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Wang Z, Liu L, Li CY, Zhao YW, Tong XY, Cheng XY, Ouyang JM. Carboxymethylated Rhizoma alismatis polysaccharides reduces the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation by reducing cellular inflammation and oxidative stress. Urolithiasis 2024; 52:63. [PMID: 38613670 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-024-01565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the mechanism and potential of Rhizoma alismatis polysaccharides (RAPs) in preventing oxidative damage to human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The experimental approach involved incubating HK-2 cells with 100 nm calcium oxalate monohydrate for 24 h to establish a cellular injury model. Protection was provided by RAPs with varying carboxyl group contents: 3.57%, 7.79%, 10.84%, and 15.33%. The safeguarding effect of RAPs was evaluated by analyzing relevant cellular biochemical indicators. Findings demonstrate that RAPs exhibit notable antioxidative properties. They effectively diminish the release of reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde, a lipid oxidation byproduct. Moreover, RAPs enhance superoxide dismutase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential while attenuating the permeability of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Additionally, RAPs significantly reduce levels of inflammatory factors, including NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, and NO. This reduction corresponds to the inhibition of overproduced pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide and the caspase 3 enzyme, leading to a reduction in cellular apoptosis. RAPs also display the ability to suppress the expression of the HK-2 cell surface adhesion molecule CD44. The observed results collectively underscore the substantial anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potential of all four RAPs. Moreover, their capacity to modulate the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules highlights their potential in inhibiting the formation of kidney stones. Notably, RAP3, boasting the highest carboxyl group content, emerges as the most potent agent in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children's Hospital), Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children's Hospital), Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Chuang-Ye Li
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children's Hospital), Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yao-Wang Zhao
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children's Hospital), Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Xin-Yi Tong
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Kim H, Hong JY, Lee J, Yeo C, Jeon WJ, Lee YJ, Ha IH. Immune-boosting effect of Yookgong-dan against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24033. [PMID: 38293434 PMCID: PMC10826668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses must be strictly regulated to prevent autoimmune and infectious diseases and to protect against infectious agents. As people age, their immunity wanes, leading to a decrease in lymphocyte production in bone marrow and thymus and a decline in the efficacy of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs. This study explores the immune-boosting potential of Yookgong-dan (YGD) in enhancing the immune system by activating immune cells. In our in vitro experiments, cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment led to a significant decrease in primary splenocyte viability. However, subsequent treatment with YGD significantly improved cell viability, with doses ranging between 1 and 25 μg/mL in Cy-treated splenocytes. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the Cy group exhibited reduced positivity of CD3+ T cells and CD45+ leukocytes compared to the blank group. In contrast, treatment with YGD led to a notable, dose-responsive increase in these immune cell types. In our in vivo experiments, YGD was orally administered to Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice at 20 and 100 mg/kg doses for 10 days. The results indicated a dose-dependent elevation in immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels in the serum, emphasizing the immunostimulatory effect of YGD. Furthermore, the Cy-treated group showed decreased T cells, B (CD19+) cells, and leukocytes in the total splenocyte population. Yet, YGD treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reversal of this pattern, suggesting its ability to counter immunosuppression. Notably, YGD was found to effectively stimulate T (CD4+ and CD8+) lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells, along with enhancing Th1/Th2 cytokines in immunosuppressed conditions. These outcomes correlated with the modulation of BCL-2 and BAX expression, which are critical for apoptosis. In conclusion, YGD has the potential to bolster immune functionality through the activation of immune cells, thereby enhancing the immune system's capacity to combat diseases and improve overall health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseong Kim
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Hong
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Junseon Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Changhwan Yeo
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Wan-Jin Jeon
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Ha
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
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An optimized herbal medicine containing Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Alisma orientale Juzepzuk, and Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi has potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:285-296. [PMID: 37128192 PMCID: PMC10148138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Platelet-derived thrombosis is important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. HTB is an optimized herbal medicine including Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Alisma orientale Juzepzuk, and Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi. It is widely used in traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities have not been completely validated. The current study aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of the novel herb formula HTB against platelet activation and thrombus formation. Experimental procedure The antiplatelet activities of HTB via platelet aggregation, granule secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, and intracellular calcium mobilization were evaluated. Moreover, the antithrombotic effect of HTB via FeCl3-induced arterial thrombus formation in vivo in mice was assessed. The inhibitory effect of HTB against primary hemostasis was investigated based on transection tail bleeding time. Results and conclusion HTB treatment significantly inhibited glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet aggregation, granule secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. Biochemical studies revealed that HTB inhibited glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet signal transduction during cell activation. Further, its antioxidant effect might be derived by reducing the phosphorylation of the p47phox/Hic5 axis signalosome. Oral HTB treatment was effective in decreasing FeCl3-induced arterial thrombus formation without prolonging the tail bleeding time. HTB can be an effective therapeutic agent against thrombotic diseases.
