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Jiang L, Ma X, Ciren Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Jiang G. Characterization of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in Tibetan butter and implications for local human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133117. [PMID: 38056260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were severely restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2017, a shift to the production of other chlorinated paraffin (CP) groups has occurred, particularly medium-chain (MCCPs) and long-chain CPs (LCCPs), although data on the latter are sparser in the literature. This study described the occurrence of three types of CPs in butter samples from six livestock milk sources across 15 sites in Tibet. The median levels of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were 132, 456, and 13.2 ng/g lipid, respectively. The detection rate of 97.6% suggests that LCCPs can be transmitted to humans. Thus, all CPs, regardless of their chain length and degree of chlorination, should be treated with caution. The differences in concentration were mainly caused by dynamic wet deposition and thermodynamic cold-trapping effects across the different districts. The homolog pattern of CPs varied widely across livestock species, which was attributed to the diverse impacts of the physicochemical properties of the homologs, especially the heterogeneity in the uptake and transfer of CPs across different organisms. Under three different criteria, the health risks associated with the daily intake of SCCPs should not be neglected, especially considering other intake exposure pathways and the degradation of longer-carbon-chain monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yuzhen Ciren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Amoura C, Larvor F, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Cariou R, Bichon E. Quantification of chlorinated paraffins by chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry - Part A: Influence of gas chromatography and ionisation source parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141400. [PMID: 38340993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) has become a major analytical challenge. GC-ECNI-HRMS coupling is often used to analyse and quantify them. However, the influence of certain GC and ECNI parameters on the responses of polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs), the dominant components of CPs, has hardly been studied. In this paper, we investigated not only the influence of GC column characteristics, but also oven, GC inlet and source temperatures for simultaneous analysis of PCAs with chain-length ranging from 10 up to 20 carbon atoms (PCAs-C10-20). Particular attention was paid to the absolute response and PCA homologue group pattern obtained for a CP technical mixture. The optimum conditions for a wide homologue group determination were GC inlet, final gradient and ion source temperatures set at 220-240 °C, 340 °C and 200 °C. At the same time, a higher response was obtained with the Optima 5HT column compared to Optima 1 column, and with a length and film thickness of 12.5 m and 0.25 μm, respectively. The homologue group pattern of the technical mixture studied was significantly modified as a function of the source and GC inlet temperatures, film thickness and composition of the stationary phase. Here we recommend conditions that will improve the overall PCA pattern, in order to better characterise their occurrence in future environmental monitoring and exposure assessment.
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Lin R, Xie L, Zheng X, Patience DOD, Duan X. Advances and challenges in biocathode microbial electrolysis cells for chlorinated organic compounds degradation from electroactive perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167141. [PMID: 37739072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising in-situ strategy for chlorinated organic compound (COC) pollution remediation due to its high efficiency, low energy input, and long-term potential. Reductive dechlorination as the most critical step in COC degradation which takes place primarily in the cathode chamber of MECs is a complex biochemical process driven by the behavior of electrons. However, no information is currently available on the internal mechanism of MEC in dechlorination from the perspective of the whole electron transfer procedure and its dependent electrode materials. This review addresses the underlying mechanism of MEC on the fundamental of the generation (electron donor), transmission (transfer pathway), utilization (functional microbiota) and reception (electron acceptor) of electrons in dechlorination. In addition, the vital role of varied cathode materials involved in the entire electron transfer procedure during COC dechlorination is emphasized. Subsequently, suggestions for future research, including model construction, cathode material modification, and expanding the applicability of MECs to removal gaseous COCs have been proposed. This paper enriches the mechanism of COC degradation by MEC, and thus provides the theoretical support for the scale-up bioreactors for efficient COC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dzedzemo-On Dufela Patience
