Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: A European study on 248 patients from 51 centres

Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome From Myeloproliferative Neoplasms - Management and Long-Term Results

Myeloproliferative neoplasms can cause primary Budd-Chiari-Syndrome with acute or chronic liver failure necessitating liver transplantation. However, preventing the recurrence remains challenging and the need for post-transplant anticoagulant and cytoreductive treatment is not sufficiently clear. We analyzed the treatment regimens for all patients who presented to our department with PBCS from MPN between 2004 and 2021. Eight patients underwent liver transplantation - 6 of them due to an acute liver failure. Post-transplant, all patients received anticoagulant and 7 patients cytoreductive medication. The mean survival after transplantation was 13.25 years. Liver transplantation shows favorable long-term outcome when combined with post-transplant anticoagulant and cytoreductive treatment.

Interventions in Budd-Chiari syndrome: an updated review

Budd Chiari syndrome is a potentially treatable disease, and imaging is the key to its diagnosis. Clinical presentations may vary, ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant disease. Subacute BCS is the most common type encountered in clinical practice, characterized by ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, dilated abdominal wall veins, and varicosities in the lower limb and scrotum. While hepatic vein thrombosis is the leading cause in the West, membranous and short segmental occlusion are predominant in the Asian populations. These geographical variations have an impact on the treatment algorithm in managing BCS. Anticoagulation alone often fails to prevent disease progression, demanding further interventional therapy. Interventional therapy carries a lower morbidity and mortality than surgery. Anatomical recanalization and portosystemic shunting form the basis of endovascular management. Membranous or short-segment occlusion are best treated by angioplasty, which restores the physiological venous outflow and possibly disease reversal. Suboptimal results with angioplasty require stenting. Transjugular intrahepatic shunt (TIPS) or direct IVC to portal vein shunt (DIPS) decompresses the portal pressure and reduces the sinusoidal congestion, which in turn diminishes hepatocellular damage and hepatic fibrosis. Despite its ability to modify the disease course, TIPS carries several procedure and shunt-related complications, mainly hepatic encephalopathy. Thus, anatomical recanalization precedes TIPS in the traditional step-up approach in managing BCS. However, this concept is challenged by some authors, necessitating future reseach. TIPS is a valid bridge therapy in BCS with acute live failure awaiting liver transplantation. Despite all, interventional therapies fail in a subset of BCS patients, leaving them with only option of liver transplantation.

Recent outcomes of liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: A study of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) and affiliated centers

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Management of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) has improved over the last decades. The main aim was to evaluate the contemporary post-liver transplant (post-LT) outcomes in Europe.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Data from all patients who underwent transplantation from 1976 to 2020 was obtained from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). Patients < 16 years, with secondary BCS or HCC were excluded. Patient survival (PS) and graft survival (GS) before and after 2000 were compared. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified predictors of PS and GS after 2000. Supplemental data was requested from all ELTR-affiliated centers and received from 44. In all, 808 patients underwent transplantation between 2000 and 2020. One-, 5- and 10-year PS was 84%, 77%, and 68%, and GS was 79%, 70%, and 62%, respectively. Both significantly improved compared to outcomes before 2000 ( p < 0.001). Median follow-up was 50 months and retransplantation rate was 12%. Recipient age (aHR:1.04,95%CI:1.02-1.06) and MELD score (aHR:1.04,95%CI:1.01-1.06), especially above 30, were associated with worse PS, while male sex had better outcomes (aHR:0.63,95%CI:0.41-0.96). Donor age was associated with worse PS (aHR:1.01,95%CI:1.00-1.03) and GS (aHR:1.02,95%CI:1.01-1.03). In 353 patients (44%) with supplemental data, 33% had myeloproliferative neoplasm, 20% underwent TIPS pre-LT, and 85% used anticoagulation post-LT. Post-LT anticoagulation was associated with improved PS (aHR:0.29,95%CI:0.16-0.54) and GS (aHR:0.48,95%CI:0.29-0.81). Hepatic artery thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) occurred in 9% and 7%, while recurrent BCS was rare (3%).

CONCLUSIONS

LT for BCS results in excellent patient- and graft-survival. Older recipient or donor age and higher MELD are associated with poorer outcomes, while long-term anticoagulation improves both patient and graft outcomes.

