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Fang Y, Ma Z, Wei D, Yu Y, Liu L, Shi Y, Gao J, Tang LC, Huang G, Song P. Engineering Sulfur-Containing Polymeric Fire-Retardant Coatings for Fire-Safe Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400068. [PMID: 38593218 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
With the advantages of lightweight and low thermal conductivity properties, polymeric foams are widely employed as thermal insulation materials for energy-saving buildings but suffer from inherent flammability. Flame-retardant coatings hold great promise for improving the fire safety of these foams without deteriorating the mechanical-physical properties of the foam. In this work, four kinds of sulfur-based flame-retardant copolymers are synthesized via a facile radical copolymerization. The sulfur-containing monomers serve as flame-retardant agents including vinyl sulfonic acid sodium (SPS), ethylene sulfonic acid sodium (VS), and sodium p-styrene sulfonate (VSS). Additionally, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate are employed to enable a strong interface adhesion with polymeric foams through interfacial H-bonding. By using as-synthesized waterborne flame-retardant polymeric coating with a thickness of 600 µm, the coated polyurethane foam (PUF) can achieve a desired V-0 rating during the vertical burning test with a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of >31.5 vol%. By comparing these sulfur-containing polymeric fire-retardant coatings, poly(VS-co-HEA) coated PUF demonstrates the best interface adhesion capability and flame-retardant performance, with the lowest peak heat release rate of 166 kW m-2 and the highest LOI of 36.4 vol%. This work provides new avenues for the design and performance optimization of advanced fire-retardant polymeric coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhewen Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Dewang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Youming Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266045, China
- Centre for Further Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Long-Cheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, 4300, Australia
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Lin W, Yuan Y, Xu L, Wang W. Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardance and Fire-Warning Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1858. [PMID: 38675677 PMCID: PMC11055176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene-like 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, MXene, molybdenum disulfide, and boron nitride, present a promising avenue for eco-friendly flame retardants. Their inherent characteristics, including metal-like conductivity, high specific surface area, electron transport capacity, and solution processability, make them highly suitable for applications in both structural fire protection and fire alarm systems. This review offers an up-to-date exploration of advancements in flame retardant composites, utilizing pristine graphene-like nanosheets, versatile graphene-like nanosheets with multiple functions, and collaborative systems based on these nanomaterials. Moreover, graphene-like 2D nanomaterials exhibit considerable potential in the development of early fire alarm systems, enabling timely warnings. This review provides an overview of flame-retarding and fire-warning mechanisms, diverse multifunctional nanocomposites, and the evolving trends in the development of fire alarm systems anchored in graphene-like 2D nanomaterials and their derivatives. Ultimately, the existing challenges and prospective directions for the utilization of graphene-like 2D nanomaterials in flame retardant and fire-warning applications are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
| | - Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ou M, Lian R, Li R, Cui J, Guan H, Zhu J, Liu L, Jiao C, Chen X. A High-Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant as a Co-Curing Agent for Simultaneously Enhancing the Fire Safety and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300262. [PMID: 37335812 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) remains a persistent challenge. Herein, a high-efficient phosphaphenanthrene-based flame retardant (FNP) is synthesized using 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, 4-formylbenzoic acid, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. Due to the presence of active amine groups, FNP is employed as a co-curing agent for fabricating EP composites with outstanding fire safety and mechanical properties. EP containing 8 wt% FNP (EP/8FNP) achieves a vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 31%. Meanwhile, FNP declines the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of EP/8FNP by 41.1%, 31.8%, and 16.0%, respectively, compared to those of unmodified EP. The increased fire safety of EP/FNP composites is because FNP promotes the formation of an intumescent, compact, and cross-linking char layer for EP/FNP composites, and releases P-containing substances and noncombustible gases in the gas phase during combustion. In addition, EP/8FNP exhibits 20.3% and 5.4% increase in the flexural strength and modulus compared with those of pure EP. Furthermore, FNP enhances the glass transition temperature of EP/FNP composites from 141.6 °C for pure EP to 147.3 °C for EP/8FNP. Therefore, this work is conducive to the future development of fabricating fire-safe EP composites with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Richeng Lian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Rongjia Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Haocun Guan
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Zhu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
