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Rajagopalan K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Chelladurai KS, Kalimuthu K, Das P, Chandrasekar M, Balamurugan N, Murugan K. Understanding the molecular mechanism of regeneration through apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation studies - updates and future aspects. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1. [PMID: 38581530 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
AICP is a crucial process that maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In the past, cell death was perceived merely as a means to discard cells without functional consequences. However, during regeneration, effector caspases orchestrate apoptosis, releasing signals that activate stem cells, thereby compensating for tissue loss across various animal models. Despite significant progress, the activation of Wnt3a by caspase-3 remains a focal point of research gaps in AICP mechanisms, spanning from lower to higher regenerative animals. This inquiry into the molecular intricacies of caspase-3-induced Wnt3a activation contributes to a deeper understanding of the links between regeneration and cancer mechanisms. Our report provides current updates on AICP pathways, delineating research gaps and highlighting the potential for future investigations aimed at enhancing our comprehension of this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Puja Das
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meikandan Chandrasekar
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivedha Balamurugan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
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He H, Xie X, Kang X, Zhang J, Wang L, Hu N, Xie L, Peng C, You Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates depressive-like behavior by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice exposed to chronic stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176120. [PMID: 37863415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammatory process is recognized as a target in the treatment of depression. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1), the active ingredient of traditional ginseng, regulates microglial phenotypes to resist stress-induced inflammatory responses. Here we used a mouse model of stress-induced depression to investigate the involvement of microglial Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in the antidepressant effects of GRg1. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) for three weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of GRg1 (20 mg/kg) or the antidepressant imipramine (20 mg/kg) for another three weeks. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed by sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test. Microglial phenotypes were assessed in terms of morphological features and cytokine profiles; inflammasome activity, in terms of levels of complexes containing NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and caspase-1; and neurogenesis, in terms of numbers of proliferating, differentiating, and mature neurons identified by immunostaining. GRg1 reduced abnormal animal behaviors caused by CMS, such as anhedonia and desperate behaviors, without affecting locomotor behaviors. GRg1 also reduced the number of ASC-specks, implying inhibition of inflammasome activation, which was associated with weaker activation of pro-inflammatory microglia. At the same time, GRg1 rescued impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro, which correlated with modulation of microglial phenotypes. GRg1 exert antidepressant effects by preventing stress from activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia, promoting a proneurogenic phenotype and allowing adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xixi Kang
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610036, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zili You
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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3
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Jiang H, Tian H, Wang Z, Li B, Chen R, Luo K, Lu S, Nice EC, Zhang W, Huang C, Zhou Y, Zheng S, Gao F. Laser-activatable oxygen self-supplying nanoplatform for efficiently overcoming colorectal cancer resistance by enhanced ferroptosis and alleviated hypoxic microenvironment. Biomater Res 2023; 27:92. [PMID: 37742011 PMCID: PMC10518107 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide, with chemo-resistance remaining a major obstacle in CRC treatment. Notably, the imbalance of redox homeostasis-mediated ferroptosis and the modulation of hypoxic tumor microenvironment are regarded as new entry points for overcoming the chemo-resistance of CRC. METHODS Inspired by this, we rationally designed a light-activatable oxygen self-supplying chemo-photothermal nanoplatform by co-assembling cisplatin (CDDP) and linoleic acid (LA)-tailored IR820 via enhanced ferroptosis against colorectal cancer chemo-resistance. In this nanoplatform, CDDP can produce hydrogen peroxide in CRC cells through a series of enzymatic reactions and subsequently release oxygen under laser-triggered photothermal to alleviate hypoxia. Additionally, the introduced LA can add exogenous unsaturated fatty acids into CRC cells, triggering ferroptosis via oxidative stress-related peroxidized lipid accumulation. Meanwhile, photothermal can efficiently boost the rate of enzymatic response and local blood flow, hence increasing the oxygen supply and oxidizing LA for enhanced ferroptosis. RESULTS This nanoplatform exhibited excellent anti-tumor efficacy in chemo-resistant cell lines and showed potent inhibitory capability in nude mice xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this nanoplatform provides a promising paradigm via enhanced ferroptosis and alleviated hypoxia tumor microenvironment against CRC chemo-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Chen