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Phillygenin Attenuated Colon Inflammation and Improved Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in DSS-induced Colitis Mice via TLR4/Src Mediated MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032238. [PMID: 36768559 PMCID: PMC9917337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing, and nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Phillygenin (PHI), a natural bioactive ingredient, isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and hepatoprotective activities. However, few reports provide direct evidence on the efficacy of PHI in improving colitis mice. The present study elucidated that the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis mice were alleviated after PHI administration, including body weight loss, the disease activity index, colon length shortening, colonic pathological damage, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. PHI treatment improved the intestinal mucosal barrier by protecting goblet cells, promoting gene expressions of Clca1, Slc26a3, and Aqp8, increasing tight junction proteins (TJs), and reducing epithelial cell apoptosis. In addition, the levels of oxidative stress (MPO, SOD, and MDA) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) were reversed by PHI in colitis mice. According to transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis, inflammatory pathway might be an important mechanism for PHI to improve colitis. Western blotting displayed that the PHI inhibited the activation of tyrosine kinase Src mediated by TLR4, and then reduced the phosphorylation of downstream proteins p38, JNK, and NF-κB in colitis mice. In summary, our results suggested that PHI might be an appropriate and effective drug candidate to protect colitis.
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Zhang J, Feng Y, Han S, Guan X, He Z, Song C, Lv L, Luo Q. Incarvillea compacta Maxim ameliorates inflammatory response via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway and NLRP3 activation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1058012. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1058012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incarvillea compacta Maxim is a traditional Tibetan medicine used to treat inflammation-related diseases, such as pneumonia, fever, jaundice, and otitis media. However, no studies have examined its anti-inflammatory mechanism. To validate the anti-inflammatory activity of I. compacta extract (ICE) and its protective effect on acute alcoholic gastritis, Phytochemicals of I. compacta were identified using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were used in vitro along with an in vivo a mouse acute gastritis model. Pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured using the Griess reagent and Cytometric bead array (CBA) assay. Furthermore, inflammation-related molecules were analysed by Western blotting, RNA-Seq, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The experimental results revealed that ICE decreased the nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and downregulated the expression and phosphorylation of PDK1, AKT, and GSK3β. Moreover, ICE also downregulated the activation of NLRP3. The RNA-Seq analysis revealed that 340 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) response to ICE treatment was enriched in several inflammation-related biological processes. The results of the in vivo mouse acute gastritis model showed that ICE significantly reduced inflammatory lesions in the gastric mucosa and remarkably downregulated the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in gastric tissue. Therefore, the results of this study obtained scientific evidence supporting the use of I. compacta.
