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Capin JJ, Ridgers ND, Street JH, Fial A, Tomkinson GR. Activity levels across the intensity spectrum in athletes: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e002148. [PMID: 39161555 PMCID: PMC11331824 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) promotes better cardiometabolic health, physical function, brain health and longevity. In contrast, prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and poor health. Limited research has evaluated or synthesised how competitive sports participation influences PA across the lifespan. Some evidence suggests, ironically, that former competitive athletes may be insufficiently active and current athletes may be highly sedentary away from sport. This study describes the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on activity levels across the intensity spectrum in athletes, addressing the primary research question: is sports participation significantly associated with PA and/or SB among current and former competitive athletes? PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases will be searched. Two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts and full texts of selected abstracts. Data will be extracted regarding the study population, sport played, PA measures and protocols, outcomes of interest and findings. Primary outcomes will include step counts, daily activity across the intensity spectrum (ie, sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous PA), metabolic equivalent of task and whole-day energy expenditure. Secondary outcomes will include additional accelerometry measures of PA, activity patterns and self-reported PA. The risk of bias will be assessed using the National Institutes of Health Study Quality Assessment Tools. Extracted data will be presented using narrative synthesis and tabular presentation. Meta-analyses will be conducted to determine outcomes with sufficient data.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024469267.https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=469267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob John Capin
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jena Heck Street
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alissa Fial
- Raynor Library, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Street JH, Boos ZP, Fial A, Lennon SL, Smith CS, Creasy SA, Hunter SK, Farquhar WB, Capin JJ. Long-term function, body composition and cardiometabolic health in midlife former athletes: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001605. [PMID: 37920279 PMCID: PMC10619025 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While sports medicine has traditionally focused on recovering from injury and returning athletes to sport safely after injury, there is a growing interest in the long-term health of athletes. The purpose of this scoping review was to (1) summarise the literature (methodologies and findings) on physical function, body composition and cardiometabolic health in midlife (age 40-65 years) former competitive athletes compared with non-athlete controls, (2) identify areas for future study in long-term health in athletes and (3) determine outcomes that could be evaluated in a future systematic review(s). We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus for studies published between 2000 and 2022 evaluating former athletes and controls on physical function, body composition and/or cardiometabolic measures using MeSH terms. We identified 20 articles that met our criteria. Outcomes varied considerably across studies, most of which were cross-sectional and evaluated only males. Limited data suggest that former endurance athletes have leaner body compositions, higher aerobic capacity and better cardiometabolic indicators than controls; former athletes who maintain higher physical activity (ie, self-reported exercise) are healthier than those who do not; and former team sport athletes, who have higher injury prevalence, may have poorer functional performance than controls who were recreationally active in college. Studies rarely evaluated functional performance, did not control for prior injury or diet and seldom assessed current physical activity levels. Future research should include females and evaluate sex differences, control for prior sports-related injury(ies), quantify physical activity, use standardised outcome measures including performance-based functional assessments and incorporate longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Heck Street
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zebadiah P Boos
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alissa Fial
- Research, Teaching & Learning, Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Carolyn S Smith
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seth A Creasy
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William B Farquhar
- Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jacob John Capin
- Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Management of Spine-Related Problems Following Sport Injuries: A Review Article. Asian J Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm-132693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Athletes have routine activity programs, and better physical health is expected among them. There is limited information about the connection between athletes' injuries during sports activity and their future health status. Objectives: The prevalence of spine changes related to sports activities and what risk factors were associated with these events in athletes. Method: SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science were used for article searching. Results: Sports injuries in sports happen frequently. Our data is limited to introducing sports with the highest risk of injury. A history of sports injury, an intense training program, and years of sports activities are factors predicting injury. It has been seen that former top male athletes have more activity than age-matched control individuals. Conclusions: Spinal injury management in athletes needs a proper diagnosis, work-up, and complex rehabilitation plans; otherwise, it can lead to spinal complaints in the future. Rest, appropriate analgesia, and rehabilitation are the three main primary treatments. The usage of orthoses is not recommended for these injuries in general.
