department of Biochemistry, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shin D, Yoon BI, Bang S, Bae WJ, Ha US, Kim S, Piao J, Kim JH, Koo GB, Jeon KH, Kim TH, Kim SW. Safety and Efficacy Assessment of Red Ginseng Oil (RXGIN) in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:229-236. [PMID: 37652660 PMCID: PMC10782132 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of red ginseng oil (RXGIN) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Men aged between 40 and 75 years with a total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of 8 to 19 points were recruited from April 2020 to December 2020. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the RXGIN group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio and received either RXGIN or placebo daily for 12 weeks. For the primary outcome, changes in IPSS scores at 6 and 12 weeks from baseline were analyzed. The secondary outcomes were changes in International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), maximum urinary flow rate, and post-void residual volume at weeks 6 and 12 compared to baseline. Urine analysis and blood tests were additionally performed for safety assessment. RESULTS A total of 88 subjects (RXGIN group, 46; control group, 42) completed the study. The total IPSS and IPSS subscores (residual urine sensation, frequency, intermittency, urgency, weak stream, straining, nocturia, and quality of life) were significantly improved in the RXGIN group compared to the control group at weeks 6 and 12. Total IIEF and sexual desire were significantly improved in the RXGIN group at week 6 and week 12, respectively, but there were no significant changes in the level of serum testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The serum prostate-specific antigen showed significant decrease at weeks 12. No serious adverse events leading to discontinuation of the study drug were observed in the RXGIN group. CONCLUSIONS Red ginseng oil (RXGIN) appears to be safe and effective in improving lower urinary tract symptoms in men and may also improve some aspects of sexual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Shin
- Department of Urology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung Il Yoon
- Department of Urology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seokhwan Bang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Jin Bae
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - U-Syn Ha
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junjie Piao
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Han Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gi-Bang Koo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Green Medicine Co., Ltd., Busan, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ginseng volatile oil prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology 2022; 23:485-497. [PMID: 35939242 PMCID: PMC9358063 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng volatile oil (GVO) is one of the main components of ginseng and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to characterize GVO chemical composition, and 73 volatile components were detected from GVO. Caenorhabditis elegans was used as animal model to further elucidate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of GVO in vivo. The results suggested that GVO significantly prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans and promoted its health without damaging its reproductive capacity. In addition, GVO increased the antioxidant capacity and survival rate of nematodes after heat shock. Transcriptional sequencing showed that autophagy-related genes atg-4.2, atg-7, lgg-2, and cyd-1 were up-regulated, and superoxide dismutase 1 (sod-1) expression was increased after GVO pretreatment. Considering the role of autophagy and antioxidant in aging, the expression of autophagy substrate P62 protein in BC12921 strain was analyzed and found to decrease by more than 50.00% after treatment with GVO. In addition, the lifespan of SOD-1 mutant nematodes was not significantly different from that of the control group. SOD activity and autophagy were activated, which is a clear expression of hormesis. All these results suggest that GVO prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of C. elegans, and its biological functions may be related to hormesis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JY, Kim S, Kim S, Kim JH, Bae BS, Koo GB, So SH, Lee J, Lee YH. Effects of red ginseng oil(KGC11 o) on testosterone-propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:473-480. [PMID: 35600774 PMCID: PMC9120790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of the prostate, which occurs frequently in middle-aged men. In this study, we report the effect of red ginseng oil (KGC11o) on BPH. Methods The BPH-induced Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: control, BPH, KGC11o 25, 50, 100, 200, and finasteride groups. KGC11o and finasteride were administered for 8 weeks. The BPH biomarkers, DHT, 5AR1, and 5AR2, androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Bax, Bcl-2, and TGF-β were determined in the serum and prostate tissue. The cell viability after KGC11o treatment was determined using BPH-1 cells, and, androgen receptor, Bax, Bcl-2, and TGF-β were confirmed by western blotting. Results In the in vivo study, administration of KGC11o reduced prostate weight by 18%, suppressed DHT (up to 22%) and 5AR2 (up to 12%) levels from administration of 100 mg/kg KGC11o (P < 0.05). PSA was significantly downregulated dose-dependently from at the concentration of 50 mg/kg KGC11o (P < 0.05). BPH-1 cell viability significantly reduced through the treatment with KGC11o. In vitro and vivo, AR, Bcl-2 TGF-β levels reduced significantly but Bax was increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that KGC11o may inhibit the development of BPH by significantly reducing the levels of BPH biomarkers via 5ARI, anti-androgenic effect, and anti-proliferation effect, serving as a potential functional food for treating BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyuk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Seok Bae
