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Chen Q, Qiu FS, Xie W, Yu WY, Su ZA, Qin GM, Kang YK, Jiang SL, Yu CH. Gypenoside A-loaded mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles ameliorate high-glucose-induced retinal microvasculopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis. Int J Pharm 2024; 666:124758. [PMID: 39326476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the chronic microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which will cause retinal detachment and blindness without ideal therapies. Gypenoside A (GPA) are the main bioactive compound from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and have various pharmacological effects. However, it suffered from poor bioavailability and potential cardiotoxicity in the clinical application. To overcome those limitations, in this study, nearly spherical nanoparticles (GPA-NP) with a mean particle size of 140.6 ± 22.4 nm were prepared by encapsulating GPA into mPEG-PLGA. This encapsulation efficiency was 84.4 ± 6.9 %, and the drug load was 4.02 %±0.35 %. The results showed that GPA-NP displayed more prolonged GPA release and higher bioavailability in vitro than GPA. GPA-NP obviously reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines in both retinal tissues of DR mice and high glucose-exposed HRMEC better than GPA alone. Mechanismly, GPA blocked the Nrf2-Keap1 interaction by binding with Kelch domain of Keap1 via alkyl and hydrogen bonds. Therefore, GPA-NP exerted more potent protectivity effects against high glucose-induced retinal microvascular endothelial ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo by activating Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway. It could be a promising therapeutic agent for preventing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fen-Sheng Qiu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zhao-An Su
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guang-Ming Qin
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - You-Kun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Song-Lin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Yang Y, Lai Y, Tong X, Li Z, Cheng Y, Tian LW. Arjunolic acid ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior by inhibiting neuroinflammation via microglial SIRT1/AMPK/Notch1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118225. [PMID: 38670408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of depression disorder by activating microglia cells, increasing proinflammatory cytokines, effecting serotonin synthesis and metabolism, and neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. Arjunolic acid (ARG) is a triterpenoid derived from the fruits of Akebia trifoliata for treating psychiatric disorders in TCM clinic, which exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, its anti-depressive effect and underlying mechanism are unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to explore the effect of arjunolic acid on depression and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Intraperitoneal injection of LPS in mice and LPS stimulated-BV2 microglia were utilized to set up in vivo and in vitro models. Behavioral tests, H&E staining and ELISA were employed to evaluate the effect of arjunolic acid on depression. RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, molecular docking and Western blot were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Arjunolic acid dramatically ameliorated depressive behavior in LPS-induced mice. The levels of BDNF and 5-HT in the hippocampus of the mice were increased, while the number of iNOS + IBA1+ cells in the brain were decreased and Arg1+IBA1+ positive cells were increased after arjunolic acid treatment. In addition, arjunolic acid promoted the polarization of BV2 microglia from M1 to M2 type. Notably, drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking technologies identified SIRT1 as the target of arjunolic acid. Moreover, after SIRT1 inhibition by using EX-527, the effects of arjunolic acid on ameliorating LPS-induced depressive behavior in mice and promoting M2 Microglia polarization were blocked. In addition, arjunolic acid activated AMPK and decreased Notch1 expression, however, inhibition of AMPK, the effect of arjunolic acid on the downregulation of Notch1 expression were weaken. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates that arjunolic acid suppressed neuroinflammation through modulating the SIRT1/AMPK/Notch1 signaling pathway. Our study demonstrates that arjunolic acid might serve as a potiential anti-depressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Ying Lai
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Xueli Tong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zipei Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Li-Wen Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Srivastava G, Vyas P, Kumar A, Singh A, Bhargav P, Dinday S, Ghosh S. Unraveling the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in oleanane triterpenoid biosynthesis in arjuna tree. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39072959 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoids (C30-isoprenoids) represent a major group of natural products with various physiological functions in plants. Triterpenoids and their derivatives have medicinal uses owing to diverse bioactivities. Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) tree bark accumulates highly oxygenated β-amyrin-derived oleanane triterpenoids (e.g., arjunic acid, arjungenin, and arjunolic acid) with cardioprotective roles. However, biosynthetic routes and enzymes remain poorly understood. We mined the arjuna transcriptome and conducted cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) assays using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana to identify six P450s and two P450 reductases for oxidative modifications of oleanane triterpenoids. P450 assays using oleananes revealed a greater substrate promiscuity of C-2α and C-23 hydroxylases/oxidases than C-28 oxidases. CYP716A233 and CYP716A432 catalyzed β-amyrin/erythrodiol C-28 oxidation to produce oleanolic acid. C-2α hydroxylases (CYP716C88 and CYP716C89) converted oleanolic acid and hederagenin to maslinic acid and arjunolic acid. CYP716C89 also hydroxylated erythrodiol and oleanolic aldehyde. However, CYP714E107a and CYP714E107b catalyzed oleanolic acid/maslinic acid/arjunic acid, C-23 hydroxylation to form hederagenin, arjunolic acid and arjungenin, and hederagenin C-23 oxidation to produce gypsogenic acid, but at a lower rate than oleanolic acid C-23 hydroxylation. Overall, P450 substrate selectivity suggested that C-28 oxidation is the first P450-catalyzed oxidative modification in the arjuna triterpenoid pathway. However, the pathway might branch thereafter through C-2α/C-23 hydroxylation of oleanolic acid. Taken together, these results provided new insights into substrate range of P450s and unraveled biosynthetic routes of triterpenoids in arjuna. Moreover, complete elucidation and reconstruction of arjunolic acid pathway in S. cerevisiae and N. benthamiana suggested the utility of arjuna P450s in heterologous production of cardioprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Srivastava
