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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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2
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Weldemhret TG, Park YT, Song JI. Recent progress in surface engineering methods and advanced applications of flexible polymeric foams. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 326:103132. [PMID: 38537566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric foams, also known as three-dimensional (3D) polymeric sponges, are lightweight, flexible, compressible, and possess a high surface area compared with other bulk polymers. These sponges have traditionally been used for mattresses or seat cushions in homes, offices, aircraft, automobiles, and trains, and to insulate against heat, electricity, and noise. Recently, the demand for modern materials has expanded the application of polymeric foams to various high-value technologies, including in areas that need high flame retardancy, flame sensors, oil/water separation, metal adsorption, solar steam generation, piezoresistivity, electromagnetic interference shielding, thermal energy storage, catalysis, supercapacitors, batteries, and triboelectric energy harvesting. Proper modification of foams is a prerequisite for their use in high-value applications. Several new strategies for the surface coating of 3D porous foams and novel emerging applications have been recently developed. Therefore, in this review, current advances in the field of surface coating and the application of 3D polymeric foams are discussed. A brief background on 3D polymeric foams, including the unique properties and benefits of polymeric sponges and their routes of synthesis, is presented. Different coating strategies for polymeric sponges are discussed, and their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted. Different advanced applications of polymeric sponges, in conjunction with specific and detailed examples of the above-mentioned applications, are also described. Finally, challenges and potential applications related to the coating of polymeric foams are discussed. We envisage that this review will be useful to facilitate further research, promote continued efforts on the advanced applications mentioned above, and provide new stimuli for the design of novel polymeric sponges for future modern applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklebrahan Gebrekrstos Weldemhret
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Il Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Liu Y, Cheng F, Li K, Yao J, Li X, Xia Y. Lightweight, flame retardant Janus carboxymethyl cellulose aerogel with fire-warning properties for smart sensor. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121730. [PMID: 38220348 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Lightweight, flame retardant biomass aerogels combining with multi-functionalities are promising for thermal insulation, noise absorption and smart sensors. However, high flammability hinders the application of these aerogels in extreme condition. Herein, lightweight, flame retardant aerogel with fire-warning properties fabricated from resource-abundant graphite and green carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is reported. During sonicating expandable graphite (EG) in CMC solution, CMC not only fabricates the downsizing process via hydrogen bonding effect but also forms stable dispersions. Then biomass aerogel is fabricated by freeze-drying strategy and enhanced by metal ionic cross-linking method. This aerogel demonstrates Janus properties for electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. Due to the synergistic flame retardant effect of graphite nanocomposite and metal ions with a barrier effect and catalytic carbonization capacity, the flame retardancy of these aerogels are enhanced with fire-warning properties. Furthermore, these aerogels are used for monitoring physical deformations as smart sensors, which provides inspiration and a sustainable solution for developing low-cost biomass aerogel with multifunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Qingdao Yuanhai New Material Technology co., Ltd, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiuyong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiankai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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Li P, Jiang XC, Song WM, Zhang LY, Xu YJ, Liu Y, Zhu P. An intumescent flame-retardant system based on carboxymethyl cellulose for flexible polyurethane foams with outstanding flame retardancy, antibacterial properties, and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124387. [PMID: 37040855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel and eco-friendly intumescent flame-retardant system based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was established for wide-used flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs). FPUF-(APP6CMC1)GN1 with extremely uniform coatings extinguished and reached the UL-94 V-0 rating, and presented an improvement of thermal insulation properties. Moreover, there was a 58 % reduction in peak heat release rate for FPUF-(APP6CMC1)GN1 compared with that of FPUF, and the microstructure analysis of char residues indicated that a perfect intumescent char layer had formed on the surface of FPUFs. Especially, CMC and GN enhanced the compactness and stability of char layers. Therefore, little volatile production was generated under the protection of physical layers in the high temperature as evaluated during the thermal degradation processes. Meanwhile, the flame-retardant FPUFs remained the ideal mechanical properties and obtained excellent antibacterial properties, and the antibacterial rates of E.coli and S.aureus were 99.9 % (FPUF-(APP6CMC1)GN1). This work provides an eco-friendlier strategy for the design of multi-function FPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xu-Chen Jiang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wan-Meng Song