- Laboratory of Resource and Analysis, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Bang Koo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Truong VL, Jeong WS. Red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:214-224. [PMID: 35509821 PMCID: PMC9058829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng oil (RGO), rather than the conventional aqueous extract of red ginseng, has been receiving much attention due to accumulating evidence of its functional and pharmacological potential. In this review, we describe the key extraction technologies, chemical composition, potential health benefits, and safety of RGO. This review emphasizes the proposed molecular mechanisms by which RGO is involved in various bioactivities. RGO is mainly produced using organic solvents or supercritical fluid extraction, with the choice of method greatly affecting the yield and quality of the end products. RGO contains a high unsaturated fatty acid levels along with considerable amounts of lipophilic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyacetylenes. The beneficial health properties of RGO include cellular defense, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, chemoprevention, hair growth promotion, and skin health improvement. We propose several molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie the bioactivity of RGO. In addition, RGO is regarded as safe and nontoxic. Further studies on RGO must focus on a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, composition–functionality relationship, and verification of the bioactivities of RGO in clinical models. This review may provide useful information in the development of RGO-based products in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and functional cosmetics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Vu SH, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi JS, Lee JH, Kim S. Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during Brucella abortus 544 infection. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e18. [PMID: 33774934 PMCID: PMC8007444 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously elucidated the protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng oil (RGO) against Brucella abortus infection, and our phytochemical analysis revealed that palmitic acid (PA) was an abundant component of RGO. Consequently, we investigated the contribution of PA against B. abortus. Objectives We aimed to investigate the efficacy of PA against B. abortus infection using a murine cell line and a murine model. Methods Cell viability, bactericidal, internalization, and intracellular replication, western blot, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (O2-) analyses and flow cytometry were performed to determine the effects of PA on the progression of B. abortus infection in macrophages. Flow cytometry for cytokine analysis of serum samples and bacterial counts from the spleens were performed to determine the effect of PA in a mouse model. Results PA did not affect the growth of B. abortus. PA treatment in macrophages did not change B. abortus uptake but it did attenuate the intracellular survivability of B. abortus. Incubation of cells with PA resulted in a modest increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Compared to control cells, reduced nitrite accumulation, augmented O2-, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in PA-treated B. abortus-infected cells. Mice orally treated with PA displayed a decreased serum interleukin-10 level and enhanced bacterial resistance. Conclusions Our results suggest that PA participates in the control of B. abortus within murine macrophages, and the in vivo study results confirm its efficacy against the infection. However, further investigations are encouraged to completely characterize the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of B. abortus infection by fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Lee
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Choi
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ullah HMA, Lee YY, Kim M, Kim TW, Saba E, Kwak YS, Sandhu MA, Rhee MH. Red Ginseng Oil Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Offers Protection against Ultraviolet-Induced Photo Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5538470. [PMID: 34285765 PMCID: PMC8275431 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5538470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known herbal medicine that has been used for a long time in Korea to treat various diseases. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo protective effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and red ginseng oil (RGO). Liver injury was produced in BALB/c mice by 400 mg/kg of acetaminophen intraperitoneal injection. The antioxidant effects of RGE and RGO on the free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were measured. In addition, the hepatoprotective activities of RGE and RGO on liver markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in serum and histopathological analysis, were evaluated. The protective effect of RGO on UV-induced phototoxicity was also evaluated in Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line. RGE and RGO effectively inhibited the radicals DPPH and ABTS compared with ascorbic acid and trolox, respectively. Moreover, RGE and RGO significantly decreased the liver enzyme (ALT and AST) levels, increased the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) levels, and decreased the DNA oxidation product (8-OHdG) content in mice serum. RGO also exhibited protective effect against UV irradiation compared with chlorpromazine hydrochloride, a known phototoxic drug, in Balb/c 3T3 cell line. RGE and RGO possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in mice, and RGO exerts nonphototoxic activity in Balb/c 3T3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Arif Ullah
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansur Abdullah Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung HJ, Lee SH, Kwack MH, Lee WJ. Effect of Red Ginseng Oil on Cultured Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:245-253. [PMID: 34079184 PMCID: PMC8137333 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been known in Korea as a health-supportive herbal medicine from time immemorial. Essential oil isolated from fresh ginseng has been shown to display antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective The effects of red ginseng oil (RGO) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells were studied. Methods The cultured cells were treated with either 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml LPS, 50 µg/ml RGO, or 5 µg/ml LPS plus 50 µg/ml RGO for 6 and 24 hours. RT-PCR, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed for the analysis of inflammatory cytokine. Results RGO showed the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. RGO also showed the increased protein expression of p-c-jun and p-JNK in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Gene expression of TLR2 was increased in LPS-treated sebocytes following treatment with RGO. Additionally, RGO resulted in an increased expression of LL-37 in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Moreover, it remarkably increased the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes. Conclusion RGO might be among the aggravating factors of acne vulgaris. It would be better to stop taking red ginseng in patients with inflammatory acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Jung