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Kangjia Luo
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Shuaijun Lu
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Hainan Cancer Center and Tumor Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK. Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110461. [PMID: 37331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are steroid glycosides derived from ginseng plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. Advances in recent studies have identified numerous physiological functions of each type of ginsenoside, i.e., immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory functions, in the context of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the single or combined ginsenoside(s) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, although it remains largely unclear. It is well known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with pathological inflammation and cell death in a variety of cells, and that inhibition of ROS generation ameliorates the local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which ginsenosides attenuate inflammation are largely unknown; however, targeting ROS is suggested as one of the crucial mechanisms for the ginsenosides to control the pathological inflammation in the immune and non-immune cells. This review will summarize the latest progress in ginsenoside studies, particularly in the context of antioxidant mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effects. A better understanding of the distinct types and the combined action of ginsenosides will pave the way for developing potential preventive and therapeutic modalities in treating various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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Kang H, Kim S, Lee JY, Kim B. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages by Regulating Sirtuin 1 and Histone Deacetylase 4. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071626. [PMID: 37049466 PMCID: PMC10096759 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, an innate immune response mediated by macrophages, has been a hallmark leading to the pathophysiology of diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and metabolic alteration in RAW 264.7 macrophages by regulating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). LPS suppressed SIRT1 while promoting HDAC4 expression, accompanied by increases in cellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, the addition of CK elicited the opposite effects. CK ameliorated the LPS-induced increase in glycolytic genes and abrogated the LPS-altered genes engaged in the NAD+ salvage pathway. LPS decreased basal, maximal, and non-mitochondrial respiration, reducing ATP production and proton leak in macrophages, which were abolished by CK. SIRT1 inhibition augmented Hdac4 expression along with increased LPS-induced inflammatory and glycolytic gene expression, while decreasing genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis; however, its activation resulted in the opposite effects. Inhibition of HDAC4 enhanced Sirt1 expression and attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, CK exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with the potential to counteract the alterations of energy metabolism, including glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, through activating SIRT1 and repressing HDAC4 in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohkyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2844
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Sun Y, Fu X, Qu Y, Chen L, Liu X, He Z, Xu J, Yang J, Ma W, Li J, Guo Q, Zhang Y. Characterization of Ginsenosides from the Root of Panax ginseng by Integrating Untargeted Metabolites Using UPLC-Triple TOF-MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052068. [PMID: 36903315 PMCID: PMC10004652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the chemical distinctions of Panax ginseng Meyer in different growth environments and explore the effects of growth-environment factors on P. ginseng growth, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS) was used to characterize the ginsenosides obtained by ultrasonic extraction from P. ginseng grown in different growing environments. Sixty-three ginsenosides were used as reference standards for accurate qualitative analysis. Cluster analysis was used to analyze the differences in main components and clarified the influence of growth environment factors on P. ginseng compounds. A total of 312 ginsenosides were identified in four types of P. ginseng, among which 75 were potential new ginsenosides. The number of ginsenosides in L15 was the highest, and the number of ginsenosides in the other three groups was similar, but it was a great difference in specie of ginsenosides. The study confirmed that different growing environments had a great influence on the constituents of P. ginseng, and provided a new breakthrough for the further study of the potential compounds in P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingmei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0531-82805106 (Q.G.); +86-10-82805106 (Y.Z.)
| | - Youbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0531-82805106 (Q.G.); +86-10-82805106 (Y.Z.)