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li-Yao Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying-Jun Xu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Borucka M, Mizera K, Przybysz J, Kozikowski P, Gajek A. Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Plastic Materials Used in Construction and Transport. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2444. [PMID: 36984324 PMCID: PMC10054394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study provides valuable data on the specific toxic products that could be released from the commercially used, flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) during a fire. The steady-state tube furnace (Purser furnace) was used to generate combustion and thermal degradation products under different fire conditions. The concentrations of asphyxiates and irritant gases were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy gas analyser. The volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds released in the fire effluents were collected using the solid-phase microextraction technique and identified by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector. In addition, the thermal stability of the FPUFs was evaluated by simultaneous thermal analysis. The cone calorimetry test was used to determine the flame retardancy of the selected materials. The obtained results show that the emission of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide during the thermal degradation and combustion of the tested foams exceeded the permissible values and pose a serious threat to human life and health. Moreover, substituted benzenes, aldehydes, and polycyclic hydrocarbons were found in the released gases during all of the test conditions.
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In Situ Nanofibrillar Polypropylene-Based Composite Microcellular Foams with Enhanced Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Performances. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061497. [PMID: 36987279 PMCID: PMC10056583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for plastic components, the development of lightweight, high strength and functionalized polypropylene (PP) from a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process is critical for resource conservation. In situ fibrillation (INF) and supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming technology were combined in this work to fabricate PP foams. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(diaryloxyphosphazene)(PDPP) particles were applied to fabricate in situ fibrillated PP/PET/PDPP composite foams with enhanced mechanical properties and favorable flame-retardant performance. The existence of PET nanofibrils with a diameter of 270 nm were uniformly dispersed in PP matrix and served multiple roles by tuning melt viscoelasticity for improving microcellular foaming behavior, enhancing crystallization of PP matrix and contributing to improving the uniformity of PDPP’s dispersion in INF composite. Compared to pure PP foam, PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam exhibited refined cellular structures, thus the cell size of PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam was decreased from 69 to 23 μm, and the cell density increased from 5.4 × 106 to 1.8 × 108 cells/cm3. Furthermore, PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam showed remarkable mechanical properties, including a 975% increase in compressive stress, which was attributed to the physical entangled PET nanofibrils and refined cellular structure. Moreover, the presence of PET nanofibrils also improved the intrinsic flame-retardant nature of PDPP. The synergistical effect of the PET nanofibrillar network and low loading of PDPP additives inhibited the combustion process. These gathered advantages of PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam make it promising for lightweight, strong, and fire-retardant polymeric foams.
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Fabrication of Rigid Isocyanate-Based Polyimide Foam Achieved Excellent Use Safety via Synergy between Expandable Graphite and Phosphorus-Containing Polyol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061381. [PMID: 36987162 PMCID: PMC10052713 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For the advantages of low cost, excellent thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties, the rigid isocyanate-based polyimide foam (RPIF) presents great application prospects as a building insulation material. However, its inflammability and the accompanying toxic fumes create huge safety hazard. In this paper, reactive phosphate-containing polyol (PPCP) is synthesized and employed with expandable graphite (EG) to obtain RPIF with excellent use safety. EG can be considered as an ideal partner for PPCP to weaken the drawbacks in toxic fume release. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and toxic gas results show that the combination of PPCP and EG can synergistically enhance flame retardancy and the use safety of RPIF owing to the unique structure of a dense char layer possessing a flame barrier and toxic gas adsorption effects. When EG and PPCP are simultaneously applied to the RPIF system, the higher EG dosage will bring higher positive synergistic effects in the use safety of RPIF. The most preferred ratio of EG and PPCP is 2:1 (RPIF-10-5) in this study; RPIF-10-5 shows the highest LOI, low CCT results and specific optical density of smoke, and low HCN concentration. This design and the findings are of great significance to improving the application of RPIF.
