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Zhang Y, Zhou C, Liu Y, Qu J, Ali Siyal A, Yao B, Dai J, Liu C, Chao L, Chen L, Wang L. The fate of bromine during microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 173:160-171. [PMID: 37992535 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Bromine control is imperative for efficient treatment and products utilization during pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). This study investigated Br-species in products from microwave-assisted auger pyrolysis of WPCBs, and discussed synergetic evolution mechanisms, release kinetics and thermodynamics of Br-containing pollutants with different kinds of mineral species (alkaline earth, alkali, and transition metals). Results indicated that heavy Br-containing volatiles release (e.g., brominated phenols) was dominated at 320-520 °C. Brominated phenols released Br* to react with small-molecule groups to form light Br-containing products (e.g., HBr, CH3Br, and CH3CH2Br) at >520 °C. K2CO3 efficiently suppressed Br-containing pollutants emissions (∼50% reduction) and promoted bromine fixation in char (∼33.49% increase). With K2CO3 addition, bromine evolution mechanism is largely dehydrobromination and neutralization reactions when bromine bonds with aliphatic carbon with an adjacent aliphatic hydrogen. Negatively charged oxygen of K2CO3 attacks bromine and causes C-Br scission when bromine bonds with CH3* or aromatic carbon. The chemical reaction models (CRM3-CRM5) are best fitted with bromine evolution and the activation energy of WPCBs-KC reached the lowest (149.83-192.19 kJ/mol). Furthermore, bromine control strategy in WPCBs pyrolysis products toward environmental and economic sustainability were suggested, which created less environmental impact and maximum resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junshen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Asif Ali Siyal
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chenglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Long Wang
- Systematic Engineering Center, JIHUA Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China
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Lao Z, Li H, Liao Z, Liu Y, Ying G, Song A, Liu M, Liu H, Hu L. Spatiotemporal transitions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158807. [PMID: 36115395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent regulations on the use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, especially polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) have led a sharp increase in the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have become the subject of widespread environmental concern. To gain insights into their environmental transitions, we investigated the spatiotemporal trends and sources of 25 OPEs and 23 BFRs (21 PBDEs and two alternative BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the second economic/industrial region of China. Among them, PBDEs showed higher mean concentrations than OPEs and alt-BFRs in PRD sediments, a continual increase in most PRD areas, and positive correlations with most local socioeconomic parameters. The source analysis results indicated that all of these changes resulted from the substantial use/stock of PBDEs (especially deca-BDE) in this region, and BDE-209 displayed debromination in most sediments. OPEs demonstrated obvious increases in sediments from all major PRD rivers, especially those located in less-developed regions. This distribution might be related to the large-scale industry relocation from the central PRD area to its vicinities. Unexpectedly, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an important deca-BDE substitute, presented considerable declines in the PRD sediments while several novel OPEs showed considerably high proportions, especially aryl-substituted OPEs, which merit further screening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zicong Liao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yishan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lixin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Liu X, Tian K, Chen Z, Wei W, Xu B, Ni BJ. Online TG-FTIR-MS analysis of the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129881. [PMID: 36063710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are frequently detected in urban waters, which would pose a threat to human health through the food chain. Thus, efficient approaches to the elimination of MPs are urgently required. Pyrolysis is a powerful technique for the potential treatment of MPs. The online thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared reflection-Mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) is applied for tracking the pyrolysis process of representative polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs in urban waters, together with or without the FeAlOx catalyst. TG could quantitatively determine the decomposition behavior and kinetics of MPs while FTIR and MS spectra would be capable of characterizing the pyrolysis products. The results revealed that FeAlOx is an excellent carbon support, and the deposited carbon can be gasified to CO at higher pyrolysis temperatures. Moreover, more aromatic compounds were generated from the pyrolysis of PE MPs with the catalyzation of FeAlOx. Large quantities of benzene were also produced in the PVC MPs pyrolysis with or without FeAlOx. Also, FeAlOx largely decreased the concentrations of chlorine-containing compounds in the liquid products of PVC MPs pyrolysis. This study provides a efficient technique for the online observation of the MPs' catalytic pyrolysis process, which would guide future upcycling of MPs into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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4