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Lu B, Wang D, Xie D, Wu C, Sun M. 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol ameliorates MAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175468. [PMID: 36566009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases and may develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma, which has threatened human health. Although NLRP3 inflammasome is widely recognized in the pathogenesis of MAFLD, there are currently no drugs targeting NLRP3 inflammasome approved by regulatory agencies. Panax ginseng and its main saponin components have been used to regulate inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Notably, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an active metabolite of protopanaxatriol saponins with prominent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanism by which PPT ameliorates MAFLD has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study explored the efficacy and mechanism of PPT in treating MAFLD based on the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. First, we screened potential NLRP3 inflammasome blockers from protopanaxadiol saponins in mouse primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated by LPS and different inflammasome inducers. Second, LPS-primed mouse BMDMs, mouse primary hepatocytes, mouse primary Kupffer cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by cholesterol and ATP were used to evaluate the effect of PPT in inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, MCD-induced mouse MAFLD were established to verify the therapeutic effect of PPT by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results showed that PPT of ginseng saponins significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in multiple primary cells, suppressed systemic inflammation, restored liver function, and attenuated liver inflammation as well as fibrosis in MCD--induced mouse MAFLD. Collectively, protopanaxatriol saponins metabolite PPT, may serve as a potent therapeutic agent for MAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Lu
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dong Xie
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Microbiota, co-metabolites, and network pharmacology reveal the alteration of the ginsenoside fraction on inflammatory bowel disease. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:54-64. [PMID: 36644384 PMCID: PMC9834002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) is a traditional natural/herbal medicine. The amelioration on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity rely mainly on its main active ingredients that are referred to as ginsenosides. However, the current literature on gut microbiota, gut microbiota-host co-metabolites, and systems pharmacology has no studies investigating the effects of ginsenoside on IBD. Methods The present study was aimed to investigate the role of ginsenosides and the possible underlying mechanisms in the treatment of IBD in an acetic acid-induced rat model by integrating metagenomics, metabolomics, and complex biological networks analysis. In the study ten ginsenosides in the ginsenoside fraction (GS) were identified using Q-Orbitrap LC-MS. Results The results demonstrated the improvement effect of GS on IBD and the regulation effect of ginsenosides on gut microbiota and its co-metabolites. It was revealed that 7 endogenous metabolites, including acetic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, tryptophan, histidine, alanine, and glutathione, could be utilized as significant biomarkers of GS in the treatment of IBD. Furthermore, the biological network studies revealed EGFR, STAT3, and AKT1, which belong mainly to the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, as the potential targets for GS for intervening in IBD. Conclusion These findings indicated that the combination of genomics, metabolomics, and biological network analysis could assist in elucidating the possible mechanism underlying the role of ginsenosides in alleviating inflammatory bowel disease and thereby reveal the pathological process of ginsenosides in IBD treatment through the regulation of the disordered host-flora co-metabolism pathway.
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Shin SW, Cho IH. Panax ginseng as a potential therapeutic for neurological disorders associated with COVID-19; Toward targeting inflammasome. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:23-32. [PMID: 36213093 PMCID: PMC9529349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause clinical manifestations of multiple organ damage, including various neurological syndromes. There are currently two oral antiviral drugs-Paxlovid and molnupiravir-that are recognized to treat COVID-19, but there are still no drugs that can specifically fight the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimolecular complex that can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns associated with neurological disorders. The NLRP3 activation stimulates the production of caspase-1-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and other cytokines in immune cells. Panax (P.) ginseng is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been widely used to boost immunity and treat various pathological conditions in the nervous system due to its safety and anti-inflammatory/oxidant/viral activities. Several recent reports have indicated that P. ginseng and its active ingredients may regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the nervous system. Therefore, this review article discusses the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of neurological disorders related to COVID-19 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possibility of using P. ginseng in a strategy targeting this pathway to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Won Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Hyun Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. D.V.M. & Ph.D. Department of Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhu Y, Wang Z, Yu S, Zhao C, Xu B, Liu R, Xu L, Guo Y. Neuroprotective Effect of Ginseng Fibrous Root Enzymatic Hydrolysate against Oxidative Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227824. [PMID: 36431931 PMCID: PMC9697448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the potential causes of nervous system disease. Ginseng extract possesses excellent antioxidant activity; however, little research on the function of the ginseng fibrous root. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ginseng fibrous root to alleviate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against oxidative stress. Ginseng fibrous root enzymatic hydrolysate (GFREH) was first prepared by digesting ginseng fibrous roots with alkaline protease. In vitro, the GFREH showed antioxidant activities in free radical scavenging mechanisms. With a cellular model of AD, GFREH inhibited the increase in Ca2+ levels and intracellular ROS content, maintained the balance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and relieved L-glutamic acid-induced neurotoxicity. In vivo, GFREH improved the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) under oxidative stress, upregulated SOD-3 expression, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Therefore, our findings provide evidence for the alleviation effect of GFREH against oxidative stress in neuroprotection, which may accelerate the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuxuan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of VIP Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