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Zhou X, Jiang F, Hu Z, Wu F, Gao M, Chai Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Wang Y. Study on the Flame Retardancy of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Phytic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Molecules 2023; 28:6267. [PMID: 37687096 PMCID: PMC10488967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite was prepared by compounding phytic acid (PA)-functionalized Graphite oxide (PA-GO) with flame-retardant poly (Ammonium phosphate) (APP) and expandable graphite (EG). The effects of PA-GO on the thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties of RPUF were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) tester, a UL-94 vertical combustion tester, a cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal tensile testing machine. The results indicated that there was a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect between PA-GO and the intumescent flame retardants (IFR) in the RPUF matrix. Compared with RPUF-1, the addition of 0.3 wt% PA-GO could increase LOI from 25.7% to 26.5%, increase UL-94 rating from V-2 to V-0, and reduce the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) by 28.5% and 22.2%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of residual char increased from 22.2 wt% to 24.6 wt%, and the char layer was continuous and dense, with almost no holes. Meanwhile, the loss of mechanical properties was apparently lightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Zhiyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Faqun Wu
- Dean’s Office, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China;
| | - Ming Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhihua Chai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
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Fabrication of Rigid Isocyanate-Based Polyimide Foam Achieved Excellent Use Safety via Synergy between Expandable Graphite and Phosphorus-Containing Polyol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061381. [PMID: 36987162 PMCID: PMC10052713 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For the advantages of low cost, excellent thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties, the rigid isocyanate-based polyimide foam (RPIF) presents great application prospects as a building insulation material. However, its inflammability and the accompanying toxic fumes create huge safety hazard. In this paper, reactive phosphate-containing polyol (PPCP) is synthesized and employed with expandable graphite (EG) to obtain RPIF with excellent use safety. EG can be considered as an ideal partner for PPCP to weaken the drawbacks in toxic fume release. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and toxic gas results show that the combination of PPCP and EG can synergistically enhance flame retardancy and the use safety of RPIF owing to the unique structure of a dense char layer possessing a flame barrier and toxic gas adsorption effects. When EG and PPCP are simultaneously applied to the RPIF system, the higher EG dosage will bring higher positive synergistic effects in the use safety of RPIF. The most preferred ratio of EG and PPCP is 2:1 (RPIF-10-5) in this study; RPIF-10-5 shows the highest LOI, low CCT results and specific optical density of smoke, and low HCN concentration. This design and the findings are of great significance to improving the application of RPIF.
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Han S, Yang F, Li Q, Sui G, Su X, Dai J, Ma J. Tackling smoke toxicity and fire hazards of thermoplastic polyurethane by mechanochemical combination of Cu₂O nanoparticles and zirconium phosphate nanosheets. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Shi Y, Yao A, Han J, Wang H, Feng Y, Fu L, Yang F, Song P. Architecting fire safe hierarchical polymer nanocomposite films with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding via interface engineering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:179-191. [PMID: 36848771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrating high flame retardancy and excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding into polymetric materials is extremely necessary, and well dispersing conductive fillers into polymeric materials is still a great challenge because of incompatible interfacial polarity between polymer matrix and conductive fillers. Therefore, under the premise of maintaining integral conductive films in the process of hot compression, constructing a novel EMI shielding polymer nanocomposites where conductive films closely adhere to polymer nanocmposites layers should be a fascinating stratety. In this work, salicylaldehyde-modified chitosan decorated titanium carbide nanohybrid (Ti3C2Tx-SCS) was combined with piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PA-APP) to fabricate thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites, which were used for construction of hierarchical nanocomposite films by inserting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films into TPU/PA-APP/Ti3C2Tx-SCS nanocomposite layers through our self-developed air assisted hot pressing technique. The total heat release, total smoke release and total carbon monoxide yield for TPU nanocomposite containing 4.0 wt% Ti3C2Tx-SCS nanohybrid were 58.0%, 58.4% and 75.8% lower than those of pristine TPU, respectively. Besides, the hierarchical TPU nanocomposite film containing 1.0 wt% Ti3C2Tx-SCS presented an averaged EMI shielding effectiveness of 21.3 dB in X band. This work provides a promising strategy for fabricating fire safe and EMI shielding polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
| | - Ansheng Yao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Junqiang Han
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Hengrui Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4350, Australia.
