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Singh PP, Pandey G, Murti Y, Gairola J, Mahajan S, Kandhari H, Tivari S, Srivastava V. Light-driven photocatalysis as an effective tool for degradation of antibiotics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20492-20515. [PMID: 38946773 PMCID: PMC11208907 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic contamination has become a severe issue and a dangerous concern to the environment because of large release of antibiotic effluent into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To try and solve these issues, a plethora of research on antibiotic withdrawal has been carried out. Recently photocatalysis has received tremendous attention due to its ability to remove antibiotics from aqueous solutions in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner with few drawbacks compared to traditional photocatalysts. Considerable attention has been focused on developing advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts in order to address these problems. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the field of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, including the doping of metals and non-metals into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, the formation of new semiconductor photocatalysts, the advancement of heterojunction photocatalysts, and the building of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Prayagraj U.P.-211010 India
| | - Geetika Pandey
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, United University Prayagraj-211012 India
| | - Yogesh Murti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura-281406 India
| | - Jagriti Gairola
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University Clement Town Dehradun 248002 Uttarakhand India
- Department of Allied Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University) Clement Town Dehradun 248002 Uttarakhand India
| | - Shriya Mahajan
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Rajpura-140417 Punjab India
| | - Harsimrat Kandhari
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University Himachal Pradesh-174103 India
| | - Shraddha Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj U.P.-211002 India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj U.P.-211002 India
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Roy S, Darabdhara J, Ahmaruzzaman M. Sustainable degradation of pollutants, generation of electricity and hydrogen evolution via photocatalytic fuel cells: An Inclusive Review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116702. [PMID: 37490976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution and energy crisis have recently become one of the major global concerns. Insincere discharge of massive amount of organic and inorganic wastes into the aqueous bodies causes serious impact on our environment. However, these organic substances are significant sources of carbon and energy that could be sustainably utilized rather than being discarded. Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) is a smart and novel energy conversion device that has the ability to achieve dual benefits: degrading the organic contaminants and simultaneously generating electricity, thereby helping in environmental remediation. This article presents a detailed study of the recent advancements in the development of PFC systems and focuses on the fundamental working principles of PFCs. The degradation of various common organic and inorganic contaminants including dyes and antibiotics with simultaneous power generation and hydrogen evolution has been outlined. The impact of various operational factors on the PFC activity has also been briefly discussed. Moreover, it provides an overview of the design guidelines of the different PFC systems that has been developed recently. It also includes a mention of the materials employed for the construction of the photo electrodes and highlights the major limitations and relevant research scopes that are anticipated to be of interest in the days to come. The review is intended to serve as a handy resource for researchers and budding scientists opting to work in this area of PFC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010, Assam, India
| | | | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010, Assam, India.
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Feng T, Zhang J, Yu F, Su Q, Wang H, Wang L, Guo Y, Xie H. Broad-bandgap porous graphitic carbon nitride with nitrogen vacancies and oxygen doping for efficient visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122268. [PMID: 37506802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Effective degradation methods are required to address the issue of antibiotics as organic pollutants in water resources. Herein, a two-stage thermal treatment method was used to prepare porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) modified with nitrogen vacancies and oxygen doping at the N-(C)3 position and deep in the g-C3N4 framework. Compared with bulk g-C3N4 (BCN) (7 ± 1 m2/g), the modified sample (RCN-2h) possesses a larger specific surface area (224 ± 1 m2/g), a larger bandgap (by 0.19 eV), and a mid-gap state. In addition, RCN-2h shows 15.4, 11.2, and 9.5 times higher photodegradation rates than BCN for the degradation of 100% ofloxacin (OFX) (within 15 min), tetracycline (within 15 min), and sulfadiazine (within 35 min), respectively. The RCN-2h catalyst also exhibits superior stability and reusability. Systematic characterization and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effect of the porous structure, nitrogen vacancies, and oxygen doping in RCN-2h provides additional reaction sites, improved charge separation efficiency, and shorter diffusion paths for reactants and photogenerated charge carriers. Trapping experiments reveal that •O2- is the main active species in OFX photodegradation, and a possible photodegradation pathway is identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Benefiting from the simplicity of synthesis methods and the superiority of elemental doping, carbon nitride materials with functional synergy have great potential for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shang Hai, 201209, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Fengshan Yu
- Jiangxi Province Han's Precious Metals Co., Ltd., Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, 335500, China.