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12
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Yi YS, Kim HG, Kim JH, Yang WS, Kim E, Park JG, Aziz N, Parameswaran N, Cho JY. Syk promotes phagocytosis by inducing reactive oxygen species generation and suppressing SOCS1 in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221133018. [PMID: 36214175 PMCID: PMC9548688 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, a vital innate immune response against infection and injury, is mediated by macrophages. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates inflammatory responses in macrophages; however, its role and underlying mechanisms are uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, overexpression and knockout (KO) cell preparations, phagocytosis analysis, confocal microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, mRNA analysis, and immunoprecipitation/western blotting analyses were used to investigate the role of Syk in phagocytosis and its underlying mechanisms in macrophages during inflammatory responses. RESULTS Syk inhibition by Syk KO, Syk-specific small interfering RNA (siSyk), and a selective Syk inhibitor (piceatannol) significantly reduced the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. Syk inhibition also decreased cytochrome c generation by inhibiting ROS-generating enzymes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and ROS scavenging suppressed the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. LPS induced the tyrosine nitration (N-Tyr) of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) through Syk-induced ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells. On the other hand, ROS scavenging suppressed the N-Tyr of SOCS1 and phagocytosis. Moreover, SOCS1 overexpression decreased phagocytic activity, and SOCS1 inhibition increased the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Syk plays a critical role in the phagocytic activity of macrophages by inducing ROS generation and suppressing SOCS1 through SOCS1 nitration during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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Park JE, Ji HW, Kim HW, Baek M, Jung S, Kim SJ. Ginsenoside Rh2 Regulates the CFAP20DC-AS1/MicroRNA-3614-3p/BBX and TNFAIP3 Axis to Induce Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1703-1717. [PMID: 35787669 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While a number of coding genes have explained the anticancer activity of ginsenoside Rh2, little is known about noncoding RNAs. This study was performed to elucidate the regulatory activity of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CFAP20DC-AS1, which is known to be downregulated by Rh2. MiR-3614-3p, which potentially binds CFAP20DC-AS1, was screened using the LncBase Predicted program, and the binding was verified by assaying the luciferase activity of a luciferase/lncRNA recombinant plasmid construct. The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) relationship of the two RNAs was further validated by quantitative PCR after deregulation of each RNA using siRNA. The effect of miRNA and target genes on the MCF-7 cancer cell growth was determined by monitoring proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of Rh2 after deregulating the corresponding gene. The miRNA decreased the luciferase activity of the luciferase/CFAP20DC-AS1 fusion vector, confirming the binding. SiRNA-based deregulation of CFAP20DC-AS1 attenuated the expression of miR-3614-3p and vice versa. In contrast to CFAP20DC-AS1, miR-3614-3p was upregulated by Rh2, inhibiting proliferation but stimulating apoptosis of the MCF-7 cells. Target genes of miR-3614-3p, BBX and TNFAIP3, were downregulated by Rh2 and the miRNA but upregulated by the lncRNA. Rh2 inhibits CFAP20DC-AS1, which obscures the association of the lncRNA with miR-3614-3p, resulting in the suppression of oncogenic BBX and TNFAIP3. Taken together, the Rh2/CFAP20DC-AS1/miR-3614-3p/target gene axis contributes to the antiproliferation activity of Rh2 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Park
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwee Won Ji
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Baek
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Yi YS. Dual roles of the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108739. [PMID: 35366642 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a two-step process comprising the first priming step that prepares inflammatory responses and the second triggering step that activates inflammatory responses. The key feature of the triggering step is the activation of inflammasomes and intracellular inflammatory protein complexes that provide molecular platforms to activate inflammatory signal transduction cascades. Although canonical inflammasomes have been well demonstrated to be actively involved in numerous human diseases, the roles of the recently identified non-canonical inflammasomes are largely unknown. However, recent studies have demonstrated the emerging roles of the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in various human inflammatory diseases, ultimately providing strong evidence that the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome is a key player in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the regulatory roles of the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its underlying mechanisms. Overall, this review highlights the current understanding of the regulatory roles of the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in IBD and may provide insight into new strategies for preventing and treating IBD and caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea.
