1
|
Dodd D, Cann I. Tutorial: Microbiome studies in drug metabolism. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2812-2837. [PMID: 36099474 PMCID: PMC9747132 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense population of microorganisms whose metabolism impacts human health and physiology. The gut microbiome encodes millions of genes, the products of which endow our bodies with unique biochemical activities. In the context of drug metabolism, microbial biochemistry in the gut influences humans in two major ways: (1) by producing small molecules that modulate expression and activity of human phase I and II pathways; and (2) by directly modifying drugs administered to humans to yield active, inactive, or toxic metabolites. Although the capacity of the microbiome to modulate drug metabolism has long been known, recent studies have explored these interactions on a much broader scale and have revealed an unprecedented scope of microbial drug metabolism. The implication of this work is that we might be able to predict the capacity of an individual's microbiome to metabolize drugs and use this information to avoid toxicity and inform proper dosing. Here, we provide a tutorial of how to study the microbiome in the context of drug metabolism, focusing on in vitro, rodent, and human studies. We then highlight some limitations and opportunities for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dodd
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme)University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Center for East Asian & Pacific StudiesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vizzini A, Bonura A, La Paglia L, Fiannaca A, La Rosa M, Urso A, Mauro M, Vazzana M, Arizza V. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal 2 and 4 Family Members of Cytochromes P450 (CYP) Involved in LPS Inflammatory Response in Pharynx of Ciona robusta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011141. [PMID: 34681801 PMCID: PMC8537429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of most endogenous and exogenous agents. The expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms, induction by xenobiotics, and regulation by cytokines and hormones. In recent years, Ciona robusta, one of the closest living relatives of vertebrates, has become a model in various fields of biology, in particular for studying inflammatory response. Using an in vivo LPS exposure strategy, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and qRT-PCR combined with bioinformatics and in silico analyses, compared whole pharynx transcripts from naïve and LPS-exposed C. robusta, and we provide the first view of cytochrome genes expression and miRNA regulation in the inflammatory response induced by LPS in a hematopoietic organ. In C. robusta, cytochromes belonging to 2B,2C, 2J, 2U, 4B and 4F subfamilies were deregulated and miRNA network interactions suggest that different conserved and species-specific miRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of cytochrome genes and that there could be an interplay between specific miRNAs regulating both inflammation and cytochrome molecules in the inflammatory response in C. robusta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Laura La Paglia
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Antonino Fiannaca
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Massimo La Rosa
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Alfonso Urso
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.P.); (A.F.); (M.L.R.); (A.U.)
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche-Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (M.V.); (V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Li Z, Hua M, Sun Y. Protection by ginseng saponins against cyclophosphamide-induced liver injuries in rats by induction of cytochrome P450 expression and mediation of the l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway based on metabolomics. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3130-3144. [PMID: 33905145 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng saponins (GS) are the main active compounds in Panax ginseng and have been proven to be highly effective in attenuating the side effects of chemotherapy. However, there have been no reports on the mechanism of action of GS. Treatment with GS has certain benefits, including decreasing the toxicity levels in the liver [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST)], reducing oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO)], diminishing inflammatory factors [interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels], and augmenting the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The pharmacokinetics study showed that the area under the curve from 0 to 24 hr (AUC 0-24 hr) of 4-ketocyclophosphamide (4-KetoCTX) and carboxyphosphamide (CPM) was significantly increased after GS treatment. This study found that GS treatment can reduce chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) production by affecting CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 protein expression in the liver. For the metabolomics study, GS attenuated the abnormalities of amino acid metabolic pathways in CP-induced liver injuries of rats and significantly enhanced the l-arginine level while reducing the serum nitric oxide (NO) level. This outcome was confirmed by the inhibition of the activities of NO synthase in the liver of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Chen
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiman Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Hua
