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Ting TT, Chen PC, Chang YC, Chiang PJ, Li HC, Chen SH, Chen PC, Chu HT, Chuang PY, Liu YH, Chen PS. Wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor 68 NPS/conventional drug use in Taipei metropolitan area in Taiwan during and after COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135020. [PMID: 38959832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amidst far-reaching COVID-19 effects and social constraints, this study leveraged wastewater-based epidemiology to track 38 conventional drugs and 30 new psychoactive substances (NPS) in northern Taiwan. Analyzing daily samples from four Taipei wastewater plants between September 2021 and January 2024-encompassing club reopenings, holidays, Lunar New Year, an outbreak, and regular periods-thirty-one drugs were detected, including 5 NPS. Tramadol, zolpidem tartrate, CMA, and MDPV were newly detected in Taiwanese sewage with frequency of 1.4 %- 89.0 %. Conventional drug use typically increased post-pandemic, aside from benzodiazepines and methadone. Methamphetamine showed 100 % frequency, indicating ongoing daily consumption despite COVID-19 measures. Methamphetamine and morphine's consumption dipped then rose around club reopening, hinting at limited access. The consumption trend of methadone appeared to compensate for the use of morphine. Ketamine and NPS demonstrated similar patterns throughout the entire period. NPS as party drugs seemed influenced by an unstable supply chain and complexities in implementation. Benzodiazepines, commonly abused alongside synthetic cathinones in Taiwan exhibited an opposing trend to NPS while aligned with acetaminophen, suggesting elevated stress and anxiety levels during the pandemic. No significant differences were observed in drug consumption between weekdays and weekends, potentially indicating that COVID-19 measures blurred the traditional distinctions between these timeframes. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: New psychoactive substances refer to chemically modified variants of controlled drugs designed to mimic the effects of the original drugs while evading modern detection methods, categorizing them as hazardous materials. The study presents a sewage monitoring project conducted from 2021 to 2024, collecting samples from four WWTPs to analyze NPS and conventional drug trends during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings uncovered connections between drug consumption patterns and pandemic-related policies. In light of the persistent drug abuse and their environmental presence, the results bear critical importance for both environmental and public health. We provide a thorough assessment of these relationships and prioritize areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Tien Ting
- Department of Data Science, School of Big Data Management, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Ju Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Cheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Tien Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yu Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pai-Shan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Timmerman A, Balcaen M, Coopman V, Degreef M, Pottie E, Stove CP. Activity-based detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in plant materials. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:127. [PMID: 38951904 PMCID: PMC11218095 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since late 2019, fortification of 'regular' cannabis plant material with synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) has become a notable phenomenon on the drug market. As many SCRAs pose a higher health risk than genuine cannabis, recognizing SCRA-adulterated cannabis is important from a harm reduction perspective. However, this is not always an easy task as adulterated cannabis may only be distinguished from genuine cannabis by dedicated, often expensive and time-consuming analytical techniques. In addition, the dynamic nature of the SCRA market renders identification of fortified samples a challenging task. Therefore, we established and applied an in vitro cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activity-based procedure to screen plant material for the presence of SCRAs. METHODS The assay principle relies on the functional complementation of a split-nanoluciferase following recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to activated CB1. A straightforward sample preparation, encompassing methanolic extraction and dilution, was optimized for plant matrices, including cannabis, spiked with 5 µg/mg of the SCRA CP55,940. RESULTS The bioassay successfully detected all samples of a set (n = 24) of analytically confirmed authentic Spice products, additionally providing relevant information on the 'strength' of a preparation and whether different samples may have originated from separate batches or possibly the same production batch. Finally, the methodology was applied to assess the occurrence of SCRA adulteration in a large set (n = 252) of herbal materials collected at an international dance festival. This did not reveal any positives, i.e. there were no samples that yielded a relevant CB1 activation. CONCLUSION In summary, we established SCRA screening of herbal materials as a new application for the activity-based CB1 bioassay. The simplicity of the sample preparation, the rapid results and the universal character of the bioassay render it an effective and future-proof tool for evaluating herbal materials for the presence of SCRAs, which is relevant in the context of harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Timmerman
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margot Balcaen
- Belgian Early Warning System on Drugs, Unit Illicit drugs, Health information, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Degreef
- Belgian Early Warning System on Drugs, Unit Illicit drugs, Health information, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Pottie
