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Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Nagode A, Drobne D, Kuljanin A, Kalčíková G. Response of terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber and mealworm Tenebrio molitor to non-degradable and biodegradable fossil-based mulching film microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175379. [PMID: 39137843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural mulching films are potential sources of microplastics (MPs) in soil. As an alternative to conventional non-degradable mulching films, a variety of different biodegradable mulching films are used. However, it is not yet known whether MPs from biodegradable mulching films pose a lower risk to terrestrial invertebrates compared to MPs from conventional mulching films. In this study, the effects of MPs produced from two conventional polyethylene (PE-1 and PE-2) and two biodegradable (starch-based poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate); PBAT-BD-1, and PBAT-BD-2) fossil-based mulching films on terrestrial crustacean woodlice Porcellio scaber and mealworm Tenebrio molitor were compared. A key finding was that no clear differences in induced responses between biodegradable and conventional MPs were detected. No adverse effects on P. scaber after two weeks and on T. molitor after four weeks of exposure were observed up to 5 % (w/w dry soil) of either MP type. However, some sublethal physiological changes in metabolic rate and immune parameters were found in P. scaber after two weeks of exposure indicating a response of organisms to the presence of MP exposure in soil. In addition, it was demonstrated that both types of MPs might affect the soil water holding capacity and pH. In conclusion, we confirmed that biodegradable MPs can induce responses in organisms hence further studies testing the environmental hazard of biodegradable MPs are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Nagode
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Kuljanin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriela Kalčíková
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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van Loon S, de Jeu L, Hurley R, Kernchen S, Fenner M, van Gestel CAM. Multigenerational toxicity of microplastics derived from two types of agricultural mulching films to Folsomia candida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175097. [PMID: 39074756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Degradation and fragmentation of mulching films represents an increasing source of microplastics (MPs, plastic particles 1 μm to 5 mm in size) to agricultural soils. MPs have been shown to affect many soil invertebrates, including springtails. However, these studies typically use test materials representing less environmentally relevant particle types, such as pristine uniform MPs, which do not represent the large range of particle sizes and morphologies found in the field. This study aimed at providing insight into the adverse effects of MPs originating from agricultural mulching films, by using artificially aged MPs derived from both biodegradable (starch-polybutadiene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)) blend, as well as conventional (linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)) plastic polymers. The soil dwelling springtail Folsomia candida was exposed to these MPs for five generations in order to elucidate population effects due to possible reproduction toxicity, endocrine disruption, mutagenesis or developmental toxicity. F. candida were exposed to 0, 0.0016, 0.008, 0.04, 0.2, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 % (w/w dry soil) MPs in Lufa 2.2 soil, which includes concentrations within the range of environmental relevance. Juveniles produced at each concentration were transferred to the next generation, with the parental, F2 and F4 generations being exposed for four weeks and F1 and F3 generations for five weeks. No concentration-dependent effects on F. candida survival or reproduction were observed in exposures to either of the MPs, in any of the generations. These results suggest that the particular MPs used in this study, derived from mulching films used on agricultural soils, may not be potent toxicants to F. candida, even after long-term exposure and at elevated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam van Loon
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lotte de Jeu
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Hurley
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo 0579, Norway
| | - Sarmite Kernchen
- Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Marlon Fenner
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Jemec Kokalj A, Nagode A, Drobne D, Dolar A. Effects of agricultural microplastics in multigenerational tests with insects; mealworms Tenebrio molitor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174490. [PMID: 38969109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Mulching films, widely used in agriculture, are a large source of microplastics (MPs) to soil. However, there is little knowledge on the long-term effects of agricultural MPs on soil invertebrates. We investigated the effects of MPs from conventional non-biodegradable, fossil-based, low-density polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable fossil-based poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (starch-PBAT blend) mulching films on two generations of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. No effects of MPs (0.005 %-5 %, w/w dry food) on mealworm development and survival were observed until the end of the experiments (12 weeks for the first generation, nine weeks for the second generation), but effects on their moulting and growth were observed. These were most evident for PE MPs (5 %, w/w), where a decrease in larval growth and moulting was noted in the first generation. On the contrary, PBAT MPs (5 %, w/w) significantly induced the growth of mealworms in the second generation. In addition, there was a non-significant trend towards increased growth at all other PBAT MP exposure concentrations. Increased growth is most likely due to the biodegradation of starch PBAT MPs by mealworms. Overall, these data suggest that PE and PBAT MPs do not induce significant effects on mealworms at environmentally relevant concentrations, but rather only at very high exposure concentrations (5 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Nagode