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You L, Huang L, Jang J, Hong YH, Kim HG, Chen H, Shin CY, Yoon JH, Manilack P, Sounyvong B, Lee WS, Jeon MJ, Lee S, Lee BH, Cho JY. Callerya atropurpurea suppresses inflammation in vitro and ameliorates gastric injury as well as septic shock in vivo via TLR4/MyD88-dependent cascade. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154338. [PMID: 35921773 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callerya atropurpurea is a traditional plant in a tropical zone discovered to have anti-inflammatory functions. PURPOSE we want to investigate the mechanism related to anti-inflammation of C. atropurpurea ethanol extract (Ca-EE) both in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN Murine macrophage cells and mouse models for gastritis and septic shock were conducted to evaluate the abilities of Ca-EE in anti-inflammation. METHODS Ca-EE was tested by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. NO outcome was checked by Griess reagent test. Cell viabilities were evaluated using MTT assay. Inflammatory cytokines were determined via RT-PCR and ELISA. The mechanism of Ca-EE in anti-inflammation was investigated by luciferase reporter gene assay and immunoblot in transcription level and protein level respectively. Gastric injury and septic shock administrated with Ca-EE were studied by H&E, PCR, and immunoblot. RESULTS Ca-EE significantly decreased LPS-induced NO production, but hardly stimulated the expression of NO itself. It not only showed no cytotoxicity, but also protected cells from LPS damage. Moreover, Ca-EE decreased TLR4 expression, altered MyD88 recruitment and TRAF6, and suppressed the phospho-Src/PI3K/AKT. Ca-EE inhibited downstream signaling P38, JNK and NF-κB. Finally, Ca-EE alleviated HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis and LPS/poly (I:C)-induced septic shock through the previously mentioned signaling cascades. CONCLUSION Ca-EE exhibited an integrated and promising mechanism against TLR4-related inflammation, which shows potential for treating gastritis, septic shock, and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long You
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongxi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Yun Shin
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yoon
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Philaxay Manilack
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2932, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Bounthan Sounyvong
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2932, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Woo-Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Jeon
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang J, Sayakoummane S, Kim SA, Lee JS, Choung ES, Kim ES, Lee SG, Yum J, Lee BH, Lee S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Hymenocallis littoralis ameliorates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and HCl/EtOH-induced gastric mucosal injury via targeting the MAPK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115400. [PMID: 35623503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. Also known as Pancratium littorale Jacq. And Hymenocallis panamensis Lindl., is a medicinal plant from the family Amarylideceae used for emetic and wound healing and has manifested anti-neoplastic, anti-oxidant, and anti-viral properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper is to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential and molecular mechanism of H. littoralis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and in vivo HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mucosal injury models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators was evaluated by Griess assay, RT-PCR, and real-time PCR. Moreover, the relevant proteins of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including ERK, JNK, p38, c-Jun, and c-Fos were detected using immunoblotting. RESULTS We demonstrated that H. littoralis prominently dampened production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-, poly I:C-, or pam3CSK-stimulated RAW264.7 cells; down-regulated the expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and markedly attenuated the luciferase activities of AP-1 reporter promoters. Moreover, H. littoralis administration prominently downregulated c-Fos and c-Jun phosphorylation as well as JNK1, ERK2, and MKK7 overexpression in HEK 293T cells. Furthermore, H. littoralis displayed anti-inflammatory effects in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mice model. CONCLUSIONS Cumulatively, these results demonstrated that H. littoralis exerts eminently anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro and in HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mice models in vivo. These activities could be attributed to its modulatory effects on the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sousath Sayakoummane
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, P.O. Box 2932, Laos.
| | - Soo Ah Kim
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Sub Lee
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui Su Choung
- DanjoungBio Co. Ltd, Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Sil Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Gyu Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sarah Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Citrus unshiu Peel Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice due to Modulation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and MAPK and NF-κB. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4041402. [PMID: 35620406 PMCID: PMC9129974 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim Citrus unshiu peel has been used to treat various diseases in traditional East Asian medicine including Korea, and many studies have been reported regarding inflammatory diseases including ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the underlying mechanism by which Citrus unshiu peel modulates inflammation in UC remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of Citrus unshiu peel water extract (CUP) for UC. Methods The experiment for UC was conducted with 8-week-old male Balb/c mice. After 1 week of adaptation, acute colitis was induced in all groups except the normal group by 5% DSS dissolved in drinking water for 1 week. Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 8/group): control group (Control), distilled water-treated group (DSS), 100 mg/kg sulfasalazine-treated group (SASP), 100 mg/kg CUP-treated group (CUPL), and 200 mg/kg CUP-treated group (CUPH). The efficacy of CUP on UC was evaluated by biochemical analyses such as ROS and MPO in serum and MDA in tissues, and expression of proteins related to inflammation and apoptosis was evaluated through Western blot. Results As a result of confirming the macroscopic changes and H&E staining in colon tissues to confirm the preventive and therapeutic effects of CU, decrease in colon length and inflammatory lesions were inhibited in the CUP-treated group compared to the DSS group. In addition, as a result of serum ROS and tissue MDA analysis and oxidative stress-related protein analysis, it was significantly decreased in the CUP-administered group compared to the control group. In addition, treatment with CUP not only inactivated MAPK, p-IκBα, and NF-κBp65 by blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway but also significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion These results show that CUP not only suppresses oxidative stress in UC but also regulates inflammation-related proteins and apoptotic proteins by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, suggesting that it has the potential as a material for developing new natural therapeutic agents for UC.