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Duan S, Chen H, Xu A, He Y, Li M, Zhang R, Zhang R, Bai H. A simple polyarginine membrane electrochemical sensor for the determination of MDMA and MDA. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115478. [PMID: 38309680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a simple electrochemical sensor based on l-arginine membrane (P-L-arg/GCE) was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of MDMA and MDA. A polyarginine membrane was obtained through one-step direct electropolymerization, which provides more reaction sites for the analyte and improves the sensitivity of the sensor. Following the optimized selection parameters, the MDMA detection range was established at 1.0 × 10-7∼3.5 × 10-5 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-8 mol L-1. Similarly, the detection range for MDA was established at 1.0 × 10-7∼5.3 × 10-5 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-8 mol L-1. Additionally, the potential oxidation mechanism of MDMA and MDA during the REDOX process was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the proposed sensor exhibited superior selectivity, excellent reproducibility, and satisfactory stability. The proposed sensors can be used for reliable monitoring of MDMA or MDA in human urine and hair samples, respectively, and it has acceptable analytical reliability and enormous potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Duan
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Haiou Chen
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Anyun Xu
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Institut of Forensic Medical, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650050, China
| | - Huiping Bai
- School of Material and Energy, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Dufayet L, Bargel S, Bonnet A, Boukerma AK, Chevallier C, Evrard M, Guillotin S, Loeuillet E, Paradis C, Pouget AM, Reynoard J, Vaucel JA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) intoxication: A state-of-the-art review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 142:105435. [PMID: 37343712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is synthesized endogenously from γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or exogenously from 1,4-butanediol (butane-1,4-diol; 1,4-BD) or γ-butyrolactone (GBL). GBL, and 1,4-BD are rapidly converted to GHB. The gastric absorption time, volume of distribution, and half-life of GHB are between 5 and 45 min, 0.49 ± 0.9 L/kg, and between 20 and 60 min, respectively. GHB and its analogues have a dose-dependent effect on the activation of GHB receptor, GABA-B, and GABA localized to the central nervous system. After ingestion, most patients present transient neurological disorders (lethal dose: 60 mg/kg). Chronic GHB consumption is associated with disorders of use and a withdrawal syndrome when the consumption is discontinued. GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD are classified as narcotics but only the use of GHB is controlled internationally. They are used for drug facilitated (sexual) assault, recreational purposes, slamsex, and chemsex. To confirm an exogenous intake or administration of GHB, GBL, or 1-4-BD, the pre-analytical conservation is crucial. The antemortem cutoff doses for detection are 5 and 5-15 mg/L, with detection windows of 6 and 10 h in the blood and urine, respectively Control of GHB is essential to limit the number of users, abuse, associated risks, and death related to their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Dufayet
- Unité Médico-judiciaire, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP, 75001, Paris, France; Centre Antipoison de Paris - Fédération de Toxicologie (FeTox), Hôpital Fernand-Widal, APHP, 75010, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS-1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006, Paris, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Paris, 75010, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Bargel
- Section Toxicologie - Sécurité Routière, Laboratoire de Police Scientifique de Lille, SNPS, France
| | - Anastasia Bonnet
- Centre Antipoison de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Marion Evrard
- Centre Antipoison de Nancy, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Guillotin
- Centre Antipoison de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Camille Paradis
- Centre Antipoison de Bordeaux CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Julien Reynoard
- Pharmacologie Clinique CAP-TV, APHM, Hôpitaux Sud, Marseille, France
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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Zhang H, Chang Q, Wang X, Li J, Qiu G, Wu F, Zhu R, Su M. Rapid screening of 15 highly toxic pesticide residues in Angelica sinensis decoctions by thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2119942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, P.R. People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Qiu
- Gansu Pharmaceutical Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, P.R. People’s Republic of China
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7
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Gosetti F, Consonni V, Ballabio D, Orlandi ME, Amodio A, Valeria Picci M, Visentin M, Termopoli V. From the Streets to the Judicial Evidence: Determination of Traditional Illicit Substances in Drug Seizures by a Rapid and Sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Platform. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010164. [PMID: 36615358 PMCID: PMC9822244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