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Wang H, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051284. [PMID: 36904525 PMCID: PMC10006967 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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10
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Qian X, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Combining inherent and additive phosphorus-containing flame retardants for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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11
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Graphene-based flame-retardant polyurethane: a critical review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Cui Y, Pan H, Xu Z, Li Y, Cao L. Synergistic effects of silicon based material with intumescent flame retardant in thermoplastic polyurethane: Pre‐polymerization and dynamic vulcanization based facile approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyin Cui
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhengshuai Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yongxu Li
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Lan Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Investigation of the Flame Retardant Properties of High-Strength Microcellular Flame Retardant/Polyurethane Composite Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235055. [PMID: 36501450 PMCID: PMC9740006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) often reduce the mechanical properties of polymer materials, and FR/microcellular polyurethane elastomer (MPUE) composite materials have not been systemically studied. Hence, we conducted this study on FR/MPUE composites by using multiple liquid FRs and/or expandable graphite (EG). Compared with liquid flame retardants, the LOI of an expandable graphite/dimethyl methylphosphonate (EG/DMMP) (3:1) combination was significantly increased (~36.1%), and the vertical combustion grade reached V-0 without a dripping phenomenon. However, the corresponding tensile strength was decreased by 17.5%. With the incorporation of EG alone, although the corresponding LOI was not a match with that of DMMP/EG, there was no droplet phenomenon. In addition, even with 15 wt% of EG, there was no significant decline in the tensile strength. Cone calorimeter test results showed that PHRR, THR, PSPR, and TSR were significantly reduced, compared to the neat MPUE, when the EG content surpassed 10 wt%. The combustion process became more stable and thus the fire risk was highly reduced. It was found that flame retardancy and mechanical properties could be well balanced by adding EG alone. Our proposed strategy for synthesizing FR/MPUE composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties was easy, effective, low-cost and universal, which could have great practical significance in expanding the potential application fields of MPUEs.
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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15
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Interfacial architecting of organic–inorganic hybrid toward mechanically reinforced, fire-resistant and smoke-suppressed polyurethane composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 621:385-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Ge Y, Qi Z, Sha D, Hu X, Liu S. Durable flame‐retardant cotton fabric modified by water‐soluble
C–N–P
intumescent flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Ge
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco‐Textile, Ministry of Education Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenming Qi
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
| | - Desheng Sha
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
- School of Textile and Clothing Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaosai Hu
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu China
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Jiang Q, Li P, Liu Y, Zhu P. Phytic Acid-Iron/Laponite Coatings for Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Antidripping and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169145. [PMID: 36012407 PMCID: PMC9408875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is severely limited due to its flammability and dripping, which can easily cause major fire hazards. Therefore, choosing an appropriate flame retardant to solve this problem is an urgent need. A coating was prepared on the FPUF surface by dipping with phytic acid (PA), Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O, and laponite (LAP). The influence of PA-Fe/LAP coating on FPUF flame-retardant performance was explored by thermal stability, flame retardancy, combustion behavior, and smoke density analysis. FPUF/PA-Fe/LAP has a good performance in the small fire test, which can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating and the limiting oxygen index reaches 24.5%. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate values and maximum smoke density of FPUF/PA-Fe/LAP are reduced by 38.7% and 38.5% compared with those of neat FPUF. After applying PA-Fe/LAP coating, the value of fire growth rate index decreases from 10.5 kW/(m2·s) to 5.1 kW/(m2·s), dramatically reducing the fire risk. Encouragingly, the effect of PA-Fe/LAP coating on cyclic compression and permanent deformation is small, which is close to that of neat FPUF. This work provides an effective strategy for making a flame-retardant FPUF with antidripping and keeping mechanical properties.