| | - Qing Su
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shang Hai, 201209, China.
| | - Huimin Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shang Hai, 201209, China.
| | - Lincai Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shang Hai, 201209, China.
| | - Yanhui Guo
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd. Y2, 2nd Floor, Building 2, Xixi Legu Creative Pioneering Park, No.712 Wen'er West Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
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4
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Wu CC, Qu JJ, Zhang HT, Gao MJ, Zhu L, Zhan XB. New two-stage pH combined with dissolved oxygen control strategy for cyclic β-1,2 glucans synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2235-2247. [PMID: 36894714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a novel two-stage pH combined with dissolved oxygen (DO) control strategy in fed-batch fermentation, this research addresses the influence of pH on cyclic β-1,2-glucans (CβGs) biosynthesis and melanin accumulation during the production of CβGs by Rhizobium radiobacter ATCC 13,333. Under these optimal fermentation conditions, the maximum cell concentration and CβGs concentration in a 7-L stirred-tank fermenter were 7.94 g L-1 and 3.12 g L-1, which were the maximum production reported for R. radiobacter. The melanin concentration of the fermentation broth was maintained at a low level, which was beneficial to the subsequent separation and purification of the CβGs. In addition, a neutral extracellular oligosaccharide (COGs-1) purified by the two-stage pH combined with DO control strategy fermentation medium was structurally characterized. Structural analyses indicated that COGs-1 was a family of unbranched cyclic oligosaccharides composed of only β-1,2-linked D-glucopyranose residues with degree of polymerization between 17 and 23, namely CβGs. This research provides a reliable source of CβGs and structural basis for further studies of biological activity and function. KEY POINTS: • A two-stage pH combined with DO control strategy was proposed for CβGs production and melanin biosynthesis by Rhizobium radiobacter. • The final extracellular CβGs production reached 3.12 g L-1, which was the highest achieved by Rhizobium radiobacter. • The existence of CβGs could be detected by TLC quickly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan-Juan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min-Jie Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- L & F Biotech. Ltd., Burnaby, BC, V5A3P6, Canada
| | - Xiao-Bei Zhan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen J, Zhu W, Zhao W, Wei P, Wang G, Ji Y, An T. Revelation of contributing mechanism of reactive oxygen species in photocatalytic ozonation heterocyclization of gaseous hexane isomers. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137759. [PMID: 36621686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved photocatalytic ozonation of gaseous n-hexane to heterocyclic compounds has been recently reported. However, whether such heterocyclization reaction happens on other alkanes and what is the contributing mechanism of ROS to the heterocyclic compound formation are still unclear. In present study, photocatalytic ozonation of three n-hexane's isomers (i.e. 2-methypentane, 3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane) on Cu2O-CuO/TiO2-foam ceramic was investigated. Within reaction period, 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane not only showed higher average degradation efficiency than 2,3-dimethylbutane, but also separately converted to interfacial heterocyclic compounds of 5,5-dimethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone and 4,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. Enough reaction time, optimum experimental atmosphere and shorter light wavelength benefited the formation of heterocyclization products. None of O3, 1O2, electron and hole directly contributed to the heterocyclic compound formation. While •O2- dominated the production of the heterocyclic compound under the dry reaction atmosphere and •OH showed more important role than •O2- in the heterocyclic compound formation under the moist reaction atmosphere. Theoretical calculation confirmed that •OH or •O2- induced heterocyclization reaction of alkane was exothermic, while the former reaction released 0.47 eV higher energy than the later reaction. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of contributing roles of ROS in heterocyclization reaction of alkanes, and are helpful for effective elimination of industrial alkanes by advanced oxidation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weikun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weina Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bai X, Chen W, Wang B, Sun T, Wu B, Wang Y. Photocatalytic Degradation of Some Typical Antibiotics: Recent Advances and Future Outlooks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158130. [PMID: 35897716 PMCID: PMC9331861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of antibiotics in the environment can trigger a number of issues by fostering the widespread development of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, the most popular techniques for removing