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Elbasan F, Arikan-Abdulveli B, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E, Tarhan İ, Çelik B. Exploring the defense strategies of benzalkonium chloride exposures on the antioxidant system, photosynthesis and ROS accumulation in Lemna minor. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142924. [PMID: 39048046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of technological advancements post the industrial revolution, thousands of chemicals are introduced into the market annually to enhance different facets of human life. Among these, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), including antibiotics and disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), are prominent. BACs, often used for surface and hand disinfection in high concentrations or as preservatives in health products such as nasal sprays and eye drops, may present environmental risks if they seep into irrigation water through prolonged exposure or improper application. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the tolerance mechanisms that may arise in Lemna minor plants, known for their remarkable capability to accumulate substances efficiently, in response to exogenously applied BACs at varying concentrations. The study applied six different concentrations of BACs, ranging from 0.25 to 10 mg L-1. The experimental period spanned seven days, during which the treatments were conducted in triplicate to ensure reliability and reproducibility of the results. It was observed that low concentrations of BACs (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) did not elicit any statistically significant changes in growth parameters. However, higher concentrations of BACs (2.5, 5, and 10 mg L-1) resulted in a reduction in RGR by 20%, 28%, and 36%, respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly at BAC doses of 5 and 10 mg L-1, with Fv/Fm ratios decreasing by 9% and 15%, and Fv/Fo ratios by 40% and 39%, respectively. Proline content decreased in all treatment groups, with a 46% reduction at 10 mg L-1 BAC. TBARS and H2O2 contents increased proportionally with BAC dosage, showing the highest increases of 30% and 40% at 10 mg L-1, respectively. The noticeable increase in SOD enzyme activity at BAC concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mg L-1, with increases of 2.7-fold, 2.2-fold, and 1.7-fold respectively, along with minimal accumulation of H2O2, suggests that L. minor plants have a strong tolerance to BAC. This is supported by the efficient functioning of the CAT and GST enzymes, especially evident at the same concentrations, where increased activities effectively reduce the buildup of H2O2. In the AsA-GSH cycle, although variations were observed between groups, the contribution of the GR enzyme to the preservation of GSH content by recycling GSSG likely maintained redox homeostasis in the plant, especially at low concentrations of BACs. The study revealed that L. minor effectively accumulates BAC alongside its tolerance mechanisms and high antioxidant activity. These results underscore the potential for environmental cleanup efforts through phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Elbasan
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Busra Arikan-Abdulveli
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 42090, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Tarhan
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Berfin Çelik
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
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2
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Ge Y, Chen J, Xue Y, Xing W, Zhang L, Lu X, Liu J, Li F, Yang Q. Elimination of inhibitory effects of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride on microalgae in wastewater by cocultivation with a newly screened microbial consortium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170676. [PMID: 38350567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most commonly used biocidal cationic surfactants, benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) have been an increasing concern as emerging contaminants. Wastewater has been claimed the main point for BACs to enter into the environment, but to date, it is still largely unknown how the BACs affect the microbes (especially microalgae) in the practical wastewater and how to cost-effectively remove them. In this study, the inhibitory effects of a typical BACs, dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC), on a green microalga Chlorella sp. in oxidation pond wastewater were investigated. The results showed that though a hermetic effect at the first 2 days was observed with the DDBAC at low concentration (<6 mg/L), the algal growth and photosynthesis were significantly inhibited by the DDBAC at all the tested concentrations (3 to 48 mg/L). Fortunately, a new microbial consortium (MC) capable of degrading DDBAC was screened through a gradient domestication method. The MC mainly composed of Wickerhamomyces sp., Purpureocillium sp., and Achromobacter sp., and its maximum removal efficiency and removal rate of DDBAC (48 mg/L) respectively reached 98.1 % and 46.32 mg/L/d. Interestingly, a microbial-microalgal system (MMS) was constructed using the MC and Chlorella