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao YL, Gou ZP, Shang JH, Li WY, Kuang Y, Li MY, Luo XD. Anti-microbial Effects In Vitro and In Vivo of Alstonia scholaris. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:127-135. [PMID: 33389714 PMCID: PMC7778864 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alstonia scholaris could be used as a traditional medicinal plant in China for the treatment of acute respiratory, which might be caused by respiratory tract infections. The investigation tested the anti-infective effects of total alkaloids extract (TA) from leaves of A. scholaris, and as a result, TA inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (H1N1) in vitro respectively. In addition, the survival days of mice were prolonged, and the lung weights and mortality of mice were decreased significantly, after oral administrated TA in H1N1 and beta-hemolytic streptococcus infectious models in vivo respectively. The finding supported partly the traditional usage of A. scholaris in the treatment of respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ping Gou
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Yi Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Kuang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil in an Ultraviolet B-Induced Hairless Mouse Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204755. [PMID: 33081281 PMCID: PMC7587592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 'remedy for all' natural product widely known in the Korean Peninsula is called Panax Ginseng Meyer. Globalization represents a persistent risk to the ozone layer, leading to bountiful amounts of Ultra-Violet B beams (UVB). The variety in human skin hues is ascribed to the characteristic color called Melanin. However, Melanin overproduction due to UVB beams promotes skin staining and tumorigenesis, a process called photo aging, which damages skin quality. To assess the effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil (KGO) on photo aging, the murine melanoma cell lines B16/F10 were used in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to UVB were studied in vivo. Our results revealed that KGO reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells along with the suppression of upstream factors involved in the melanin production pathway, both transcriptionally and transitionally. In the in vivo studies, KGO suppressed the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) and Interleukins along with a reduction of depth in wrinkle formation and reduced collagen degradation. Moreover, the feed intake and feed efficiency ratio that decreased as a result of UVB exposure was also improved by KGO treatment. In light of our results, we conclude that KGO can have considerable benefits due to its various properties of natural skin enhancement.
Collapse
|
11
|
Immunomodulatory Activities of Selected Essential Oils. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081139. [PMID: 32756359 PMCID: PMC7464830 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the application of herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases has gained increasing attention. Essential oils (EOs) are generally known to exert various pharmacological effects, such as antiallergic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Current literature involving in vitro and in vivo studies indicates the potential of various herbal essential oils as suitable immunomodulators for the alternative treatment of infectious or immune diseases. This review highlights the cellular effects induced by EOs, as well as the molecular impacts of EOs on cytokines, immunoglobulins, or regulatory pathways. The results reviewed in this article revealed a significant reduction in relevant proinflammatory cytokines, as well as induction of anti-inflammatory markers. Remarkably, very little clinical study data involving the immunomodulatory effects of EOs are available. Furthermore, several studies led to contradictory results, emphasizing the need for a multiapproach system to better characterize EOs. While immunomodulatory effects were reported, the toxic potential of EOs must be clearly considered in order to secure future applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hyun SH, Kim SW, Seo HW, Youn SH, Kyung JS, Lee YY, In G, Park CK, Han CK. Physiological and pharmacological features of the non-saponin components in Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:527-537. [PMID: 32617032 PMCID: PMC7322739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant, has been used as a blood-nourishing tonic for thousands of years in Asia, including Korea and China. P. ginseng exhibits adaptogen activity that maintains homeostasis by restoring general biological functions and non-specifically enhancing the body's resistance to external stress. Several P. ginseng effects have been reported. Korean Red Ginseng, in particular, has been reported in both basic and clinical studies to possess diverse effects such as enhanced immunity, fatigue relief, memory, blood circulation, and anti-oxidation. Moreover, it also protects against menopausal symptoms, cancer, cardiac diseases, and neurological disorders. The active components found in most Korean Red Ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds. In this review, the identity and bioactivity of the non-saponin components of Korean Red Ginseng discovered to date are evaluated and the components are classified into polysaccharide and nitrogen compounds (protein, peptide, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid), as well as fat-soluble components such as polyacetylene, phenols, essential oils, and phytosterols. The distinct bioactivity of Korean Red Ginseng was found to originate from both saponin and non-saponin components rather than from only one or two specific components. Therefore, it is important to consider saponin and non-saponin elements together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Youn
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kyung