antibiotic pollutants from water include physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation, however, these processes usually leave a significant quantity of chemical reagents and polymer electrolytes in the water, which can lead to difficulty post-treating unmanageable deposits. Furthermore, though cost-effectiveness, efficiency, reaction conditions, and nontoxicity during the degradation of antibiotics are hurdles to overcome, a variety of photocatalysts can be used to degrade pollutant residuals, allowing for a number of potential solutions to these issues. Thus, the urgent need for effective and rapid processes for photocatalytic degradation leads to an increased interest in finding more sustainable catalysts for antibiotic degradation. In this review, we provide an overview of the removal of pharmaceutical antibiotics through photocatalysis, and detail recent progress using different nanostructure-based photocatalysts. We also review the possible sources of antibiotic pollutants released through the ecological chain and the consequences and damages caused by antibiotics in wastewater on the environment and human health. The fundamental dynamic processes of nanomaterials and the degradation mechanisms of antibiotics are then discussed, and recent studies regarding different photocatalytic materials for the degradation of some typical and commonly used antibiotics are comprehensively summarized. Finally, major challenges and future opportunities for the photocatalytic degradation of commonly used antibiotics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Wanyu Chen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Tianxiao Sun
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (T.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (T.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wang JF, Liu Y, Shao P, Zhu ZY, Ji HD, Du ZX, Wang CC, Liu W, Gao LJ. Efficient ofloxacin degradation via photo-Fenton process over eco-friendly MIL-88A(Fe): Performance, degradation pathways, intermediate library establishment and toxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112937. [PMID: 35157918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput production of the eco-friendly MIL-88A(Fe) was achieved under mild reaction conditions with normal pressure and temperature. The as-prepared MIL-88A(Fe) exhibited efficient photo-Fenton catalytic ofloxacin (OFL) degradation upon visible light irradiation with good stability and reusability. The OFL (20.0 mg/L) was completely degraded within 50 min under visible light with the aid of MIL-88A(Fe) (0.25 g/L) and H2O2 (1.0 mL/L) in aqueous solution (pH = 7.0). The hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are the main active species during the photo-Fenton oxidation process. Meanwhile, the degradation intermediates and the corresponding degradation pathways were identified and proposed with the aid of both ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the degradation product library was firstly established to identify intermediate transformation products (TPs) with their variation of concentration, and their corresponding toxicologic activities were assessed via Toxtree and T.E.S.T software as well. Finally, the MIL-88A is efficient and stable with four cycles' catalysis operations, demonstrating good potential for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hao-Dong Ji
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen-Xia Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chong-Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation/Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li-Juan Gao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing, 100089, China
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Guo Y, Dong S, Zhou D. Optimization of the photocatalyst coating and operating conditions in an intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation reactor: Towards stable and efficient performance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111971. [PMID: 34481819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) is an attractive novel technology for the mineralization and detoxification of persistent organics. Good photocatalytic performance is essential for an advanced ICPB operation, and the photocatalyst coating and illumination conditions are strong determining factors. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) involving the central composite design (CCD) was employed to discover optimal operating conditions, by using tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as the model pollutant. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) was employed to form an adhesion layer, enhancing P25 TiO2 activity and stability. We achieved the optimal coating conditions with a mixing time of 20 h, TiO2 dosage of 8 g/L, and PVB concentration of 0.5 wt.%. The optimum running conditions for an ICPB-reactor were found to be at a carrier volume ratio of 40% and light intensity of 6000 μw/cm2. These conditions were essential for the production of desired intermediates and functional microbial survival. At the optimized parameters ranges, ∼98% TCH removal and ∼40% mineralization was achieved, and the inhibition on Q67 illuminance was only 30.32%. This is the first work on optimizing the fabrication and operation of ICPB, which is meaningful for the application of ICPB in practical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guo