sp., and a synergetic effect between the two kinds of microorganisms was proposed: microalga provided oxygen and extracellular polysaccharides as co-metabolic substrates to help the MC to degrade DDBAC, while the MC helped to eliminate the DDBAC-induced inhibition on the alga. Further, by observing the seven kinds of degradation products (mainly including CH5O3P, C6H5CH2-, and C8H11N), two possible chemical pathways of the DDBAC degradation were proposed. In addition, the metagenomic sequencing results showed that the main functional genes of the MMS included antibiotic-resistant genes, ABC transporter genes, quorum sensing genes, two-component regulatory system genes, etc. This study provided some theoretical and application findings for the cost-effective pollution prevention of BACs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Ge
- National Engineering Research Center For Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Juan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center For Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Yu Xue
- National Engineering Research Center For Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Wanchuan Xing
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Xinye Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Fushan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, Donghai Laboratory, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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3
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Larsson Y, Mongelli A, Kisielius V, Bester K. Microbial biofilm metabolization of benzalkonium compounds (benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium & benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132834. [PMID: 37918070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATs) that are used as biocides. The degradation of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants is essential to reduce their spread into the environment and thus prevent the development of QUAT-resistant genes. The biodegradation of two BACs (BAC-12 and BAC-14) was investigated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Degradation half-lives of 12 and 20 h for BAC-12 and - 14, respectively, were detected as well as the formation of 42 metabolites. Two new degradation pathways for the BACs were identified in this study: 1) one involving an ω-oxidation, followed by β-oxidation and 2) one via an ω-oxidation followed by an α-oxidation that was succeeded by β-oxidation. Similar metabolites were detected for both BAC-12 and BAC-14. Additional metabolites were detected in the study, that could not be assigned to the above-mentioned pathways, revealing even more metabolic pathways in the MBBR which is probably due to the complexity of the microbial community in the biofilm. Interestingly, both TP194 (Benzyl-(carboxymethyl)-dimethylazanium) and TP208B (Benzyl-(2-carboxyethyl)-dimethylazanium) were identified as end products of the ω/β-pathway and the α/β-pathway. TP208B, TP152 and TP250 that were identified in this study, as well as the known BDMA were discovered in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrsa Larsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Andrea Mongelli
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Vaidotas Kisielius
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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Zhang T, Xue Y, Xu M, Zhu Z, Zhang Q, Hong J. Efficient degradation of benzalkonium chloride by FeMn-CA300 catalyst activated persulfate process: Surface hydroxyl potentiation mechanism and degradation pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121986. [PMID: 37315885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of disinfectants increased dramatically with the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Benzalkonium chloride (DDBAC), a cationic surfactant disinfectant for import and export cargoes, is used for effective degradation method. For DDBAC effective degradation, polyhedral Fe-Mn bimetallic catalyst of Prussian blue analogue (FeMn-CA300) was novelty developed for rapid peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Results showed that the Fe/Mn redox and surface hydroxyl groups in the catalyst played an important role in the DDBAC-enhanced degradation. The removal effectiveness of 10 mg L-1 DDBAC was up to 99.4% in 80 min under the initial pH = 7, catalyst dosage of 0.4 g L-1, and PMS concentration of 15 mmol L-1. In addition, FeMn-CA300 had a wide pH applicability range. The results indicated that hydroxyls, sulfate radicals, and singlet oxygen could effectively improve the degradation efficiency, where sulfate radicals played a crucial role. Finally, the corresponding degradation path of DDBAC was further provided according to GC-MS results. The results of this study provide new insights into the degradation of DDBAC, thereby highlighting the great potential of FeMnca300/PMS to control refractory organic compounds in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yuwei Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Mingjun Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Junming Hong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Biochemical Treatment (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, China.
