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Whatnall M, Clarke ED, Bucher T, Collins CE. Happy Little Vegemites™! An analysis of the contribution of yeast extract spreads and tomato-based sauces to nutrient intake adequacy in Australia. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:292-307. [PMID: 37853549 PMCID: PMC10952993 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast extract spreads and tomato-based sauces (i.e., ketchup) are consumed regularly by the Australian population. Therefore, there is a need to explore the contribution of these condiments to nutrient intakes among Australians. METHODS The present study comprises a secondary analysis of data from the 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Dietary intake data were undertaken for 12,153 Australians aged ≥ 2 years, using 24-h recalls. Yeast extract spreads and tomato-based sauces were categorised based on how they were defined in the Australian Food and Nutrient (AUSNUT) 2011-2013 database. Kruskal-Wallis H tests and the post-hoc Dunn's test with Bonferroni correction were applied to test whether a significant difference existed in the percentage contribution of yeast extract spreads and tomato-based sauces to intakes of select nutrients. RESULTS In total, 19.6% (n = 2384) of the population sample consumed yeast extract spreads and/or tomato-based sauces during the 24-h recall. The percentage contribution of yeast extract spreads to daily intakes of sodium, potassium, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, magnesium, iron, zinc and iodine were significantly higher in line with a greater quantity of yeast extract spread consumed (p < 0.05). The percentage contribution of tomato-based sauces to daily intakes of sodium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, folate, beta-carotene, magnesium, iron, zinc and iodine was increased significantly with a greater quantity of tomato-based sauces consumed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of yeast extracts and tomato-based sauces contribute to greater intake of key nutrients, such as B-vitamins and beta-carotene, and may assist in meeting key nutrient reference values. However, consumption of these sauces and condiments also resulted in greater intakes of sodium, contributing to population intakes exceeding recommendations. Reducing sodium content of frequently consumed condiments may potentially assist in lowering population intakes, at the same time as preserving intakes of other important nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Whatnall
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Food and Nutrition ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNSWAustralia
| | - Erin D. Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Food and Nutrition ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNSWAustralia
| | - Tamara Bucher
- Food and Nutrition ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNSWAustralia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and EnvironmentThe University of NewcastleOurimbahNSWAustralia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Food and Nutrition ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNSWAustralia
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Gigliotta A, Trontti K, Väänänen J, Hovatta I. Gene expression profiling reveals a role of immune system and inflammation in innate and stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Front Genet 2023; 14:1173376. [PMID: 37260777 PMCID: PMC10229056 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1173376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is an evolutionarily conserved response that is essential for survival. Pathological anxiety, however, is a maladaptive response to nonthreatening situations and greatly affects quality of life. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and highlighted the urge to identify the molecular events that initiate pathological anxiety. To this aim, we investigated the extent of similarity of brain region-specific gene expression patterns associated with innate and stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. We compared the cortico-frontal (FCx) and hippocampal (Hpc) gene expression patterns of five inbred mouse strains with high or low levels of innate anxiety-like behavior with gene expression patterns of mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress. We found significantly large overlap of the Hpc but small overlap of the FCx gene expression patterns in innate and stress-induced anxiety, that however, converged onto common inflammation and immune system canonical pathways. Comparing the gene expression data with drug-gene interaction datasets revealed drug candidates, including medrysone, simvastatin, captopril, and sulpiride, that produced gene expression changes opposite to those observed in innate or stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Together, our data provide a comprehensive overview of FCx and Hpc gene expression differences between innate and stress-induced anxiety and support the role of inflammation and immune system in anxiety-like behavior.
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Field DT, Cracknell RO, Eastwood JR, Scarfe P, Williams CM, Zheng Y, Tavassoli T. High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:e2852. [PMID: 35851507 PMCID: PMC9787829 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamins B6 and B12 are involved in metabolic processes that decrease neural excitation and increase inhibition. This double-blind study investigated the effects of supplementation for 1 month with a high-dose of B6 or B12, compared to placebo, on a range of behavioural outcome measures connected to the balance between neural inhibition and excitation. METHODS 478 young adults were recruited over five linked phases. Self-reported anxiety (N = 265) and depression (N = 146) were assessed at baseline and after supplementation. Several sensory measures acted as assays of inhibitory function and were assessed post-supplementation only; these were surround suppression of visual contrast detection (N = 307), binocular rivalry reversal rate (N = 172), and a battery of tactile sensitivity tests (N = 180). RESULTS Vitamin B6 supplementation reduced self-reported anxiety and induced a trend towards reduced depression, as well as increased surround suppression of visual contrast detection, but did not reliably influence the other outcome measures. Vitamin B12 supplementation produced trends towards changes in anxiety and visual processing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation increases inhibitory GABAergic neural influences, which is consistent with its known role in the synthesis of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Field
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Rebekah O. Cracknell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Jessica R. Eastwood
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Peter Scarfe
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Claire M. Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Teresa Tavassoli
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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The Iconisation of Yeast Spreads—Love Them or Hate Them. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The production of beer yields a number of by-product streams, with spent brewers’ yeast being the second most abundant in volume. The high nutritional value of spent yeast has seen a large proportion of spent brewers’ yeast being used for both food and feed purposes. One of the uses of spent brewers’ yeast for human consumption has been the production of yeast spreads, which came onto the market in the early 20th century, first in the United Kingdom and shortly thereafter in the commonwealth dominions, especially Australia and New Zealand. In this research we investigated the national status of yeast spreads in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. We show that a brewery by-product such as spent brewers’ yeast is more than a mere novel utilisation of a waste stream but have become inherently associated with national identities of these countries to such an extent that some brands have become iconicised. Furthermore, some yeast spread brands have become a symbol of (inter)national polarisation, purely based on its initial sensorial characterisation.