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Anti-Inflammatory Functions of Methanol Extract from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Leaves and Shoots by Targeting the NF-κB Pathway. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050646. [PMID: 35270116 PMCID: PMC8912290 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. is a widely used medical plant in Asia. Since the anti-inflammatory mechanism of this plant is not fully understood, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory function and mechanism of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. methanol extract (Mb-ME). For in vitro experiments, nitric oxide production assay, PCR, overexpression strategy, immunoblotting, luciferase reporter assay, and immunoprecipitation were employed to explore the molecular mechanism and the target proteins of Mb-ME. For in vivo experiments, an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mouse model was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory function. Mb-ME showed a strong ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the expression of inflammatory genes. Mb-ME decreased NF-κB luciferase activity mediated by MyD88 and TRIF. Moreover, Mb-ME blocked the activation of Src, Syk, p85, Akt, p50, p60, IKKα/β, and IκBα in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression and immunoprecipitation analyses suggested Syk and Src as the target enzymes of Mb-ME. In vitro results showed that Mb-ME could alleviate gastritis and relieve the protein expression of p-Src, p-Syk, and COX-2, as well as the gene expression of COX-2 and TNF-α. In summary, this study implied that Mb-ME performs an anti-inflammatory role by suppressing Syk and Src in the NF-κB signaling pathway, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Rahmawati L, Park SH, Kim DS, Lee HP, Aziz N, Lee CY, Kim SA, Jang SG, Kim DS, Cho JY. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Prasiola japonica, an Edible Freshwater Green Algae, and Its Various Solvent Fractions in LPS-Induced Macrophages and Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema via the AP-1 Pathway. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010194. [PMID: 35011425 PMCID: PMC8746635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prasiola japonica possesses several biological activities. However, reports on the anti-inflammatory activities and molecular mechanisms of its different solvent fractions remain limited. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of P. japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) and four solvent fractions of Pj-EE made with hexane (Pj-EE-HF), chloroform (Pj-EE-CF), butanol (Pj-EE-BF), or water (Pj-EE-WF) in both in vitro (LPS-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced acute paw edema mouse models) experiments. The most active solvent fraction was selected for further analysis. Various in vitro and in vivo assessments, including nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, luciferase assays, real-time polymerase chain reactions, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the phytochemical constituents were characterized by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In in vitro studies, the highest inhibition of NO production was observed in Pj-EE-CF. Further examination revealed that Pj-EE-CF decreased the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and suppressed subsequent AP-1-luciferase activity by inhibition of phosphorylation events in the AP-1 signaling pathway. Pj-EE-CF treatment also demonstrated the strongest reduction in thickness and volume of carrageenan-induced paw edema, while Pj-EE-BF showed the lowest activity. Furthermore, Pj-EE-CF also reduced gene expression and cytokines production in tissue lysates of carrageenan-induced paw edema. These findings support and validate the evidence that Pj-EE, and especially Pj-EE-CF, could be a good natural source for an anti-inflammatory agent that targets the AP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Hwa Pyoung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Chae Young Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Seung A Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Seok Gu Jang
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Dong Sam Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.S.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-570-4427 (D.S.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (D.S.K.); (H.P.L.); (N.A.); (C.Y.L.); (S.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-570-4427 (D.S.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Chen H, Hong YH, Woo BY, Hong YD, Manilack P, Souladeth P, Jung JH, Lee WS, Jeon MJ, Kim T, Hossain MA, Yum J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Cocculus hirsutus ameliorates gastric and lung injuries by suppressing Src/Syk. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153778. [PMID: 34628239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. Thedo., a traditionally well-known plant, has confirmed antitumor properties as well as acute and chronic diuretic effects. However, little is known about its inflammatory activities and the potential effect on inflammatory disease treatment. PURPOSE Our aim in this study was to explore additional beneficial properties of C. hirsutus ethanol extract (Ch-EE) such as anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo as well as its underlying mechanisms and to provide a theoretical basis for its role as a candidate natural drug in clinical gastritis and lung disease therapy. STUDY DESIGN RAW264.7 cells, HEK293T cells, peritoneal macrophages, and mouse models of acute gastritis and acute lung injury were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Ch-EE. METHODS Decreases in LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine expression by RAW264.7 cells after Ch-EE treatment were evaluated by Griess assays and PCR, respectively. Transcription factor activity was assessed through luciferase reporter gene assay, and protein expression was determined by Western blotting analysis. Overexpression assays and cellular thermal shift assays were executed in HEK293T cells. Our two in vivo models were an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model and an LPS-induced lung injury model. Changes in stomach lesions, lung edema, and lung histology were examined upon treatment with Ch-EE. Components of Ch-EE were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS LPS-induced nitric oxide production and Pam3CSK4- and L-NAME-induced NO production were inhibited by Ch-EE treatment of RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, LPS-induced increases in transcript levels of iNOS, COX2, CCL12, and IL-1β were reduced by Ch-EE treatment. Ch-EE decreased both MyD88- and TRIF-induced NF-κB promotor activity. Proteins upstream of NF-κB, namely p-p50, p-p65, p-IκBα, p-AKT1, p-Src, and p-Syk, were all downregulated by Ch-EE. Moreover, Src and Syk were targets of Ch-EE. Ch-EE treatment reduced the size of inflammatory stomach lesions induced by HCl/EtOH, lung edema, and accumulation of activated neutrophils caused by LPS. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that Cocculus hirsutus can be developed as a promising anti-inflammatory remedy with Src- and Syk-inhibitory functions targeting diseases related to gastritis and lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Yong Deog Hong
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin, 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Philaxay Manilack
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, P.O. Box: 811, The Lao People's Democratic Republic.
