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Yang Q, Qian H, Guo Y, Bai X, Li J, Chen C. Rapid Release of Halocarbons from Saline Water by Iron-Based Photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20781-20791. [PMID: 38010203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Methyl halides play important roles in stratospheric ozone depletion, but their formation mechanisms are not well defined. This study demonstrated that iron-based photochemistry significantly enhanced alkyl halide production by promoting the reaction of the representative monomer of lignin with halide ions in saline water under solar light irradiation. The methyl chloride (CH3Cl) emission from the light/Fe(III) process was 2 orders of magnitude higher than dark treatment and in the absence of iron. In addition, bromide and iodide showed better reactivity in the formation of the corresponding methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl iodide (CH3I). Alkyl halides identified from seawater, brackish water, and salt pan water under sunlight irradiation were positively correlated with the Fe(III) concentrations, indicating that iron-based photochemistry is ubiquitous. This work suggested that the photoinduced formation of methyl radical and redox cycling of iron triggered by the Fenton-like reaction are responsible for the enhanced release of alkyl halides. This study represents an abiotic formation pathway of alkyl halides, which accounts for a portion of the unidentified sources of halocarbons in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Heng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Bai X, Yang Q, Guo Y, Hao B, Zhang R, Duan R, Li J. Alkyl halide formation from degradation of carboxylic acids in the presence of Fe(III) and halides under light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119842. [PMID: 36921357 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely used in water and wastewater treatment and have shown excellent performance in remediating contaminated water. However, their oxidation byproducts, including halogenated organics, have recently attracted increasing attention. Alkyl halides are among the most important environmental pollutants in nature. Here, we report a Fenton-like reaction in which alkyl halides can form during the photodegradation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of Fe(III) and halides. Chloromethane, chloroethane, and 1-chloropropane were produced from the degradation of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid, respectively. CH3Cl, CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 were all identified as the products of acetic acid with the yields of approximately 5.1%, 0.2% and 0.005%, respectively. It was demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals, halogen radicals and alkyl radicals were involved in the formation of alkyl halides. A possible mechanism of chloromethane formation was proposed based on the results. In real samples of saline water, the addition of carboxylic acid and Fe(III) significantly promoted the generation of CH3Cl under xenon lamp irradiation. The results indicated that the coexistence of Fe(III), halides and carboxylic acids enhanced the photochemical release of alkyl halides. The reactions described in this paper may contribute to knowledge on the mechanism of halogenated byproduct formation during AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Bai
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Baoqiang Hao
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ran Duan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.
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Swaren L, Safari S, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles: a review of surface chemistry, contaminant mobility, and future research avenues to fill the gaps. BIOCHAR 2022; 4:33. [PMID: 35673519 PMCID: PMC9163009 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-022-00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are abundant in the subsurface, soil, streams, and water bodies, and are often a critical control on elemental speciation, transport and cycling in the natural environment. This review provides an overview of pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles (PBNPs), their surface properties and reactivity towards aqueous species. We focus specifically on biochar-derived nanoparticles and activated carbon-derived nanoparticles which fall under our classification of PBNPs. Activated carbon-iron (nano)composites are included in some instances where there are significant gaps in literature because of their environmental relevance. Increased use of activated carbon, along with a resurgence in the manufacture and application of biochar for water treatment and soil amendment, has generated significant concerns about the mobility and toxicity of PBNPs derived from the bulk material in environmental applications. Recent examples are discussed to highlight current progress in understanding the influence of PBNPs on contaminant transport, followed by a critical discussion of gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Swaren
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Kurt O. Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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Application of copper(II)-based chemicals induces CH 3Br and CH 3Cl emissions from soil and seawater. Nat Commun 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 35013262 PMCID: PMC8748922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) are major carriers of atmospheric bromine and chlorine, respectively, which can catalyze stratospheric ozone depletion. However, in our current understanding, there are missing sources associated with these two species. Here we investigate the effect of copper(II) on CH3Br and CH3Cl production from soil, seawater and model organic compounds: catechol (benzene-1,2-diol) and guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol). We show that copper sulfate (CuSO4) enhances CH3Br and CH3Cl production from soil and seawater, and it may be further amplified in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or solar radiation. This represents an abiotic production pathway of CH3Br and CH3Cl perturbed by anthropogenic application of copper(II)-based chemicals. Hence, we suggest that the widespread application of copper(II) pesticides in agriculture and the discharge of anthropogenic copper(II) to the oceans may account for part of the missing sources of CH3Br and CH3Cl, and thereby contribute to stratospheric halogen load. Halogenated compounds impact stratospheric ozone. This study suggests agricultural application of Cu(II) chemicals induces abiotic production of methyl bromide and methyl chloride from soil and seawater, contributing to the atmospheric halogen load.
