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Fu Y, Hua Y, Alam N, Liu E. Progress in the Study of Animal Models of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:3120. [PMID: 39339720 PMCID: PMC11435380 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has recently been proposed as an alternative term to NAFLD. MASLD is a globally recognized chronic liver disease that poses significant health concerns and is frequently associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. To better understand its pathogenesis and to develop effective treatments, it is essential to establish suitable animal models. Therefore, attempts have been made to establish modelling approaches that are highly similar to human diet, physiology, and pathology to better replicate disease progression. Here, we reviewed the pathogenesis of MASLD disease and summarised the used animal models of MASLD in the last 7 years through the PubMed database. In addition, we have summarised the commonly used animal models of MASLD and describe the advantages and disadvantages of various models of MASLD induction, including genetic models, diet, and chemically induced models, to provide directions for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.F.); (Y.H.)
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Yuxin Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.F.); (Y.H.)
| | - Naqash Alam
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, China;
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2
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Kalinderi K, Goula V, Sapountzi E, Tsinopoulou VR, Fidani L. Syndromic and Monogenic Obesity: New Opportunities Due to Genetic-Based Pharmacological Treatment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:153. [PMID: 38397265 PMCID: PMC10886848 DOI: 10.3390/children11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant health problem with a continuously increasing prevalence among children and adolescents that has become a modern pandemic during the last decades. Nowadays, the genetic contribution to obesity is well-established. For this narrative review article, we searched PubMed and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed research, review articles, and meta-analyses regarding the genetics of obesity and current pharmacological treatment, published in the English language with no time restrictions. We also screened the references of the selected articles for possible additional articles in order to include most of the key recent evidence. Our research was conducted between December 2022 and December 2023. We used the terms "obesity", "genetics", "monogenic", "syndromic", "drugs", "autosomal dominant", "autosomal recessive", "leptin-melanocortin pathway", and "children" in different combinations. Recognizing the genetic background in obesity can enhance the effectiveness of treatment. During the last years, intense research in the field of obesity treatment has increased the number of available drugs. This review analyzes the main categories of syndromic and monogenic obesity discussing current data on genetic-based pharmacological treatment of genetic obesity and highlighting the necessity that cases of genetic obesity should follow specific, pharmacological treatment based on their genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Goula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evdoxia Sapountzi
- Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (V.R.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Rengina Tsinopoulou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (V.R.T.)
| | - Liana Fidani
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (V.R.T.)
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3
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Khademi Z, Mahmoudi Z, Sukhorukov VN, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: A Novel Approach to Obesity Research. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1791-1803. [PMID: 38818919 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128301465240517065848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Gene editing technology, particularly Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has transformed medical research. As a newly developed genome editing technique, CRISPR technology has strongly assisted scientists in enriching their comprehension of the roles of individual genes and their influences on a vast spectrum of human malignancies. Despite considerable progress in elucidating obesity's molecular pathways, current anti-obesity medications fall short in effectiveness. A thorough understanding of the genetic foundations underlying various neurobiological pathways related to obesity, as well as the neuro-molecular mechanisms involved, is crucial for developing effective obesity treatments. Utilizing CRISPR-based technologies enables precise determination of the roles of genes that encode transcription factors or enzymes involved in processes, such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, glucose metabolism, and lipid storage within adipose tissue. This innovative approach allows for the targeted suppression or activation of genes regulating obesity, potentially leading to effective weight management strategies. In this review, we have provided a detailed overview of obesity's molecular genetics, the fundamentals of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and how this technology contributes to the discovery and therapeutic targeting of new genes associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khademi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahmoudi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sifuentes-Romero I, Aviles AM, Carter JL, Chan-Pong A, Clarke A, Crotty P, Engstrom D, Meka P, Perez A, Perez R, Phelan C, Sharrard T, Smirnova MI, Wade AJ, Kowalko JE. Trait Loss in Evolution: What Cavefish Have Taught Us about Mechanisms Underlying Eye Regression. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:393-406. [PMID: 37218721 PMCID: PMC10445413 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction or complete loss of traits is a common occurrence throughout evolutionary history. In spite of this, numerous questions remain about why and how trait loss has occurred. Cave animals are an excellent system in which these questions can be answered, as multiple traits, including eyes and pigmentation, have been repeatedly reduced or lost across populations of cave species. This review focuses on how the blind Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, has been used as a model system for examining the developmental, genetic, and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie eye regression in cave animals. We focus on multiple aspects of how eye regression evolved in A. mexicanus, including the developmental and genetic pathways that contribute to eye regression, the effects of the evolution of eye regression on other traits that have also evolved in A. mexicanus, and the evolutionary forces contributing to eye regression. We also discuss what is known about the repeated evolution of eye regression, both across populations of A. mexicanus cavefish and across cave animals more generally. Finally, we offer perspectives on how cavefish can be used in the future to further elucidate mechanisms underlying trait loss using tools and resources that have recently become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Sifuentes-Romero
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ari M Aviles
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph L Carter
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Allen Chan-Pong
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Anik Clarke
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick Crotty
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - David Engstrom
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Pranav Meka
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Alexandra Perez
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Riley Perez
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Christine Phelan
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Taylor Sharrard
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Maria I Smirnova
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Stiles–Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Amanda J Wade
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
| | - Johanna E Kowalko
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL 33458, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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5