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18
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Qiu Y, Xi B, Qian L, Liu A, Gao L. Carbonization‐dominated synergistic behaviors of ammonium hypophosphite/
EG
composite in improving flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Baoan Xi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Anqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lun‐Bagen Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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19
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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20
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Lee PS, Jung SM. Flame retardancy of polyurethane foams prepared from green polyols with flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Simon MoonGeun Jung
- Green Carbon Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon South Korea
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21
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Shi Z, Yu R, Lou S, Li N, Liu J, Xing H, Ma L, Li M, Tang T. A new strategy for constructing polypropylene composite foams with excellent ablation resistance and flame retardancy. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Construction of hetero-structured nanohybrid relying on reactive phosphazene towards flame retardation and mechanical enhancement of epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Electromagnetic Shielding and Flame Retardancy of Composite Films Constructed with Cellulose and Graphene Nanoplates. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031088. [PMID: 35161033 PMCID: PMC8839778 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aimed at improving the electromagnetic (EM) shielding and flame retardancy of cellulose materials, graphene (GE) nanoplates were introduced into cellulose matrix films by blending in1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The structure and performance of the obtained composite films were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, EM shielding effectiveness (SE), and combustion tests. GE introduction formed and stacked laminated structures in the films after drying due to controlled shrinkage of the cellulose matrix. The lamination of GE nanoplates into the films was beneficial for providing EM shielding due to multiple internal reflection of EM radiation; furthermore, they also increased flame resistance based on the “labyrinth effect.” The SE of these composite films increased gradually with increased GE content and reached 22.3 dB under an incident frequency of 1500 MHz. TG analysis indicated that these composite films possessed improved thermal stability due to GE addition. Reduced flammability was confirmed by their extended times to ignition or inability to be ignited, reduced heat release rates observed in cone calorimetry tests, and increased limiting oxygen index values. These films with improved EM shielding and flame retardancy could be considered potential candidates for multipurpose materials in various applications, such as electronics and radar evasion.
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24
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Zhang S, Chu F, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Qian L, Hu Y, Wang B, Hu W. The improvement of fire safety performance of flexible polyurethane foam by Highly-efficient P-N-S elemental hybrid synergistic flame retardant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:768-783. [PMID: 34419816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, three different phosphorus-containing compounds (methyl phosphoryl dichloride, phenyl phosphoryl dichloride and phenyl dichlorophosphate) were reacted with 2-aminobenzothiazole respectively, and a series of synergistic flame retardants with phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur elements were synthesized, named MPBT, PPBT and POBT respectively. Then, they were added to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Through the analysis of thermal stability, pyrolysis, heat release and smoke release behavior, the influence of different phosphorus-containing structures on the flame-retardant performance of FPUF was studied, and their flame-retardant mechanism was explored in detail. Among them, MPBT had the highest flame retardant efficiency with the same addition amount (10 wt%). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of PU/10.0% MPBT reached 22.5 %, and it successfully passed the vertical burning test. Subsequently, the addition amount of MPBT was increased and the best comprehensive performance of flame-retardant FPUF was explored. The results showed that the LOI value of PU/15.0% MPBT was increased to 23.5%. As for PU/15.0% MPBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was 453 KW/m2, which was reduced by 46.64 %; and the flame retardancy index (FRI) value was also increased to 6.88. At the same time, the mechanical properties of flame-retardant FPUF were studied. The tensile strength of PU/15.0% MPBT reached 170 KPa, and the permanent deformation of FPUF/10% MPBT was only 4 %, showing its excellent resilience. The above results show that this phosphorus-containing element hybrid synergistic flame retardant (MPBT) has a very good application prospect in the field of flame-retardant polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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25