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Ou M, Lian R, Cui J, Guan H, Liu L, Jiao C, Chen X. Co-curing preparation of flame retardant and smoke-suppressive epoxy resin with a novel phosphorus-containing ionic liquid. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137061. [PMID: 36328322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing ionic liquid derivatives have been proven to be effective flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP). Flame retardants can accelerate the curing process and improve flame retardancy and smoke suppression of EP composites, which is challenging. In this paper, a novel phosphorus-containing ionic liquid (TPP-PF6) was synthesized and used both as a co-curing agent with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and as a highly effective flame retardant for EP. It has been found that TPP-PF6 was conducive to improve the char formation of EP to inhibit the smoke release at high temperatures. For EP/TPP-PF6 composites, the flame-retardant performance was enhanced rapidly with the increase of TPP-PF6. With only 2 wt% of TPP-PF6, EP/2.0TPP-PF6 reached a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index of 30.3%. The peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production values of EP/2.0TPP-PF6 were reduced by 36.32%, 45.81%, and 15.1% compared with those of pure EP, respectively. The thermal degradation products and flame retardant mechanism in gas and condensed phases were studied. It was found that TPP-PF6 had flame retardant effect in the barrier effect of the condensed phase and the quenching effect of the gas phase. This work explores the high-efficiency flame retardant and smoke-suppressive structures with co-curing properties for EP, thus promoting the wide application of EP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Richeng Lian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Haocun Guan
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China.
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China.
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Flame-Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites with the Incorporation of Steel Slag/Dimelamine Pyrophosphate System: A New Strategy for Utilizing Metallurgical Solid Waste. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248892. [PMID: 36558034 PMCID: PMC9783893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (RPUF) was widely used in external wall insulation materials due to its good thermal insulation performance. In this study, a series of RPUF and RPUF-R composites were prepared using steel slag (SS) and dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) as flame retardants. The RPUF composites were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (CCT), and thermogravimetric infrared coupling (TG-FTIR). The results showed that the LOI of the RPUF-R composites with DMPY/SS loading all reached the combustible material level (22.0 vol%~27.0 vol%) and passed UL-94 V0. RPUF-3 with DMPY/SS system loading exhibited the lowest pHRR and THR values of 134.9 kW/m2 and 16.16 MJ/m2, which were 54.5% and 42.7% lower than those of unmodified RPUF, respectively. Additionally, PO· and PO2· free radicals produced by pyrolysis of DMPY could capture high energy free radicals, such as H·, O·, and OH·, produced by degradation of RPUF matrix, effectively blocking the free radical chain reaction of composite materials. The metal oxides in SS reacted with the polymetaphosphoric acid produced by the pyrolysis of DMPY in combustion. It covered the surface of the carbon layer, significantly insulating heat and mass transport in the combustion area, endowing RPUF composites with excellent fire performance. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the fabrication of high-performance RPUF composites, but also elucidates a method of utilizing metallurgical solid waste.
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Ren B, Yang J, Feng Z, Yuan B. Interface engineering of Ti3C2 nanosheets for fabricating thermoplastic polyurethane composites with excellent flame-retardant and smoke suppressive properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Kim JT, Lee CW, Jung HJ, Choi HJ, Salman A, Padmajan Sasikala S, Kim SO. Application of 2D Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Air Pollutants. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17687-17707. [PMID: 36354742 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is on the priority list of global safety issues, with the concern of fatal environmental and public health deterioration. 2D materials are potential adsorbent materials for environmental decontamination, owing to their high surface area, manageable interlayer binding, large surface-to-volume ratio, specific binding capability, and chemical, thermal, and mechanistic stability. Specifically, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been attracting attention, taking advantage of their low cost synthesis, excessive oxygen containing surface functionalities, and intrinsic aqueous dispersibility, making them desirable for the development of cost-effective, high performance air filters. Many different material designs have been proposed to expand their filtration capability, including the functionalization and integration with other metals and metal oxides, which act not only as binding agents to the target pollutants but also as antimicrobial agents. This review highlights the advantages and drawbacks of 2D materials for air filtration and summarizes the interrelationships among various strategies and the resultant filtration performance in terms of structural engineering, morphology control, and material compositions. Finally, potential future directions are suggested toward the idealized designs of 2D material based air filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tae Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ju Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Salman
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Design of Hierarchically Tailored Hybrids Based on Nickle Nanocrystal-Decorated Manganese Dioxides for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213711. [PMID: 36430185 PMCID: PMC9697679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and hierarchical hybrid composite (MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni) was synthesized utilizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets as the core structure, self-assembly chitosan (CHS), sodium alginate (SA) and nickel species (Ni) as surface layers, and it was further incorporated into an epoxy matrix for achieving fire hazard suppression via surface self-assembly technology. Herein, the resultant hybrid epoxy composite possessed an exceptional nano-barrier and synergistic charring effect to aid the formation of a compact layered structure that enhanced its fire-resistive effectiveness. As a result, the addition of only 2 wt% MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni hybrids led to a dramatic reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release values (by ca. 33% and 27.8%) of the epoxy matrix. Notably, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production values of EP/MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni 2% were decreased by ca. 16.9 and 38.4% compared to the corresponding data of pristine EP. This was accompanied by the suppression of toxic CO, NO release and the diffusion of thermal pyrolysis gases during combustion through TG-IR results. Overall, a significant fire-testing outcome of the proposed hierarchical structure was proven to be effective for epoxy composites in terms of flammability, smoke and toxicity reductions, optimizing their prospects in other polymeric materials in the respective fields.