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Dubern B, Faccioli N, Poitou C, Clément K. Novel therapeutics in rare genetic obesities: A narrative review. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106763. [PMID: 37037398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The better understanding of the molecular causes of rare genetic obesities and its associated phenotype involving the hypothalamus allows today to consider innovative therapeutics focused on hunger control. Several new pharmacological molecules benefit patients with monogenic or syndromic obesity. They are likely to be among the treatment options for these patients in the coming years, helping clinicians and patients prevent rapid weight progression and eventually limit bariatric surgery procedures, which is less effective in these patients. Their positioning in the management of such patients will be needed to be well defined to develop precision medicine in genetic forms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Dubern
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and other rare obesities (PRADORT), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmics research group, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Nathan Faccioli
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and other rare obesities (PRADORT), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmics research group, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmics research group, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmics research group, 75013, Paris, France
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6
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Monteiro CJ, Heery DM, Whitchurch JB. Modern Approaches to Mouse Genome Editing Using the CRISPR-Cas Toolbox and Their Applications in Functional Genomics and Translational Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1429:13-40. [PMID: 37486514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-33325-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mice have been used in biological research for over a century, and their immense contribution to scientific breakthroughs can be seen across all research disciplines, with some of the main beneficiaries being the fields of medicine and life sciences. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), along with other model organisms, are fundamentally important research tools frequently utilised to enhance our understanding of pathophysiology and biological mechanisms behind disease. In the 1980s, it became possible to precisely edit the mouse genome to create gene knockout and knock-in mice, although with low efficacy. Recent advances utilising CRISPR-Cas technologies have considerably improved our ability to do this with ease and precision, while also allowing the generation of desired genetic variants from single nucleotide substitutions to large insertions/deletions. It is now quick and relatively easy to genetically edit somatic cells which were previously more recalcitrant to traditional approaches. Further refinements have created a 'CRISPR toolkit' that has expanded the use of CRISPR-Cas beyond gene knock-ins and knockouts. In this chapter, we review some of the latest applications of CRISPR-Cas technologies in GEMMs, including nuclease-dead Cas9 systems for activation or repression of gene expression, base editing and prime editing. We also discuss improvements in Cas9 specificity, targeting efficacy and delivery methods in mice. Throughout, we provide examples wherein CRISPR-Cas technologies have been applied to target clinically relevant genes in preclinical GEMMs, both to generate humanised models and for experimental gene therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia J Monteiro
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Hinney A, Körner A, Fischer-Posovszky P. The promise of new anti-obesity therapies arising from knowledge of genetic obesity traits. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:623-637. [PMID: 35902734 PMCID: PMC9330928 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial and complex disease that often manifests in early childhood with a lifelong burden. Polygenic and monogenic obesity are driven by the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Polygenic variants are frequent and confer small effect sizes. Rare monogenic obesity syndromes are caused by defined pathogenic variants in single genes with large effect sizes. Most of these genes are involved in the central nervous regulation of body weight; for example, genes of the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Clinically, patients with monogenic obesity present with impaired satiety, hyperphagia and pronounced food-seeking behaviour in early childhood, which leads to severe early-onset obesity. With the advent of novel pharmacological treatment options emerging for monogenic obesity syndromes that target the central melanocortin pathway, genetic testing is recommended for patients with rapid weight gain in infancy and additional clinical suggestive features. Likewise, patients with obesity associated with hypothalamic damage or other forms of syndromic obesity involving energy regulatory circuits could benefit from these novel pharmacological treatment options. Early identification of patients affected by syndromic obesity will lead to appropriate treatment, thereby preventing the development of obesity sequelae, avoiding failure of conservative treatment approaches and alleviating stigmatization of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy and University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Antje Körner
- Leipzig University, Medical Faculty, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Child, Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Misch M, Puthanveetil P. The Head-to-Toe Hormone: Leptin as an Extensive Modulator of Physiologic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105439. [PMID: 35628271 PMCID: PMC9141226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known hunger-sensing peptide hormone. The role of leptin in weight gain and metabolic homeostasis has been explored for the past two decades. In this review, we have tried to shed light upon the impact of leptin signaling on health and diseases. At low or moderate levels, this peptide hormone supports physiological roles, but at chronically higher doses exhibits detrimental effects on various systems. The untoward effects we observe with chronically higher levels of leptin are due to their receptor-mediated effect or due to leptin resistance and are not well studied. This review will help us in understanding the non-anorexic roles of leptin, including their contribution to the metabolism of various systems and inflammation. We will be able to get an alternative perspective regarding the physiological and pathological roles of this mysterious peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Misch
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-630-960-3935
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10
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Kim MJ, Chilakala R, Jo HG, Lee SJ, Lee DS, Cheong SH. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Meretrix lusoria Protamex Hydrolysate in ob/ob Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074015. [PMID: 35409375 PMCID: PMC8999646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Meretrix lusoria (M. lusoria) is an economically important shellfish which is widely distributed in South Eastern Asia that contains bioactive peptides, proteins, and enzymes. In the present study, the extracted meat content of M. lusoria was enzymatic hydrolyzed using four different commercial proteases (neutrase, protamex, alcalase, and flavourzyme). Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, M. lusoria protamex hydrolysate (MLPH) fraction with MW ≤ 1 kDa exhibited the highest free radical scavenging ability. The MLPH fraction was further purified and an amino acid sequence (KDLEL, 617.35 Da) was identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of MLPH containing antioxidant peptides using ob/ob mice. Treatment with MLPH for 6 weeks reduced body and organ weight and ameliorated the effects of hepatic steatosis and epididymal fat, including a constructive effect on hepatic and serum marker parameters. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities were upregulated and impaired glucose tolerance was improved in obese control mice. In addition, MLPH treatment markedly suppressed mRNA expression related to lipogenesis and hyperglycemia through activation of AMPK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that MLPH has anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic potential and could be effectively applied as a functional food ingredient or pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea; (M.J.K.); (R.C.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Ramakrishna Chilakala
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea; (M.J.K.); (R.C.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Hee Geun Jo
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea; (M.J.K.); (R.C.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea; (M.J.K.); (R.C.); (H.G.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-659-7215; Fax: +82-61-659-7219
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