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Huang Y, Laghrissi A, Fiutowski J, Hedegaard MAB, Duan X, Wang X, Helal M, Rubahn HG, Holbech H, Hardiman G, Xu X, Xu EG. Million Microfiber Releases: Comparing Washable and Disposable Face Masks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39255065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of single-use or disposable face masks has raised environmental concerns related to microfiber contamination. In contrast, research on the potential release and ecological impact of microfibers from washable masks (WMs), suggested as an eco-friendly alternative, is currently lacking. Here, we comprehensively investigated the release of microfibers from disposable and WMs of different types in simulated aquatic environments and real-life scenarios, including shaking, disinfection, hand washing, and machine washing. Using a combination of wide-field fluorescence microscopy, He-ion microscopy, and confocal μ-Raman spectroscopy, we revealed that disposable masks (DMs) released microfibers ranging from 18 to 3042 microfiber/piece, whereas WMs released 6.1 × 104-6.7 × 106 microfibers/piece depending on the simulated conditions above. Another noteworthy finding was the observed negative correlation between microfiber release and the proportion of reinforcement (embossing) on the DM surfaces. Microfibers from tested DMs primarily comprised polypropylene (PP), while WMs predominantly released poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and cellulose microfibers. Furthermore, acute toxicological analyses unveiled that PP microfibers (0.01-50 mg/L) from DMs impacted zebrafish larval swimming behavior, while PET microfibers from WMs delayed early-stage zebrafish hatching. This study offers new insights into the source of microfiber contamination and raises concerns about the environmental implications linked to the use of washable face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyue Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Ayoub Laghrissi
- NanoSyd, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Jacek Fiutowski
- NanoSyd, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Martin A B Hedegaard
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Mohamed Helal
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
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Šmídová K, Selonen S, van Gestel CAM, Fleissig P, Hofman J. Microplastics originated from agricultural mulching films affect enchytraeid multigeneration reproduction and soil properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135592. [PMID: 39217930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly entering agricultural soils, often from the breakdown of agricultural plastics (e.g., mulching films). This study investigates the effects of realistic MPs from different mulching films: two conventional polyethylene (PE-1 and PE-2) and two biodegradable (starch-blended polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate; PBAT-BD-1 and PBAT-BD-2). MPs were mixed into Lufa 2.2 soil at a concentration range from 0.005 % to 5 % (w/w dry soil), wide enough to reflect both realistic environmental levels and "worst-case scenarios". Effects on Enchytraeus crypticus reproduction over two generations and six important soil properties were studied. PBAT MPs notably reduced enchytraeid reproduction in the F0 generation, with a maximum decrease of 35.5 ± 9.6 % at 0.5 % concentration. F1 generation was unaffected by PBAT contamination. PE MPs had a more substantial reproductive impact, with up to a 55.3 ± 9.7 % decrease at 5 % PE-1 concentration compared to the control, showing a dose-related effect except for 1 %. Both MP types also significantly affected soil water holding capacity, pH, and total carbon. Other soil properties remained unaffected. Our results highlight the potential negative impacts of MPs originating from real agricultural plastics on soil health and raise concerns about the role of agricultural plastics in sustainable agriculture and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Šmídová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Salla Selonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petr Fleissig
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sucharitakul P, Wu WM, Zhang Y, Peng BY, Gao J, Wang L, Hou D. Exposure Pathways and Toxicity of Microplastics in Terrestrial Insects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11887-11900. [PMID: 38885123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of plastics on aquatic organisms, including those of macroplastics, microplastics, and nanoplastics, have been well established. However, knowledge on the interaction between plastics and terrestrial insects is limited. To develop effective strategies for mitigating the impact of plastic pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, it is necessary to understand the toxicity effects and influencing factors of plastic ingestion by insects. An overview of current knowledge regarding plastic ingestion by terrestrial insects is provided in this Review, and the factors influencing this interaction are identified. The pathways through which insects interact with plastics, which can lead to plastic accumulation and microplastic transfer to higher trophic levels, are also discussed using an overview and a conceptual model. The diverse impacts of plastic exposure on insects are discussed, and the challenges in existing studies, such as a limited focus on certain plastic types, are identified. Further research on standardized methods for sampling and analysis is crucial for reliable research, and long-term monitoring is essential to assess plastic trends and ecological impacts in terrestrial ecosystems. The mechanisms underlying