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15
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Lee D, Kim JY, Kwon HC, Kwon J, Jang DS, Kang KS. Dual Beneficial Effects of α-Spinasterol Isolated from Aster pseudoglehnii on Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells and Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050658. [PMID: 35270128 PMCID: PMC8912510 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we determined whether α-Spinasterol, a stigmastane-type phytosterol isolated from Aster pseudoglehnii, potentially impacts glucose uptake and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in skeletal muscle cells and pancreatic β-cells, respectively. We observed that A. pseudoglehnii and its fractions enhanced glucose uptake, with no toxic effects on C2C12 cells, with the n-hexane fraction exhibiting the most potent effect. α-Spinasterol, isolated from the n-hexane fraction, enhanced glucose uptake with no toxic effects on C2C12 cells. Additionally, α-Spinasterol increased the expression of associated proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and glucose transporter type 4, as determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, α-Spinasterol enhanced insulin secretion in response to high glucose concentrations, with no toxic effects on INS-1 cells; this effect was superior to that demonstrated by gliclazide (positive control), commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). α-Spinasterol enhanced the expression of associated proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, as determined using Western blotting. The insulin secretory effect of α-Spinasterol was enhanced by a K+ channel blocker and L-type Ca2+ channel agonist and was suppressed by a K+ channel activator and L-type Ca2+ channel blocker. α-Spinasterol isolated from A. pseudoglehnii may improve hyperglycemia by improving glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and enhancing insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. Accordingly, α-Spinasterol could be a potential candidate for anti-T2D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- Cooperative-Center of Natural Product Central Bank for Biological Evaluation, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaeyoung Kwon
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- Cooperative-Center of Natural Product Central Bank for Biological Evaluation, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
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16
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Cao L, Wang S, Zhang L, Li J. RETRACTED: mPEG-b-P(Glu-co-Phe) nanoparticles increase gastric retention time and gastric ulcer treatment efficacy of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112608. [PMID: 35062071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author, Jiannan Li, is retracting the above article. The authors informed the journal that they mistakenly provided inappropriate H&E and EGFR immunohistochemical images for the Rg3-NPs group in Fig. 9 of the published article. The results in Fig. 9D cannot be reproduced as originally published. Importantly, in the present version, Rg3-NPs groups do not show an EGFR promotion effect compared to Rg3 and Cimetidine groups. Therefore, their final results and conclusions are not supported. The authors sincerely apologise to the editors and journal readership for these oversights and inconvenience that this may have caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqing Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun No.218 Ziqiang Street, Jilin, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun No.218 Ziqiang Street, Jilin, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun No.218 Ziqiang Street, Jilin, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun No.218 Ziqiang Street, Jilin, China.
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17
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Jung EM, Lee GS. Korean Red Ginseng, a regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome, in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:331-336. [PMID: 35194373 PMCID: PMC8851744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits various symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia or death. The major features of patients in severe COVID-19 are the dysregulation of cytokine secretion, pneumonia, and acute lung injury. Consequently, it leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure, and death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19, influences nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), the sensor of inflammasomes, directly or indirectly, culminating in the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of inflammatory caspases, which induce the inflammatory disruption in severe COVID-19. Accordingly, the target therapeutics for inflammasome has attracted attention as a treatment for COVID-19. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibits several inflammatory responses, including the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. This review discusses the role of KRG in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 based on its anti-NLRP3 inflammasome efficacy.
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18
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Yi YS, Kim HG, Kim JH, Yang WS, Kim E, Jeong D, Park JG, Aziz N, Kim S, Parameswaran N, Cho JY. Syk-MyD88 Axis Is a Critical Determinant of Inflammatory-Response in Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767366. [PMID: 35003083 PMCID: PMC8733199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation, a vital immune response to infection and injury, is mediated by macrophage activation. While spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) are reportedly involved in inflammatory responses in macrophages, their roles and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods Here, the role of the MyD88-Syk axis and the mechanism by which Syk and MyD88 cooperate during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are explored using knockout conditions of these proteins and mutation strategy as well as flowcytometric and immunoblotting analyses. Results Syk rapidly activates the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is abolished in Syk−/− RAW264.7 cells. MyD88 activates Syk and Syk-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells but Syk-induced inflammatory responses are significantly inhibited in MyD88−/− RAW264.7 cells. MyD88 interacts with Syk through the tyrosine 58 residue (Y58) in the hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of MyD88, leading to Syk activation and Syk-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Src activates MyD88 by phosphorylation at Y58 via the Src kinase domain. In addition, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activation and Rac1-induced formation of filamentous actin (F actin) activate Src in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions These results suggest that the MyD88-Syk axis is a critical player in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses, and its function is promoted by an upstream Src kinase activated by Rac1-generated filamentous actin (F-actin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Ginsenoside Ro, an oleanolic saponin of Panax ginseng, exerts anti-inflammatory effect by direct inhibiting toll like receptor 4 signaling pathway. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:156-166. [PMID: 35058732 PMCID: PMC8753525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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20