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reyes AWB, Vu SH, Huy TXN, Min W, Lee HJ, Chang HH, Lee JH, Kim S. Modulatory Effect of Linoleic Acid During Brucella abortus 544 Infection in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells and Murine Model BALB/c Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:642-648. [PMID: 32482929 PMCID: PMC9728246 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of linoleic acid (LA) treatment on Brucella abortus infection in professional phagocyte RAW264.7 cells, particularly during the pathogens invasion and intracellular growth in these cells, as well as in murine model BALB/c mice focusing on bacterial splenic proliferation and immunoregulatory activities. LA inhibited the growth of Brucella in a doseand time-dependent manner. The ability of the pathogen to enter the phagocytes was inhibited as was its survival within these cells. This was accompanied by increased nitrite accumulation in these cells at 24 h post-infection. The concentration of LA used in the present study did not affect the total body weight or liver function of the mice. During Brucella infection, the total splenic weight of these animals was not changed; rather, resistance to bacterial proliferation was enhanced in the spleen. Furthermore, mice treated with LA displayed elevated levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ but reduced levels of IL-10 during infection. The findings in this study showed the regulatory role of LA against B. abortus infection suggesting its potential use in designing intervention strategy for brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hee Chang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reyes AWB, Arayan LT, Huy TXN, Vu SH, Min W, Hur J, Kim S. β-Sitosterol Contributes in the Resistance to Invasion and Survival of Brucella abortus 544 within RAW264.7 Cells, and Cytokine Production with Reduced Susceptibility to Infection in BALB/c Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:482-489. [PMID: 31893609 PMCID: PMC9728205 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1909.09052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified β-sitosterol (BS) as one of the most abundant compounds found in Korean red ginseng oil. BS is a widely prevalent vegetable-derived phytosterol with many known health benefits. Here, we investigated the efficacy of BS against Brucella (B.) abortus infection. BS showed no effect on bacterial growth but attenuated internalization, intracellular survival and MAPKs-linked intracellular signaling in RAW264.7 cells. BS treatment in cells is also associated with increased nitrite concentration during infection at 24 h. Slightly enhanced resistance to B. abortus infection was observed in mice orally given BS, which could be mediated by induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our study demonstrates the contribution of BS treatment against B. abortus infection although further investigation is encouraged to maximize its beneficial effects against intracellular infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-55-772-2359 Fax: +82-55-772-2349 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reyes AWB, Vu SH, Huy TXN, Min W, Lee HJ, Chang HH, Lee JH, Kim S. Adenosine receptor Adora2b antagonism attenuates Brucella abortus 544 infection in professional phagocyte RAW 264.7 cells and BALB/c mice. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108586. [PMID: 32122590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella as a stealthy intracellular pathogen avoids activation of innate immune response. Here we investigated the contribution of an adenosine receptor, Adora2b, during Brucella infection in professional phagocyte RAW 264.7 cells and in a murine model. Adora2b-deficient cells showed attenuated Brucella internalization and intracellular survival with enhanced release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12 and MCP-1. In addition, blockade of Adora2b using MRS 1754 treatment in mice resulted in increased total weight of the spleens but suppressed bacterial burden in these organs accompanied by elevated levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and MCP-1, while reduced IL-10. Overall, we proposed that the Adora2b participates in the successful phagocytic pathway and intracellular survival of Brucella in RAW 264.7 cells, and could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of acute brucellosis in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - WonGi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hee Chang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yun M, Yi YS. Regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases, executioners of inflammasome activation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:373-385. [PMID: 32372859 PMCID: PMC7195600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response that protects against pathogens and cellular stress. The hallmark of inflammatory responses is inflammasome activation in response to various stimuli. This subsequently activates downstream effectors, that is, inflammatory caspases such as caspase-1, 4, 5, 11, and 12. Extensive efforts have been made on developing effective and safe anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and ginseng has long been traditionally used as efficacious and safe herbal medicine in treating various inflammatory and inflammation-mediated diseases. Many studies have successfully shown that ginseng plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting inflammasomes and inflammasome-activated inflammatory caspases. This review discusses the regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases in inflammatory responses and also suggests new research areas on the anti-inflammatory function of ginseng, which provides a novel insight into the development of ginseng as an effective and safe anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
Collapse
Key Words
- AIM2, Absent in melanoma 2
- ASC, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD
- CARD, C-terminal caspase recruit domain
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2
- Caspase, Cysteine aspartate–specific protease
- DAMP, Danger-associated molecular pattern
- FIIND, Functional-to-find domain
- GSDMD, Gasdermin D
- Ginseng
- Ginsenoside
- HIN, Hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear protein
- IL, Interleukin
- Inflammasome
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory caspase
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, Leucine-rich repeat
- NACHT, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NLR, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PGE2, Prostaglandin E2
- PRR, Pattern-recognition receptor
- PYD, N-terminal pyrin domain
- RGE, Korean Red Ginseng
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyong Yun