| | - Phetlasy Souladeth
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane, P.O. Box: 7322, The Lao People's Democratic Republic.
| | - Ji Hwa Jung
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi Jeong Jeon
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Rahmawati L, Aziz N, Oh J, Hong YH, Woo BY, Hong YD, Manilack P, Souladeth P, Jung JH, Lee WS, Jeon MJ, Kim T, Hossain MA, Yum J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Cissus subtetragona Planch. Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-induced Macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced Gastritis, and LPS-induced Lung Injury via Attenuation of Src and TAK1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196073. [PMID: 34641616 PMCID: PMC8512965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Cissus species have been used and reported to possess medicinal benefits. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Cissus subtetragona have not been described. In this study, we examined the potential anti-inflammatory effects of C. subtetragona ethanol extract (Cs-EE) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its molecular mechanism as well as its flavonoid content. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages as well as LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis mouse models were utilized. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting analyses, overexpression strategies, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms and targets of Cs-EE. Cs-EE concentration-dependently reduced the secretion of NO and PGE2, inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreased NF-κB- and AP-1-luciferase activity. Subsequently, we determined that Cs-EE decreased the phosphorylation events of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Cs-EE treatment also significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms of HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis and LPS-induced ALI mouse models. Overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1 along with CETSA experiments validated that inhibited inflammatory responses are the outcome of attenuation of Src and TAK1 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cs-EE could be utilized as an anti-inflammatory remedy especially targeting against gastritis and acute lung injury by attenuating the activities of Src and TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
| | - Byoung Young Woo
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (B.Y.W.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Philaxay Manilack
- Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane P.O. Box 811, Laos;
| | - Phetlasy Souladeth
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane P.O. Box 7322, Laos;
| | - Ji Hwa Jung
- Division of Zoology, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea;
| | - Woo Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Mi Jeong Jeon
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (L.R.); (N.A.); (J.O.); (Y.H.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Kim JK, Choi E, Hong YH, Kim H, Jang YJ, Lee JS, Choung ES, Woo BY, Hong YD, Lee S, Lee BH, Bach TT, Kim JH, Kim JH, Cho JY. Syk/NF-κB-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley methanol extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113887. [PMID: 33539951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melicope accedens (Blume) Thomas G. Hartley is a plant included in the family Rutaceae and genus Melicope. It is a native plant from Vietnam that has been used for ethnopharmacology. In Indonesia and Malaysia, the leaves of M. accedens are applied externally to decrease fever. AIM OF THE STUDY The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. accedens are not yet understood. Therefore, we examined those mechanisms using a methanol extract of M. accedens (Ma-ME) and determined the target molecule in macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ma-ME in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in an HCl/EtOH-triggered gastritis model in mice. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) production assay and ELISA assay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). RT-PCR, luciferase gene reporter assays, western blotting analyses, and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were conducted to identify the mechanism and target molecule of Ma-ME. The phytochemical composition of Ma-ME was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Ma-ME suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 and the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. Ma-ME inhibited NF-κB activation by suppressing signaling molecules such as IκBα, Akt, Src, and Syk. Moreover, the CETSA assay revealed that Ma-ME binds to Syk, the most upstream molecule in the NF-κB signal pathway. Oral administration of Ma-ME not only alleviated inflammatory lesions, but also reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and p-Syk in mice with HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis. HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that Ma-ME contains various anti-inflammatory flavonoids, including quercetin, daidzein, and nevadensin. CONCLUSIONS Ma-ME exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo by targeting Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, we propose that Ma-ME could be used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunju Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haeyeop Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Sub Lee
- DanjoungBio Co., Ltd., Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui Su Choung
- DanjoungBio Co., Ltd., Wonju, 26303, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Yong Deog Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, Yongin, 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tran The Bach