these effects need to be uncovered, and their potential long-term consequences for insect populations and ecosystems require evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Dolar A, Petrišič T, Drobne D, Jemec Kokalj A. Response of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber to lipopolysaccharide challenge after microplastic and insecticide exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171698. [PMID: 38499105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The exposure of organisms to microplastics could compromise their ability to cope with other environmental stressors, such as infections. In this context, we investigated the effects of a 14-day exposure of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber to tire particles in soil (1.5 % w w-1 dry weight) on the organisms' response to a secondary exposure, i.e., injection of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. In addition, the insecticide chlorpyrifos (2 mg kg-1 dry weight) was tested as a positive control. The survival and immune response of P. scaber was assessed at the end of the 7- and 14-day primary exposure and two days after the secondary exposure, by analyzing selected haemolymph immune parameters (total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, and haemocyte viability). No change in survival was observed after primary exposure of P. scaber to tire particles or chlorpyrifos. However, primary exposure to chlorpyrifos triggered a strong activation of the immune response, which was not the case following exposure to the tire particles. Further injection of lipopolysaccharide into the body did not affect the survival of animals exposed to tire particles or chlorpyrifos, while a strong immunomodulatory change was observed, particularly with chlorpyrifos, and to some extent, tire particles. Based on these results, we conclude that exposure of P. scaber to tire particles or chlorpyrifos has no significant effect on the susceptibility of the organism to lipopolysaccharide in terms of their mortality, but primary exposure to an insecticide significantly modulates the immune response of the organisms to a second stressor. We discuss the "stress on stress" approach for testing low-toxic substances, such as microplastics, where an environmentally realistic exposure is followed by a secondary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tina Petrišič
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zhao X, Gao P, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Sun H, Liu C. Microplastics release from face masks: Characteristics, influential factors, and potential risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171090. [PMID: 38387585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been used popularly and disposed of improperly, leading to the generation of a large amount of microplastics. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight into the characteristics of mask-derived microplastics, the influential factors of microplastics release, and the potential risks of these microplastics to the environment and organisms. Mask-derived microplastics were predominantly transparent fibers, with a length of <1 mm. The release of microplastics from masks is mainly influenced by mask types, use habits, and weathering conditions. Under the same conditions, surgical masks release more microplastics than other types of masks. Long-term wearing of masks and the disinfection for reuse can promote the release of microplastics. Environmental media, UV irradiation, temperature, pH value, and mechanical shear can also influence the microplastics release. The risks of mask-derived microplastics to human health via inhalation cannot be neglected. Future studies should pay more attention to the release of microplastics from the masks with alternative materials and under more weathering conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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9
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Zhang W, Chai S, Duan C, Sun X, Zuo Q, Gong L. The Fate of Microplastics, Derived from Disposable Masks, in Natural Aquatic Environments. TOXICS 2024; 12:61. [PMID: 38251016 PMCID: PMC10819341 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper mainly reviews the fate of microplastics, released from used face masks, in the water environment. Through previous experiments, the amount of fiber microplastics released from used face masks into aqueous environments was not negligible, with the maximum microplastics releasing amount reaching 10,000 piece·day-1 for each mask. Microplastic derived from these masks often occurred in the shape of polymeric fibers that resulted from the breakage of the chemical bonds in the plastic fibers by the force of water flow. The potential contact forces between microplastics (originating from face masks) with other pollutants, primarily encompass hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. This critical review paper briefly illustrates the fate of microplastics derived from disposable face masks, further devising effective strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of plastic particle release from the used personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.Z.); (S.C.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Water Cycle Simulation and Environmental Protection, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Resources Conservation and Intensive Utilization in the Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Senyou Chai
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Changhui Duan
- Changzhi City Urban River Affairs Center, Changzhi 046000, China;
| | - Xueliang Sun
- China Planning Institute (Beijing) Planning and Design Co., Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Qiting Zuo
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Water Cycle Simulation and Environmental Protection, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Resources Conservation and Intensive Utilization in the Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Gong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.Z.); (S.C.)