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Xu L, Jiang J, Jia X, Hu Y, Ni L, Li C, Guo W. Preparation and Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties of CNTs/PMMA Microspheres. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1347-1356. [PMID: 35036796 PMCID: PMC8757450 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites with excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy were prepared by in situ polymerization. The morphology, structure, transmittance, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the materials were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, etc. According to the results, the initial decomposition temperature of CNTs/PMMA prepared using carbon nanotubes with a concentration of 2 mg/mL increases from 175 to 187 °C when compared with pure PMMA, and the weight loss ratio decreases significantly at the same time. In addition, the maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of CNTs/PMMA composites is 22.17, which is 26.9% higher than that of PMMA. SEM images of residues after LOI tests demonstrate that when CNTs/PMMA is heated, a dense and stable interconnected network structure (i.e., carbon layer) is formed, which can effectively inhibit the combustion of pyrolysis products, prevent the transfer of heat and combustible gas, and finally interrupt the combustion of composite materials. However, a 25% decrease in the transmittance of CNTs/PMMA composites is observed in the Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. Although the addition of CNTs reduces the transparency of PMMA, its tensile and impact strength are all improved, which illustrates that CNT is a competitive flame retardant for PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjuan Xu
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- School
of Environment and Safety Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xinlei Jia
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Lei Ni
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Chao Li
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
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26
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Xiao F, Fontaine G, Bourbigot S. A highly efficient intumescent polybutylene succinate: flame retardancy and mechanistic aspects. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Zhou H, Tan S, Wang C, Wu Y. Enhanced flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam with low loading of liquid halogen-free phosphonium thiocyanate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Wang XC, Sun YP, Sheng J, Geng T, Turng LS, Guo YG, Liu XH, Liu CT. Effects of expandable graphite on the flame-retardant and mechanical performances of rigid polyurethane foams. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:084002. [PMID: 34794133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3b27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy. The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW m-2compared to 390.6 kW m-2for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30 wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Peng Sun
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Geng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yong-Gang Guo
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Hu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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29
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Zhou Y, Qiu S, Chu F, Yang W, Qiu Y, Qian L, Hu W, Song L. High-performance flexible polyurethane foam based on hierarchical BN@MOF-LDH@APTES structure: Enhanced adsorption, mechanical and fire safety properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:794-806. [PMID: 34857378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving resilience, enhancing fire safety and adsorption properties were the key points for the preparation of high-performance flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Here, MOF-derived petal-like Co/Mg-double metal hydroxide (Co/Mg-LDH) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were selected to modify the hydroxylated boron nitride (BNNS-OH) to obtain a hydrophobic BN@MOF-LDH@APTES. Compared with the previous work, BN@MOF-LDH@APTES demonstrated extremely high filler efficiency in reducing the heat release per unit mass (THR/TM) (18.2 % reduction) and smoke production per unit mass (TSP/TM) (19.1% reduction) of FUPF during combustion. In addition, the obtained FPUF nanocomposite exhibited high absorption capacity while achieving remarkable thermal stability and fire safety. Moreover, the FPUF nanocomposite containing 1 wt% BN@MOF-LDH@APTES achieved a 71% increase in compressive strength, indicating excellent resilience. Therefore, this work provided a new material for the preparation of high-resilience FPUF with both flame retardancy and adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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30
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Yang J, Chen X, Zhou H, Guo W, Zhang J, Miao Z, He D. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Weichun Guo
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhen Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Daihua He
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
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31
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Chan YY, Ma C, Zhou F, Hu Y, Schartel B. A liquid phosphorous flame retardant combined with expandable graphite or melamine in flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yam Chan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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32
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33