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5
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Chen X, Ke Y, Zhu Y, Xu M, Chen C, Xie S. Enrichment of tetracycline-degrading bacterial consortia: Microbial community succession and degradation characteristics and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130984. [PMID: 36860056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC) is an antibiotic that is recently found as an emerging pollutant with low biodegradability. Biodegradation shows great potential for TC dissipation. In this study, two TC-degrading microbial consortia (named SL and SI) were respectively enriched from activated sludge and soil. Bacterial diversity decreased in these finally enriched consortia compared with the original microbiota. Moreover, most ARGs quantified during the acclimation process became less abundant in the finally enriched microbial consortia. Microbial compositions of the two consortia as revealed by 16 S rRNA sequencing were similar to some extent, and the dominant genera Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium, and Achromobacter were identified as the potential TC degraders. In addition, consortia SL and SI were capable of biodegrading TC (initial 50 mg/L) by 82.92% and 86.83% within 7 days, respectively. They could retain high degradation capabilities under a wide pH range (4-10) and at moderate/high temperatures (25-40 °C). Peptone with concentrations of 4-10 g/L could serve as a desirable primary growth substrate for consortia to remove TC through co-metabolism. A total of 16 possible intermediates including a novel biodegradation product TP245 were detected during TC degradation. Peroxidase genes, tetX-like genes and the enriched genes related to aromatic compound degradation as revealed by metagenomic sequencing were likely responsible for TC biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanchu Ke
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingbang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Yang R, Zhou S, Zhang L, Qin C. Pronounced temporal changes in soil microbial community and nitrogen transformation caused by benzalkonium chloride. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:827-835. [PMID: 36503808 PMCID: PMC9553405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As one typical cationic disinfectant, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were approved for surface disinfection in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and then unintentionally or intentionally released into the surrounding environment. Concerningly, it is still unclear how the soil microbial community succession happens and the nitrogen (N) cycling processes alter when exposed to QACs. In this study, one common QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was selected as the target contaminant, and its effects on the temporal changes in soil microbial community structure and nitrogen transformation processes were determined by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing-based methods. The results showed that the aerobic microbial degradation of BAC in the two different soils followed first-order kinetics with a half-life (4.92 vs. 17.33 days) highly dependent on the properties of the soil. BAC activated the abundance of N fixation gene (nifH) and nitrification genes (AOA and AOB) in the soil and inhibited that of denitrification gene (narG). BAC exposure resulted in the decrease of the alpha diversity of soil microbial community and the enrichment of Crenarchaeota and Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that BAC degradation is accompanied by changes in soil microbial community structure and N transformation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Cunli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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7
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Moghadam AA, Shuai W, Hartmann EM. Anthropogenic antimicrobial micropollutants and their implications for agriculture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102902. [PMID: 36812745 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and disinfectants have saved millions of human lives and cured uncountable animal diseases, but their activity is not limited to the site of application. Downstream, these chemicals become micropollutants, contaminating water at trace levels, resulting in adverse impacts on soil microbial communities and threatening crop health and productivity in agricultural settings and perpetuating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Especially as resource scarcity drives increased reuse of water and other waste streams, considerable attention is needed to characterize the fate of antibiotics and disinfectants and to prevent or mitigate environmental and public health impacts. In this review, we hope to provide an overview of why increasing concentrations of micropollutants such as antibiotics are concerning in the environment, how they can pose health risks for humans, and how they can be countered using bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid A Moghadam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Weitao Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Erica M Hartmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA.
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8
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Wang J, Li L, Chi B, Shan J, Yi X, Liu Y, Zhou H. Metagenomic insights into the effects of benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB) shock on bacteria-driven nitrogen removal in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138098. [PMID: 36764616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of disinfectants made from quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has greatly increased since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. However, the effect of QACs on wastewater treatment performance is still unclear. In this study, a commonly used QAC, i.e., benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB), was added to a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) to investigate BDAB's effect on nutrient removal. When the BDAB concentration was increased to 50 mg L-1, the ammonia removal efficiency (ARE) greatly decreased, as did the nitrate production rate constants (NPR). This inhibition was partly recovered by decreasing the BDAB concentration to 30 mg L-1. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the functional genera present during different stages of the control (Rc) and BDAB-added reactors (Re). The enriched genera (Rudaea, Nitrosospira, Sphingomonas, and Rhodanobacter) in Rc mainly related to the nitrogen metabolism, while the enriched genera in Re was BDAB-concentration dependent. Functional genes analysis suggested that a lack of ammonia oxidase-encoding genes (amoABC) may have caused a decrease in ARE in Re, while the efflux pump-encoding genes emrE, mdfA, and oprM and a gene encoding BAC oxygenase (oxyBAC) were responsible for BDAB resistance. The increase in the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Re revealed a potential risk arising from BDAB. Overall, this study revealed the potential effect and ecological risks of BDAB introduction in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Baihui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Jiajia Shan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Xianliang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China.