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Altowerqi ZM, Bin Zainuddin ZA. Does Participation in Sport Protect Former Saudi Arabian Athletes from High Blood Glucose after Retirement? Gerontology 2021; 68:889-893. [PMID: 34657033 DOI: 10.1159/000519697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased dramatically in the last decades in developed and developing countries. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in retired athletes in Saudi Arabia and compare it to nonathletes. This study hypothesizes that early participation in sport can prevent former athletes from abnormal blood glucose levels after retirement. METHODS The leading methods of researching the issues of the study include the analysis of theoretical sources, analysis of statistics, and comparison. Seventy-three former athletes and 26 nonathletes aged between 20 and 60 years participated in this study. Height, weight, and blood glucose levels were collected by the researcher. The former athletes were divided into 3 groups according to their type of training: endurance, mixed sports, and power sports. RESULTS The study results showed that 40.59% of former athletes had prediabetes compared to 16.83% of nonathletes. Furthermore, 8.91% of the former athletes had T2D, while 3.96% of the nonathletes had T2D. The results of this study indicated that former athletes had lower average blood glucose than nonathletes. Also, the study results indicated that no statistically significant differences were found between former athletes and nonathletes after retirement. About fasting blood glucose, former power athletes had higher average blood glucose than endurance athletes and mixed sports athletes. CONCLUSION It was concluded that no statistically significant differences were found between the former athlete groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayed Mohammad Altowerqi
- Department of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, School of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Abidin Bin Zainuddin
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, School of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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Miller M, Palmer D, Whittaker JL, Pike R, Schamasch P, Shroff M, Bouzou J. No pain no gain? A conversation on Olympians' long-term health. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:2-3. [PMID: 33184112 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Miller
- World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Debbie Palmer
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jackie L Whittaker
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Arthritis Research Centre Of Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Pike
- World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schamasch
- Medical Committee, World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Malav Shroff
- Medical Committee, World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joël Bouzou
- World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Palmer D, Cooper DJ, Emery C, Batt ME, Engebretsen L, Scammell BE, Schamasch P, Shroff M, Soligard T, Steffen K, Whittaker JL, Budgett R. Self-reported sports injuries and later-life health status in 3357 retired Olympians from 131 countries: a cross-sectional survey among those competing in the games between London 1948 and PyeongChang 2018. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:46-53. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveDescribe the self-reported prevalence and nature of Olympic-career injury and general health and current residual symptoms in a self-selected sample of retired Olympians.Methods3357 retired Olympians from 131 countries completed a cross-sectional online survey, distributed by direct email through World Olympians Association and National Olympian Associations databases. The survey captured Olympic sport exposure, significant training and competition injury history (lasting >1 month), general health (eg, depression) during the athlete’s career, and current musculoskeletal pain and functional limitations.Results55% were men (44% women, 1% unknown), representing 57 sports (42 Summer, 15 Winter), aged 44.7 years (range 16–97). A total of 3746 injuries were self-reported by 2116 Olympians. This equated, 63.0% (women 68.1%, men 59.2%) reporting at least one significant injury during their Olympic career. Injury prevalence was highest in handball (82.2%) and lowest in shooting (40.0%) for Summer Olympians; and highest in alpine skiing (82.4%) and lowest in biathlon (40.0%) for Winter Olympians. The knee was the most frequently injured anatomical region (20.6%, 120 median days severity), followed by the lumbar spine (13.1%, 100 days) and shoulder/clavicle (12.9%, 92 days). 6.6% of Olympians said they had experienced depression during their career. One-third of retired Olympians reported current pain (32.4%) and functional limitations (35.9%).ConclusionsAlmost two-thirds of Olympians who completed the survey reported at least one Olympic-career significant injury. The knee, lumbar spine and shoulder/clavicle were the most commonly injured anatomical locations. One-third of this sample of Olympians attributed current pain and functional limitations to Olympic-career injury.
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Stellefson M, Wang MQ, Apperson A, Bopp T, Zhang L. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention after the Game Ends: The Emerging Role of Certified Health Education Specialists in Wellness Coaching for Retired College Student-Athletes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2019.1662347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Patelia S, Stone RC, El-Bakri R, Adli M, Baker J. Masters or pawns? Examining injury and chronic disease in male Masters Athletes and chess players compared to population norms from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 30519363 PMCID: PMC6267924 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-018-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the optimal type and amount of activity for the maintenance of function in older adults has proved challenging. On the one hand, Masters Athletes have been proposed as the ideal model of successful aging but most of this research has focused on physical functioning. On the other hand, the importance of cognitive engagement has been emphasized, which may be more strongly related to activities such as playing chess. The current study aimed to compare physical health outcomes (i.e., prevalence of physical injury and chronic disease) among older athletes and chess players. Masters Athletes and chess players were recruited from track and field and chess competitions within the province of Ontario. In addition to these primary groups, moderately active and inactive older adults from Canadian Community Health Survey were also included for comparison. Results Masters Athletes had significantly higher rates of injury with the lowest rates of chronic disease, compared to all other activity groups. In contrast, chess players reported lower rates of injury compared to Masters Athletes as well as lower prevalence of chronic diseases compared to the moderately active and inactive groups. The normative groups reported the lowest rate of injury, but increased prevalence of chronic diseases compared to Masters Athletes and chess players. Conclusions Findings from this study indicate that both athletic and cognitive engagement may be positively related to the physical health of older adults, since Masters Athletes and chess players reported a lower prevalence of chronic disease. Importantly, the results expand our current understanding of health by providing evidence for physical health outcomes associated with an activity that is primarily associated with cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Patelia
- 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 116 Norman Bethune College, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Rachael C Stone
- Queen's University, 301N Kinesiology and Health Studies Building, 99 University Ave, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Rona El-Bakri
- 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 116 Norman Bethune College, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Mehrnaz Adli
- 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 116 Norman Bethune College, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Joseph Baker
- 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 116 Norman Bethune College, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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Kontro TK, Sarna S, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Mortality and health-related habits in 900 Finnish former elite athletes and their brothers. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:89-95. [PMID: 29127265 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence on the associations between participation in vigorous sports, health habits, familial factors and subsequent mortality. We investigated all-cause mortality and health-related behaviour among former elite athletes and their brothers. METHODS The mortality of Finnish male former elite athletes, who had represented Finland between 1920 and 1965 (n=900) and their age-matched brothers (n=900), was followed from the time when athlete started an elite athlete career until 31 December 2015. The age-adjusted HRs were calculated by a paired Cox proportional hazards model. In 2001, surviving participants (n=199 athletes and n=199 age-matched brothers) reported their self-rated health (SRH), physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking habits in the questionnaire. RESULTS During the total follow-up period, 1296 deaths (72% of the cohort) occurred. The age-adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality in former athletes was 0.75 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.87, P<0.001) compared with their age-matched brothers. Median age at death was 79.9 years for endurance, 75.9 years for mixed sports and 72.2 years for power sports athletes, and 77.5, 73.7 and 72.2 years for their age-matched brothers, respectively. In 2001, compared with their brothers, former athletes smoked less (P<0.001), were more physically active (P<0.05) and rated their health more often as very good (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Former elite athletes are more physically active, smoke less, have better self-rated health and live longer than their brothers. Genetic differences between athletes and brothers, aerobic training for endurance elite sports and a healthier lifestyle may all contribute to reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seppo Sarna
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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