[Splanchnic vein thrombosis]

Splanchnic vein thrombosis includes Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis. These diseases share common features: (i) they are rare diseases and (ii) they can lead to portal hypertension and its complications. Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis in the absence of underlying liver disease share many risk factors, the most common being myeloproliferative neoplasms. A rapid and comprehensive workup for thrombosis risk factors is necessary in these patients. Long-term anticoagulation is indicated in most patients. Portal vein thrombosis can also develop in patients with cirrhosis, and is associated with a worse course of cirrhosis. Indications for anticoagulation in patients with cirrhosis are increasing. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is a second-line procedure in this setting. Because of the rarity of these diseases, high-level evidence studies are rare. However, collaborative studies have provided a better understanding of their natural history and allowed to improve the management of these patients. This review focuses on the causes, diagnosis, and management of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, patients with portal vein thrombosis without underlying liver disease, and patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis.

Budd-Chiari syndrome in children: Challenges and outcome

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon disease of the liver, characterised by obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow tract. The etiological spectrum of BCS as well as venous obstruction pattern show wide geographical and demographic variations across the globe. Compared to adults with BCS, children have primary BCS as the predominant etiology, earlier clinical presentation, and hence better treatment outcome. Underlying prothrombotic conditions play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of BCS, though work-up for the same is often unyielding in children. Use of next-generation sequencing in addition to conventional tests for thrombophilia leads to better diagnostic yield. In recent years, advances in radiological endovascular intervention techniques have revolutionized the treatment and outcome of BCS. Various non-invasive markers of fibrosis like liver and splenic stiffness measurement are being increasingly used to assess treatment response. Elastography techniques provide a novel non-invasive tool for measuring liver and splenic stiffness. This article reviews the diagnostic and therapeutic advances and challenges in children with BCS.

Liver Transplantation: Contraindication and Ineligibility

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving therapeutic modality for patients with various advanced liver diseases. It is crucial to identify that the patient's illness is sufficiently advanced and unlikely to improve with medical management to justify the need for transplantation. At the same time, it is crucial to identify patients with comorbidities and far advanced disease that would result in an unacceptable outcome after LT. Specific care also is required before deciding on LT in the elderly, acute on chronic liver disease, patients with comorbidities, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation needs to be timed appropriately to avoid unnecessary LT and ensure that the decision is not left too late to avoid losing the patient without a transplant. Also, important is the decision as to when not to transplant. The current review explores some of these issues of contraindications and ineligibility for LT.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome-A Single Center Experience From the United Kingdom

Pediatric Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare cause of portal hypertension and liver disease in Europe and North America. In order to understand the long-term effect of radiological intervention on BCS we performed a single center retrospective review. Fourteen cases were identified; 6 of 14 (43%) had a congenital thrombophilia with many having multiple prothrombotic mutations. Two were managed with medical anticoagulation alone and two required super-urgent transplant for acute liver failure. The remaining 10 of 14 (71%) underwent radiological intervention: 1 of 14 thrombolysis, 5 of 14 angioplasty, and 4 of 14 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Six of 14 (43%) patients required repeat radiological intervention (1 angioplasty, 5 TIPS) but none required surgical shunts or liver transplantation for chronic liver disease. The time between diagnosis and treatment did not predict the need for repeat radiological intervention. These data show that radiological intervention can be highly effective, and reduces the need for surgery, though it requires specialist multidisciplinary teams for monitoring.

Histopathology of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

The histopathological changes in Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) overlap with those of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) and of cardiac or pericardiac disorders resulting in right cardiac failure. These conditions, however, are different on both clinical and pathological grounds and need to be differentiated from BCS. This review is centred on the three main aspects of BCS in diagnostic liver histopathology: (1) general histopathology of BCS; (2) implications for liver biopsy interpretation; and (3) BCS in the liver allograft. The histological features of BCS form a complex spectrum which is shaped differently in each individual case according to the topographical distribution and chronological evolution of the obliterative insult, its upstream effect of the hepatic vascularisation and the consequent parenchymal injury, scarring and remodelling. Sampling variation limits the use of liver biopsy for prognostication in patients with BCS.

Acute Liver Failure Guidelines

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare, acute, potentially reversible condition resulting in severe liver impairment and rapid clinical deterioration in patients without preexisting liver disease. Due to the rarity of this condition, published studies are limited by the use of retrospective or prospective cohorts and lack of randomized controlled trials. Current guidelines represent the suggested approach to the identification, treatment, and management of ALF and represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. The scientific evidence was reviewed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation process to develop recommendations. When no robust evidence was available, expert opinions were summarized using Key Concepts. Considering the variety of clinical presentations of ALF, individualization of care should be applied in specific clinical scenarios.