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14
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Zhao JR, Zheng R, Tang J, Sun HJ, Wang J. A mini-review on building insulation materials from perspective of plastic pollution: Current issues and natural fibres as a possible solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129449. [PMID: 35792430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As plastic pollution is eroding our ecological environment at an alarming rate around the world, tracking the origins is a necessity for putting forward effective measures to prevent it. The building industry, as an important sector consuming plastic products and producing plastic wastes, is increasing application of thermal insulations to improve energy efficiency. However, most insulation materials have negative impact on the environment. With the strategies to boost sustainability of buildings, natural fibres have occurred in the market as promising raw materials for thermal insulations. This mini-review aims to describe the extent building insulations contributed to plastic pollution, and a possible solution to plastic pollution from natural fibres and their current shortcomings. Hopefully, the mini-review could advance the current knowledge on contribution of building materials, especially thermal insulations to the ubiquitous plastic pollution, and the potential of natural fibres for replacing the plastic insulations, which could accordingly help future development of sustainable green insulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe R Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211; Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada; Chemical and Biological Engineering,University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Rongyue Zheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211
| | - Jianting Tang
- Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada
| | - Helen J Sun
- Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada; Chemical and Biological Engineering,University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211
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15
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Yuan Y, Yu B, Wang W. The influence of poorly-/well-dispersed organo-montmorillonite on interfacial compatibility, fire retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composite system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:367-377. [PMID: 35525140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel linear polymeric charring agent (PEPAPC) was synthesized via the nucleophilic substitution reaction, and then embedded into polypropylene (PP) substrate to improve the fire retardancy and anti-dripping performance. Unfortunately, the opposite polarity between intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and polymer-matrix could seriously deteriorate the interfacial compatibility, harmful to the flame-retardant efficiency and smoke toxicity suppression of PP/IFR composites. For the foregoing reasons, flame retardant PP/IFR/Organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites with the combination of maleic anhydride-grafted PP as compatibilizer have been prepared via melt intercalation technique. When 2 wt% well-dispersed OMMT were incorporated, it showed a significant reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (90.5 and 62.7%) compared with pristine PP, and an achievement in limiting oxygen index value of 32% from 18.5% for pristine PP, which can be attributed to the nano-barrier and catalytic carbonization effect of well-dispersed OMMT within the polymer-matrix. More importantly, the well-dispersed OMMT displays significant smoke toxicity suppression, toughening and strengthening effect on PP/IFR system. The peak CO release and total smoke production for PP-6 were decreased by 89.8 and 64.7%, respectively. This work may provide an effective approach towards fabricating high-performance polymeric materials on organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites with homogenous dispersion, thereby effectively reducing the fire hazard risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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16
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Piao J, Ren J, Wang Y, Feng T, Wang Y, Lu M, Jiao C, Chen X. Green biobased P‐N coating: Towards waste‐minimization flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Piao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Ren
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofei Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhang B, Yang S, Liu X, Zou Y, Kan Y, Deng D, Zong Z, Tang G. Rigid polyurethane foam composites based on bivalent metal phytate: thermal stability, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2039192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Zong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
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18
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Optical and Material Characteristics of MoS 2/Cu 2O Sensor for Detection of Lung Cancer Cell Types in Hydroplegia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094745. [PMID: 35563136 PMCID: PMC9101548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, n-type MoS2 monolayer flakes are grown through chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and a p-type Cu2O thin film is grown via electrochemical deposition. The crystal structure of the grown MoS2 flakes is analyzed through transmission electron microscopy. The monolayer structure of the MoS2 flakes is verified with Raman spectroscopy, multiphoton excitation microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. After the preliminary processing of the grown MoS2 flakes, the sample is then transferred onto a Cu2O thin film to complete a p-n heterogeneous structure. Data are confirmed via scanning electron microscopy, SHG, and Raman mapping measurements. The luminous energy gap between the two materials is examined through PL measurements. Results reveal that the thickness of the single-layer MoS2 film is 0.7 nm. PL mapping shows a micro signal generated at the 627 nm wavelength, which belongs to the B2 excitons of MoS2 and tends to increase gradually when it approaches 670 nm. Finally, the biosensor is used to detect lung cancer cell types in hydroplegia significantly reducing the current busy procedures and longer waiting time for detection. The results suggest that the fabricated sensor is highly sensitive to the change in the photocurrent with the number of each cell, the linear regression of the three cell types is as high as 99%. By measuring the slope of the photocurrent, we can identify the type of cells and the number of cells.