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Li T, Song F, Wu F, Huang X, Bai Y. Heterogeneous Dynamic Behavior and Synergetic Evolution Mechanism of Internal Components and Released Gases during the Pyrolysis of Aquatic Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13595-13606. [PMID: 36102145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of gaseous contaminants from biomass pyrolysis has drawn increasing attention. However, the thermal degradation, dynamics, and synergetic evolution mechanisms during real-time biomass pyrolysis remain unclear. Herein, a novel method using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GC/MS) combined with thermal kinetics and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was proposed to explore the chemical properties and temperature response mechanisms of gaseous species released during Phragmites communis (PC) and Typha angustifolia (TA) pyrolysis. The thermal degradation mechanisms of PC/TA pyrolysis were mainly associated with the sigmoidal rate and random nucleation mechanisms. The formation intensities of alcohols/ethers, phenols/esters, acids, aldehydes, and ketones were higher during low-temperature TA pyrolysis and high-temperature PC pyrolysis. The average carbon oxidation state (OS¯C) of gaseous species mainly ranged from -1.5 to -0.5, and the OS¯C slope of most gaseous species was greater than -2.0, which was related to the reduction of aldehyde/ketone groups. Two-dimensional (2D)-TG-FTIR-COS analysis revealed that the sequential temperature response of gaseous species followed: acids → phenols, esters → aldehydes → hydrocarbons → alcohols, ethers → aromatics during PC/TA pyrolysis. The establishment of relationships between the sequential response of gases and degraded components provides an important basis for online monitoring/recovery of gaseous contaminants during biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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5
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Die Q, Yang J, Wang J, Wang J, Yang Y, Huang Q, Zhou Q. Occurrence and formation pathways analysis of PBDD/Fs from 2,4,6-tribromophenol under thermal reaction conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 235:113449. [PMID: 35358919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) are highly toxic and persistent compounds that provoke a wave of publicity. Bromophenols are important precursors for forming PBDD/Fs, and their reaction path has always been a research hotspot. In this study, the formation characteristic of PBDD/Fs from 2,4,6-TBP were studied. The yields of 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 2,4,6,8-TBDF for the different thermal products ranged from 0.067 to 10.3 ng/g and 0.207-9.68 ng/g, respectively. The effects of adding Cu, Fe, and Sb2O3 were investigated and found to be more inclined to accelerate the formation of ortho-substituted PBDD/Fs than 2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs. The formation pathways of 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 2,4,6,8-TBDF were also proposed. 2,4,6,8-TBDF is generated in the C-C coupling reactions of some radical intermediates from the debromination of 2,4,6-TBP. The 2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs are produced through more complex debromination, bromine substitution, and bromine rearrangement reactions. In addition, various catalytic effects on PBDD/F formation pathways were found, and the catalytic effect of Cu by the Ullmann reaction was the highest, while bromophenol oxidation by Fe was the highest. These results proved that both 2,3,7,8-substituted and non-2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs would be generated from 2,4,6-TBP, and the effects of the catalyst on the Br substituted position of 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs were much lower than the Br-substituted position on bromophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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6
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Charitopoulou MA, Papadopoulou L, Achilias DS. Effect of brominated flame retardant on the pyrolysis products of polymers originating in WEEE. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29570-29582. [PMID: 34312751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling is an environmentally friendly method, which is often used for the recycling of plastics included in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), since fuels and secondary valuable materials can be produced. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are usually added into these plastics to reduce their flammability; but they are toxic substances. The aim of this work is to examine the thermal behaviour and the products obtained after pyrolysis of polymer blends that consist of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC) and polypropylene (PP) with composition that simulates real WEEE, in the absence and presence of a common BFR, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), in order to investigate its effect on pyrolysis products. Blends were prepared via the solvent casting method and the melt-mixing in an extruder; it was revealed that the latter method may be a better choice for blends preparation, since it did not affect the products obtained. The chemical structure of each polymeric blend was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal degradation of the blends was evaluated by thermogravimetric (TG) experiments performed using a thermal analyser (TGA) and a pyrolyser for evolved gas analysis (EGA). It was observed that blends had a similar behaviour during their thermal degradation; and in most cases, they followed a one-step mechanism. Pyrolysis products were identified by the pyrolyser combined with a gas chromatographer/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), and comprised various useful compounds, such as monomers, aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds that could be used as chemical feedstock. Furthermore, it was found that TBBPA affected products distribution by enhancing the formation of phenolic compounds and on the other hand by resulting in brominated compounds, such as dibromophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Charitopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lambrini Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitriοs S Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Pan J, Jiang H, Qing T, Zhang J, Tian K. Transformation and kinetics of chlorine-containing products during pyrolysis of plastic wastes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131348. [PMID: 34214932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis can not only effectively dispose of plastic wastes but also reclaim valuable chemicals and biochar. However, the production and release of second pollutants, particularly chlorine-containing products, have been neglected. The mechanism for the transformation of chlorine during the pyrolysis of plastic wastes remains unclear. Herein, a thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared mass spectrometry technology was used to investigate the migration and transformation of substances during the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic from 200 °C to 900 °C with heating rates of 5, 50, 100, 150, and 200 K min-1. Results show the first stage of weight loss is at 200 °C-360 °C, where the dehydrochlorination of PVC mainly occurred, accompanied by the formation of conjugated double bonds and a small number of hydrocarbon compounds. The second stage of weight loss is at 360 °C-550 °C, where the breakage and rearrangement of the long polyethene chain may occur. Kinetics analysis shows the higher activation energy value is in the second stage, which indicates that the second stage reaction is less likely to occur and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method is more suitable for the study of plastic pyrolysis kinetics. This study suggests that second pollutants can be minimized during controllable pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Xiangtan University School of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Taiping Qing
- Xiangtan University School of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Xiangtan University School of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ke Tian
- Xiangtan University School of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
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8
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Charitopoulou MA, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Achilias DS. Novel trends in the thermo-chemical recycling of plastics from WEEE containing brominated flame retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59190-59213. [PMID: 32638300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The amount of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has enormously increased nowadays, due to the rapid expansion and consumption of electronic devices and their short lifespan. This, in combination with their non-biodegradability, led to the need to explore environmentally friendly solutions for their safe disposal. One main obstacle when recycling plastics from WEEE is that they usually comprise harmful additives such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that need to be removed before or during their recycling. This paper reviews existing techniques for the recycling of plastics from WEEE and focuses specifically on the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of pyrolysis as an environmentally friendly method for the production of value-added materials (monomers, hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.). Current technological trends available for the recycling of plastics containing brominated flame retardants are reviewed in an attempt to provide insights for future research on the sustainable management of plastics from WEEE. Emphasis is given on conventional pyrolysis, where a pretreatment step for the debromination of products is applied. This is required since brominated compounds treated at high temperatures may result in the production of harmful to health compounds such as dioxins. All current pretreatment methods (solvent extraction, supercritical fluid technology, etc.) are presented and compared in detail. Co-pyrolysis is also investigated, as it seems to be a very interesting approach, since no catalysts or solvents are used, and at the same time, more plastic wastes can be consumed as feedstock. Furthermore, catalytic pyrolysis along with key parameters, such as the type of the catalyst or pyrolysis temperature, are fully analyzed. Catalysts affect the products' distribution and enhance the removal of bromine from pyrolysis oils. Finally, an emerging technique, that of microwave-assisted pyrolysis, is also highlighted, as it offers many advantages over conventional pyrolysis. Of course, there are some impediments, such as the operational costs or other difficulties as regards the industrial implementation of the mentioned techniques that need to be overcome through future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Charitopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Kalogiannis
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos A Lappas
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitriοs S Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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9
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Yang L, Liu G, Shen J, Wang M, Yang Q, Zheng M. Environmental characteristics and formations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106450. [PMID: 33684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have similar or higher toxicities than the notorious dioxins. Toxicities, formation mechanisms, and environmental fates of PBDD/Fs are lacking because accurate quantification, especially of higher brominated congeners, is challenging. PBDD/F analysis is difficult because of photolysis and thermal degradation and interference from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Here, literatures on PBDD/F analysis and environmental occurrences are reviewed to improve our understanding of PBDD/F environmental pollution and human exposure levels. Although PBDD/Fs behave similarly to dioxins, different congener profiles between PBDD/Fs and dioxins in the environment indicates their different sources and formation mechanisms. Herein, potential sources and formation mechanisms of PBDD/Fs were critically discussed, and current knowledge gaps and future directions for PBDD/F research are highlighted. An understanding of PBDD/F formation pathways will allow for development of synergistic control strategies for PBDD/Fs, dioxins, and other dioxin-like POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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10