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Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093229. [PMID: 34579110 PMCID: PMC8467949 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a fascinating molecule involved in the vast majority of changes in the human body because it is a coenzyme involved in over 150 biochemical reactions. It is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, and participates in cellular signaling. It is an antioxidant and a compound with the ability to lower the advanced glycation end products (AGE) level. In this review, we briefly summarize its involvement in biochemical pathways and consider whether its deficiency may be associated with various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, or the prognosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-668 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Jia LL, Brough L, Weber JL. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast-Based Supplementation as a Galactagogue in Breastfeeding Women? A Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030727. [PMID: 33668808 PMCID: PMC7996189 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived insufficient milk production (PIM) adversely affects breastfeeding duration. Women sometimes use galactagogues with the intent to increase breast milk production and support lactation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast-based supplement (SCYS) is an inactive form of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) either obtained from the fermentation process or grown on molasses. Anecdotal evidence suggests SCYS is a galactagogue. SCYS is promoted on the internet as a galactagogue in various forms and doses. Dietary supplementation with SCYS during gestation and lactation significantly increases milk yield in ruminants. No human study has evaluated efficacy of SCYS as a galactagogue. SCYS is rich in B vitamins, beta-glucan, mannan oligosaccharides and bioavailable chromium; these may impact breast milk production or composition, thus may alleviate PIM. The safety of taking SCYS during lactation is not well studied. Studies have reported contamination of SCYS with ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as minor side effects from SCYS. Studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of SCYS on breast milk production and composition and to assess the safety of taking SCYS during lactation in humans.
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Wang X, Wang T, Sun L, Zhang H, Liu C, Zhang C, Yu L. B-vitamin supplementation ameliorates anxiety- and depression-like behavior induced by gestational urban PM 2.5 exposure through suppressing neuroinflammation in mice offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115146. [PMID: 32663728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure is an emerging environmental concern and severe health insult closely related to psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression in adolescence. Adolescence is a critical period for neural system development characterized by continuous brain maturation, especially in the prefrontal cortex. The etiology of these adolescent conditions may derive from fetal origin, probably attributed to the adverse effects induced by intrauterine environmental exposure. Anxiety- and depression-like behavior can be induced by gestational exposure to PM2.5 in mice offspring which act as a useful model system. Recent studies show that B-vitamin may alleviate PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation- and function-related spatial memory impairment in adolescent mice offspring. However, cortical damage and related neurobehavioral defects induced by gestational PM2.5 exposure, as well as the potential reversibility by interventions in mice offspring require to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate whether B-vitamin would protect mice offspring from the adverse effects derived from gestational exposure to urban PM2.5 on cortical areas to which anxiety and depression are closely related. Pregnant mice were divided into three groups: control group (treated with PBS alone), model group (treated with both PM2.5 and PBS), and intervention group (treated with both PM2.5 and B-vitamin), respectively. The mice offspring were then applied to comprehensive neurobehavioral, ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular biological analyses. Interestingly, we observed that gestational PM2.5 exposure led to neurobehavioral defects including anxiety- and depression-like behavior. In addition, neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, increased apoptosis, and caspase-1-mediated inflammasome activation in the prefrontal cortex were observed. Notably, both behavioral and molecular changes could be significantly alleviated by B-vitamin treatment. In summary, our results suggest that the anxiety- and depression-like behavior induced by gestational PM2.5 exposure in mice offspring can be ameliorated by B-vitamin supplementation, probably through the suppression of apoptosis, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and caspase-1-mediated inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Haoyun Zhang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Li Yu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Calderón-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO. B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:5-13. [PMID: 31490017 PMCID: PMC6930825 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotropic B vitamins play crucial roles as coenzymes and beyond in the nervous system. Particularly vitamin B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) contribute essentially to the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. Their importance is highlighted by many neurological diseases related to deficiencies in one or more of these vitamins, but they can improve certain neurological conditions even without a (proven) deficiency. Aim This review focuses on the most important biochemical mechanisms, how they are linked with neurological functions and what deficits arise from malfunctioning of these pathways. Discussion We discussed the main role of B Vitamins on several functions in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS) including cellular energetic processes, antioxidative and neuroprotective effects, and both myelin and neurotransmitter synthesis. We also provide an overview of possible biochemical synergies between thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin and discuss by which major roles each of them may contribute to the synergy and how these functions are inter‐related and complement each other. Conclusion Taking into account the current knowledge on the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6, and B12, we conclude that a biochemical synergy becomes apparent in many different pathways in the nervous system, particularly in the PNS as exemplified by their combined use in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Orlando Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Abstract
Vitamin B contributes to the overall health and wellbeing, including that of energy metabolism, methylation, synthesis and DNA repair and proper immune function. Deficiency in B vitamins has been linked to neurocognitive disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysfunction and inflammatory conditions. In ageing populations B vitamin deficiency has been linked to cardiovascular disorders, cognitive dysfunction, osteoporosis and methylation disorders and can increase the risk of developing degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, cognitive diseases and osteoporosis. Optimization of B vitamin status in the elderly may prove beneficial in the prevention of degenerative diseases. Here we discuss broadly the role of B vitamins in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mikkelsen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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