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19
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Liu X, Sui Y, Guo P, Chen R, Mu J. A flame retardant containing biomass-based polydopamine for high-performance rigid polyurethane foam. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An inorganic/polymer flame retardant system constructed from biomass can improve the comprehensive properties of rigid polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Mu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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20
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Feng X, Cai W, Wang X, Hu Y. Hierarchical MoS
2
/polyaniline binary hybrids with high performance for improving fire safety of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou Jiangsu China
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21
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Yao A, Liu C, Ye Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Feng Y, Gao J, Shi Y. Functionalizing MXenes with molybdenum trioxide towards reducing fire hazards of thermoplastic polyurethane. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02649j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-efficiency flame-retardant polymers with low toxic fumes during combustion remains a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansheng Yao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yating Ye
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zixiao Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Hengrui Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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22
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Yang S, Liu X, Tang G, Long H, Wang B, Zhang H, Ji Y, Yang Y. Fire retarded polyurethane foam composites based on steel slag/ammonium polyphosphate system: A novel strategy for utilization of metallurgical solid waste. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling Anhui University of Technology, Ministry of Education Ma'anshan China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Gang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling Anhui University of Technology, Ministry of Education Ma'anshan China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Hongming Long
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling Anhui University of Technology, Ministry of Education Ma'anshan China
- School of Metallurgical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yilong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling Anhui University of Technology, Ministry of Education Ma'anshan China
- School of Metallurgical Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
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23
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Identification and Evaluation of Hazardous Pyrolysates in Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foam Smoke. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193205. [PMID: 34641023 PMCID: PMC8512043 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam samples made from renewable material (tall oil fatty acid) based polyols were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to obtain information about the full relative smoke content, with a focus on substance identification by their functional groups and hazardousness. The relative content of gaseous products produced during the thermal degradation was evaluated between the two samples, differenced by their assigned isocyanate (NCO) index value—150 and 300. The main thermal degradation components of the rigid PU-PIR foam were found to originate from the decomposition of isocyanate, primarily forming 4,4′-methylenedianiline, 3,3′-diaminodiphenylmethane, N-methylaniline, aniline, 4-benzylaniline and phenyl isocyanate. Hazard analysis revealed that the most common hazards were the hazards related to health: H315 (36%), H319 (28%), H335 (25%), and H302 (23%). The chemical compound with the highest relative content value—4,4′-methylenedianiline (45.3% for PU and 52.4% for PIR)—was identified to be a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. The focus of the study was identifying and evaluating the relative quantities of the produced gaseous products, examine their hazardousness, and provide information on the released thermal degradation products to form a renewable-source based rigid PU and PIR foam.