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Mu L, Zhang L, Ma J, Zhu K, Chen C, Li A. Enhanced biomethanization of waste polylactic acid plastic by mild hydrothermal pretreatment: Taguchi orthogonal optimization and kinetics modeling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:585-596. [PMID: 33862510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) plastic is becoming a popular alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics, but the biodegradability in engineered biological system is still a matter of concern. In this study, the biodegradability of PLA plastic at mesophilic and thermophilic AD were investigated, and a hydrothermal pretreatment was proposed to enhance the hydrolysis of PLA plastic and subsequent biomethanization. For raw PLA plastic, the biodegradation results indicated that PLA was hardly biodegraded at mesophilic conditions (only 50.5 ± 0.5 mL/g VS after 146 days). Although it was converted into biogas at thermophilic conditions after long incubation period (442.6 ± 1.1 mL/g VS), the long digestion time (T90 95.8 days) was destined to be infeasible for practical application. In contrast, hydrothermal pretreatment significantly enhanced the hydrolysis rates of PLA plastic in AD process from 0.001 day-1 for raw PLA plastic to 0.004-0.111 day-1. By balancing biogas production efficiency, energy and reagent cost, the conditions of 200 °C, 10 min and no alkali addition were recommended for hydrothermal pretreatment of waste PLA plastic in practice. At the optimized hydrothermal pretreatment conditions, 460.1 ± 25.0 mL/g VS was achieved in less than 30 days, which was comparable for AD of food waste (FW). Furthermore, LC-QEMS analysis proved that cleavages of ester bonds in PLA and its reaction with water molecule was the mechanism of triggering the hydrothermally decomposition of PLA. These results suggested the PLA-plastic waste co-mingled with OFMSW could be efficiently biomethanized into biogas by involving a mild hydrothermal pretreatment in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Jiao Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Kongyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Chuanshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Das P, Gabriel JCP, Tay CY, Lee JM. Value-added products from thermochemical treatments of contaminated e-waste plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129409. [PMID: 33388566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rise of electronic waste (e-waste) generation around the globe has become a major concern in recent times and its recycling is mostly focused on the recovery of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, etc. However, e-waste consists of a significant weight fraction of plastics (25-30%) which are either discarded or incinerated. There is a growing need for recycling of these e-waste plastics. The majority of them are made from high-quality polymers (composites), such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP) and epoxies. These plastics are often contaminated with hazardous materials, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (such as Pb and Hg). Under any thermal stress (thermal degradation), the Br present in the e-waste plastics produces environmentally hazardous pollutants, such as hydrogen bromide or polybrominated diphenyl ethers/furans (PBDE/Fs). The discarded plastics can lead to the leaching of toxins into the environment. It is important to remove the toxins from the e-waste plastics before recycling. This review article gives a detailed account of e-waste plastics recycling and recovery using thermochemical processes, such as extraction (at elevated temperature), incineration (combustion), hydrolysis, and pyrolysis (catalytic/non catalytic). A basic framework of the existing processes has been established by reviewing the most interesting findings in recent times and the prospects that they open in the field recycling of e-waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | | | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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Chemical Recycling of WEEE Plastics—Production of High Purity Monocyclic Aromatic Chemicals. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 kg real waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) shredder residues from a German dismantling plant were treated at 650 °C in a demonstration scale thermochemical conversion plant. The focus within this work was the generation, purification, and analysis of pyrolysis oil. Subsequent filtration and fractional distillation were combined to yield basic chemicals in high purity. By means of fractional distillation, pure monocyclic aromatic fractions containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX aromatics) as well as styrene and α-methyl styrene were isolated for chemical recycling. Mass balances were determined, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) measurements provided data on the purity and halogen content of each fraction. This work shows that thermochemical conversion and the subsequent refining by fractional distillation is capable of recycling WEEE shredder residues, producing pure BTEX and other monocyclic aromatic fractions. A significant decrease of halogen content (up to 99%) was achieved with the applied methods.