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9
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Wilms W, Parus A, Homa J, Batycka M, Niemczak M, Woźniak-Karczewska M, Trzebny A, Dabert M, Táncsics A, Cajthaml T, Heipieper HJ, Chrzanowski Ł. Glyphosate versus glyphosate based ionic liquids: Effect of cation on glyphosate biodegradation, soxA and phnJ genes abundance and microbial populations changes during soil bioaugmentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137717. [PMID: 36610512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) as an alternative form of herbicides is currently evaluated. Yet, the available research is lacking information on the behaviour of herbicidal ionic liquids upon addition to the environment, i.e., if cations and anions act as separate moieties or remain an ionic salt. Hence, we tested degradation of five HILs with the glyphosate anion, their bioavailability in soil, toxicity towards microorganisms, impact on the biodiversity and the abundance of phnJ and soxA genes. The cations were proven to be slightly or moderately toxic. The properties of cations determined the properties of the whole formulation, which might suggest that cations and anion act as the independent mixture of ions. The mineralisation efficiencies were in the range of 15-53%; however, in the case of cations (except non-toxic choline), only 13-20% were bioavailable for degradation. The hydrophobic cations were proven to be highly sorbed, while the anion was readily available for microbial degradation regardless of its counterion. The approach to enrich test samples with isolated microorganisms specialised in glyphosate degradation resulted in higher degradation efficiencies, yet not high enough to mitigate the negative impact of cations. In addition, increased activity of enzymes participating in glyphosate degradation was observed. In the view of obtained results, the use of cationic surfactants in HILs structure is not recommended, as sorption was shown to be determining factor in HILs degradation efficiency. Moreover, obtained results indicate that corresponding ions in HILs might act as separate moieties in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Wilms
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Parus
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jan Homa
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Milena Batycka
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Artur Trzebny
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mirosława Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - András Táncsics
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1., 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tomas Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Łukasz Chrzanowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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In vitro study of the ecotoxicological risk of methylisothiazolinone and chloroxylenol towards soil bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19068. [PMID: 36352006 PMCID: PMC9645328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and chloroxylenol (PCMX) are popular disinfectants often used in personal care products (PCPs). The unregulated discharge of these micropollutants into the environment, as well as the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer and reclaimed water in agriculture, poses a serious threat to ecosystems. However, research into their ecotoxicity towards nontarget organisms is very limited. In the present study, for the first time, the ecotoxicity of biocides to Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas moorei, Sphingomonas mali, and Bacillus subtilis was examined. The toxicity of MIT and PCMX was evaluated using the microdilution method, and their influence on the viability of bacterial cells was investigated by the AlamarBlue® test. The ability of the tested bacteria to form biofilms was examined by a microtiter plate assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured with CM-H2DCFDA. The effect of MIT and PCMX on phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was determined by spectrophotometry and LC‒MS/MS techniques. The permeability of bacterial cell membranes was studied using the SYTOX Green assay. Changes in the phospholipid profile were analysed using LC‒MS/MS. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 3.907 to 15.625 mg L-1 for MIT and 62.5 to 250 mg L-1 for PCMX, indicating that MIT was more toxic. With increasing concentrations of MIT and PCMX, the cell viability, biofilm formation ability and phytohormone synthesis were maximally inhibited. Moreover, the growth of bacterial cell membrane permeability and a significantly increased content of ROS were observed, indicating that the exposure caused serious oxidative stress and homeostasis disorders. Additionally, modifications in the phospholipid profile were observed in response to the presence of sublethal concentrations of the chemicals. These results prove that the environmental threat posed by MIT and PCMX must be carefully monitored, especially as their use in PCPs is still growing.
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Arora J, Ranjan A, Chauhan A, Biswas R, Rajput VD, Sushkova S, Mandzhieva S, Minkina T, Jindal T. Surfactant Pollution, an Emerging Threat to Ecosystem: Approaches for Effective Bacterial Degradation. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1229-1244. [PMID: 35598183 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of surfactants in households and industries is inevitable and so is their discharge into the environment, especially into the water bodies as effluents. Being surface-active agents, their utilization is mostly seen in soaps, detergents, personal care products, emulsifiers, wetting agents, etc. Anionic surfactants are the most used class. These surfactants are responsible for the foam and froth in the water bodies and cause potential adverse effects to both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Surfactants are capable of penetrating the cell membrane and thus cause toxicity to living organisms. Accumulation of these compounds has been known to cause significant gill damage and loss of sight in fish. Alteration of physiological and biochemical parameters of water decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen and thus affecting the entire ecosystem. Microbes utilizing surfactants as substrates for energy form the basis of the biodegradation of these compounds. The main organisms for surfactant biodegradation, both in sewage and natural waters, are bacteria. Several Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. have shown efficient degradation of anionic surfactants namely: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS). Also, several microbial consortia constituting Alcaligenes spp., Citrobacter spp., etc. have shown efficacy in the degradation of surfactants. The biodegradation efficiency studies of these microbes/microbial consortia would be of immense help in formulating better solutions for the bioremediation of surfactants and help to reduce their potential environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Arora