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Min JH, Cho HJ, Yi YS. A novel mechanism of Korean red ginseng-mediated anti-inflammatory action via targeting caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:675-682. [PMID: 36090677 PMCID: PMC9459075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) was reported to play an anti-inflammatory role, however, previous studies largely focused on the effects of KRG on priming step, the inflammation-preparing step, and the anti-inflammatory effect of KRG on triggering, the inflammation-activating step has been poorly understood. This study demonstrated anti-inflammatory role of KRG in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages during triggering of inflammatory responses. Methods Caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 macrophages were established by priming with Pam3CSK4 and triggering with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability and pyroptosis were examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Nitric oxide (NO)-inhibitory effect of KRG was assessed using a NO production assay. Expression and proteolytic cleavage of proteins were examined by Western blotting analysis. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of KRG was evaluated with the LPS-injected sepsis model in mice. Results KRG reduced LPS-stimulated NO production in J774A.1 cells and suppressed pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that KRG suppressed the direct interaction between LPS and caspase-11 and inhibited proteolytic processing of both caspase-11 and gasdermin D in caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome-activated J774A.1 cells. Furthermore, KRG significantly ameliorated LPS-mediated lethal septic shock in mice. Conclusion The results demonstrate a novel mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory action that operates through targeting the caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome at triggering step of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.
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21
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Inhibitory Effect of Phellinus baumii Extract on CFA-Induced Inflammation in MH-S Cells through Nuclear Factor- κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5535630. [PMID: 34733341 PMCID: PMC8560242 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5535630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus baumii is a mushroom utilized as a traditional medicine for a wide range of human ailments, including diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer, in Asia. The purpose of this study was to find out whether Phellinus baumii extract (PBE) could reduce inflammation caused by coal fly ash (CFA) in alveolar macrophages (MH-S). The anti-inflammatory effect of PBE was evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) concentration after the onset of CFA-stimulated inflammation in MH-S cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine inflammatory gene expression. Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) studies were used to investigate the inflammatory mechanism in MH-S cells. According to our results, the PBE suppressed CFA-induced NO generation in the MH-S cells dose-dependently. Furthermore, PBE inhibited the proinflammatory mediators and cytokines generated by exposure to CFA, including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Real-time PCR was also used to determine the inhibiting effect of the PBE on proinflammatory factors such as COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, Western blot was used to assess the effects of the PBE on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the CFA-stimulated MH-S cells. The suppressive effect of the PBE on phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB translocation was also investigated using IF analysis. This study showed that the PBE suppressed the CFA-induced inflammation in the MH-S cells by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which suggests its potential usefulness in reducing lung inflammation.
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Lee D, Kang KB, Hwang GS, Choi YK, Kim TK, Kang KS. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 3-Dehydroxyceanothetric Acid 2-Methyl Ester Isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. against Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Epithelial Cell Death. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111614. [PMID: 34827612 PMCID: PMC8615384 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent for treating solid tumors; however, it presents a risk factor for nephropathy. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of 3-dehydroxyceanothetric acid 2-methyl ester (3DC2ME) isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in LLC-PK1 cells following cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. These cells were exposed to 3DC2ME for 2 h, followed by treatment with cisplatin for 24 h. The treated cells were subjected to cell viability analysis using the Ez-Cytox assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected via 2′, 7′- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. In addition, western blotting and fluorescent immunostaining were performed to evaluate protein expressions related to oxidative stress and inflammation pathways. Pretreatment with 3DC2ME protected LLC-PK1 cells from cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. In addition, pretreatment with 3DC2ME upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the cisplatin-treated LLC-PK1 cells. Furthermore, the increase in the expressions of IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β), inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in these cells was inhibited. These results provide basic scientific evidence for understanding the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of 3DC2ME isolated from Z. jujuba against cisplatin-induced kidney epithelial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (G.S.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (G.S.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - You-Kyoung Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (G.S.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Tae Kon Kim