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
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Li XP, Huang GY, Qiu SQ, Lei DQ, Wang CS, Xie L, Ying GG. Identification of Additives in Disposable Face Masks and Evaluation of Their Toxicity Using Marine Medaka ( Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:121-131. [PMID: 38118121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in huge amounts of face masks worldwide. However, there is a lack of awareness on the additives and their potential risk to aquatic ecosystems of face masks. To address this issue, the additives and their toxicity in 13 face masks (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, and polylactic acid) were determined using nontarget analysis and bioassays. A total of 826 organic additives including intermediates (14.8%), surfactants (9.3%), plasticizers (8.2%), and antioxidants (6.1%) were tentatively identified, with 213 compounds being assigned confidence levels of 1 and 2. Interestingly, polylactic acid masks contained more additives than most polypropylene or polyethylene masks. Among these additives, the concentration of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate in masks was 9.4-978.2 ng/g with a 100% detection frequency. Furthermore, 13 metals such as zinc (up to 202.0 μg/g), copper (32.5 μg/g), and chromium (up to 5.7 μg/g) were detected in the face masks. The methanol extracts of the masks showed the developmental toxicity, swimming behavior, and/or endocrine disruption in embryos/larvae of Oryzias melastigma. The findings demonstrate that face masks contain various toxic additives to marine medaka, which deserves close attention to pollution by face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Pei Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Qing Qiu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Lei
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen-Si Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Peng BY, Sun Y, Li P, Yu S, Xu Y, Chen J, Zhou X, Wu WM, Zhang Y. Biodegradation of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polylactic acid microplastics in Tenebrio molitor larvae: Physiological responses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118818. [PMID: 37633102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
It is widely understood that microplastics (MPs) can induce various biological stresses in macroinvertebrates that are incapable of biodegrading plastics. However, the biodegradation and physiological responses of plastic-degrading macroinvertebrates toward MPs of different degradability levels remain unexplored. In this study, Tenebrio molitor larvae (mealworms) were selected as a model of plastics-degrading macroinvertebrate, and were tested against three common plastics of different degradability rankings: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and polylactic acid (PLA) MPs (size <300 μm). These three MPs were biodegraded with the rate sequence of PLA > PS > PVC, resulting in a reversed order of negative physiological responses (body weight loss, decreased survival, and biomass depletion) of mealworms. Simultaneously, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation were uniformly increased as polymer degradability decreased and intermediate toxicity increased. PVC MPs exhibited higher toxicity than the other two polymers. The oxidative stresses were effectively alleviated by supplementing co-diet bran. The T. molitor larvae fed with PLA plus bran showed sustainable growth without an increase in oxidative stress. The results provide new insights into the biotoxicity of MPs on macroinvertebrates and offer comprehensive information on the physiological stress responses of plastic-degrading macroinvertebrates during the biodegradation of plastics with different degradability levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ping Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siran Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4020, United States.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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12
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Kim L, Il Kwak J, Kim SA, An YJ. Potential effects of natural aging process on the characteristics and toxicity of facial masks: A zebrafish-based study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131425. [PMID: 37084512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of facial masks has increased and is therefore being recognized as a large source of environmental microplastics. Herein, we naturally aged disposable masks in a lake for eight weeks and compared the toxicity of mask-derived microplastics depending on the aging process using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to virgin and aged mask fragments (VF and AF, respectively) for eight weeks. The aging process induced cracks on the surface of mask fragments and chemical adsorption. Both VF and AFs damaged the zebrafish's liver, gills, and intestine and adversely affected their digestive ability, and their movement-aggression was decreased. These observations highlight the consequences of indiscriminately discarding masks or AFs following consumption. In conclusion, personal protective equipment waste in the environment should be appropriately managed to prevent negative impacts on aquatic organisms and, consequently, on humans via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sang A Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, the Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, the Republic of Korea.