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rima Biswas
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Stavridou E, Giannakis I, Karamichali I, Kamou NN, Lagiotis G, Madesis P, Emmanouil C, Kungolos A, Nianiou-Obeidat I, Lagopodi AL. Biosolid-Amended Soil Enhances Defense Responses in Tomato Based on Metagenomic Profile and Expression of Pathogenesis-Related Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2789. [PMID: 34961260 PMCID: PMC8709368 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biosolid application is an effective strategy, alternative to synthetic chemicals, for enhancing plant growth and performance and improving soil properties. In previous research, biosolid application has shown promising results with respect to tomato resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl). Herein, we aimed at elucidating the effect of biosolid application on the plant-microbiome response mechanisms for tomato resistance against Forl at a molecular level. More specifically, plant-microbiome interactions in the presence of biosolid application and the biocontrol mechanism against Forl in tomato were investigated. We examined whether biosolids application in vitro could act as an inhibitor of growth and sporulation of Forl. The effect of biosolid application on the biocontrol of Forl was investigated based on the enhanced plant resistance, measured as expression of pathogen-response genes, and pathogen suppression in the context of soil microbiome diversity, abundance, and predicted functions. The expression of the pathogen-response genes was variably induced in tomato plants in different time points between 12 and 72 h post inoculation in the biosolid-enriched treatments, in the presence or absence of pathogens, indicating activation of defense responses in the plant. This further suggests that biosolid application resulted in a successful priming of tomato plants inducing resistance mechanisms against Forl. Our results have also demonstrated that biosolid application alters microbial diversity and the predicted soil functioning, along with the relative abundance of specific phyla and classes, as a proxy for disease suppression. Overall, the use of biosolid as a sustainable soil amendment had positive effects not only on plant health and protection, but also on growth of non-pathogenic antagonistic microorganisms against Forl in the tomato rhizosphere and thus, on plant-soil microbiome interactions, toward biocontrol of Forl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Stavridou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (I.K.); (G.L.); (P.M.)
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Giannakis
- School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Ioanna Karamichali
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (I.K.); (G.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Nathalie N. Kamou
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Lagiotis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (I.K.); (G.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (I.K.); (G.L.); (P.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Christina Emmanouil
- School of Spatial Planning and Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Kungolos
- School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia L. Lagopodi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Šabić Runjavec M, Vuković Domanovac M, Meštrović E. Removal of organic pollutants from real pharmaceutical industrial wastewater with environmentally friendly processes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Li WL, Zhang ZF, Li YF, Hung H, Yuan YX. Assessing the distributions and fate of household and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) in the Songhua Catchment, Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147484. [PMID: 33984702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many household and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) are of environmental concern due to their potential toxicity to humans and wildlife. However, few studies investigate the spatiotemporal variations and fate of HPCCs in large-scale river systems. Here, river water and sediment samples from the Songhua River in Northeast China were analyzed for seven classes of HPCCs. Correlation analysis suggested similar sources and environmental behavior for compounds from the same HPCC classes. In the river water, the concentrations of most HPCCs in the cold season were significantly higher than that of the warm season (p < 0.01). Significantly higher levels of target compounds were found in the downstream water samples of a city, suggesting the influence of human activities on the distributions of HPCCs. The concentrations and distributions of most HPCCs were controlled by primary emission sources. The derived dissolved concentrations of HPCCs suggested that small amounts of caffeine and parabens were partitioned onto particles, while large amounts of many other HPCCs were bound to the particle phase. Water-sediment distribution coefficients (log Kd) ranged from 1.59 for caffeine to 3.95 for benzalkonium chloride-C14. This work presents new insights into the environmental behavior of HPCCs and the factors affecting their fate in river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Yi-Xing Yuan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Holzmann H, Simeoni A, Schäffer A. Influence of chemical charge on the fate of organic chemicals in sediment particle size fractions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129105. [PMID: 33261835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the influence of differently sized particle fractions on the fate of ionic chemicals in water-sediment systems, we performed simulation studies following OECD guideline 308. We used 14C-labelled anionic (4-n-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, '14C-DS-'), cationic (4-n-dodecylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, '14C-DA+') and non-ionic (4-n-dodecylphenol, '14C-DP') organic chemicals. The sediment was subjected to particle size fractionation. For each particle fraction and test compound, water-sediment systems were prepared and incubated for 14 days. Across all particle fractions, higher amounts of applied radioactivity (AR) of 14C-DS- (in sand 60.1%, in silt 45.1%, in clay 57.0%) and of 14C-DP (sand: 31.8%, silt: 24.4%, clay: 29.2%) were mineralised compared to 14C-DA+ (sand: 5.1% AR, silt: 3.5% AR, clay: 2.4% AR). The highest bioavailability was observed for 14C-DS- followed by 14C-DP and 14C-DA+ across all particle fractions. Formation of non-extractable residues (NER) of 14C-DS- did not substantially differ between the particle fractions, whereas NER formation of 14C-DA+ was higher in the clay fraction (24.3% AR) than in silt (15.9% AR) and sand (8.4% AR). The same trend was observed for 14C-DP. We showed that differently sized particle fractions have an influence on the fate of ionic chemicals in water-sediment systems and conclude that this should be considered when simulation studies in soils and sediments with different textural compositions are performed. Since a positive charge of organic chemicals tends to form higher portions of NER in the clay fraction of sediments, these NER should be further investigated in terms of their nature and types of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Holzmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Simeoni
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, 210093, PR China; Chongqing University, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing, PR China
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16
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Jaén-Gil A, Ferrando-Climent L, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Escudero-Oñate C. Sustainable microalgae-based technology for biotransformation of benzalkonium chloride in oil and gas produced water: A laboratory-scale study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141526. [PMID: 32814300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many countries have implemented stringent regulatory standards for discharging produced water (PW) from the oil and gas extraction process. Among the different chemical pollutants occurring in PW, surfactants are widely applied in the oil and gas industry to provide a barrier from metal corrosion. However, the release of these substances from the shale formation can pose serious hazardous impacts on the aquatic environment. In this study, a low-cost and eco-friendly microalgae laboratory-scale technology has been tested for biotransformation of benzalkonium chloride (BACC12 and BACC14) in seawater and PW during 14-days of treatment (spiked at 5 mg/L). From the eight microalgae strains selected, Tetraselmis suecica showed the highest removal rates of about 100% and 54% in seawater and PW, respectively. Suspect screening analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) allowed the identification of 12 isomeric intermediates generated coming from biotransformation mechanisms. Among them, the intermediate [OH-BACC12] was found as the most intense compound generated from BACC12, while the intermediate [2OH-BACC14] was found as the most intense compound generated from BACC14. The suggested chemical structures demonstrated a high reduction on their amphiphilic properties, and thus, their tendency to be adsorbed into sediments after water discharge. In this study, Tetraselmis suecica was classified as the most successful specie to reduce the surfactant activity of benzalkonium chloride in treated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | | | - Imma Ferrer
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - E Michael Thurman
- Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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19
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Bedoya K, Coltell O, Cabarcas F, Alzate JF. Metagenomic assessment of the microbial community and methanogenic pathways in biosolids from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Medellín, Colombia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:572-581. [PMID: 30121535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abundance and diversity of microbial communities in biosolids are variable and poorly studied in the tropics, and it is known that rainfall is one of the events that could affect the phylogenetic and functional microbial structure. In the present study, using NGS technics, we studied the microbial diversity as well as the methanogenesis pathway in one of the largest WWTP in Colombia. Besides, we sampled and analyzed biosolids from rainy season and dry season. Phylogenetic classification showed a predominance of bacteria in both samples and difference in the dominant groups depending on the rainfall season. Whereas Pseudomonas was the dominant bacteria in the dry season, Coprothermobacter was in the rainy season. Archaea abundance was higher in the rainy season (11.5%) doubling dry season proportion. The bioreactor biogas production and total solids content showed similar results between rainy and dry season at the sampling dates. The most abundant Archaea related with methanogenesis was Methanosaeta, which is a methanogenic microorganism that exclusively uses acetate to produce methane. Moreover, annotation of the methanogenic pathway in the metagenome showed abundance in genes encoding Acetyl-CoA synthetases (ACSS), an enzyme that catalyzes acetate activation. Our results suggest that the microbial diversity was stable among the two time points tested, rainy season and dry season; and, although there were changes in the microbial abundance of dominant bacterial species, anaerobic digester performance is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bedoya
- Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Oscar Coltell
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Cabarcas