According to the 2021 World Drug Report, around 275 million people use drugs of abuse, and 36 million people suffer from addiction, fostering a thriving market for illicit substances. In Italy, 30,083 people were reported to the Judicial Authority for offenses in violation of the Italian Law D.P.R. 309/1990. These offences are sentenced after a qualitative-quantitative analysis of seized materials. Given the large quantity of seized drugs and the need to perform accurate analytical determinations, Italian forensic laboratories struggle to complete analyses in a short time, delaying the entire reporting process needed to achieve sentencing. For this purpose, an UHPLC-MS/MS-based platform was developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca to support law-enforcement authorities. Software was designed to easily manage street seizure acquisition, documentation registration, and sampling. A sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method was fully validated for the quantification of the traditional illicit substances (cocaine, heroin, 6-MAM, morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ketamine, GHB, GBL, LSD, trans-∆9-THC, and THCA) at the ppb level. The final report is relayed to the Prefecture in 3-4 days, even within 24 h for urgent requests. The platform allows for semi-automatic data handling to minimize erroneous results for an accurate report generation by standardized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Consonni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Marco Emilio Orlandi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Amodio
- Legione Carabinieri Lombardia, Comando Provinciale di Milano Sezione, Investigazioni Scientifiche L.A.S.S., Via V. Monti 58, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Picci
- Gabinetto Regionale di Polizia Scientifica per la Lombardia, Polizia di Stato, Via Fatebenefratelli 11, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Visentin
- Gabinetto Regionale di Polizia Scientifica per la Lombardia, Polizia di Stato, Via Fatebenefratelli 11, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (V.T.)
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Qiao J, Hu S, Chen L, Gan J, Li G, Wen L, Shi S. Cross-Platform Identification and Classification of Fentanyl Analogs by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2144343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Qiao
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shundi Hu
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- China Innovation Instrument Company, Ningbo, China
| | - La Chen
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- China Innovation Instrument Company, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianqin Gan
- China Innovation Instrument Company, Ningbo, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- China Innovation Instrument Company, Ningbo, China
| | - Luhong Wen
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- China Innovation Instrument Company, Ningbo, China
- Hua Yue Enterprise Holdings, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyang Shi
- Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Shi L, Habib A, Bi L, Hong H, Begum R, Wen L. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application and Prospective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-50. [PMID: 36206159 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a formidable analytical tool for the analysis of non-polar to polar compounds individually and/or from mixtures, providing information on the molecular weights and chemical structures of the analytes. During the last more than one-decade, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has developed quickly, producing a wide range of platforms and proving scientific improvements in a variety of domains, from biological imaging to quick quality control. These methods have made it possible to detect target analytes in real time without sample preparation in an open environment, and they can be connected to any MS system with an atmospheric pressure interface. They also have the ability to analyze explosives, illicit drugs, disease diagnostics, drugs in biological samples, adulterants in food and agricultural products, reaction progress, and environmental monitoring. The development of novel ambient ionization techniques, such as probe electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization, and fiber spray ionization, employed even at picolitre to femtolitre solution levels to provide femtogram to attogram levels of the target analytes. The special characteristic of this ambient ion source, which has been extensively used, is the noninvasive property of PESI of examination of biological real samples. The results in the current review supports the idea that AIMS has emerged as a pioneer in MS-based approaches and that methods will continue to be developed along with improvements to existing ones in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Hong
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rockshana Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Luhong Wen
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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de Faria LV, Rocha RG, Arantes LC, Ramos DL, Lima CD, Richter EM, P dos Santos WT, Muñoz RA. Cyclic square-wave voltammetric discrimination of the amphetamine-type stimulants MDA and MDMA in real-world forensic samples by 3D-printed carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hsu YM, Wu CF, Huang MZ, Shiea J, Pan CH, Liu CC, Chen CC, Wang YH, Cheng CM, Wu MT. Avatar-like body imaging of dermal exposure to melamine in factory workers analyzed by ambient mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134896. [PMID: 35561770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry thermal desorption-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS) can rapidly identify chemicals without pretreatment of biological samples. This study used a rapid semi-quantitative TD-ESI/MS screening technique for the probe skin sampling of melamine workers occupationally exposed to different ambient melamine concentrations to create avatar-like body images, which were then used to study temporal and dynamic changes in nephrotoxic melamine exposure. We enrolled four voluntary melamine workers from one factory, each from one of four worksites. Melamine exposure was highest in manufacturing and molding, followed by grinding and polishing, packing, and administration, the lowest. Skin samples were collected Friday (end-of-shift) and Monday (pre-shift). Early morning one-spot urine samples were also collected right after skin sampling. 