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Guo Y, Zhang S, Wang G, Zhu Y. Fabrication of Anisotropic Polyphosphazene/Bio-based Poly(urethane-acrylate) composite foams with High Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardancy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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Qu M, Luo Z, Wang R, He D, Pang Y, Shi F, Sun W, Peng L, He J. Green fabrication of flame retardant and superhydrophobic materials with application in oil‐water separation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Zhanxia Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Dan He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yajie Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Fan Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Lei Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jinmei He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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Zhang W, Zhao Z, Lei Y. Flame retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foam based on sodium alginate and aluminum diethylphosphite. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:46-52. [PMID: 33551667 PMCID: PMC7850414 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1879451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the flame-retardant effect and thermal behaviour of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), the flame retardancy of sodium alginate (SA), aluminium diethyl phosphite (ADPO2) and expandable graphite (EG) were proposed. First, the structures of RPUF with or without flame retardancy were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the combustion behaviours and thermal performance of the flame-retardant polyurethane were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, and UL-94 tests. Finally, the cone calorimeter results reveled the RPUF/5ADPO2/7.5SA/7.5EG exhibit excellent thermodynamic properties. The results of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and smoke production rate (SPR) could demonstrate the smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant of polyurethane. The system of RPUF/ADPO2/SA/EG showed excellent flame-retardant in polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of safety engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University, Kalgoorlie Australia
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of gas research, Shenyang Research Institute, China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corp, Fushun, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, Fushun, China
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Chen Y, Duan H, Ji S, Ma H. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid as co-curing agent for fire safety of epoxy resin with enhanced mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123769. [PMID: 33254780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to develop a high-efficiency reactive flame retardant, applied to anhydride-cured epoxy resin (EP) system, simultaneously possessing good compatibility with matrix and mechanical reinforcement. In this respect, we successfully synthesized a novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid (TMDB) through the facile esterification and addition reaction among 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC), maleic anhydride (MAH), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and boric acid (BA). TMDB was utilized as a co-curing agent for EP/methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) system and finally cured EP behaved great transparency, suggesting excellent compatibility of TMDB with EP. Compared with pure EP, modified EP exhibited comparable thermal stability and heat resistance but higher flame retardance. With only 15.1 wt% TMDB loading, the LOI value of anhydride-cured EP increased to 29.6% from 20.1% of pure EP, and UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) remarkably decreased by 58.5%, 41.7% and 47.2% compared with that of pure EP, respectively. Besides, different measurements revealed TMDB simultaneously functioned in the condensed and gaseous phase during combustion. Furthermore, after incorporation of TMDB, mechanical properties of cured EP were improved and the maximum increments of flexural and tensile strength can reach 11.8% and 61.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sa Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen MJ, Lazar S, Kolibaba TJ, Shen R, Quan Y, Wang Q, Chiang HC, Palen B, Grunlan JC. Environmentally Benign and Self-Extinguishing Multilayer Nanocoating for Protection of Flammable Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49130-49137. [PMID: 33064444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most current flame-retardant nanocoatings for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) consist of passive barriers, such as clay, graphene oxide, or metal hydroxide. In an effort to develop a polymeric and environmentally benign nanocoating for PUF, positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP) were deposited using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only six bilayers of CH/PSP film can withstand flame penetration during exposure to a butane torch (∼1400 °C) for 10 s and stop flame spread on the foam. Additionally, cone calorimetry reveals that the fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and maximum average rate of heat emission are reduced by 55, 43, and 38%, respectively, compared with uncoated foam. This multilayer thin film quickly dehydrates to form an intumescent charred exoskeleton on the surface of the open-celled structure of polyurethane, inhibiting heat transfer and completely eliminating melt dripping. This entirely polymeric nanocoating provides a safe and effective alternative for reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foam that is widely used for cushioning and insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Road, Chengdu 610039, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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39