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Euodia pasteuriana Methanol Extract Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Targeting TAK1 in the AP-1 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235760. [PMID: 33297427 PMCID: PMC7730574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Euodia pasteuriana A. Chev. ex Guillaumin, also known as Melicope accedens (Blume) T.G. Hartley, is a herbal medicinal plant native to Vietnam. Although Euodia pasteuriana is used as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases, the pharmacological mechanisms related to this plant are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a methanol extract of Euodia pasteuriana leaves (Ep-ME) on the production of inflammatory mediators, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes, and inflammatory signaling activities in macrophage cell lines. The results showed that Ep-ME strongly suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) without cytotoxicity. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction further confirmed that Ep-ME suppressed the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) at the transcriptional level and reduced the luciferase activities of activator protein 1 (AP-1) reporter promoters. In addition, immunoblotting analyses of the whole lysate and nuclear fraction, as well as overexpression assays demonstrated that Ep-ME decreased the translocation of c-Jun and suppressed the activation of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in the AP-1 signaling pathways. These results imply that Ep-ME could be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent that targets TAK1 in the AP-1 signaling pathway.
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Tan RZ, Li JC, Liu J, Lei XY, Zhong X, Wang C, Yan Y, Linda Ye L, Darrel Duan D, Lan HY, Wang L. BAY61-3606 protects kidney from acute ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting spleen tyrosine kinase and suppressing inflammatory macrophage response. FASEB J 2020; 34:15029-15046. [PMID: 32964547 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000261rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent clinical syndrome with high mortality and morbidity. Previous studies indicated that inflammation promotes tubular damage and plays a key role in AKI progress. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) has been linked to macrophage-related inflammation in AKI. Up to date, however, no Syk-targeted therapy for AKI has been reported. In this study, we employed both cell model of LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) and mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced AKI to evaluate the effects of a Syk inhibitor, BAY61-3606 (BAY), on macrophage inflammation in vitro and protection of kidney from AKI in vivo. The expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, both in vitro and in vivo, were significantly inhibited even back to normal levels by BAY. The upregulated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels in the AKI mice were significantly reduced after administration of BAY, implicating a protective effect of BAY on kidneys against IRI. Further analyses from Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry revealed that BAY inhibited the Mincle/Syk/NF-κB signaling circuit and reduced the inflammatory response. BAY also inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further decreased the formation of inflammasome and suppressed the mature of IL-1β and IL-18. Notably, these inhibitory effects of BAY on inflammation and inflammasome in BMDM were significantly reversed by Mincle ligand, trehalose-6,6-dibehenate. In summary, these findings provided compelling evidence that BAY may be an efficient inhibitor of the Mincle/Syk/NF-κB signaling circuit and ROS-induced inflammasome, which may help to develop Syk-inhibitors as novel therapeutic agents for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Tan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ying Lei
- ICU, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Linda Ye
- Center for Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dayue Darrel Duan
- Center for Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integration, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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LOMIX, a Mixture of Flaxseed Linusorbs, Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Src and Syk in the NF-κB Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060859. [PMID: 32512905 PMCID: PMC7356372 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has long been used as Ayurvedic medicine, its anti-inflammatory role is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of a linusorb mixture (LOMIX) recovered from flaxseed oil. Effects of LOMIX on inflammation and its mechanism of action were examined using several in vitro assays (i.e., NO production, real-time PCR analysis, luciferase-reporter assay, Western blot analysis, and kinase assay) and in vivo analysis with animal inflammation models as well as acute toxicity test. Results: LOMIX inhibited NO production, cell shape change, and inflammatory gene expression in stimulated RAW264.7 cells through direct targeting of Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway. In vivo study further showed that LOMIX alleviated symptoms of gastritis, colitis, and hepatitis in murine model systems. In accordance with in vitro results, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were mediated by inhibition of Src and Syk. LOMIX was neither cytotoxic nor did it cause acute toxicity in mice. In addition, it was found that LOB3, LOB2, and LOA2 are active components included in LOMIX, as assessed by NO assay. These in vitro and in vivo results suggest that LOMIX exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the inflammatory responses of macrophages and ameliorating symptoms of inflammatory diseases without acute toxicity and is a promising anti-inflammatory medication for inflammatory diseases.