Interventional Treatment of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Medical treatment is regarded as the primary course of action in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Its efficacy, however, is limited, and most patients require interventional treatment during follow-up. Short-segment stenosis or the occlusion (the so-called web) of hepatic veins or the inferior vena cava are frequent in Asian countries. An angioplasty with or without stent implantation is the treatment of choice to restore hepatic and splanchnic blood flow. The long-segment thrombotic occlusion of hepatic veins, common in Western countries, is more severe and may require a portocaval shunting procedure to relieve hepatic and splanchnic congestion. Since it was first proposed in a publication in 1993, the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has gained more and more attention, and in fact it has been so successful that previously utilized surgical shunts are only used for few patients for whom it does not work. Both interventional treatment options can be performed successfully in about 95% of patients even after the complete obliteration of the hepatic veins. The long-term patency of the TIPS, a considerable problem in its early years, has been improved with PTFE-covered stents. The complication rates of these interventions are low and the survival rate is excellent with five- and ten-year survival rates of 90% and 80%, respectively. Present treatment guidelines recommend a step-up approach indicating interventional treatment after the failure of medical treatment. However, this widely accepted algorithm has several points of contention, and early interventional treatment is proposed instead.

Budd-Chiari syndrome in myeloproliferative neoplasms: A review of literature

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are defined as clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an exaggerated production of terminally differentiated myeloid cells occurs. Classical, Philadelphia-negative MPNs, i.e., polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, exhibit a propensity towards the development of thrombotic complications that can occur in unusual sites, e.g., portal, splanchnic or hepatic veins, the placenta or cerebral sinuses. The pathogenesis of thrombotic events in MPNs is complex and requires an intricate mechanism involving endothelial injury, stasis, elevated leukocyte adhesion, integrins, neutrophil extracellular traps, somatic mutations (e.g., the V617F point mutation in the JAK2 gene), microparticles, circulating endothelial cells, and other factors, to name a few. Herein, we review the available data on Budd-Chiari syndrome in Philadelphia-negative MPNs, with a particular focus on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, risk factors, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Vascular liver diseases: A sex-oriented analysis of the literature

Vascular liver diseases are an heterogenous group of diseases that collectively represent an important health issue in the field of liver diseases. This narrative review was elaborated by the Special Interest Group (SIG) "Gender in Hepatology" of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF). We aimed to review the current knowledge regarding the potential role of biological sex in patients with vascular liver diseases such as splanchnic vein thrombosis, hepatic vein thrombosis, porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. As vascular liver diseases commonly affect young individuals, including women in childbearing age, we also included a specific section on the management of pregnancy in these challenging patients.

Establishment and validation of a prediction model for the first recurrence of Budd-Chiari syndrome after endovascular treatment: a large sample size, single-center retrospective study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the independent risk factors for the first recurrence after endovascular management in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), and to establish a prediction model for predicting recurrence in target patients.

METHODS

BCS patients who underwent endovascular treatment in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively examined, with their clinical, laboratory test, and imaging data collected and analyzed. Independent risk factors for recurrence were identified, and a prediction model was established and validated.

RESULTS

A total of 450 patients met the filtering criteria, and 102 recurred during the follow-up. The median follow-up time was 87 months, ranging from 1 to 137 months. The 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year cumulative recurrence rate was 9.11% (6.41-11.73%), 17.35% (13.77-20.78%), 20.10% (16.30-23.72%), and 23.06% (18.86-27.04%), respectively. Liver cirrhosis, ascites, thrombosis, and all the main intrahepatic drainage veins obstructed (obstructed HV + AHV) are independent risk factors, while age is an independent protective factor. The prediction model was named MRBET. Based on the model, the risk score of each patient equals (-0.385981 * Age/10) + (0.0404184 * PT) + (0.0943423 * CRE/10) + (0.0157053 * LDH/10) + (0.592179 * LC) + (0.896034 * Ascites) + (0.691346 * Thrombosis) + (0.886741 * obstructed HV + AHV), and those in the high-risk group (risk score ≥ 1.57) were more likely to recur than those in the low-risk group (HR = 6.911, p < 0.001). The MRBET model is also available as a web tool at https://mrbet.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp .

CONCLUSION

Liver cirrhosis, ascites, thrombosis, and obstructed HV + AHV are independent risk factors for the first recurrence; age is an independent protective factor. The prediction model can effectively and conveniently predict the risk of recurrence and screen out patients at a high recurrence risk.

Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome in the MELD Era

To evaluate clinical characteristics and factors associated with survival among liver transplantation (LT) recipients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), with or without transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), in the post-Model for End-stage Liver Disease era.

METHODS

We extracted data from the United Network for Organ Sharing database on all adult (≥18 y old) waitlisted candidates and recipients of LT with BCS in the United States between 2002 and 2019. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine predictors of mortality and hazard ratios (HRs).