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peterfalvi A, Miko E, Nagy T, Reger B, Simon D, Miseta A, Czéh B, Szereday L. Much More Than a Pleasant Scent: A Review on Essential Oils Supporting the Immune System. Molecules 2019; 24:E4530. [PMID: 31835699 PMCID: PMC6943609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The augmenting acceptance and application of herbal medicine in prevention and treatment of diseases also involve the use of plant essential oils (EOs) through different routes of administration (aromatherapy). Scientific data supporting the efficacy of certain herbal products are continuously growing; however, the cumulative evidence is not always sufficient. The anti-inflammatory properties of EOs have been investigated more extensively and also reviewed in different settings, but so far, our review is the first to summarize the immune-supporting properties of EOs. Our aim here is to synthesize the currently available data on the immune function enhancing effects of EOs. An online search was conducted in the PubMed database, which was terminated at the end of July 2019. Other articles were found in the reference lists of the preselected papers. Studies that applied whole EOs with known components, or single EO constituents under in vitro or in vivo laboratory conditions, or in human studies, and de facto measured parameters related to immune function as outcome measures were included. Two specific fields, EO dietary supplementation for livestock and fish, and forest bathing are also explored. Some EOs, particularly eucalyptus and ginger, seem to have immune function enhancing properties in multiple studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Peterfalvi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 13., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (T.N.); (B.R.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 20., 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 13., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (T.N.); (B.R.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Barbara Reger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 13., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (T.N.); (B.R.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Diana Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12., 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 13., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (T.N.); (B.R.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 13., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (T.N.); (B.R.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjusag utja 20., 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12., 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.M.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawamoto H, Takeshita F, Murata K. Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oil Extracts From Panax Plants Against β-Secretase, Cholinesterase, and Amyloid Aggregation. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19881549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pharmacological studies on Panax plants have been performed. However, these studies were limited to ginsenosides, which are typical constituents in Panax plants. In our research program to discover novel agents to prevent dementia and improve dementia symptoms, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we investigated the inhibitory activities of essential oil (EO) extracts from 4 Panax plants against β-secretase, amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). An EO extract of Panax japonicus showed the most potent activity with 51.3% inhibition at 500 μg/mL against β-secretase. Panax ginseng showed the most potent inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE with 70.4% and 84.4% inhibition at 50 μg/mL, respectively. Panax notoginseng extract showed the most potent activity with 57.3% inhibition at 500 μg/mL against Aβ aggregation. From these results, an EO extract of P. ginseng could be an effective agent to improve AD symptoms, while EO extracts of P. japonicus and P. notoginseng could be suitable for AD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reyes AWB, Arayan LT, Huy TXN, Vu SH, Kang CK, Min W, Lee HJ, Lee JH, Kim S. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade enhances resistance to bacterial internalization in RAW264.7 cells and AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, attenuates susceptibility to Brucella abortus 544 infection in a murine model. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108402. [PMID: 31585647 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) signaling on the outcome of Brucella (B.) abortus 544 infection in murine macrophages and in a mouse model. CXCR4 manipulation were first evaluated for Brucella invasion and intracellular survival efficiency, mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2, JNK, p38α) activation and generation of nitric oxide (NO), and then in the splenic bacterial proliferation and cytokine production in BALB/c mice. CXCR4 blockade is involved in the successful control of Brucella invasion, reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibition of nitric oxide release from macrophages. Furthermore, using a reported CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100 resulted in splenomegaly but attenuated Brucella proliferation in these organs with elevated serum levels of MCP-1, TNF and IL-12. These findings provide insights on the contribution of CXCR4 signaling in the phagocytic pathway and immune modulation during B. abortus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Keun Kang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee JI, Park KS, Cho IH. Panax ginseng: a candidate herbal medicine for autoimmune disease. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:342-348. [PMID: 31308804 PMCID: PMC6606836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng; Korean ginseng) is well known for its medicinal properties. It can alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, homeostatic, and other positive effects on biological metabolism. Although many studies have determined effects of P. ginseng on various diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological diseases, little is known about the effect of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases. Here, we review a few reports about effects of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis) and suggest the possibility of P. ginseng as a candidate herbal medicine to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases as well as the need to study it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|