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Poonam Vyas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Aashish Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Pravesh Bhargav
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sandeep Dinday
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Yan N. The Role of Natural Products in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1138. [PMID: 38927345 PMCID: PMC11200400 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus and potentially leads to significant visual impairment and blindness. The complex mechanisms involved in the pathological changes in DR make it challenging to achieve satisfactory outcomes with existing treatments. Diets conducive to glycemic control have been shown to improve outcomes in diabetic patients, thus positioning dietary interventions as promising avenues for DR treatment. Investigations have demonstrated that natural products (NPs) may effectively manage DR. Many types of natural compounds, including saponins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saccharides, alkaloids, and vitamins, have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neovascular, and antiapoptotic effects in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the clinical application of NPs still faces challenges, such as suboptimal specificity, poor bioavailability, and a risk of toxicity. Prospective clinical studies are imperative to validate the therapeutic potential of NPs in delaying or preventing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Liu F, Zhao L, Wu T, Yu W, Li J, Wang W, Huang C, Diao Z, Xu Y. Targeting autophagy with natural products as a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic microangiopathy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1364616. [PMID: 38659578 PMCID: PMC11039818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1364616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As the quality of life improves, the incidence of diabetes mellitus and its microvascular complications (DMC) continues to increase, posing a threat to people's health and wellbeing. Given the limitations of existing treatment, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to prevent and treat DMC. Autophagy, a pivotal mechanism governing metabolic regulation in organisms, facilitates the removal of dysfunctional proteins and organelles, thereby sustaining cellular homeostasis and energy generation. Anomalous states in pancreatic β-cells, podocytes, Müller cells, cardiomyocytes, and Schwann cells in DMC are closely linked to autophagic dysregulation. Natural products have the property of being multi-targeted and can affect autophagy and hence DMC progression in terms of nutrient perception, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This review consolidates recent advancements in understanding DMC pathogenesis via autophagy and proposes novel perspectives on treating DMC by either stimulating or inhibiting autophagy using natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhao Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jixin Li
- Xi yuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- Xi yuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihao Diao
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Qiu F, Fan S, Diao Y, Liu J, Li B, Li K, Zhang W. The mechanism of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus promote diabetic wound healing based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117579. [PMID: 38104882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic ulcers (DUs) are commonly seen in the lower limbs, especially the feet. Long-term hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients may cause peripheral microvascular damage, which affects local blood flow reconstruction when the skin is ruptured. This results in delayed or even non-healing of skin wounds. Chebulae Fructus Immaturus (CFI) is a traditional Chinese medicine. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, CFI belongs to the lung channel and large intestine channel. Clinical data confirm a significant clinical effect of CFI in the treatment of skin diseases. CFI can be safely used to treat wounds due to its natural active ingredients. AIM OF THE STUDY This study utilised HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS combined with network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus extract (CFIE) in the treatment of DU. Moreover, the efficacy of CFIE on DU was verified in vitro and in vivo by constructing cell models and mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main ingredients of CFIE were identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The targets of these ingredients were predicted by database analysis and intersected with the DU targets. Gene ontology (GO) was used for functional enrichment of differential genes, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used for enrichment of signalling pathways related to the differential genes. The network pharmacology findings were validated in vivo and in vitro, and the affinity of key targets and active components was assessed using molecular docking. RESULTS Twenty-nine compounds of CFIE were identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and their potential targets were predicted. Among these, 41 targets were associated with DU. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the PI3K/AKT and HIF-1α signalling pathways were significantly enriched, which may be related to the promotion of wound angiogenesis. In vitro cell experiments showed that CFIE promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs, and also affected the expression of pathway-related proteins. In vivo experiments showed that CFIE increased the expression of pathway-related proteins in wound tissue and promoted the formation of blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study systematically demonstrated the possible therapeutic effects and mechanisms of CFIE on DU through network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification. The results revealed that CFIE can accelerate the angiogenesis of diabetic wounds through the PI3K/AKT and HIF-1α signalling pathways, ultimately promoting the healing of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Shuyuan Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yunpeng Diao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Dalian Anti-Infective Traditional Chinese Medicine Development Engineering Technology Research Center,Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Kun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