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yinshi Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue H, Fang S, Zheng M, Wu J, Li H, Zhang M, Li Y, Wang T, Shi R, Ma Y. Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi decoction protects against3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxychollidine-induced chronic cholestasis by upregulating bile acid metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113706. [PMID: 33346024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic cholestasis is a usual clinical pathological process in hepatopathy and has few treatment options; it is classified under the category of jaundice in Chinese medicine. Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi decoction (DHXSD) is a classic Chinese prescription which is used to treat jaundice. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to examine the protective effect of DHXSD on liver and its potential mechanism of action against chronic cholestasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic cholestasis was induced using 3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxychollidine (DDC) in mice. Mice were then administered DHXSD intragastrically at doses of 3.68, 7.35, and 14.70 g/kg for four weeks followed by further analyses. Serum biochemical indices and liver pathology were explored. Eighteen individual bile acids (BAs) in mice serum and liver were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The expression of BA related metabolic enzymes, transporters, along with nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was detected by real-time qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS DHXSD treatment reduced the serum biochemical indices, ameliorated pathological injury, and improved the disordered BA homeostasis. Mice treated with DHXSD showed significantly upregulated expression of the metabolic enzymes, cytochrome P450 2b10 (Cyp2b10), Cyp3a11, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 (Ugt1a1); and the bile acid transporters, multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2), bile salt export pump (Bsep), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3). DHXSD treatment also significantly upregulated FXR expression in mice with DDC-induced chronic cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS DHXSD exerted protective effects on chronic cholestasis in DDC-treated mice by alleviating the disordered homeostasis of BAs through increased expression of BA related metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11/metabolism
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/analysis
- Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Cholestasis/chemically induced
- Cholestasis/drug therapy
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Enzymes/genetics
- Enzymes/metabolism
- Ethnopharmacology
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Protective Agents/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/toxicity
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Su Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Mengdie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Jong LM, Jiskoot W, Swen JJ, Manson ML. Distinct Effects of Inflammation on Cytochrome P450 Regulation and Drug Metabolism: Lessons from Experimental Models and a Potential Role for Pharmacogenetics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121509. [PMID: 33339226 PMCID: PMC7766585 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine strives to optimize drug treatment for the individual patient by taking into account both genetic and non-genetic factors for drug response. Inflammation is one of the non-genetic factors that has been shown to greatly affect the metabolism of drugs—primarily through inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug-metabolizing enzymes—and hence contribute to the mismatch between the genotype predicted drug response and the actual phenotype, a phenomenon called phenoconversion. This review focuses on inflammation-induced drug metabolism alterations. In particular, we discuss the evidence assembled through human in-vitro models on the effect of inflammatory mediators on clinically relevant CYP450 isoform levels and their metabolizing capacity. We also present an overview of the current understanding of the mechanistic pathways via which inflammation in hepatocytes may modulate hepatic functions that are critical for drug metabolism. Furthermore, since large inter-individual variability in response to inflammation is observed in human in-vitro models and clinical studies, we evaluate the potential role of pharmacogenetic variability in the inflammatory signaling cascade and how this can modulate the outcome of inflammation on drug metabolism and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
| | - Jesse J. Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L. Manson
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novelli M, Masiello P, Beffy P, Menegazzi M. Protective Role of St. John's Wort and Its Components Hyperforin and Hypericin against Diabetes through Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8108. [PMID: 33143088 PMCID: PMC7662691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very common chronic disease with progressively increasing prevalence. Besides the well-known autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in many people, metabolic changes and inappropriate lifestyle favor a subtle chronic inflammatory state that contributes to development of insulin resistance and progressive loss of β-cell function and mass, eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active ingredients firstly in representative pathological situations on inflammatory basis and then in pancreatic β cells and in obese or diabetic animal models. The simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction/death and insulin resistance make SJW particularly suitable for both preventive and therapeutic use in metabolic diseases. Hindrance of inflammatory cytokine signaling is likely dependent on the hyperforin content of SJW extract, but recent data reveal that hypericin can also exert relevant protective effects, mediated by activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Actually, the mechanisms of action of the two main components of SJW appear complementary, strengthening the efficacy of the plant extract. Careful quantitative analysis of SJW components and suitable dosage, with monitoring of possible drug-drug interaction in a context of remarkable tolerability, are easily achievable pre-requisites for forthcoming clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao L, Chen F, Zhang Y, Yue L, Guo H, Ye G, Shi F, Lv C, Jing B, Tang H, Yin Z, Fu H, Lin J, Li Y, Wang X. Involvement of P450s and nuclear receptors in the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin on liver injury by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:211-220. [PMID: 32253952 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1742154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Quercetin (Que), a flavonoid, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been