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Yang Q, Guo Y, Xu J, Wu X, He B, Blatchley ER, Li J. Photolysis of N-chlorourea and its effect on urea removal in a combined pre-chlorination and UV 254 process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125111. [PMID: 33485223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urea is one of the most important nitrogenous organic pollutants in water, and its removal attracts attention because of a growing concern related to water eutrophication. Urea has previously been considered to be largely unaffected by the UV-chlorine process. However, N-chlorourea, an intermediate of urea chlorination, has been shown to absorb ultraviolet radiation, and as such its photolysis is possible. Experiments were conducted to quantify the kinetics of N-chlorourea degradation under UV254 irradiation. The results showed that about 92% of N-chlorourea was degraded under UV254 irradiation. Ammonia and nitrate were detected as the primary nitrogen containing products of the photolysis of N-chlorourea. Solution pH ranging from 3.0 to 7.5 influenced the distribution of these products but not on the degradation rate. Based on these data, a possible pathway of photodegradation of N-chlorourea under UV254 is proposed. The degradation of urea was also achieved by the photolysis of N-chlorourea during the combined pre-chlorination and UV254 process. Insights gained in this study may be useful for exploring the potential of combined pre-chlorination and UV254 process on urea removal in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bingying He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Dong Y, Peng W, Liu Y, Wang Z. Photochemical origin of reactive radicals and halogenated organic substances in natural waters: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123884. [PMID: 33113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds, also termed organohalogens, were initially regarded to be of almost exclusively anthropogenic origin. However, recent research has demonstrated that photochemical reactions are important abiotic sources of organohalogen compounds in sunlit surface waters. Halide ions (X-, X represents Cl, Br and I) are common anions in natural waters and might be oxidized by reactive species originated from photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) or inorganic photoactive species. The resulting reactive halogen species may react with organic substances with diverse bimolecular reaction rate constants, depending on the complexity and structure of organic substances. Therefore, the chemical mechanism of halogenation remains challenging to be fully elucidated. To better understand the trends in the existing data and to identify the knowledge gaps that may merit further investigation, this review gives an integrative summary on the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halogen radicals (X/X2-). Photochemical halogenation of phenolic compounds and formation of methyl halide and brominated organic pollutants are highlighted. By evaluating existing literature and identifying some uncertainties, this review emphasizes the environmental significance of sunlight-driven halogenation and proposes further research directions on mechanistic investigation and rational experimental design close to natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Dong
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenya Peng
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Romero-Martínez L, Rivas-Zaballos I, Moreno-Andrés J, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Improving the microalgae inactivating efficacy of ultraviolet ballast water treatment in combination with hydrogen peroxide or peroxymonosulfate salt. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111886. [PMID: 33310544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of ecosystem invasions with the introduction of exogenous species via ballast water, the International Maritime Organization adopted the Ballast Water Convention (BWMC). The BWMC establishes standards for the concentration of viable organisms in a ballast water discharge. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used for treating ballast water; however, regrowth after UV irradiation and other drawbacks have been reported. In this study, improvement in UV treatment with the addition of hydrogen peroxide or peroxymonosulfate salt was investigated using the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica as the target organism. Results reported that each of these reagents added in a concentration of 10 ppm reduced the concentration of initial cells by more than 96%, increased the UV inactivation rate, and enabled reaching greater level of inactivation with the treatment. These improvements imply a reduction of the UV doses required for a consistent compliance with the BWMC standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain.
| | - Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
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Meng Y, Liu T, Yu S, Cheng Y, Lu J, Yuan X, Wang H. Biomimic-Inspired and Recyclable Nanogel for Contamination Removal from Water and the Application in Treating Bleaching Effluents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b07039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Meng
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Tanglong Liu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Lu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Haisong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Sun B, Zhu X, Yan Z. Insight Into the Formation Paths of Methyl Bromide From Syringic Acid in Aqueous Bromide Solutions Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2081. [PMID: 32245114 PMCID: PMC7142905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is one of the largest natural sources of bromine in the stratosphere, where it leads to ozone depletion. This paper reported the photochemical production of CH3Br from syringic acid (SA) that has been used as an environmentally relevant model compound for terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter. The formation of CH3Br increased with the increase of bromide ion concentration ranging from 0.8 to 80 mmol L-1. Ferric ions (Fe(III)) enhanced CH3Br production, while chloride inhibited it, with or without Fe(III). Meanwhile, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) was generated in the presence of chloride and was inhibited by Fe(III). The different effects of Fe(III) on the formation of CH3Cl and CH3Br indicate their diverse formation paths. Based on the intermediates identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the confirmation of the formation of Fe(III)-SA complexes, it was proposed that there were two formation paths of CH3Br from SA in the bromide-enriched water under simulated sunlight irradiation. One path was via nucleophilic attack of Br- on the excited state protonation of SA; the other was via the combination of methyl radical and bromine radical when Fe(III) was present. This work suggests that the photochemical formation of CH3Br may act as a potential natural source of CH3Br in the bromide-enriched environmental matrix, and helps in better understanding the formation mechanism of CH3Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (T.T.); (Y.P.); (B.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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Liu H, Pu Y, Tong T, Zhu X, Sun B, Zhang X. Photochemical Generation of Methyl Chloride from Humic Aicd: Impacts of Precursor Concentration, Solution pH, Solution Salinity and Ferric Ion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020503. [PMID: 31941122 PMCID: PMC7013589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CH3Cl via photochemical processes has not been well studied. Here, we reported the production of CH3Cl from humic acid (HA) in sunlit saline water and the effects of the concentration of HA, chloride ions, ferric ions and pH were investigated. HA in aqueous chloride solutions or natural seawater were irradiated under an artificial light, and the amounts of CH3Cl were determined using a purge-and-trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CH3Cl was generated upon irradiation and its amount increased with increasing irradiation time and the light intensity. The formation of CH3Cl increased with an increase of HA concentration ranging from 2 mg L−1 to 20 mg L−1 and chloride ion concentration ranging from 0.02 mol L−1 to 0.5 mol L−1. The photochemical production of CH3Cl was pH-dependent, with the highest amount of CH3Cl generating near neutral conditions. Additionally, the generation of CH3Cl was inhibited by ferric ions. Finally, natural coastal seawater was irradiated under artificial light and the concentration of CH3Cl rose significantly. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of HA may be a source of CH3Cl in the marine environment.
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