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuangshi Dong
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
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9
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Chen J, Zhang L, Zhu W, Li G, An T. Atomic-level insight into effect of substrate concentration and relative humidity on photocatalytic degradation mechanism of gaseous styrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133074. [PMID: 34838837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Substrate concentration and relative humidity (RH) impact the photocatalytic efficiency of industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, but how they influence intermediate formation and degradation pathway remains unclear. With the help of oxygen isotope tracing method, the effects of these two environmental parameters on degradation mechanism of styrene were revealed at atomic level. Increasing styrene concentration favored product formation, which was however inhibited by RH elevation. Gaseous products were not directly formed in gaseous phase, but originated from desorption of interfacial intermediates. The volatile aldehydes and furans further exchanged their 16O with 18O in H218O. Increase of RH showed higher enhancement on 18O distribution in all products and pathways than that of substrate concentration. Low RH preferred high generation of 16O2•- and (16)1O2, dominating reaction to form 1-phenyl-1,2-ethandiol, 2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethanon and phenylglyoxal monohydrate in sequence. Successive production of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid through the reaction of styrene with promoted •18OH by increasing RH became predominant. Hydration was firstly observed and confirmed as an important gaseous transformation step of aldehyde and furan products. Our findings provide a deep insight into photocatalytic degradation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons regulated by environmental parameters to further improve their industrial purification efficiency, and are helpful predicting environmental geochemistry fate of organics and preventing their negative impact on natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weikun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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10
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Qiang C, Li N, Zuo S, Guo Z, Zhan W, Li Z, Ma J. Microwave-assisted synthesis of RuTe2/black TiO2 photocatalyst for enhanced diclofenac degradation: Performance, mechanistic investigation and intermediates analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Kee WC, Wong YS, Ong SA, Lutpi NA, Sam ST, Chai A, Eng KM. Photocatalytic Degradation of Sugarcane Vinasse Using ZnO Photocatalyst: Operating Parameters, Kinetic Studies, Phytotoxicity Assessments, and Reusability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:3. [PMID: 34899925 PMCID: PMC8650741 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-021-00382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Photocatalytic degradation performance is highly related to optimized operating parameters such as initial concentration, pH value, and catalyst dosage. In this study, the impact of various parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of anaerobically digested vinasse (AnVE) has been determined through decolourization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency using zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalyst. In this context, the application of photocatalytic degradation in treating sugarcane vinasse using ZnO is yet to be explored. The COD reduction efficiency and decolourization achieved 83.40% and 99.29%, respectively, under the conditions of 250 mg/L initial COD concentration, pH 10, and 2.0 g/L catalyst dosage. The phytotoxicity assessment was also conducted to determine the toxicity of AnVE before and after treatment using mung bean (Vigna radiata). The reduction of root length and the weight of mung bean indicated that the sugarcane vinasse contains enormous amounts of organic substances that affect the plant's growth. The toxicity reduction in the AnVE solution can be proved by UV-Vis absorption spectra. Furthermore, the catalyst recovery achieved 93% in the reusability test. However, the COD reduction efficiency and decolourization were reduced every cycle. It was due to the depletion of the active sites in the catalyst with the adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, it can be concluded that the photocatalytic degradation in the treatment of AnVE was effective in organic degradation, decolorization, toxicity reduction and can be reused after the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chin Kee
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
- Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sung-Ting Sam
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Audrey Chai
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kim-Mun Eng
- Kenep Resources (Asia) Sdn. Bhd, No. 31 & 33, Persiaran Jelapang Maju 2, Taman Perindustrian Ringan Jelapang Maju, 30020 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia
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Sun Q, Han B, Li K, Yu L, Dong L. The synergetic degradation of organic pollutants and removal of Cr(VI) in a multifunctional dual-chamber photocatalytic fuel cell with Ag@Fe2O3 cathode. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Chen X, Yao J, Dong H, Hong M, Gao N, Zhang Z, Jiang W. Enhanced bezafibrate degradation and power generation via the simultaneous PMS activation in visible light photocatalytic fuel cell. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117800. [PMID: 34741902 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative system including peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in a photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) with an BiOI/TiO2 nanotube arrays p-n type heterojunction as photoanode under visible light (PFC(BiOI/TNA)/PMS/vis system) was established. Xenon lamp was used as the light source of visible light. A 4.6 times higher pseudo-first-order bezafibrate (BZF) degradation rate constant was achieved in this system compared with the single PFC(BiOI/TNA)/vis system. The radical quenching experiments revealed that the contribution of reactive oxidative species (ROS) followed the order of 1O2 ≈ h+ >> •OH > SO4•- >>O2•-. The EPR tests demonstrated that PMS addition enlarged the formation of 1O2, •OH and SO4•-, but suppressed O2•- yield. Interestingly, 1O2 was further proved to dominantly originated from the priority reaction between positive photoinduced holes (h+) and negatively charged PMS. Besides, N2-purging tests and density functional theory calculation indicated that PMS probably reacted with residual photoinduced electron (e-) on the more negative conduction band (CB) of BiOI to form •OH and SO4•-, but competed with dissolved oxygen. Other e- transferred to the less negative CB of TNA through p-n junction will efficiently move to cathode through the external circuit. The greatly promoted power generation of PFC system was observed after PMS addition due to extra h+ consumption and efficient e- separation and transfer. Besides, three possible pathways for BZF degradation were proposed including hydroxylation, fibrate chain substituent and amino bond fracture. This study can provide new insights into the mechanisms of PMS assisted photocatalysis and accompanying energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Hongsen Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Mingjian Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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He J, Cheng J, Lo IMC. Green photocatalytic disinfection of real sewage: efficiency evaluation and toxicity assessment of eco-friendly TiO 2-based magnetic photocatalyst under solar light. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116705. [PMID: 33285454 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the green photocatalytic disinfection for practical applications, disinfection of different types of real sewage using magnetic photocatalyst RGO/Fe,N-TiO2/Fe3O4@SiO2 (RGOFeNTFS) under simulated solar light was investigated: low-salinity sewage after tertiary treatment, low-salinity sewage after secondary biological treatment, high-salinity sewage after secondary biological treatment, and high-salinity sewage after chemically enhanced primary treatment. The classification of the sewage as high and low-salinity is based on the regions of sewage source that use seawater and freshwater for toilet flushing, respectively. It shows potential of solar-light-driven photocatalytic disinfection in low-salinity sewage: around 20 min (for sewage after tertiary treatment) and 45 min (for sewage after secondary treatment) of photocatalytic disinfection are required for sewage to meet the discharge standard, and no bacterial regrowth is observed in the treated sewage after 48 h. However, due to the poorer water quality, the high-salinity sewage requires a relatively long reaction time (more than 240 min) to meet the discharge standard, showing minimal practical significance. Further, the complex characteristics of real sewage, such as organic matter, suspended matter, multivalent-ions, pH and DO level significantly influence photocatalytic disinfection, and should be carefully reviewed in evaluating the photocatalytic disinfection of sewage. Besides, RGOFeNTFS shows a good reusability over three cycles for photocatalytic disinfection of low-salinity sewage samples. Moreover, the non-toxicity, indicated by phytoplankton in seawater, of both RGOFeNTFS (<= 3 g/L) and treated low-salinity sewage demonstrates the feasibility of the practical application of photocatalytic disinfection using RGOFeNTFS under irradiation of solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution & Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene M C Lo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Experimental assessment of a hybrid process including adsorption/photo Fenton oxidation and Microbial Fuel Cell for the removal of dicarboxylic acids from aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Improved anti-biofouling performance of CdS/g-C3N4/rGO modified membranes based on in situ visible light photocatalysis in anammox membrane bioreactor. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Ni L, Zhu Y, Ma J, Wang Y. Novel strategy for membrane biofouling control in MBR with CdS/MIL-101 modified PVDF membrane by in situ visible light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116554. [PMID: 33128978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel control strategies for membrane biofouling with eco-friendly photocatalytic technology are critically needed in practical operation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). In this study, a metal-organic frameworks (MOF) based photocatalytic membrane was firstly applied in an anammox MBR for a long-term biofouling control, where bacteria were inactivated and foulants were degraded simultaneously, with environmentally friendly and renewable visible light energy. By physicochemical characterization, the synthesized photocatalyst of CdS/MIL-101 showed superior visible-light photocatalytic ability, and the 1 wt% CdS/MIL-101 modified membrane C2 showed enhanced hydrophilicity and water permeability compared with the pristine membrane C0. In the long-term operation of anammox MBRs under waterproof lights irradiation, the filtration cycles of C2 (25-26 d) were obviously extended compared with C0 (10-14 d), while their average total nitrogen removal efficiencies were comparable up to 84%, indicating an excellent biofouling alleviation effect by using C2 with a satisfactory nitrogen removal performance maintained. By analysis of the biofilm on the fouled membranes, the organic foulants (especially extracellular polymeric substances) were degraded, and the live bacteria were inactivated effectively by the photocatalytic reactions of CdS/MIL-101 on C2. In the antimicrobial tests against model bacteria, C2 exhibited remarkable antimicrobial effect against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with visible light irradiation by destruction of cell integrity with the inhibition rate of 92% for Escherichia coli and 95% for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In the model foulants (bovine serum albumin, sodium alginate, and humic acid) filtration tests, C2 showed higher antifouling capabilities, lower flux declining rates, and higher foulants rejection rates under visible light irradiation compared with C0. The reactive species of ·OH, e- and h+ generated on C2 were verified to play the predominant role in the anti-biofouling processes by simultaneous bacteria inactivation and foulants degradation. The findings offer a novel insight into the biofouling controlling in MBRs by simultaneous bacteria inactivation and foulants degradation with an eco-friendly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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18
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Pollutants degradation and power generation by photocatalytic fuel cells: A comprehensive review. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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19
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Feng Y, Rijnaarts HHM, Yntema D, Gong Z, Dionysiou DD, Cao Z, Miao S, Chen Y, Ye Y, Wang Y. Applications of anodized TiO 2 nanotube arrays on the removal of aqueous contaminants of emerging concern: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116327. [PMID: 32846377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in various water bodies and the associated threats to eco-system and human society have raised increasing concerns. To fight against such a problem, TiO2 photocatalysis is considered to be a powerful tool. In recent decades, TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) fabricated by electrochemical anodization emerged as a viable immobilized catalyst and its applications on CECs removal have gained a considerable amount of research interest. We herein present a critical review on the development of TNA and its applications on the removal of aqueous CECs. In this work, the CECs removal in different TNA based processes, the CECs removal mechanisms, the role of TNA properties, the role of operational parameters, and the role of water matrices are discussed. Moreover, perspectives on the current research progress are presented and recommendations on future research are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyue Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Doekle Yntema
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, United States
| | - Zhourong Cao
- Chengdu Drainage CO., Ltd, Bisheng Rd. 256, 610039 Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shiyu Miao
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129 Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yin Ye
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129 Xi'an, PR China; Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yuheng Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129 Xi'an, PR China.
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Bashiri F, Khezri SM, Kalantary RR, Kakavandi B. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole by TiO2 decorated on magnetic reduced graphene oxide: Characterization, optimization and reaction mechanism studies. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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