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Zhang Z, Zuo L, Song X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Huang J, Zhao T, Yang Z, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang X, Geng Z, Wang Y, Ge S, Hu J. Arjunolic acid protects the intestinal epithelial barrier, ameliorating Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inactivating TLR4 signalling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155223. [PMID: 38134862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an overabundance of epithelial cell death and an imbalance in microflora, both of which contribute to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Arjunolic acid (AA) has anti-apoptotic effects and regulates microbiota efficacy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the treatment on colitis resembling Crohn's disease, along with exploring the potential underlying mechanism. METHODS CD animal models were created using Il-10-/- mice, and the impact of AA on colitis in mice was evaluated through disease activity index, weight fluctuations, pathological examination, and assessment of intestinal barrier function. To clarify the direct role of AA on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, organoids were induced by LPS, and TUNEL staining was performed. To investigate the potential mechanisms of AA in protecting the intestinal barrier, various methods including bioinformatics analysis and FMT experiments were employed. RESULTS The treatment for AA enhanced the condition of colitis and the function of the intestinal barrier in Il-10-/- mice. This was demonstrated by the amelioration of weight loss, reduction in tissue inflammation score, and improvement in intestinal permeability. Moreover, AA suppressed the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in Il-10-/- mice and LPS-induced colon organoids, while also reducing the levels of Bax and C-caspase-3. In terms of mechanism, AA suppressed the activation of TLR4 signaling in Il-10-/- mice and colon organoids induced by LPS. In addition, AA increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the stool of Il-10-/- mice, and transplantation of feces from AA-treated mice improved CD-like colitis. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that AA has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier in Crohn's disease-like colitis by preventing apoptosis. Additionally, this groundbreaking study reveals the capacity of AA to hinder TLR4 signaling and alter the makeup of the intestinal microbiome. The findings present fresh possibilities for treating individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease. AA offers a hopeful novel strategy for managing Crohn's disease by obstructing crucial pathways implicated in intestinal inflammation and enhancing the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Song
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tianhao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China.
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Gao F, He Q, Wu S, Zhang K, Xu Z, Kang J, Quan F. Catalpol ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176125. [PMID: 37890606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is a common clinical intestinal disease. Catalpol, a natural iridoid compound, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic functions, but the mechanism of its protection against intestinal inflammation is still unclear. This study investigated the protective effect and potential mechanism of catalpol on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cell-6 (IEC-6). The results showed that catalpol could inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response by dose-dependently reducing the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Catalpol ameliorated cellular oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) expression. Meanwhile, catalpol also inhibited cell apoptosis, decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) - associated X (Bax), caspase 3 and caspase 9, and increased the expression of Bcl-2. This study found that catalpol activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylationthe. In a further study, after inhibiting AMPK with dorsomorphin, the anti-inflammatory effects of catalpol were significantly reduced. Therefore, catalpol ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qifu He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shenghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhiming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Zhao X, Bie LY, Pang DR, Li X, Yang LF, Chen DD, Wang YR, Gao Y. The role of autophagy in the treatment of type II diabetes and its complications: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1228045. [PMID: 37810881 PMCID: PMC10551182 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1228045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR). Its incidence is increasing annually, posing a significant threat to human life and health. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to discover effective drugs and investigate the pathogenesis of T2DM. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining normal islet structure. However, in a state of high glucose, autophagy is inhibited, resulting in impaired islet function, insulin resistance, and complications. Studies have shown that modulating autophagy through activation or inhibition can have a positive impact on the treatment of T2DM and its complications. However, it is important to note that the specific regulatory mechanisms vary depending on the target organ. This review explores the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of T2DM, taking into account both genetic and external factors. It also provides a summary of reported chemical drugs and traditional Chinese medicine that target the autophagic pathway for the treatment of T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lu-Yao Bie
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Ran Pang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Long-Fei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue-Rui Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Li W, Xing Q, Liu Z, Liu R, Hu Y, Yan Q, Liu X, Zhang J. The signaling pathways of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diabetic retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1165649. [PMID: 37405050 PMCID: PMC10315578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1165649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common diabetic microvascular complications that occurs in the eyes and is closely associated with vision loss in working adults. However, the clinical treatment of DR is limited or accompanied by a large number of complications. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the treatment of DR is urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used to treat DR in China, and its multi-pathway and multi-level characteristics can effectively address the complex pathogenesis of DR. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress are the core pathological mechanisms in the development of DR. This study innovatively considers the aforementioned processes as the fundamental unit and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms and potential of TCM against DR in terms of signaling pathways. The results showed that NF-κB, MAPK/NF-κB, TLR4/NF-κB, VEGF/VEGFR2, HIF-1α/VEGF, STAT3, and Nrf2/HO-1 are the key signaling pathways for the treatment of DR by TCMs, which involved curcumolide, erianin, quercetin, blueberry anthocyanins, puerarin, arjunolic acid, ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don, Celosia argentea L. extract, ethanol extract of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., Shengpuhuang-tang, and LuoTong formula. The purpose of this review is to update and summarize the signaling pathways of TCM in the treatment of DR and provide ideas for the development of new drugs against DR in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Qichang Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Renzhu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yixiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzi Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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Si J, Liu B, Qi K, Chen X, Li D, Yang S, Ji E. Tanshinone IIA inhibited intermittent hypoxia induced neuronal injury through promoting autophagy via AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 315:116677. [PMID: 37268259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is the primary pathophysiological process of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is closely linked to neurocognitive dysfunction. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to improve cognitive impairment. Studies have shown that Tan IIA has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties and provides protection in intermittent hypoxia (IH) conditions. However, the specific mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the protective effect and mechanism of Tan IIA treatment on neuronal injury in HT22 cells exposed to IH. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study established an HT22 cell model exposed to IH (0.1% O2 3 min/21% O2 7 min for six cycles/h). Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8, and cell injury was determined using the LDH release assay. Mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis were observed using the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Apoptosis Detection Kit. Oxidative stress was assessed using DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry. The level of autophagy was assessed using the Cell Autophagy Staining Test Kit and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Western blot was used to detect the expressions of the AMPK-mTOR pathway, LC3, P62, Beclin-1, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, NOX2, Bcl-2/Bax, and caspase-3. RESULTS The study showed that Tan IIA significantly improved HT22 cell viability under IH conditions. Tan IIA treatment improved mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased cell apoptosis, inhibited oxidative stress, and increased autophagy levels in HT22 cells under IH conditions. Furthermore, Tan IIA increased AMPK phosphorylation and LC3II/I, Beclin-1, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, and Bcl-2/Bax expressions, while decreasing mTOR phosphorylation and NOX2 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 expressions. CONCLUSION The study suggested that Tan IIA significantly ameliorated neuronal injury in HT22 cells exposed to IH. The neuroprotective mechanism of Tan IIA may mainly be related to inhibiting oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis by activating the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway under IH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Si
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kerong Qi
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengchang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ensheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Taban Akça K, Çınar Ayan İ, Çetinkaya S, Miser Salihoğlu E, Süntar İ. Autophagic mechanisms in longevity intervention: role of natural active compounds. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 25:e13. [PMID: 36994671 PMCID: PMC10407225 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The term 'autophagy' literally translates to 'self-eating' and alterations to autophagy have been identified as one of the several molecular changes that occur with aging in a variety of species. Autophagy and aging, have a complicated and multifaceted relationship that has recently come to light thanks to breakthroughs in our understanding of the various substrates of autophagy on tissue homoeostasis. Several studies have been conducted to reveal the relationship between autophagy and age-related diseases. The present review looks at a few new aspects of autophagy and speculates on how they might be connected to both aging and the onset and progression of disease. Additionally, we go over the most recent preclinical data supporting the use of autophagy modulators as age-related illnesses including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic dysfunction. It is crucial to discover important targets in the autophagy pathway in order to create innovative therapies that effectively target autophagy. Natural products have pharmacological properties that can be therapeutically advantageous for the treatment of several diseases and they also serve as valuable sources of inspiration for the development of possible new small-molecule drugs. Indeed, recent scientific studies have shown that several natural products including alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolics, have the ability to alter a number of important autophagic signalling pathways and exert therapeutic effects, thus, a wide range of potential targets in various stages of autophagy have been discovered. In this review, we summarised the naturally occurring active compounds that may control the autophagic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Taban Akça
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - İlknur Çınar Ayan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Sümeyra Çetinkaya
- Biotechnology Research Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ece Miser Salihoğlu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - İpek Süntar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Li W, Li W, Xing Q, Liu Z, Hu Y, Liu X, Zhang J. Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine on Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Nat Prod Commun 2022; 17:1934578X2211185. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221118547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common and blinding diabetic microvascular complication, is a harmful metabolic effect caused by persistent hyperglycemia. Owing to the complex pathogenesis of DR, various clinical treatment methods cannot completely prevent its development and are accompanied by various complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic drugs or complementary and alternative therapies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the unique advantages of multi-level, multi-target, and minimal side effects. Accumulating evidence has proven that TCM may help delay or prevent the progression of DR. This paper reviews the effect and mechanism of representative TCMs (including extracts, identified compounds, and compound formulas) on DR in recent years and provides evidence for new drug development and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Qichang Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yixiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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