shown to protect against liver injury induced by various factors. This study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanism of its protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced liver damage.Methods: Mice were pretreated with Que for 7 consecutive days and then exposed to LPS. To study the hepatoprotective effect of Que, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokine levels in liver and serum liver function indexes were examined. Protein and mRNA expression of nuclear orphan receptors and cytochrome P450 enzymes were measured by Western Blotting and qPCR, respectively.Results: Que significantly reduced circulating ALT, AST, ALP, and ameliorated LPS-induced histological alterations. In addition, Que obviously decreased markers of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Que carried out the hepatoprotective effect via regulation of the expression of nuclear orphan receptors (CAR, PXR) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D22, CYP3A11).Conclusions: Our findings suggested that Que pretreatment could ameliorate LPS-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yuanli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yue
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ye
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fei Shi
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jvchun Lin
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yinglun Li
- Institute of Animal Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xun Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lv C, Huang L. Xenobiotic receptors in mediating the effect of sepsis on drug metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:33-41. [PMID: 31993305 PMCID: PMC6977532 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an infection-induced systemic inflammatory syndrome. The immune response in sepsis is characterized by the activation of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. When sepsis occurs, the expression and activity of many inflammatory cytokines are markedly affected. Xenobiotic receptors are chemical-sensing transcription factors that play essential roles in the transcriptional regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). Xenobiotic receptors mediate the functional crosstalk between sepsis and drug metabolism because the inflammatory cytokines released during sepsis can affect the expression and activity of xenobiotic receptors and thus impact the expression and activity of DMEs. Xenobiotic receptors in turn may affect the clinical outcomes of sepsis. This review focuses on the sepsis-induced inflammatory response and xenobiotic receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), DMEs such as CYP1A, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, and drug transporters such as p-glycoprotein (P-gp), and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs) that are affected by sepsis. Understanding the xenobiotic receptor-mediated effect of sepsis on drug metabolism will help to improve the safe use of drugs in sepsis patients and the development of new xenobiotic receptor-based therapeutic strategies for sepsis.
Collapse
Key Words
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AP-1, adaptor protein 1
- ARNT, AHR nuclear translocator
- CLP, cecum ligation and puncture
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CYPs, cytochrome P450s
- DMEs, drug-metabolizing enzymes
- DREs, dioxin response elements
- Drug metabolism
- Drug transporters
- Drug-metabolizing enzymes
- GC, glucocorticoid
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GREs, glucocorticoid receptor response elements
- Gsts, phase II glutathione S-transferase
- HSP90, heat shock protein 90
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- IRF7, interferon regulatory factor 7
- Inflammatory cytokines
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Mrp, phase III multidrug-resistant protein
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NR, nuclear receptor
- Oatp2, organic anion transport polypeptide 2
- P-gp, p-glycoprotein
- PAS, Per/ARNT/Sim
- PCN, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- SRC1, steroid receptor coactivator 1
- STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3
- Sepsis
- Sult, sulfonyl transferase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- Ugts, UDP-glucuronic transferase
- Xenobiotic receptors
Collapse
|
9
|
Dempsey JL, Cui JY. Microbiome is a functional modifier of P450 drug metabolism. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 5:481-490. [PMID: 33312848 PMCID: PMC7731899 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Host cytochrome P450s (P450s) play important roles in the bioactivation and detoxification of numerous therapeutic drugs, environmental toxicants, dietary factors, as well as endogenous compounds. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as our "second genome" that contributes to the xenobiotic biotransformation of the host, and the first pass metabolism of many orally exposed chemicals is a joint effort between host drug metabolizing enzymes including P450s and gut microbiome. Gut microbiome contributes to the drug metabolism via two distinct mechanisms: direct mechanism refers to the metabolism of drugs by microbial enzymes, among which reduction and hydrolysis (or deconjugation) are among the most important reactions; whereas indirect mechanism refers to the influence of host receptors and signaling pathways by microbial metabolites. Many types of microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and tryptophan metabolites, are known regulators of human diseases through modulating host xenobiotic-sensing receptors. To study the roles of gut microbiome in regulating host drug metabolism including P450s, several models including germ free mice, antibiotics or probiotics treatments, have been widely used. The present review summarized the current information regarding the interactions between microbiome and the host P450s in xenobiotic biotransformation organs such as liver, intestine, and kidney, highlighting the remote sensing mechanisms underlying gut microbiome mediated regulation of host xenobiotic biotransformation. In addition, the roles of bacterial, fungal, and other microbiome kingdom P450s, which is an understudied area of research in pharmacology and toxicology, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang WJ, Liu Y, Wei JS, Wu YL. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation and degradation of intervertebral disc chondrocytes by increasing IL1RAP ubiquitination. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019; 52:e8525. [PMID: 31411316 PMCID: PMC6694592 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many compounds of ginsenosides show anti-inflammatory properties. However, their anti-inflammatory effects in intervertebral chondrocytes in the presence of inflammatory factors have never been shown. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are generally associated with the degradation and death of chondrocytes; therefore, finding an effective and nontoxic substance that attenuates the inflammation is worthwhile. In this study, chondrocytes were isolated from the nucleus pulposus tissues, and the cells were treated with ginsenoside compounds and IL-1β, alone and in combination. Cell viability and death rate were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry methods, respectively. PCR, western blot, and immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression, and the interactions between proteins, respectively. Monomeric component of ginsenoside Rd had no toxicity at the tested range of concentrations. Furthermore, Rd suppressed the inflammatory response of chondrocytes to interleukin (IL)-1β by suppressing the increase in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and retarding IL-1β-induced degradation of chondrocytes by improving cell proliferation characteristics and expression of aggrecan and COL2A1. These protective effects of Rd were associated with ubiquitination of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP), blocking the stimulation of IL-1β to NF-κB. Bioinformatics analysis showed that NEDD4, CBL, CBLB, CBLC, and ITCH most likely target IL1RAP. Rd increased intracellular ITCH level and the amount of ITCH attaching to IL1RAP. Thus, IL1RAP ubiquitination promoted by Rd is likely to occur by up-regulation of ITCH. In summary, Rd inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation and degradation of intervertebral disc chondrocytes by increasing IL1RAP ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Shu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Li Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mathematical modeling of septic shock: an innovative tool for assessing therapeutic hypotheses. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
12
|
Wang Y, Peng M, Wang W, Chen Y, He Z, Cao J, Lin Z, Yang Z, Gong M, Yin Y. Verification of miRNAs in ginseng decoction by high-throughput sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01418. [PMID: 30984884 PMCID: PMC6446053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a precious traditional Chinese medicine that has been clinically used for over thousands of years. In general, ginseng needs to be prepared to ginseng decoction before taking it. MicroRNAs are a class of small (18–24 nt), single-stranded molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Considering that ginseng miRNAs may be bioactive compounds, we used Illumina high-throughput sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the existence of miRNAs in fresh ginseng decoction which have been boiled at high temperature. Our previous studies have demonstrated that there are several miRNAs in fresh ginseng. The roots of fresh Panax ginseng were prepared according to routine methods, from which miRNAs were extracted and sequenced. A total of 43 miRNAs were identified from water decoction by Illumina high-throughput sequencing, belonging to 71 miRNA families. The target genes of these miRNAs were predicted by sequencing, and were annotated by GO, KEGG and Nr databases. The functions of these target genes mainly included plant hormone signal transduction, transcription regulation, macromolecular metabolism and auxin signaling. Nine highly expressed miRNAs (miR159, miR167, miR396, miR166, miR168, miR156, miR165, miR162 and miR394) were verified by qRT-PCR, and the results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR were consistent. Results from this study indicate that miRNAs remained stable in P. ginseng after high-temperature boiling. Additionally, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was superior in the acquisition of higher amount of small RNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangzhou 510006, china
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mengyuan Peng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihua He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyun Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zemin Yang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengjuan Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongqin Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simultaneous Evaluation of the Influence of Panax ginseng on the Pharmacokinetics of Three Diester Alkaloids after Oral Administration of Aconiti Lateralis Radix in Rats Using UHPLC/QQQ-MS/MS. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6527549. [PMID: 30622607 PMCID: PMC6304572 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6527549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) could affect the metabolism of Diester Alkaloids (DAs) derived from Aconiti Lateralis Radix in vivo. Methods and Results 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized for 7-day treatment with P. ginseng (low, middle, and high), or vehicle. Aconiti Lateralis Radix was administered orally to each group on the 8th day. Plasma samples were collected, and Xevo TQ-S was used to detect the concentration of aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine in plasma. We describe a fast and reproducible method to detect the concentration of aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine in plasma. Compared to the control group, the AUC(0-t) of three DAs increased in both the middle and high dosing groups. The Vz/F of three DAs in these groups as well as the CLz/F of aconitine in all P. ginseng groups and the CLz/F of mesaconitine and hypaconitine in P. ginseng middle and high groups were decreased compared to the control group. Conclusion Orally administrated P. ginseng potentially inhibits the metabolism of DAs from Aconiti Lateralis Radix in rats.
Collapse
|