RESULTS

A total of 647 BCS patients were waitlisted between 2002 and 2019. BCS was an indication for LT in 378 (0.2%) of all adult LT recipients during the study period. Of BCS patients who received LT, approximately three-fourths (72.3%) were alive for up to 10 y. We found no significant difference in LT outcomes in BCS patients with or without TIPS. Longer length of hospital stay following LT (HR, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.47), Black/African American race (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.38-3.64), diabetes (HR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.62-6.21), donor risk index (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05-1.99), and lower albumin levels at the time of transplantation (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50-0.88) were negatively associated with survival after LT. Interestingly, neither the Model for End-stage Liver Disease nor prior TIPS showed a significant association with survival after LT.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings demonstrate good comparable survival among TIPS versus no TIPS in LT recipients with BCS. The decision for TIPS versus LT should be individualized on a case-by-case basis.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome Management: Controversies and Open Issues

Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is due to thrombosis of hepatic veins (HVs), inferior vena cava (IVC) or both, leading to impaired hepatic venous outflow [...].

Case of Budd-Chiari syndrome, an enigma as abdominal tuberculosis in a tubercular endemic country: A case report

Introduction and importance

Bud-Chiari syndrome is an uncommon disease due to obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic cases to those requiring liver transplants. The study highlights the importance of diagnosing a case of Budd-Chiari syndrome which has been suspected with abdominal tuberculosis where anti-tubercular drugs may themselves damage the liver.

Case presentation

Herein we report a case of 18 years old female presenting with upper abdominal pain along with recurrent abdominal distention, jaundice, and deranged liver function. Also, adenosine deaminase level was raised in both pleural and peritoneal fluids, hence, anti-tubercular treatment was started but could not be continued as she developed adverse reactions to these drugs. CT scan later revealed features suggestive of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Initially, she was managed with balloon angioplasty, but her condition worsened ultimately requiring a liver transplant.

Clinical discussion

Budd Chiari syndrome can present with subtle presentation and since abdominal tuberculosis is very non-specific, the two conditions can be very confusing, particularly in the tubercular endemic region. Detailed clinical assessment along with proper investigations and imaging should be performed for early recognition as both conditions are associated with high morbidity and mortality if not treated timely.

Conclusion

The necessity of careful investigation and consideration of Budd-Chiari syndrome as an important cause of ascites with jaundice and deranged liver function in TB endemic regions along with early anticipation of liver transplant is necessary, as in this case.

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Budd-Chiari syndrome is an uncommon disease due to obstruction of hepatic venous outflow.

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Associated ascites and pleural effusion in a tuberculosis endemic condition can be confused with tuberculosis.

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Liver transplant can be ultimately required at later stage.

Evaluation of outcome from endovascular therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This study was performed to evaluate the outcome of endovascular intervention therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and compare recanalization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)/direct intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (DIPS), and combined procedure treatment. For the meta-analysis, 71 studies were identified by searching four databases. The individual studies’ samples were used to calculate a confidence interval (CI 95%), and data were pooled using a fixed-effect model and random effect model. The pooled measure and an equal-weighted average rate were calculated in all participant studies. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed with I², and T² tests, and publication bias was estimated using Egger’s regression test. A total of 4,407 BCS patients had undergone an endovascular intervention procedure. The pooled results were 98.9% (95% CI 97.8‒98.9%) for a technical success operation, and 96.9% (95% CI 94.9‒98.9%) for a clinical success operation. The re-intervention rate after the initial intervention procedure was 18.9% (95% CI 14.7‒22.9%), and the survival rates at 1 and 5 years after the initial intervention procedure were 98.9% (95% CI 96.8‒98.9%) and 94.9% (95% CI 92.9‒96.9%), respectively. Patients receiving recanalization treatment (98%) had a better prognosis than those with a combined procedure (95.6%) and TIPS/DIPS treatment (94.5%). The systematic review and meta-analysis further solidify the role of endovascular intervention treatment in BCS as safe and effective. It maintains high technical and clinical success and long-term survival rates. The recanalization treatment had a better prognosis and outcome than the combined procedures and TIPS/DIPS treatment.

Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

INTRODUCTION

There are unique technical and management challenges associated with living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS). The outcomes of LDLT for BCS in comparison to other indications remain unclear and warrant elucidation.

METHODS

Data of 24 BCS patients who underwent LDLT between January 2012 and June 2019 were analyzed. There were 20 adults and 4 children. The early and long-term outcomes of adult LDLT BCS patients were compared to a control group of LDLT patients for other indications and matched using propensity scoring methodology.