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Zhang T, Mao X, Qu J, Liu Y, Siyal AA, Ao W, Fu J, Dai J, Jiang Z, Deng Z, Song Y, Wang D, Polina C. Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards, and migration and distribution of bromine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123749. [PMID: 33254771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) was performed to investigate the characteristics of pyrolysis product and Br fixation. Pyrolysis conversion increased with increasing temperature, reaching 93.3 % at 650 °C. However, increasing heating time did not exhibit remarkable influence on pyrolysis conversion. At 350 °C, phenols were main compounds in the oil accounting for 91.15 %. As the temperature increased to 650 °C, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (except phenols) increased to 20.55 % and 19.03 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the total content of CO2, CO, CH4 and H2 in the non-condensable gases increased significantly. Addition of ZSM-5 and kaolin promoted the recombination reaction of pyrolysis products, increased the relative percentage of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (except phenols) and C11-C20 compounds in the oil, and reduced non-condensable gases. The oxygen bomb-ion chromatography was used to evaluate the Br content of pyrolysis residues. Higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced transfer of Br to pyrolysis gas. K2CO3, Na2CO3 and NaOH reacted with hydrogen bromide to generate KBr and NaBr, which significantly improved the Br fixation efficiency of pyrolysis residues (i.e. from 29.11%-99.80%, 96.39 % and 86.69 %, respectively) and reduced Br content in pyrolysis gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Juanshen Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Asif Ali Siyal
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenya Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zeyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongmeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Daiying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chtaeva Polina
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Liu WJ, Shao ZG, Xu Y. Emission characteristics of nitrogen and sulfur containing pollutants during the pyrolysis of oily sludge with and without catalysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123820. [PMID: 33113744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oily sludge is a category of hazardous solid waste generated in petrochemical industries. Pyrolysis is an efficient approach for sustainable treating the oily sludge with limited environmental impacts, but the pollutant emission during the pyrolysis process is still a big challenge. Herein, the emission characteristics of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) containing pollutants during the oily sludge pyrolysis with and without catalysis was illuminated via a TG-FTIR-MS system (ThermoGravimetric-Fourier Transform InfaRed-Mass Spectroscopy). The FeMg layer double hydroxide (FeMg LDH) was employed as a catalyst for pyrolysis. The emission characteristics of six inorganic N-/S-containing pollutants, as well as ten organic N- and nine S-containing pollutants were analyzed. The results indicate that the FeMg LDH could efficiently suppress the emission of N-/S-containing pollutants. The amide and heterocyclic-N species were identified as primary resources of N-containing pollutants emission. The aliphatic- and disulfides-S were the main contributions to the S-pollutants emission. Comprehensive analysis of pollutants emission characteristics for oily sludge pyrolysis could provide a better understanding for sustainable managements of the hazardous solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhi-Guo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China
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Zhao X, Chen T, Wang D, Du Y, Wang Y, Zhu W, Bekir M, Yu D, Shi Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in paired hair/serum and nail/serum from corresponding chemical manufacturing workers and their correlations to thyroid hormones, liver and kidney injury markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:139049. [PMID: 32375065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We detected the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired hair-serum and nail-serum samples collected from the corresponding chemical manufacturing workers. The levels of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) or DBDPE in the serum, hair and nail samples were all significantly higher than those reported in other studies, and the "work place" (pretreatment or posttreatment workshop) was the primary influencing factor that affected the levels of specific BFRs in vivo. For BDE-209 workers, the BDE-209 in both the hair and nail samples were significantly and positively related to the BDE-209 in the serum, indicating that both hair and nails can be used as noninvasive biomatrices to reflect internal exposure to BDE-209. In DBDPE workers, hair rather than nails was more suitable for use as a noninvasive biomatrix to infer the DBDPE exposure level. A series of serum biomarkers reflecting thyroid hormones and liver and kidney injuries were tested to calculate the correlations between hair or nail BFR levels and the levels of the biomatrices. The BDE-209 in the hair samples was significantly and positively correlated with the total protein (TP), and the nail BDE-209 level was significantly and positively related to the total bilirubin (TBIL), indirect bilirubin (IDBIL) and uric acid (UA). The DBDPE in hair was significantly and positively correlated with the thyroid hormones free triiodothyronine (fT3) and total triiodothyronine (tT3) and kidney injury markers, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE) and cystatin C (Cys-C). In addition, the nail DBDPE levels were significantly and positively correlated with the albumin/globulin (A/G), BUN, CRE and Cys-C but negatively correlated with the TP and globulin (GLO). Our findings provide preliminary evidence that hair and nails can be used as noninvasive biomatrices for assessing internal BFR exposure and health damage in occupational workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yinglin Du
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Melikedilnur Bekir