2198 probe skin samples were collected and subjected to semi-quantitative TD-ESI/MS analyses of melamine chemical within 40 h. After normalization, converted body image scores revealed exposure to be highest in the manufacturing worker on Friday and lowest in the administrative worker on Monday. The absolute differences (Friday minus Monday) of normalized body image scores were all significantly positive in each individual worker and across all four workers (permutation test, all p-values < 0.002). The slope estimates of the linear regression line between body image scores and urinary melamine levels were 0.81 (p-value = 0.008). We concluded that this fast and non-invasive technique can potentially be used to study temporal and dynamic changes in exposure to occupational hazards. A future study of developing an automatic and reproducible TD-ESI/MS sampling platform is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Hsu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Zong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Mei Cheng
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; PhD Program of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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13
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Theoretical study of nimetazepam, a real-life chiral molecule without an asymmetric carbon atom. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Dragan AM, Parrilla M, Feier B, Oprean R, Cristea C, De Wael K. Analytical techniques for the detection of amphetamine-type substances in different matrices: A comprehensive review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang H, Chang Q, Wu X, Qiu G, Li J, Wu F. Rapid Screening of β-agonists in Animal Hair by Thermal Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:812-821. [PMID: 34849987 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the usage of β-agonists in livestock has been banned in many countries, β-agonists abuse is still out of control towing to the time-consuming and complicated determination technique. OBJECTIVE This study applied ambient thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS) as a new strategy for rapidly screening 7 β-agonists. As it does not require pretreatment, this method allows in-site and real time detection. METHODS Samples were collected directly using a simple metal probe. Analytes on the probe were desorbed and ionized in TD-ESI, after which analyte ions were detected using a triple quadrupole mass analyser. RESULTS The results showed that thermal desorption temperature of 320 °C and nebulizer pressure of 3 psi demonstrated the highest sensitivity. Excellent linear relationships were obtained in concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 μg/kg. The limit of detection of the method was 1-10 μg/kg with relative standard deviation of 7.2%-14.6%. A positive sample was verified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, consistent with the results from TD-ESI/MS. CONCLUSIONS AND HIGHLIGHTS This method was the first to apply TD-ESI/MS to rapid analyse β-agonists in livestock hair which was proven to be accurate, fast and environmentally friendly. Because qualitative screening for each analysis was completed within approximately 1 min, it seems to contribute to prevent non-compliance animal-derived food flowing into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002 China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002 China
| | - Guoyu Qiu
- Gansu Pharmaceutical Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Fuxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
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Drug identification by electroanalysis with multiple classification approaches. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Capriotti AL, Cannazza G, Catani M, Cavaliere C, Cavazzini A, Cerrato A, Citti C, Felletti S, Montone CM, Piovesana S, Laganà A. Recent applications of mass spectrometry for the characterization of cannabis and hemp phytocannabinoids: From targeted to untargeted analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462492. [PMID: 34507140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review is a collection of recent applications of mass spectrometry studies for the characterization of phytocannabinoids in cannabis and hemp plant material and related products. The focus is mostly on recent applications using mass spectrometry as detector, in hyphenation to typical separation techniques (i.e., liquid chromatography or gas chromatography), but also with less common couplings or by simple direct analysis. The papers are described starting from the most common approach for targeted quantitative analysis, with applications using low-resolution mass spectrometry equipment, but also with the introduction of high-resolution mass analyzers as the detectors. This reflects a common trend in this field, and introduces the most recent applications using high-resolution mass spectrometry for untargeted analysis. The different approaches used for untargeted analysis are then described, from simple retrospective analysis of compounds without pure standards, through untargeted metabolomics strategies, and suspect screening methods, which are the ones currently allowing to achieve the most detailed qualitative characterization of the entire phytocannabinoid composition, including minor compounds which are usually overlooked in targeted studies and in potency evaluation. These approaches also represent powerful strategies to answer questions on biological and pharmacological activity of cannabis, and provide a sound technology for improved classification of cannabis varieties. Finally, open challenges are discussed for future directions in the detailed study of complex