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13
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Oliveira AM, Patrício Silva AL, Soares AMVM, Barceló D, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Current knowledge on the presence, biodegradation, and toxicity of discarded face masks in the environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 11:109308. [PMID: 36643396 PMCID: PMC9832688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.109308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, facemasks became mandatory, with a great preference for disposable ones. However, the benefits of face masks for health safety are counteracted by the environmental burden related to their improper disposal. An unprecedented influx of disposable face masks entering the environment has been reported in the last two years of the pandemic, along with their implications in natural environments in terms of their biodegradability, released contaminants and ecotoxicological effects. This critical review addresses several aspects of the current literature regarding the (bio)degradation and (eco)toxicity of face masks related contaminants, identifying uncertainties and research needs that should be addressed in future studies. While it is indisputable that face mask contamination contributes to the already alarming plastic pollution, we are still far from determining its real environmental and ecotoxicological contribution to the issue. The paucity of studies on biodegradation and ecotoxicity of face masks and related contaminants, and the uncertainties and uncontrolled variables involved during experimental procedures, are compromising eventual comparison with conventional plastic debris. Studies on the abundance and composition of face mask-released contaminants (microplastics/fibres/ chemical compounds) under pre- and post-pandemic conditions should, therefore, be encouraged, along with (bio)degradation and ecotoxicity tests considering environmentally relevant settings. To achieve this, methodological strategies should be developed to overcome technical difficulties to quantify and characterise the smallest MPs and fibres, adsorbents, and leachates to increase the environmental relevancy of the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water research (ICRA-CERCA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101,17003 Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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An investigation into the aging of disposable face masks in landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130671. [PMCID: PMC9789546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excessive use of disposable face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, their accumulation has posed a great threat to the environment. In this study, we explored the fate of masks after being disposed in landfill. We simulated the possible process that masks would experience, including the exposure to sunlight before being covered and the contact with landfill leachate. After exposure to UV radiation, all three mask layers exhibited abrasions and fractures on the surface and became unstable with the increased UV radiation duration showed aging process. The alterations in chemical groups of masks as well as the lower mechanical strength of masks after UV weathering were detected to prove the happened aging process. Then it was found that the aging of masks in landfill leachate was further accelerated compared to these processes occurring in deionized water. Furthermore, the carbonyl index and isotacticity of the mask samples after aging for 30 days in leachate were higher than those of pristine materials, especially for those endured longer UV radiation. Similarly, the weight and tensile strength of the aged masks were also found lower than the original samples. Masks were likely to release more microparticles and high concentration of metal elements into leachate than deionized water after UV radiation and aging. After being exposed to UV radiation for 48 h, the concentration of released particles in leachate was 39.45 μL/L after 1 day and then grew to 309.45 μL/L after 30 days of aging. Seven elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb and Pb) were detected in leachate and the concentration of this metal elements increased with the longer aging time. The findings of this study can advance our understanding of the fate of disposable masks in the landfill and develop the strategy to address this challenge in waste management.
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15
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Cabrejos-Cardeña U, De-la-Torre GE, Dobaradaran S, Rangabhashiyam S. An ecotoxicological perspective of microplastics released by face masks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130273. [PMID: 36327849 PMCID: PMC9605783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated use, massive disposal, and contamination with face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic have raised new questions regarding their negative impact on the environment emerged. One major concern is whether microplastics (MPs) derived from face masks (FMPs) represent an important ecotoxicological hazard. Here, we discussed the shortcomings, loose ends, and considerations of the current literature investigating the ecotoxicological effects of FMPs on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Overall, there are multiple uncertainties regarding the true impact of FMPs at a certain concentration due to the presence of uncontrolled or unknown degradation products, such as MPs of various size ranges even nano-sized (<1 µm) and chemical additives. It is apparent that FMPs may induce endocrine-disrupting and behavioral effects in different organisms. However, the results of FMPs should be carefully interpreted, as these cannot be extrapolated at a global scale, by taking into account a number of criteria such as face mask manufacturers, providers, consumer preferences, and type of face masks. Considering these uncertainties, it is still not possible to estimate the contribution of face masks to the already existing MP issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Selvasembian Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Yin Z. The sustainable management of microplastics pollution in sediments from China: Promulgating relevant laws and implementing targeted management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159262. [PMID: 36208749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution in sediments brings a huge challenge to the sustainable development of society. China is one of the countries with the largest production and application of plastic products in the world. The sustainable management of MPs pollution in sediments from China has important implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. There is a lack of targeted management measures for the sustainable management of MPs pollution in sediments from China. In this study, 74 study areas were collected to analyze the pollution status of MPs in sediments from China. The results showed that the study on MPs pollution in sediments from China was concentrated in the Bohai Rim Economic Circle (n = 12), the Yangtze River Delta Economic Circle (n = 16) and the Pearl River Delta Economic Circle (n = 13). And the average abundance of MPs in sediments from China showed a decreasing trend from coastal to inland. Fiber had the highest centrality degree in the correlation network of MPs types. The reduction of fiber in sediments can reduce the diversity of MPs in sediments from China. Population density, economic level, urbanization level and industrial structure were significantly correlated with MPs types in sediments from China. The targeted management measures can be formulated based on the contribution of different human activities to MPs types. Managing pollution sources and cutting off transmission pathways are effective means for the targeted management of MPs in sediments. In addition, legislation can effectively restrict the application of plastic products. Promulgating relevant laws and implementing targeted management are conducive to the sustainable management of MPs pollution in sediments from China. In future studies, a big data platform for MPs pollution should be established to obtain a comprehensive understanding in the pollution status of MPs in sediments from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Yin
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China.
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