- College of Science & Engineering, Jungwon University, Chungbuk 28024, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.K.K.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-43-830-8619 (T.K.K.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (G.S.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.K.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-43-830-8619 (T.K.K.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
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Lee D, Kim YM, Kim HW, Choi YK, Park BJ, Joo SH, Kang KS. Schisandrin C Affects Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells and Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216509. [PMID: 34770916 PMCID: PMC8587027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of three lignans (schisandrol A, schisandrol B, and schisandrin C) on insulin secretion in rat INS-1 pancreatic β-cells and glucose uptake in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Schisandrol A and schisandrin C enhanced insulin secretion in response to high glucose levels with no toxic effects on INS-1 cells. The effect of schisandrin C was superior to that of gliclazide (positive control), a drug commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, western blot analysis showed that the expression of associated proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), was increased in INS-1 cells after treatment with schisandrin C. In addition, insulin secretion effect of schisandrin C were enhanced by the Bay K 8644 (L-type Ca2+ channel agonist) and glibenclamide (K+ channel blocker), were abolished by the nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ channel blocker) and diazoxide (K+ channel activator). Moreover, schisandrin C enhanced glucose uptake with no toxic effects on C2C12 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of associated proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PI3K, Akt, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), was increased in C2C12 cells after treatment with schisandrin C. Schisandrin C may improve hyperglycemia by enhancing insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells and improving glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. Our findings may provide evidence that schisandrin C may be beneficial in devising novel anti-T2D strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - You-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Korean International Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Bang Ju Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.J.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-850-3614 (S.H.J.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.H.J.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-850-3614 (S.H.J.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
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Anti-Gastritis and Anti-Lung Injury Effects of Pine Tree Ethanol Extract Targeting Both NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206275. [PMID: 34684856 PMCID: PMC8538959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An ethanol extract (Pd-EE) of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc was derived from the branches of pine trees. According to the Donguibogam, pine resin has the effects of lowering the fever, reducing pain, and killing worms. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Pd-EE has anti-inflammatory effects. During in vitro trials, NO production, as well as changes in the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes and the phosphorylation levels of related proteins, were confirmed in RAW264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide depending on the presence or absence of Pd-EE treatment. The activities of transcription factors were checked in HEK293T cells transfected with adapter molecules in the inflammatory pathway. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of Pd-EE was also estimated in vivo with acute gastritis and acute lung injury models. LC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the components of Pd-EE. This extract reduced the production of NO and the mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, protein expression levels of p50 and p65 and phosphorylation levels of FRA1 were decreased. In the luciferase assay, the activities of NF-κB and AP-1 were lowered. In acute gastritis and acute lung injury models, Pd-EE suppressed inflammation, resulting in alleviated damage.
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Huang CW, Ha HA, Tsai SC, Lu CC, Lee CY, Tsai YF, Tsai FJ, Chiu YJ, Wang GK, Hsu CH, Yang JS. In Silico Target Analysis of Treatment for COVID-19 Using Huang-Lian-Shang-Qing-Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the significantly negative impact of the coronavirus (CoV) disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the health of the community and the economy, it remains urgent and necessary to develop a safe and effective treatment method for COVID-19. Huang-Lian-Shang-Qing-Wan (HLSQW) is a herbal formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been applied extensively for treating “wind-heat-associated” symptoms in the upper parts of the body. The objective of the present in silico study was to investigate the potential effects of HLSQW in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed the possible interactions between bioactive compounds within HLSQW on targets that may confer antiviral activity using network pharmacology and pharmacophore-based screening. HLSQW was found to potentially target a number of pathways and the expression of various genes to regulate cell physiology and, consequently, the anti-viral effects against SARS-CoV-2. Bioactive compounds contained within HLSQW may exert combined effects to reduce the production of proinflammatory factors, which may trigger the “cytokine storm” in patients with severe COVID-19. Results from molecular modeling suggested that the bioactive HLSQW components puerarin, baicalin, and daidzin exhibit high binding affinity to the active site of 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) to form stable ligand-protein complexes, thereby suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. In addition, our results also demonstrated protective effects of the HLSQW extract against cell injury induced by the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, against reactive oxygen species production and nuclear factor-κB activity in normal human lung cells in vitro. To conclude, HLSQW is a potential TCM remedy that warrants further study with the aim of developing an effective treatment for COVID-19 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Anh Ha