phytocannabinoid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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Kumar P, Sharma A, Kumar D, Sharma L. Use of Spectroscopic Methods and Their Clinical Applications in Drug Abuse: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:360-373. [PMID: 34376090 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1958196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Assurance of substance abuse in plasma and different parts of the body is vital in clinical and legal toxicology. Detection techniques are evaluated for their appropriateness in scientific and clinical sciences, where extraordinary prerequisites must be met. Recognition and affirmation are for the most part done by gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Infrared Spectroscopy, and UV Spectroscopy. Progressed spectroscopic techniques provided helpful quantitative or qualitative data about the natural chemistry and science of exploited substances. These spectroscopic techniques are assumed as quick, precise, and some of them are non-damaging investigation apparatus that may be assumed as a substitution for previously used compound investigation. Spectroscopy with its advances in technology is centralized to novel applications in the detection of abused drug substances and clinical toxicology. These techniques have attracted growing interest as forensic tools for the early detection and monitoring of exploited drugs. This review describes the principle, role, and clinical application of various spectroscopic techniques which are utilized for the identification of drug abuse like morphine, cocaine, codeine, alcohol, amphetamines, and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma, hair, and nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Mail R, Teoh WK, Kunalan V, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL. Quick discrimination of seized Erimin-5 tablets by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1921266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radwan Mail
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia (Kelantan Branch, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry Malaysia (Headquarter), Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Zhao J, Yan H, Shi Y, Sheng B, Xiang P. Rapid Characterization of Drugs in Biological Fluid and Seized Material Using Thermal-Assisted Carbon Fiber Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:969-976. [PMID: 33779186 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a rapid, simple, and sensitive method to analyze drugs is critical to forensic research study because of the widespread occurrence of the matrix effect. Herein, we develop a method using thermal-assisted carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry that can be used to directly analyze drugs in biological fluid. The key feature of this technique is that the biological samples such as urine and blood can be achieved online as precipitated protein on the carbon fiber tip and thermally desorbed by the metal ceramics heater, which can reduce the matrix effects and improve the sensitivity. Analytes including raw urine, blood, oral fluid, drink, tobacco tar, drug tablets, and paper cards can be rapidly identified and analyzed within a few minutes regardless of their physical variations. Due to its simplicity and noninvasive analysis, this method can be used for drugged driving analysis and to achieve point-of-care drug testing in clinical and forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Sheng
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
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Akhunov S, Ashurov K, Axmedov S, Kasimov B, Rotshteyn V, Radjabov A, Usmanov D. Development of surface ionization mass spectrometry for detection of stimulants in human urine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:29-38. [PMID: 33745338 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates direct detection of stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine spiked with untreated urine and a real world sample using surface ionization mass spectrometry. Spiked samples were analyzed without preliminary chromatographic separation and extraction procedure using the developed method. Moreover, in order to check the analytical capabilities of the method non-extracted real world sample was analyzed. After liquid-liquid extraction, the same sample was analyzed using the method for comparative study. Limit of detection of spiked samples was in the range of 10 pg (10 ng/ml) to 100 pg (100 ng/ml). Linear ranges of samples were two orders of magnitude or more than two orders of magnitude. It was revealed these spiked samples and real world sample can be analyzed without preliminary chromatographic separation and preliminary extraction procedure due to high selectivity of the method and the presence of the indicator lines of studied analytes in the mass spectra. The surface ionization mass spectrometry data was attested by the GC/MS analysis of these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovkatjon Akhunov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Khatam Ashurov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Sherzod Axmedov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Beknazar Kasimov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Vladimir Rotshteyn