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Ilyas M, Ahmad W, Khan H, Yousaf S, Khan K, Nazir S. Plastic waste as a significant threat to environment - a systematic literature review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 33:383-406. [PMID: 30205648 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Context Materials which exceed the balance of their production and destruction lead to the deterioration in the environment. Plastic is one such material which poses a big threat to the environment. A huge amount of plastic is produced and dumped into the environment which does not readily degrade naturally. In this paper, we address the organization of a large body of literature published on the management of waste plastics being the most challenging issue of the modern world. Objectives To address the issue of the management of waste plastics, there is a dire need to organize the literature published in this field. This paper presents a systematic literature review on plastic waste, its fate and biodegradation in the environment. The objective is to make conclusions on possible practical techniques to lessen the effects of plastic waste on the environment. Method A systematic literature review protocol was followed for conducting the present study [Kitchenham B, Brereton OP, Budgen D, Turner M, Bailey J, Linkman S. Systematic literature reviews in software engineering - A systematic literature review. Inf Softw Technol 2009;51(1):7-15.]. A predefined set of book sections, conference proceedings and high-quality journal publications during the years 1999 to September 2017 were used for data collection. Results One hundred and fifty-three primary studies are selected, based on predefined exclusion, inclusion and quality criteria. These studies will help to identify the fate of different waste plastics, their impact and management and the disposal techniques frequently used. The study also identifies a number of significant techniques and measures for the conversion of waste plastic materials into useful products. Conclusion Five fundamental strategies are used for the handling of plastic waste. These strategies include: recycling, depositing in landfill, incineration, microbial degradation and conversion into useful materials. All of these methods have their own limitations, due to which there is need to explore the studies for optimum solutions of the management of plastics waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ilyas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Yousaf
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shah Nazir
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Swabi, Swabi 23340, Pakistan
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17
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Wang X, He S, Wang G, Wang Y, Cai Y, Chen P, Mei J. Characterization of PBDD/F emissions from simulated polystyrene insulation foam via lab-scale programmed thermal treatment testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:926-933. [PMID: 30119024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accidental fires and open combustion are regarded as major potential contributors to the environmental release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). The characterization of PBDD/Fs emitted from thermal treatment of simulated polystyrene (PS) foam is reported in this study. PS, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and metals (or metallic compounds) composed the test samples, which imitated real extruded (XPS) and expanded (EPS) polystyrene thermal insulation foams. Test samples were subjected to thermal treatments under different experimental conditions. This study shows that the temperature, metal (metallic compound) content, and type of atmosphere are the key factors in the formation of congeners and PBDD/Fs during thermal processes. The total yield of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was greater than that of the polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) during the test, and 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF and 2,3,7,8-TBDF were the predominant congeners emitted during the thermal treatment experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuji Wang
- Analysis Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shufen He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Guanhai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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Huang JB, Zeng GS, Li XS, Cheng XC, Tong H. Theoretical studies on bond dissociation enthalpies for model compounds of typical plastic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/167/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shen Y. Effect of chemical pretreatment on pyrolysis of non-metallic fraction recycled from waste printed circuit boards. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:537-543. [PMID: 29477651 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-metallic fraction from waste printed circuit boards (NMF-WPCB) generally consists of plastics with high content of Br, glass fibers and metals (e.g. Cu), which are normally difficult to dispose. This work aims to study the chemical pretreatments by using alkalis, acids and alkali-earth-metal salts on pyrolysis of NMF-WPCB. Char (60-79%) and volatile matter (21-40%) can be produced via the pyrolysis process. In particular, the ash content can reach up to 42-56%, which was attributed to the high content of glass fibers and other minerals. Copper (Cu, 2.5%), calcium (Ca, 28.7%), and aluminum (Al, 6.9%) were the main metal constituents. Meanwhile, silicon (Si, 28.3%) and bromine (Br, 26.4%) were the predominant non-metallic constituents. The heavy metals such as Cu were significantly reduced by 92.4% with the acid (i.e. HCl) pretreatment. It has been proved that the organic Br in the plastics (e.g. BFR) can be transformed into HBr via the pyrolysis process at relatively high temperature. It was noteworthy that the alkali pretreatment was more benefit for the Br fixation in the solid char. Particularly, the Br fixation efficiency can reach up to 53.6% by the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment with the pyrolysis process. The formed HBr can react with NaOH to generate NaBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Kumagai S, Yamasaki R, Kameda T, Saito Y, Watanabe A, Watanabe C, Teramae N, Yoshioka T. Tandem μ-reactor-GC/MS for online monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbon production via CaO-catalysed PET pyrolysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Online monitoring of products by a tandem μ-reactor-GC/MS system revealed the CaO catalysed PET pyrolysis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - R. Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - T. Kameda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Y. Saito
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | | | | | - N. Teramae
- Frontier Laboratories Ltd
- Koriyama
- Japan
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
| | - T. Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
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