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Sorbaria kirilowii Ethanol Extract Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting Src/Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050741. [PMID: 32397672 PMCID: PMC7277364 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental process for defending against foreign antigens that involves various transcriptional regulatory processes as well as molecular signaling pathways. Despite its protective roles in the human body, the activation of inflammation may also convey various diseases including autoimmune disease and cancer. Sorbaria kirilowii is a plant originating from Asia, with no anti-inflammatory activity reported. In this paper, we discovered an anti-inflammatory effect of S. kirilowii ethanol extract (Sk-EE) both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro effects of Sk-EE were determined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, while ex vivo analysis was performed using peritoneal macrophages of thioglycollate (TG)-induced mice. Sk-EE significantly reduced the nitric oxide (NO) production of induced macrophages and inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines and the activation of transcription factors. Moreover, treatment with Sk-EE also decreased the activation of proteins involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling cascade; among them, Src was a prime target of Sk-EE. For in vivo assessment of the anti-inflammatory effect of Sk-EE, HCl/EtOH was given by the oral route to mice for gastritis induction. Sk-EE injection dose-dependently reduced the inflammatory lesion area of the stomach in gastritis-induced mice. Taking these results together, Sk-EE exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by regulating intracellular NF-κB signaling pathways and also shows an authentic effect on reducing gastric inflammation.
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Zengin G, Locatelli M, Ferrante C, Menghini L, Orlando G, Brunetti L, Recinella L, Chiavaroli A, Leone S, Leporini L, Aumeeruddy MZ, Mahomoodally MF. New pharmacological targets of three Asphodeline species using in vitro and ex vivo models of inflammation and oxidative stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:520-530. [PMID: 30514101 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1552930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the efficacy of the methanolic extract of three Asphodeline species (A. damascena subsp. rugosa, A. tenuior subsp. tenuiflora var. tenuiflora, and A. cilicica) to protect against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in HCT116 cells, and also any protective effects against lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitrite levels, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) levels, 5HIAA/5-HT ratio, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression in rat colon specimens. Interestingly, A. tenuior extract was most effective in improving the tested biomarkers, by reducing LDH activity and nitrite level. On the other hand, A. damascena was the only species able to blunt LPS-induced TNF-α gene expression in rat colon specimens. The present findings highlighted the protective effects of Asphodeline extracts via in vitro and ex vivo models of inflammation and oxidative stress, adding new insights to the pharmacological actions of these medicinal plant species. Abbreviations: IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; 5HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Zengin
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Lucia Recinella
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Sheila Leone
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Lidia Leporini
- b Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
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Choi E, Kim MY, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory activities of Canarium subulatum Guillaumin methanol extract operate by targeting Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111848. [PMID: 30951845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Canarium subulatum Guillaumin is an herbal medicinal plant native to Southeast Asia. Ethnopharmacological evidence suggests that plants of the genus Canarium cure a variety of inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The pharmacological mechanisms of C. subulatum Guillaumin remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate inflammatory mechanisms and target molecules using C. subulatum Guillaumin methanol extract (Cs-ME) in inflammatory reactions managed by macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS To identify the anti-inflammatory activities of Cs-ME, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and a murine HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model were chosen. The luciferase reporter gene assay, Western blot analysis, overexpression strategy, and the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms and target enzymes of Cs-ME. The active ingredients of this extract were also determined by HPLC. RESULTS Released levels of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA expression levels of iNOS and IL-6 were downregulated by Cs-ME without exhibiting cytotoxicity. This extract inhibited MyD88-induced promoter activity and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Moreover, we found that Cs-ME reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB upstream signaling molecules including IκBα, IKKα/β, Src, and Syk in LPS-stimulated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The results of Western blot and CETSA confirmed that Src and Syk are anti-inflammatory targets of Cs-ME. In addition, orally injected Cs-ME alleviated HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in mice. HPLC analysis indicated that quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol are major active components of this extract with anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS Cs-ME exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo by targeting Src and Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Consequently, Cs-ME could be developed as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Protium javanicum Burm. Methanol Extract Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Activities in Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2910278. [PMID: 31118953 PMCID: PMC6500672 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2910278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protium javanicum Burm. f. is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Gum and oleoresins from this plant have been used as anti-inflammatory agents for treating ulcers, headaches, eyelid inflammation, and rheumatic pain. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action is still unknown. To better understand the mechanism, we used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells to measure inflammatory mediators with the Griess assay and to identify target signaling molecules by immunoblot analysis. In this study, we report that the Protium javanicum methanol extract (Pj-ME) plays an important role in suppressing nitric oxide (NO) levels without cytotoxicity. The effect of Pj-ME in LPS-induced expression leads to reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, specifically inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Pj-ME significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a time-dependent manner. Syk and Src were identified as putative signaling molecules of Pj-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, which were inhibited by Pj-ME. We demonstrated that Pj-ME controls the STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing STAT3 and JAK phosphorylation and also downregulates the gene expression of IL-6. Therefore, these results elucidate Pj-ME as a novel anti-inflammatory naturally derived drug with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may be subject to therapeutic and prognostic relevance.