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Azim Radjabov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilshadbek Usmanov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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de Araújo GL, de Aguiar DVA, Pereira I, da Silva LC, Chaves AAR, Vaz BG. Polypyrrole-coated needle as an electrospray emitter for ambient mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3235-3241. [PMID: 32930186 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a polymer widely used as an extraction phase due to its ability to perform intermolecular interactions with the analyte, such as acid-base, π-π, dipole-dipole, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding. In this manuscript, we report the coating of a stainless steel needle with a PPy film for analyte extraction and subsequent analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under ambient and open-air conditions. The method, named PPy-ESI-MS, was optimized for analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in synthetic urine. Seven cycles of electrodeposition of the PPy film onto the needle surface, sample at pH 8, and 40 min of extraction of analytes were determined as the best analysis conditions. The analytical performance of PPy-ESI-MS was evaluated for MDA and MDMA compounds. Analytical curves were obtained with R2 > 0.98. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined as 20 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1 for MDA and as 25 μg L-1 and 80 μg L-1 for MDMA, respectively. Values of precision were below 17%, and values of accuracy below 5%. The apparent recoveries ranged between 84.5% and 111.3%. In addition, the PPy-ESI-MS method was applied for the analysis of sarcosine in synthetic urine in order to evaluate the performance of the method for another class of compounds. The calibration curve was obtained with R2 > 0.98, along with LOD and LOQ of 30 μg L-1 and 100 μg L-1, respectively. The precision and accuracy values were below 5% and 8%, respectively, and the apparent recoveries close to 100%. This work demonstrates the usefulness of combining an extraction phase with ESI-MS analysis under ambient conditions to determine different classes of small molecules in a complex sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L de Araújo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lidya C da Silva
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Andrà A R Chaves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Su H, Huang YJ, Huang MZ, Lee YT, Chen SC, Hung CH, Kuo CH, Wu MT, Shiea J. Using ambient mass spectrometry to explore the origins of phthalate contamination in a mass spectrometry laboratory. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fast screening of trace multiresidue pesticides on fruit and vegetable surfaces using ambient ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1102:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yen YT, Chang YJ, Lai PJ, Chang CL, Chen TY, Chyueh SC. A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25040972. [PMID: 32098143 PMCID: PMC7070706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using "dilute-and-shoot" analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5-1000 ng mL-1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5-800 ng mL-1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5-600 ng mL-1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine-codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2911-2241 (ext. 3714)
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McCullough BJ, Patel K, Francis R, Cain P, Douce D, Whyatt K, Bajic S, Lumley N, Hopley C. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Coupled to a Portable Mass Spectrometer for Rapid Identification of Bulk Drug Seizures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:386-393. [PMID: 32031401 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of ambient ionization techniques and their combination with smaller, cheaper mass spectrometers is beginning to make real the possibility of mass spectrometry measurements being made routinely outside of traditional laboratory settings. Here, we describe the development of an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) source for a commercially available miniaturized, single-quadrupole mass spectrometer and subsequent modification of the instrument to allow it to run as a deployable system; we further go on to describe the application of this instrument to the identification of the contents of drug seizures. For the drug seizure analysis, a small quantity of the material (powder, tablet, resin, etc.) was dissolved in ethanol and shaken to extract the analytes, the resulting solutions were then sampled by dipping a sealed glass capillary into the solution prior to analysis by ASAP-MS. Identification of the contents of the seizures was carried out using a NIST searching approach utilizing a bespoke spectral library containing 46 compounds representative of those most commonly encountered in UK forensic laboratories. In order to increase confidence in identification the library sample and subsequent analyses were carried out using a four-channel acquisition method; each channel in this method used a different cone voltage (15, 30, 50, and 70 V) inducing differing levels of in-source fragmentation in each channel; the match score across each channel was then used for identification. Using this developed method, a set of 50 real-life drug samples was analyzed with each of these being identified correctly using the library searching method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J McCullough
- National Measurement Laboratory , LGC , Queen's Road , Teddington TW11 0LY , UK
| | - Kirtan Patel
- Eurofins Forensic Services , Queens Road , Teddington TW11 0LY , UK
| | - Ryan Francis
- Eurofins Forensic Services , Queens Road , Teddington TW11 0LY , UK
| | - Peter Cain
- Eurofins Forensic Services , Queens Road , Teddington TW11 0LY , UK
| | - David Douce
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , UK
| | - Kate Whyatt
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , UK
| | - Steve Bajic
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , UK
| | - Nicola Lumley
- Waters Corporation , Stamford Avenue , Wilmslow SK9 4AX , UK
| | - Chris Hopley
- National Measurement Laboratory , LGC , Queen's Road , Teddington TW11 0LY , UK
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WITHDRAWN: Ratio of Morphine and Codeine over Antihistamines in Urine by LC-MS/MS for Determining Opiate Metabolites from Cold Syrups. Forensic Sci Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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