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo SISTEMIC, Ingeniería Electrónica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Conidi D, Andalib M, Andres C, Bye C, Umble A, Dold P. Modeling quaternary ammonium compound inhibition of biological nutrient removal activated sludge. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:41-50. [PMID: 30816861 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are surface-active organic compounds common in industrial cleaner formulations widely used in various sanitation applications. While acting as effective pathogenic biocides, QACs lack selective toxicity and often have poor target specificity. As a result, adverse effects on biological processes and thus the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems may be encountered when QACs enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of these impacts, there is motivation to screen wastewater influents for QACs and for process engineers to consider the inhibition effects of QACs on process evaluation and design of BNR plants. This paper introduces a mathematical model to describe the fate of QACs in a WWTP via biodegradation and bio-adsorption, and the inhibitory effect of QACs on nitrifiers and ordinary heterotrophic organisms. The model was incorporated as an add-on model in BioWin 5.3 and simulations of experimental systems were used for comparison of model results to measured data reported in the literature. The model was found to accurately predict the bulk phase concentration of QAC and the inhibition of nitrification with QAC concentrations ≥2 mg/L. This work provides a preliminary framework for simulation of BNR plants receiving inhibitory substances in the influent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Conidi
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Christopher Bye
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
| | - Art Umble
- Stantec Inc., Edmonton, AB T5 K 2L6, Canada E-mail:
| | - Peter Dold
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
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Östman M, Fick J, Tysklind M. Detailed mass flows and removal efficiencies for biocides and antibiotics in Swedish sewage treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:327-336. [PMID: 29860006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds, such as biocides and antibiotics, are widely used in society with significant quantities of these chemicals ending up in sewage treatment plants (STPs). In this study, mass flows and removal efficiency in different treatment steps at three Swedish STPs were evaluated for eleven different biocides and antibiotics. Mass flows were calculated at eight different locations (incoming wastewater, water after the first sedimentation step, treated effluent, primary sludge, surplus sludge, digested sludge, dewatered digested sludge and reject water). Samples were collected for a total of nine days over three weeks. The STPs were able to remove 53->99% of the antimicrobial compounds and 0-64% were biodegraded on average in the three STPs. Quaternary ammonium compounds were removed from the wastewater >99%, partly through biodegradation, but 38-96% remained in the digested sludge. Chlorhexidine was not biodegraded but was efficiently removed from the wastewater to the sludge. The biological treatment step was the most important step for the degradation of the studied compounds, but also removed several compounds through the surplus sludge. Compounds that were inefficiently removed included benzotriazoles, trimethoprim and fluconazole. The study provides mass flows and removal efficiencies for several compounds that have been seldom studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Yang Y, Wang W. Benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride shifts the proliferation of functional genes and microbial community in natural water from eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:355-365. [PMID: 29414358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylethyl ammonium compounds are pervasive in natural environments and toxic at high concentrations. The changes in functional genes and microbial diversity in eutrophic lake samples exposed to benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BAC) were assessed. BAC exerted negative effects on bacteria abundance, particularly at concentrations of 100 μg L-1 and higher. A significant increase in the number of the quaternary ammonium compound-resistant gene qacA/B was recorded within the 10 μg L-1 treatment after the first day of exposure. Not all antibiotic resistance genes increased in abundance as the concentrations of BAC increased; rather, gene abundances were dependent on the gene type, concentrations of BAC, and contact time. The nitrogen fixation-related gene nifH and ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA were inhibited by high concentrations of BAC after the first day, whereas an increase of the nitrite reductase gene nirK was stimulated by exposure. Microbial communities within higher treatment levels (1000 and 10 000 μg L-1) exhibited significantly different community composition compared to other treatment levels and the control. Selective enrichment of Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas, and Vogesella were found in the higher treatment levels, suggesting that these bacteria have some resistance or degradation capacity to BAC. Genes related with RNA processing and modification, transcription, lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell motility of microbial community function were involved in the process exposed to the BAC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Khan AH, Libby M, Winnick D, Palmer J, Sumarah M, Ray MB, Macfie SM. Uptake and phytotoxic effect of benzalkonium chlorides in Lepidium sativum and Lactuca sativa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 206:490-497. [PMID: 29127920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are used extensively as biocides in hospitals, food processing industries, and personal care products. BACs have the potential to reach the rooting zone of crop plants and BACs might thereby enter the food chain. The two most commonly used BACs, benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) and benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA), were tested in a hydroponic system to assess the uptake by and phytotoxicity to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Individually and in mixture, BACs at concentrations up to 100 mg L-1 did not affect germination; however, emergent seedlings were sensitive at 1 mg L-1 for lettuce and 5 mg L-1 for garden cress. After 12 d exposure to 0.25 mg L-1 BACs, plant dry weight was reduced by 68% for lettuce and 75% for garden cress, and symptoms of toxicity (necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, etc.) were visible. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of BACs in the roots and shoots of both plant species. Although no conclusive relationship was established between the concentrations of six macro- or six micro-nutrients, growth inhibition or BAC uptake, N and Mg concentrations in BAC-treated lettuce were 50% lower than that of control, indicating that BACs might induce nutrient deficiency. Although bioavailability of a compound in hydroponics is significantly higher than that in soil, these results confirm the potential of BACs to harm vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Mark Libby