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24
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Yang S, Zhang B, Liu M, Yang Y, Liu X, Chen D, Wang B, Tang G, Liu X. Fire performance of piperazine phytate modified rigid polyurethane foam composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Depeng Chen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
- Nanjing Gongda Kaiyuan Environmental Protection Technology (Chuzhou) Co., Ltd. Chuzhou China
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25
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Synthesis of Ethyl (Diethoxymethyl)phosphinate Derivatives and Their Flame Retardancy in Flexible Polyurethane Foam: Structure-flame Retardancy Relationships. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Oleszek S, Kumagai S, Grabda M, Shiota K, Yoshioka T, Takaoka M. Mitigation of bromine-containing products during pyrolysis of polycarbonate-based tetrabromobisphenol A in the presence of copper(I) oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124972. [PMID: 33388450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) is an engineering thermoplastic that is widely used in electrical and electronic equipment. This plastic often contains tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), the most common brominated flame retardant. Thermal degradation of the PC-TBBA leads to generation of numerous bromo-organic products in the pyrolytic oil, hindering its appropriate utilization, as well as corrosive hydrogen bromide gas. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate and compare the pyrolysis products of PC-TBBA and PC-TBBA + Cu2O at various temperatures, with an emphasis on the yield and distribution of brominated compounds. In pyrolysis of PC-TBBA + Cu2O, at the maximum degradation temperature (600 °C), as much as 86% of total Br was trapped in the residue, while 3% and 11% were distributed in the condensate and gas fractions, respectively. In contrast, the distribution of Br from non-catalytic pyrolysis of PC-TBBA (600 °C) was 0.5% residue, 40% condensate, and 60% gas. The results of this study revealed that in the presence of Cu2O, organo-bromine products were most likely involved in Ullman-type coupling reactions, leading to early cross-linking of the polymer network that efficiently hinders their vaporization. HBr in the gas fraction was suppressed due to effective fixation of bromine in residue in the form of CuBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Oleszek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan; Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Sklodowska-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mariusz Grabda
- Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Sklodowska-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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Shi HG, Li SL, Cheng JB, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Multifunctional Photothermal Conversion Nanocoatings Toward Highly Efficient and Safe High-Viscosity Oil Cleanup Absorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11948-11957. [PMID: 33650846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and safe cleanup for the high-viscosity heavy oil spill has been a worldwide challenge due to its sluggish flowability, while classic absorption methods by electric/solar heating are seriously limited by low efficiency and high fire hazards during heating of highly flammable oil. Facing this dilemma, we reported a novel flame-retardant photothermal conversion nanocoating to endow commercial foams with highly efficient and safe heavy oil cleanup absorption. This multifunctional nanocoating consisting of nano-Fe3O4 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) that both showed photothermal conversion ability and non-flammable nature can be firmly deposited on the polymer foam skeletons via facile coprecipitation and dip-coating processes. The composite foam showed a tough morphology with high hydrophobicity and low density, thus leading to selective high absorption for various oils and organic solvents. Due to the double photothermal conversion effects of nano-Fe3O4 and rGO, the temperature of the foam can be rapidly heated at a rate of ∼103.5 °C/min (the fastest rate ever) under 1 sun irradiation. Consequently, the foam with a high absorption capacity of 75.1 times its weight demonstrated a rapid absorption rate of 9000 g m-2 min-1 for large-viscosity oil under 1 sun irradiation, which was 3 times faster than previously reported. Furthermore, benefitting from high flame retardancy, elasticity, and magnetism, the foam can be safely and repeatedly used for magnetically controllable oil cleanup absorption, which effectively avoids oil spill hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Gang Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shu-Liang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jin-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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28
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Wu T, Zheng H, Kou Y, Su X, Kadasala NR, Gao M, Chen L, Han D, Liu Y, Yang J. Self-sustainable and recyclable ternary Au@Cu 2O-Ag nanocomposites: application in ultrasensitive SERS detection and highly efficient photocatalysis of organic dyes under visible light. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 34567737 PMCID: PMC8433429 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ternary noble metal-semiconductor nanocomposites (NCs) with core-shell-satellite nanostructures have received widespread attention due to their outstanding performance in detecting pollutants through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and photodegradation of organic pollutants. In this work, ternary Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs were designed and prepared by a galvanic replacement method. The effect of different amounts of Ag nanocrystals adsorbed on the surfaces of Au@Cu2O on the SERS activity was investigated based on the SERS detection of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) reporter molecules. Based on electromagnetic field simulations and photoluminescence (PL) results, a possible SERS enhancement mechanism was proposed and discussed. Moreover, Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs served as SERS substrates, and highly sensitive SERS detection of malachite green (MG) with a detection limit as low as 10-9 M was achieved. In addition, Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs were recycled due to their superior self-cleaning ability and could catalyze the degradation of MG driven by visible light. This work demonstrates a wide range of possibilities for the integration of recyclable SERS detection and photodegradation of organic dyes and promotes the development of green testing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Yichuan Kou