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Zeng SL, Xing CY, Chen L, Xu L, Li BJ, Zhang S. Green flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam based on cyclodextrin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Bo C, Shi Z, Hu L, Pan Z, Hu Y, Yang X, Jia P, Ren X, Zhang M, Zhou Y. Cardanol derived P, Si and N based precursors to develop flame retardant phenolic foam. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12082. [PMID: 32694665 PMCID: PMC7374163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel eco-friendly halogen-free cardanol-based flame retardant with P, Si, and N on the chain backbone (PSNCFR) was synthesized and incorporated into phenolic foams (PFs). PSNCFR was comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. PSNCFR endowed PFs with flame retardancy, contributed to generating a composite char defense against flames, and efficiently prevented smoking from PFs. PSNCFR introduction improved the flexural strength of the PFs to approximately 155% of that of pristine PF. PSNCFR-modified PFs displayed a high limiting oxygen index value of 41.9%. The results of cone calorimeter show that the mean heat release rate, mean effective heat of combustion, and total heat release of the PSNCFR-modified PFs reduced by 26.92%, 35.71%, and 31.25%, respectively. In particular, the total smoke production of the PSNCFR-modified PFs decreased by 64.55%, indicating excellent smoke inhibition. As for the mechanism, the condensation and gas phases during pyrolysis were responsible for the synergistic flame retardancy in the modified PFs. The findings demonstrate that PSNCFR can be used in PF preparation to overcome their drawbacks of internal brittleness and flammability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Bo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhongyu Shi
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
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41
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Yin S, Ren X, Lian P, Zhu Y, Mei Y. Synergistic Effects of Black Phosphorus/Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Enhancing the Flame-Retardant Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071487. [PMID: 32635235 PMCID: PMC7408627 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied black phosphorene (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as flame retardants to waterborne polyurethane to fabricate a novel black phosphorus/boron nitride/waterborne polyurethane composite material. The results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index of the flame-retarded waterborne polyurethane composite increased from 21.7% for pure waterborne polyurethane to 33.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the waterborne polyurethane composite were significantly reduced by 50.94% and 23.92%, respectively, at a flame-retardant content of only 0.4 wt%. The superior refractory performances of waterborne polyurethane composite are attributed to the synergistic effect of BP and BN in the gas phase and condensed phase. This study shows that black phosphorus-based nanocomposites have great potential to improve the fire resistance of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Yin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinlin Ren
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
| | - Peichao Lian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Mei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
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42
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Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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43
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Xu W, Chen R, Du Y, Wang G. Design water-soluble phenolic/zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 flame retardant coating via layer-by-layer assembly technology: Enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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44
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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Cao X, Chi X, Deng X, Sun Q, Gong X, Yu B, Yuen ACY, Wu W, Li RKY. Facile Synthesis of Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Fire and Smoke Suppressions of Polylactide Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051106. [PMID: 32408685 PMCID: PMC7285335 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique two-dimensional structure and features of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), such as high thermal stability and superior catalytic property, it is considered to be a promising flame retardant nano-additive for polymers. Here, we reported a facile strategy to prepare cobalt/phosphorus co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Co/P-C3N4) by a simple and scalable thermal decomposition method. The structure of Co/P-C3N4 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The carbon atoms in g-C3N4 were most likely substituted by phosphorous atoms. The thermal stability of polylactide (PLA) composites was increased continuously with increasing the content of Co/P-C3N4. In contrast to the g-C3N4, the Polylactide (PLA) composites containing Co/P-C3N4 exhibited better flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression. With the addition of 10 wt % Co/P-C3N4, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), carbon dioxide (CO2) production (PCO2P) and carbon oxide (CO) production (PCOP) values of PLA composites decreased by 22.4%, 16.2%, and 38.5%, respectively, compared to those of pure PLA, although the tensile strength of PLA composites had a slightly decrease. The char residues of Co/P-C3N4 composites had a more compact and continuous structure with few cracks. These improvements are ascribed to the physical barrier effect, as well as catalytic effects of Co/P-C3N4, which inhibit the rapid release of combustible gaseous products and suppression of toxic gases, i.e., CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoning Chi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xueqin Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Qijun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Xianjing Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - Wei Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Robert Kwow Yiu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
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46