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Song C, Hong YH, Park JG, Kim HG, Jeong D, Oh J, Sung GH, Hossain MA, Taamalli A, Kim JH, Kim JH, Cho JY. Suppression of Src and Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway by Olea europaea methanol extract is leading to its anti-inflammatory effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:38-46. [PMID: 30710734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Olea europaea L., (Oleaceae) has been used widely in folk medicine in the European Mediterranean islands, India, Asia, and other parts of the world. Although this plant has high ethnopharmacological value for treating inflammatory diseases, the molecular mechanisms of how it inhibits the inflammatory response are not fully understood. In this study, we sought to identify the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using macrophages, we investigated the effects of O. europaea L. methanol extract (Oe-ME) and ethanol extract (Oe-EE) on the production of inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes and intracellular inflammatory signaling activities. RESULTS Oe-ME and Oe-EE suppressed the production of NO in lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-), Pam3CSK4-, and poly (I:C)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells; importantly, no cytotoxicity was observed. Oe-ME and Oe-EE reduced production of PGE2 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. The mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were down-regulated by Oe-ME and Oe-EE. Nuclear fraction and whole lysate immunoblotting analyses and overexpression experiments strongly suggested that Oe-ME decreased the translocation of p65 and p50 (nuclear factors of the NF-κB subunit) as well as Src and Syk. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Oe-ME exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by targeting Src and Syk in the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Song
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsang Oh
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amani Taamalli
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology-Technopole of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong SG, Kim S, Kim HG, Kim E, Jeong D, Kim JH, Yang WS, Oh J, Sung GH, Hossain MA, Lee J, Kim JH, Cho JY. Mycetia cauliflora methanol extract exerts anti-inflammatory activity by directly targeting PDK1 in the NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:1-9. [PMID: 30415059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mycetia cauliflora Reinw. (Rubiaceae) has been used as a traditional remedy to ameliorate clinical signs of inflammatory diseases, including pain, inflammation, ulcers, and wounds. Among the Mycetia subfamilies, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Mycetia longifolia (Rubiaceae) have been studied. However, those of Mycetia cauliflora are not clearly understood. Comprehensive investigation of this plant is necessary to evaluate its potential for ethnopharmacological use. MATERIALS and methods: The activities of Mycetia cauliflora methanol extract (Mc-ME) on the secretion of inflammatory mediators, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and identification of its molecular targets were elucidated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like cells. Moreover, the suppressive actions of Mc-ME were examined in an LPS-induced peritonitis mouse model. RESULTS At nontoxic concentrations, Mc-ME downregulated the release of nitric oxide (NO), the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β from LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. This extract also inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 and the phosphorylation of IκBα, IKK, and AKT. Western blot analysis and in vitro kinase assays confirmed that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is the direct immunopharmacological target of Mc-ME effect. In addition, Mc-ME significantly reduced inflammatory signs in an animal model of acute peritonitis. These effects were associated with decreased NO production and decreased AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Mc-ME displays anti-inflammatory actions in LPS-treated macrophage-like cells and in an animal model of acute inflammatory disease. These actions are preferentially managed by targeting PDK1 in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Gu Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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