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Xinyue Su
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | | | - Ming Gao
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Donglai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Jinghai Yang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
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29
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Luo Y, Miao Z, Sun T, Zou H, Liang M, Zhou S, Chen Y. Preparation and mechanism study of intrinsic hard segment flame‐retardant polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinfu Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Zongnan Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Tong Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
- Chengdu Kedabochuang Technology Ltd. Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Shengtai Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
- Chengdu Kedabochuang Technology Ltd. Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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30
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Tang X, Chen Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Xie W, Evrendilek F, Buyukada M. Dynamic pyrolysis behaviors, products, and mechanisms of waste rubber and polyurethane bicycle tires. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123516. [PMID: 32739726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Given their non-biodegradable, space-consuming, and environmentally more benign nature, waste bicycle tires may be pyrolyzed for cleaner energies relative to the waste truck, car, and motorcycle tires. This study combined thermogravimetry (TG), TG-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses to dynamically characterize the pyrolysis behavior, gaseous products, and reaction mechanisms of both waste rubber (RT) and polyurethane tires (PUT) of bicycles. The main devolatilization process included the decompositions of the natural, styrene-butadiene, and butadiene rubbers for RT and of urethane groups in the hard segments, polyols in the soft segments, and regenerated isocyanates for PUT. The main TG-FTIR-detected functional groups included C-H, C=C, C=O, and C-O for both waste tires, and also, N-H and C-O-C for the PUT pyrolysis. The main Py-GC/MS-detected pyrolysis products in the decreasing order were isoprene and D-limonene for RT and 4, 4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and 2-hexene for PUT. The kinetic, thermodynamic, and comprehensive pyrolysis index data verified the easier decomposition of PUT than RT. The pyrolysis mechanism models for three sub-stages of the main devolatilization process were best described by two-dimensional diffusion and two second-order models for RT, and the three consecutive reaction-order (three-halves order, first-order, and second-order) models for PUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zihong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingyong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wuming Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fatih Evrendilek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, 14052, Turkey
| | - Musa Buyukada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, 14052, Turkey
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31
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Song K, Wang Y, Ruan F, Yang W, Liu J. Synthesis of a Novel Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2534. [PMID: 33138265 PMCID: PMC7694069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5,5]undecane-3,9-dioxide (SPDPC) are of increasing interest as flame retardants for polymeric materials. In addition, SPDPC is also an important intermediate for the preparation of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs). However, low efficiency and undesirable dispersion are two major problems that seriously restrain the application of IFRs as appropriate flame retardants for polymer materials. Usually, the functionalization or modification of SPDPC is crucial to acquiring high-performance polymer composites. Here, a small molecule spirocyclic flame retardant diphenylimidazole spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (PIPC) was successfully prepared through the substitution reaction between previously synthesized intermediate SPDPC and 2-phenylimidazole (PIM). Phenyl group and imidazole group were uniformly anchored on the molecular structure of SPDPC. This kind of more uniform distribution of flame retardant groups within the epoxy matrix resulted in a synergistic flame retardant effect and enhanced the strength of char layers to the epoxy composites, when compared to the unmodified epoxy. The sample reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.7% and passed with a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test with the incorporation of only 5 wt % of as-prepared flame retardant PIPC. Moreover, its peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 41.15% and 21.64% in a cone calorimeter test, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of PIPC has only slightly impacted the mechanical properties of epoxy composites with a low loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinjie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (K.S.); (F.R.); (W.Y.)
| | | | | | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (K.S.); (F.R.); (W.Y.)