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Cai W, Cai T, He L, Chu F, Mu X, Han L, Hu Y, Wang B, Hu W. Natural antioxidant functionalization for fabricating ambient-stable black phosphorus nanosheets toward enhancing flame retardancy and toxic gases suppression of polyurethane. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121971. [PMID: 31918053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, as a natural antioxidant, tannin (TA) is firstly used to functionalize black phosphorous (BP) nanosheets to improve the ambient stability and toxic suppression, thus decreasing the fire hazards of polymer materials. Compared to pure BP nanosheets, higher temperature for thermal oxidation decomposition is achieved for TA-BP nanosheets, directly confirming the ambient stability of TA-BP nanosheets. Meanwhile, from high resolution TEM and XPS results, TA-BP nanosheets after being exposed at air for 10 days present well-organized crystal structure and low POx bonds content. Cone calorimeter results illustrate that the incorporation of 2.0 wt% TA-BP nanosheets significantly decreases the peak value of heat release rate (-56.5 %), total heat release (-43.0 %), CO2 concentration (-57.3 %) of TPU composite. Meanwhile, with addition of low to 1.5 wt%, the release of highly-toxic CO gas is significantly suppressed, confirmed by lower peak value (0.52 mg/m3) and decreased total release amount (-55.1 %). The obviously enlarged tensile strength (36.7 MPa) and desirable elongation at break (622 %) are also observed. This strategy not only firstly adopts bio-based antioxidant to impart excellent environmental stability for BP nanosheets, but also promotes the promising potentials of BP nanosheets in the fire safety application of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Tongmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China; KingFa Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou. 510663, China
| | - Lingxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Longfei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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47
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Phosphorus- and silicon-containing amino curing agent for epoxy resin. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Zhi M, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Gao S, Zhang Z, He Y. Novel MoS 2-DOPO Hybrid for Effective Enhancements on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Flexible Polyurethane Foams. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2734-2746. [PMID: 32095697 PMCID: PMC7033980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel MoS2-DOPO hybrid has been successfully synthesized through the grafting of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets using allyl mercaptan as an intermediate. MoS2-DOPO was used as a flame retardant additive to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The influence of MoS2-DOPO on the mechanical, thermal stability, and flame retardancy properties of FPUF composites were systematically investigated. The incorporation of MoS2-DOPO could not deteriorate greatly the tensile strength and 50% compression set of FPUF composites, but effectively improves the char residue. The cone calorimeter and smoke density tests results revealed that the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the maximum smoke density of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were reduced by 41.3, 27.7, and 40.5%, respectively, compared with those of pure FPUF. Furthermore, the char residue after cone calorimeter tests and pyrolysis gaseous products of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results suggested that the MoS2-DOPO hybrid played a synergistic flame retardant effect of gas and condensed bi-phase action. In addition, a possible flame retardancy and smoke suppression mechanism of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were proposed. This study provides a facile and promising strategy for the fabrication of polymer materials with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quanyi Liu
- E-mail: . Phone: +86-0838-5187202. Fax: +86-0838-5187202 (Q.L.)
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Köklükaya O, Carosio F, Durán VL, Wågberg L. Layer-by-layer modified low density cellulose fiber networks: A sustainable and fireproof alternative to petroleum based foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115616. [PMID: 31887896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Wood-based cellulose fibers were used to prepare porous, low density and wet-stable fiber networks (FN). Multilayer coatings consisting of chitosan (CH), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and inorganic nanoparticles comprising of either sodium montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (SEP) or colloidal silica (SNP) were deposited by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique onto FNs in an effort to impart flame-retardancy. A simulated fire scenario measured by cone calorimetry showed that five quadlayers (QL) of CH/SHMP/CH/MMT, CH/SHMP/CH/SEP and CH/SHMP/CH/SNP can produce significant reduction in peak heat release rate (pkHRR). In detail, the coating containing SEP showed the largest reduction of the pkHRR by 47% relative to the uncoated FN. MMT and SEP coated FNs were also able to self-extinguish fire and to retain their shapes after direct exposure to a methane flame. This study hence shows that the LbL assembly is a highly effective way to impart flame-retardant properties to this new type of porous FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oruç Köklükaya
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Verónica López Durán
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; BiMaC Innovation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Phan HTQ, Pham LH, Hoang CN, Nguyen NN, Lee P, Kang S, Kim J, Hoang D. Highly efficient fire retardant behavior, thermal stability, and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huong T. Q. Phan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam H. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Cuong N. Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen N. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Pyoung‐Chan Lee
- Lightweight Materials R&D CenterKorea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam Korea
| | - Soo‐Jung Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
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