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Huang X, Xu K, Lyu L, Ding C, Zhao Y, Wang X. Identification and yield of metabolites of chlorinated paraffins incubated with chicken liver microsomes: Assessment of their potential to convert into metabolites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131640. [PMID: 37201278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are emerging environmental pollutants. Although metabolism has been shown to affect the differential accumulation of short-chain (SCCPs), medium-chain (MCCPs) and long-chain (LCCPs) CPs in birds, CP metabolites have rarely been reported and the extent to which they are formed is still unclear. In this study, single and mixed CP standards were incubated with chicken liver microsomes in vitro to study the generation of CP metabolites. Putative aldehyde/ketone and carboxylic acid metabolites identified by mass spectroscopy data were shown to be false positive results. Phase I metabolism of CPs first formed monohydroxylated ([M-Cl+OH]) and then dihydroxylated ([M-2Cl+2OH]) products. The yields of monohydroxylated metabolites of CPs decreased with increasing carbon chain length and chlorine content at the initial stage of reaction. Notably, the yield of monohydroxylated metabolites of SCCPs with 51.5% Cl content reached 21%, and that of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexachlorodecane (C10H16Cl6) was as high as 71%. Thus, monohydroxy metabolites of CPs in birds should not be ignored, especially those of SCCPs. This study provides important data that could support improvements to the ecological/health risk assessment of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaihang Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chenhong Ding
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yin S, McGrath TJ, Cseresznye A, Bombeke J, Poma G, Covaci A. Assessment of silicone wristbands for monitoring personal exposure to chlorinated paraffins (C 8-36): A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115526. [PMID: 36813067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a major environmental concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. Since human exposure to CPs can significantly differ among individuals, it is essential to have an effective tool for monitoring personal exposure to CPs. In this pilot study, silicone wristbands (SWBs) were employed as a personal passive sampler to measure time-weighted average exposure to CPs. Twelve participants were asked to wear a pre-cleaned wristband for a week during the summer of 2022, and three field samplers (FSs) in different micro-environments were also deployed. The samples were then analyzed for CP homologs by LC-Q-TOFMS. In worn SWBs, the median concentrations of quantifiable CP classes were 19 ng/g wb, 110 ng/g wb, and 13 ng/g wb for ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, and ∑LCCPs (C18-20), respectively. For the first time, lipid content is reported in worn SWBs, which could be a potential impact factor in the kinetics of the accumulation process for CPs. Results showed that micro-environments were key contributors to dermal exposure to CPs, while a few outliers suggested other sources of exposure. CP exposure via dermal contact showed an increased contribution and thus poses a nonnegligible potential risk to humans in daily life. Results presented here provide proof of concept of the use of SWBs as a cheap and non-invasive personal sampler in exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yin
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jasper Bombeke
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Strehse JS, Bünning TH, Koschorreck J, Künitzer A, Maser E. Long-Term Trends for Blue Mussels from the German Environmental Specimen Bank Show First Evidence of Munition Contaminants Uptake. TOXICS 2023; 11:347. [PMID: 37112574 PMCID: PMC10142797 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Submerged munitions are present in marine waters across the globe. They contain energetic compounds (ECs), such as TNT and metabolites thereof, which are considered carcinogenic, exhibit toxic effects in marine organisms, and may affect human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ECs and their trends in blue mussels from the annual collections of the German Environmental Specimen Bank sampled over the last 30 years at three different locations along the coastline of the Baltic and North Sea. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS/MS for 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT). The first signals indicating trace levels of 1,3-DNB were observed in samples from 1999 and 2000. ECs were also found below the limit of detection (LoD) in subsequent years. From 2012 onwards, signals just above the LoD were detected. The highest signal intensities of 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT, just below the LoQ (0.14 ng/g d.w. and 0.17 ng/g d.w., respectively), were measured in 2019 and 2020. This study clearly shows that corroding submerged munitions are gradually releasing ECs into the waters that can be detected in randomly sampled blue mussels, even though the concentrations measured are still in the non-quantifiable trace range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Susanne Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
| | - Tobias Hartwig Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Anita Künitzer
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
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Wu Y, Gao S, Zeng X, Liang Y, Liu Z, He L, Yuan J, Yu Z. Levels and diverse composition profiles of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust: possible sources and potential human health related concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01524-9. [PMID: 36881246 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a group of mixtures with different carbon chain lengths and chlorine contents, are widely used as plasticizers and flame retardants in various indoor materials. CPs could be released from CP-containing materials into the ambient environment and then enter the human body via inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal absorption, resulting in potential effects on human health. In this study, we collected residential indoor dust in Wuhan, the largest city in central China, and focused on the co-occurrence and composition