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuh-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Kai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Branch of Linsen, Chinese Medicine, and Kunming, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Yi YS. New mechanisms of ginseng saponin-mediated anti-inflammatory action via targeting canonical inflammasome signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114292. [PMID: 34089812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is an ethnopharmacological herbal plant in Asian countries, particularly in Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng saponins, including ginsenosides, are major active components in ginseng and have been demonstrated to have numerous pharmacological effects on various human diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW Many previous studies investigating the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng saponins have mostly focused on the 'priming' step rather than the 'triggering' step. This review aims to discuss the studies investigating an inhibitory role of ginseng saponins in inflammasome activation of the triggering step. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was explored using the search strings, such as "ginseng saponins and inflammasomes" and "ginsenosides and inflammasomes" in several resources, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. RESULTS Various ginseng saponins of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicas, and Panax quinquefolius alleviated inflammatory responses and diseases by inhibiting the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) P3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Also, ginseng saponin, Rg1 of Panax ginseng alleviated neuroinflammation and diseases by inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Finally, ginseng saponins, Rh1 and Rg3 in Korea red ginseng (KRG) of Panax ginseng ameliorated sepsis by inhibiting absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION The studies discussed in this review provide insight into the new paradigm of the ginseng saponins as the promising anti-inflammatory agents that could be ethnopharmacologically used to prevent and treat inflammatory and inflammation-induced disorders via targeting inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Liu S, Liu F, Wang T, Liu J, Hu C, Sun L, Wang G. Polysaccharides Extracted From Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734394. [PMID: 34566655 PMCID: PMC8461058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. Taken together, our results suggest that WGP promotes C4 biosynthesis through upregulation of transcription. These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangbing Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Functional Interplay between Methyltransferases and Inflammasomes in Inflammatory Responses and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147580. [PMID: 34299198 PMCID: PMC8306412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An inflammasome is an intracellular protein complex that is activated in response to a pathogenic infection and cellular damage. It triggers inflammatory responses by promoting inflammatory cell death (called pyroptosis) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Many types of inflammasomes have been identified and demonstrated to play a central role in inducing inflammatory responses, leading to the onset and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are transferred from methyl donors to proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular molecules. Methylation plays critical roles in various biological functions by modulating gene expression, protein activity, protein localization, and molecular stability, and aberrant regulation of methylation causes deleterious outcomes in various human diseases. Methylation is a key determinant of inflammatory responses and diseases. This review highlights the current understanding of the functional relationship between inflammasome regulation and methylation of cellular molecules in inflammatory responses and diseases.
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29
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Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050672. [PMID: 33946293 PMCID: PMC8146523 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8858006. [PMID: 33623532 PMCID: PMC7875636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong City 17579, Republic of Korea
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Flavonoids: Nutraceuticals for Rheumatic Diseases via Targeting of Inflammasome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020488. [PMID: 33418975 PMCID: PMC7825303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, an innate immune response that prevents cellular damage caused by pathogens, consists of two successive mechanisms, namely priming and triggering. While priming is an inflammation-preparation step, triggering is an inflammation-activation step, and the central feature of triggering is the activation of inflammasomes and intracellular inflammatory protein complexes. Flavonoids are natural phenolic compounds predominantly present in plants, fruits, and vegetables and are known to possess strong anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids has long been demonstrated, with the main focus on the priming mechanisms, while increasing numbers of recent studies have redirected the research focus on the triggering step, and studies have reported that flavonoids inhibit inflammatory responses and diseases by targeting inflammasome activation. Rheumatic diseases are systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that primarily affect joints and connective tissues, and they are associated with numerous deleterious effects. Here, we discuss the emerging literature on the ameliorative role of flavonoids targeting inflammasome activation in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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32
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Yi YS. Caspase-11 Noncanonical Inflammasome: A Novel Key Player in Murine Models of Neuroinflammation and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:195-203. [PMID: 34044393 DOI: 10.1159/000516064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes consisting of the pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory molecules in the inflamed cells. In response to various ligands, inflammasomes play a pivotal role to execute the inflammatory responses by inducing the pyroptosis and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18. Unlike canonical inflammasomes, including NOD-like receptor family inflammasomes, such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and absence in melanoma 2 inflammasomes, noncanonical inflammasomes, such as mouse caspase-11 and human caspase-4/5 were recently discovered, and their roles in the inflammatory responses have been poorly understood. However, emerging studies have been successfully demonstrating the regulatory roles of these noncanonical inflammasomes on inflammatory responses and the pathogenesis of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes and discusses the recent studies investigating the regulatory roles of the caspase-11 noncanonical inflammasome in neuroinflammation and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), which provides the insight for the validation of caspase-11 noncanonical inflammasome to develop novel and promising therapeutics for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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