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniel Winnick
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sheila M Macfie
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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24
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Guan X, Liu F, Wang J, Li C, Zheng X. Mechanism of 1,4-dioxane microbial degradation revealed by 16S rRNA and metatranscriptomic analyses. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:123-133. [PMID: 29339611 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane (dioxane), a probable human carcinogen, often exists in industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. In this study, we applied 16S rRNA and metatranscriptomic methods to analyze the dioxane biodegradation mechanism by activated sludge. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added as an essential co-metabolite to promote the degradation of dioxane. We found the dioxane removal ratio increased with increasing THF concentrations. When the THF concentration increased from 60.0 to 200.0 mg/L, the dioxane degradation rate was stable. Three additions of ∼60.0 mg/L THF resulted in better dioxane degradation than one addition of 200 mg/L THF. Ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria with methane monooxygenases (MOs) and ammonia MOs played the most important roles during the degradation of dioxane. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway and functional genes analyses showed that the activated sludge system was complex and stable when dioxane was added. In future studies, primers should be designed to identify specific bacteria and functional MO genes, which would help reveal the function of various bacteria and their MOs during dioxane degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guan
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China E-mail:
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China E-mail:
| | - Caoxiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zheng
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China E-mail:
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25
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Toxicity reduction and improved biodegradability of benzalkonium chlorides by ozone/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khan AH, Macfie SM, Ray MB. Sorption and leaching of benzalkonium chlorides in agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 196:26-35. [PMID: 28284135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and leaching characteristics of two commonly used benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) and benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA) using three agricultural soils with varied proportions of silt, sand, clay, and organic matter were determined. BACs are cationic surfactants used in large quantities for sanitary and personal care products and are abundant in environmental samples. Adsorption isotherm data (aqueous concentration in the range of 25-150 mg L-1) fitted the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. BDTA with a longer alkyl chain adsorbed more to soil compared to BDDA, and the soil with the highest percentage of clay adsorbed the most. Column tests conducted using soils amended with lime stabilised biosolids and artificial rain water at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1 indicate very low leaching of BACs. Less than 1% of the available BDDA leached through sandy loam soil column with a depth of 9 cm. Therefore, the possibility of BACs to become bioavailable through leaching is very low at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sheila M Macfie
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Garcia MT, Kaczerewska O, Ribosa I, Brycki B, Materna P, Drgas M. Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants: Effect of the spacer on their ecological properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:155-160. [PMID: 27045632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of five types of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants have been examined. The effect of the spacer structure and the head group polarity on the ecological properties of a series of dimeric dodecyl ammonium surfactants has been investigated. Standard tests for ready biodegradability assessment (OECD 310) were conducted for C12 alkyl chain gemini surfactants containing oxygen, nitrogen or a benzene ring in the spacer linkage and/or a hydroxyethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the head groups. According to the results obtained, the gemini surfactants examined cannot be considered as readily biodegradable compounds. The negligible biotransformation of the gemini surfactants under the standard biodegradation test conditions was found to be due to their toxic effects on the microbial population responsible for aerobic biodegradation. Aquatic toxicity of gemini surfactants was evaluated against Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity values to Daphnia magna, IC50 at 48 h exposure, ranged from 0.6 to 1 mg/L. On the basis of these values, the gemini surfactants tested should be classified as toxic or very toxic to the aquatic environment. However, the dimeric quaternary ammonium-based surfactants examined result to be less toxic than their corresponding monomeric analogs. Nevertheless the aquatic toxicity of these gemini surfactants can be reduced by increasing the molecule hydrophilicity by adding a heteroatom to the spacer or a hydroxyethyl group to the polar head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olga Kaczerewska
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Isabel Ribosa
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Paulina Materna
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Drgas
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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