profiles of CPs as well as the resultant human risk via dust ingestion and dermal absorption. The results indicated that CPs with C9-40 were ubiquity in indoor dust with medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C14-17) as the main components (6.70-495 μg g-1), followed by short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10-13) (4.23-304 μg g-1) and long-chain (LCCPs, C≥18) CPs (3.68-331 μg g-1). Low levels (not detected-0.469 μg g-1) of very short-chain CPs (vSCCPs, C9) were also found in partial indoor dust. The dominant homolog groups were C9 and Cl6-7 groups for vSCCPs, C13 and Cl6-8 groups for SCCPs, C14 and Cl6-8 groups for MCCPs, and C18 and Cl8-9 groups for LCCPs. Based on the measured concentrations, vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs posed limited human health risks to local residents via dust ingestion and dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Lixiong He
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Chronic oral exposure to short chain chlorinated paraffins induced testicular toxicity by promoting NRF2-mediated oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2023; 376:1-12. [PMID: 36642205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a widespread environmental contaminant, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has attracted great attention. However, the toxicity of SCCPs on male reproductive system remains ambiguous. In this study, we treated mice with SCCPs by gavage and investigated the toxic effects of SCCPs on testis. According to the results, the sperm parameters of mice were significantly reduced after exposure to 1, 10, 100 mg/kg body mass per day SCCPs for 35 days. SCCPs resulted in disorderly arranged seminiferous epithelium and increased apoptotic cells in testes. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that the oxidative stress was induced after SCCPs exposure, and dysfunction of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor (NRF2) signaling pathway played a role in this process. Moreover, resveratrol, an NRF2 activator, could alleviate the damage of SCCPs onmale reproductive system. Our study indicated that oxidative stress is the key point for explaining the testicular toxicity caused by SCCPs, and NRF2 could be used as a potential target for clinical treatment to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by SCCPs.
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Köppe T, Jewell KS, Ehlig B, Wick A, Koschorreck J, Ternes TA. Identification and trend analysis of organic cationic contaminants via non-target screening in suspended particulate matter of the German rivers Rhine and Saar. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119304. [PMID: 36459896 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-target screening of suspended particulate matter (SPM), collected from the German rivers Rhine and Saar, was conducted with the goal of identifying organic, permanent cationic contaminants and of estimating their temporal trends over an extended period. Therefore, annual composite samples of SPM, provided by the German Environmental Specimen Bank, were extracted and analyzed with high resolution LC-QToF-MS/MS. To facilitate the identification of substances belonging to the class "permanent cations", prioritization methods were applied utilizing the physicochemical properties of these compounds. These methods include both interactions of the analyte molecules with cation exchange resins and analyzing mass deviations when changing from non-deuterated to deuterated mobile phase solvents during LC-MS analysis. By applying both methods in a combined approach, 123 of the initially detected 2695 features were prioritized, corresponding to a 95% data reduction. This led to the identification of 22 permanent cationic species. The organic dyes Basic Yellow 28 and Fluorescent Brightener 363 as well as two quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were detected in environmental samples for the first time to best of or knowledge. The other compounds include additional QACs, as well as quaternary tri-phenylphosphonium compounds (QPC/TPP). In addition to identification, we determined temporal trends of all compounds over a period of 13 years and assessed their ecotoxicological relevance based on estimated concentrations. The two QACs oleyltrimethylammonium and eicosyltrimethylammonium show significant increasing trends in the Rhine SPM and maximum concentrations in the Saar SPM of about 900 and 1400 µg/kg, respectively. In the case of the dyes, constant trends have been observed at the end of the studied period, but also maximum concentrations of 400 µg/kg for Basic Yellow 28 in 2006 and 1000 µg/kg for Fluorescent Brightener 363 in 2015, potentially indicating a strong ecotoxicological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Köppe
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Björn Ehlig
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Colditzstraße 34, 14193, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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Fliedner A, Rüdel H, Göckener B, Krehenwinkel H, Paulus M, Koschorreck J. Environmental specimen banks and the European Green Deal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158430. [PMID: 36055484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study highlights the potential of Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) for implementing the Zero Pollution Ambition and the Biodiversity Strategy of the European Green Deal. By drawing on recent monitoring studies of European ESBs, we illustrate the role ESBs already play in assessing the state of ecosystems in Europe and how they help to make developments over time visible. The studies reveal the ubiquitous presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, halogenated flame