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32
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Zhang X, Teng SY, Loy ACM, How BS, Leong WD, Tao X. Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for the Application of Pollution Reduction: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1012. [PMID: 32466377 PMCID: PMC7353444 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The material characteristics and properties of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) have gained research interest in various fields, such as electronics, catalytic, and energy storage. In particular, many researchers have been focusing on the applications of TMDCs in dealing with environmental pollution. TMDCs provide a unique opportunity to develop higher-value applications related to environmental matters. This work highlights the applications of TMDCs contributing to pollution reduction in (i) gas sensing technology, (ii) gas adsorption and removal, (iii) wastewater treatment, (iv) fuel cleaning, and (v) carbon dioxide valorization and conversion. Overall, the applications of TMDCs have successfully demonstrated the advantages of contributing to environmental conversation due to their special properties. The challenges and bottlenecks of implementing TMDCs in the actual industry are also highlighted. More efforts need to be devoted to overcoming the hurdles to maximize the potential of TMDCs implementation in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sin Yong Teng
- Institute of Process Engineering & NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Adrian Chun Minh Loy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
| | - Bing Shen How
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, Kuching 93350, Malaysia;
| | - Wei Dong Leong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia;
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
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33
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Modification of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane using ultrasonic-assisted functionalized MoS2 for treatment of oil refinery wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Wang W, Yuan Y, Yu B, Liew KM, Yuen RKK, Liu J, Hu Y. Controlled self-template synthesis of manganese-based cuprous oxide nanoplates towards improved fire safety properties of epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:122006. [PMID: 31911386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date epoxy resins have been extensively used in the field of chemical engineering, aerospace and building materials. Nevertheless, the utilization of flammable epoxy resins has posed a huge threat to lives and properties, which restricted their applications. In this work, manganese-based cuprous oxides two-dimensional nanosheets (Mn@Cu2O-M) are rationally designed and successfully prepared to improve the toxic effluent elimination of epoxy resin. The fire safety properties of the prepared Mn@Cu2O-M based nanocomposites improved the heat release rate (<35 %) and total heat release (<40 %) compared to the control epoxy. Moreover, the production of smoke and toxic volatiles of the composites with Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets is significantly reduced. The mechanism investigations indicate that the improved flame retardancy and toxic effluent elimination of epoxy composites are attributed to the physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization awarded by Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets during burning. This work provides a promising strategy to develop eco-friendly, efficient and fire-safe polymers by both physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4300, Australia
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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35
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Tang G, Liu X, Yang Y, Chen D, Zhang H, Zhou L, Zhang P, Jiang H, Deng D. Phosphorus-containing silane modified steel slag waste to reduce fire hazards of rigid polyurethane foams. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Yuan Y, Yu B, Shi Y, Mao L, Xie J, Pan H, Liu Y, Wang W. Insight into Hyper-Branched Aluminum Phosphonate in Combination with Multiple Phosphorus Synergies for Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010064. [PMID: 31906381 PMCID: PMC7023559 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) has widespread applications in thermosetting materials with great versatility and desirable properties such as high electrical resistivity and satisfactory mechanical properties. At present, 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) is widely applied to EP matrix for high flame resistance. Nevertheless, EP/DOPO composites acquire highly toxic decomposition products and smoke particles produced during combustion due to the gaseous fire-inhibition mechanism, which will be a major problem. To address this concern, an effective hyper-branched aluminum phosphonate (AHPP) was rationally designed and then coupled with DOPO into EP matrix to fabricate the fire-safe epoxy resin composites. On the basis of the results, significant increment in limiting oxygen index value (an achievement of 32% from 23.5% for pristine EP) and reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (59.4% and 45.6%) with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 2:1 were recorded. During the cone calorimeter test, both the smoke production and total CO yield of EP-4 composite with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 1:2 were dramatically decreased by 42.7% and 53.6%, which was mainly associated with the excellent catalytic carbonization of AHPP submicro-particles for EP composite. Future applications of submicro-scaled flame-retardant with various phosphorus oxidation states will have good prospects for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Long Mao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianda Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
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37
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Highly Effective Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Fabrication and Applications in Inhibition of Coal Combustion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111776. [PMID: 31671837 PMCID: PMC6918278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extemporaneous combustion of coal remains a major threat to safety in coal mines because such fire accidents result in casualties and significant property loss, as well as serious environmental pollution. This work proposed the fabrication of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) containing expandable graphite as char expander/sealant with melamine phosphosphate and 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid as char inducer and radical trapping agents. The as-prepared RPUF successfully inhibited coal combustion by forming thermally stable high graphitic content expandable intumescent char sealing over the coal. The RPUF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating in addition to significant reductions in peak heat release, total heat release, and CO and CO2 yields. The external and the internal residual char structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectroscopy, and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques, and a flame-retardant mode of action has been proposed. This work provides important insight into a facile fabrication of highly efficient and economical flame-retardant RPUF to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal.
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