retardants, chlorinated paraffins, plasticizers, cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes, UV-filters, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics in the European environment. Temporal trends demonstrate the effectiveness of European regulations on perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, pentabrominated diphenylethers and diethylhexyl phthalate, but also point to the rise of substitutes such as non-phthalate plasticizers and short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances. Other studies are wake-up calls indicating the emergence of currently unregulated compounds such as long-chain chlorinated paraffins. Ecological studies show temporal trends in biometric parameters and stable isotope signatures that suggest long-term changes in environmental conditions. Studies on biodiversity of ecosystems using environmental DNA are still in their beginnings, but here too there is evidence of shifts in community composition that can be linked to changing environmental conditions. This review demonstrates the value of ESBs (a) for describing the status of the environment, (b) for monitoring temporal changes in environmental pollution and the ecologic condition of ecosystems and thereby (c) for supporting regulators in prioritizing their actions towards the objectives of the Green Deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
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Chen L, Mai B, Luo X. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Chlorinated Paraffins. TOXICS 2022; 10:778. [PMID: 36548610 PMCID: PMC9783579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a class of persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulated compounds, have received increasing attention for their environmental occurrence and ecological and human health risks worldwide in the past decades. Understanding the environmental behavior and fate of CPs faces a huge challenge owing to the extremely complex CP congeners. Consequently, the aims of the present study are to summarize and integrate the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of CPs, including the occurrence of CPs in biota, tissue distribution, biomagnification, and trophic transfer, and biotransformation of CPs in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in detail. Biota samples collected in China showed higher CP concentrations than other regions, which is consistent with their huge production and usage. The lipid content is the major factor that determines the physical burden of CPs in tissues or organs. Regarding the bioaccumulation of CPs and their influence factors, inconsistent results were obtained. Biotransformation is an important reason for this variable. Some CP congeners are readily biodegradable in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Hydroxylation, dechlorination, chlorine rearrangement, and carbon chain decomposition are potential biotransformation pathways for the CP congeners. Knowledge of the influence of chain length, chlorination degree, constitution, and stereochemistry on the tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation is still scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Yuan B, Haug LS, Tay JH, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Papadopoulou E, de Wit CA. Dietary Intake Contributed the Most to Chlorinated Paraffin Body Burden in a Norwegian Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17080-17089. [PMID: 36378808 PMCID: PMC9730849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining the major human exposure pathways is a prerequisite for the development of effective management strategies for environmental pollutants such as chlorinated paraffins (CPs). As a first step, the internal and external exposure to CPs were quantified for a well-defined human cohort. CPs in participants' plasma and diet samples were analyzed in the present study, and previous results on paired air, dust, and hand wipe samples were used for the total exposure assessment. Both one compartment pharmacokinetic modeling and forensic fingerprinting indicate that dietary intake contributed the most to body burden of CPs in this cohort, contributing a median of 60-88% of the total daily intakes. The contribution from dust ingestion and dermal exposure was greater for the intake of long-chain CPs (LCCPs) than short-chain CPs (SCCPs), while the contribution from inhalation was greater for the intake of SCCPs than medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and LCCPs. Significantly higher concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were observed in diets containing butter and eggs, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, other exposure sources were correlated to plasma levels of CPs, including residence construction parameters such as the construction year (p < 0.05). This human exposure to CPs is not a local case. From a global perspective, there are major knowledge gaps in biomonitoring and exposure data for CPs from regions other than China and European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-10691, Sweden
- ,
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department
for Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of
Public Health, OsloNO-0213, Norway
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department
for Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of
Public Health, OsloNO-0213, Norway
| | - Cynthia A. de Wit
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-10691, Sweden
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Wu Y, Gao S, Cui J, Zhang B, Zhu Z, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. QuEChERS-based extraction and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of long chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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