RESULTS

Primary BCS was observed in 18 (90%) patients. Caval replacement was performed in 7 (35%) patients. Early and late hepatic venous outflow tract (HVOT) complications were seen in 1 (5%) and 3 (15%) patients. Preoperative acute kidney injury was identified as a risk factor for mortality in the BCS cohort (p = 0.013). On comparison, BCS recipients were younger with fewer comorbidities, more large volume ascites and higher rates of PVT. They also had longer cold ischemia time, increased blood loss and transfusion requirements, increased hospital stay, and higher late outflow complications. The 1-year and 3-year survivals were similar to non-BCS cohort (84.2% vs. 94% and 71.3% vs. 91.9%, respectively, log rank test p = 0.09).

CONCLUSION

LDLT is a good option for symptomatic BCS who have failed non-transplant interventions. The clinical and risk factor profile of BCS recipients is distinct from non-BCS recipients. By following an algorithmic management protocol, we show on propensity-score matched analysis that outcomes of LDLT for BCS are similar to non-BCS indications.

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Observations from a 30-Year Liver Transplant Program

Background and objectives Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) refers to a complete thrombotic obstruction of the venous hepatic outflow tract due to various etiologies and constitutes a rare indication for ortothopic liver transplantation (LT). Few studies investigated long-term outcomes after LT for BCS. The aim of this study was to examine potential risk factors for late mortality and to evaluate long-term outcomes after LT for BCS. Materials and methods: 46 patients received an LT for BCS between 1989 and 2019 at the transplant center of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. We analyzed potential effects of disease etiology, vascular events, rejection, and immunosuppression on long-term survival after transplantation using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox logistic regression. Results: Of the 46 patients, 70% were female and 30% were male. Median age at the time of transplantation was 36 years. A total of 41 vascular events, including 26 thrombotic and 17 hemorrhagic incidents, occurred. The 1 year, the 5 year, the 10 year, and the 20 year survival rates were 87%, 83%, 76%, and 60%, respectively. By comparison, survival rates of the liver transplant cohort across all other indications at our center were slightly inferior with 85%, 75%, 65%, and 46%, respectively. In the study population, patients with myeloproliferative disorders showed worse outcomes compared to patients with other causes of BCS. Conclusion: Liver transplantation for BCS showed excellent results, even superior to those for other indications. Vascular events (i.e., thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications) did not have any prognostic value for overall mortality. Patients with myeloproliferative disorders seem to have a disadvantage in survival.

Mortality and health care burden of Budd Chiari syndrome in the United States: A nationwide analysis (1998-2017)

BACKGROUND

The Budd Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare and potentially fatal disease, but there is a paucity of data on the in- hospital mortality as well its economic burden on the health care system.

AIM

To evaluate trends in mortality, length of hospital stays and resource utilization among inpatients with BCS.

METHODS

Data on all adult patients with a diagnosis of BCS were extracted from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1998 to 2017. To make inferences regarding the national estimates for the total number of BCS discharges across the study period, sample weights were applied to each admission per recommendations from the NIS.

RESULTS

During the study period, there were 3591 (8.73%) in-patient deaths. The overall in-hospital mortality rates among BCS patients decreased from 18% in 1998 to 8% in 2017; the mortality decreased by 4.41% (P < 0.0001) every year. On multivariate analysis, older age, higher comorbidity score, acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory failure, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, inferior vena cava thrombosis, intestinal infarct, sepsis/septic shock and cancer were associated increased risk of mortality. The average of length of stay was 8.8 d and it consistently decreased by 2.04% (95%CI: -2.67%, -1.41%, P < 0.001) from 12.7 d in 1998 to 7.6 d in 2017.The average total charges after adjusted for Medical Care Consumers Price Index to 2017 dollars during the time period was $94440 and the annual percentage change increased by 1.15% (95%CI: 0.35%, 1.96%, P = 0.005) from $95515 in 1998 to $103850 in 2017.

CONCLUSION

The in-hospital mortality rate for patients admitted with BCS in the United States has reduced between 1998 and 2017 and this may a reflection of better management of these patients.

Post liver transplant complications of Budd-Chiari syndrome

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare, life-threatening disease characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Liver transplantation (LT) is widely accepted as an effective therapeutic measure for irreversible liver failure due to BCS. There is debate on differences in the post LT course and complications in patients with BCS as compared to non-Budd-Chiari (NBC) patients.

METHOD

In this retrospective study, data on all patients who received a liver transplant for BCS at the Shiraz Organ Transplantation Center between January 1996 and September 2017 were reviewed and compared to data of a control group who had received liver transplants over the same period but due to other causes (NBC).

RESULTS

Out of 4225 patients who received liver transplants in the study period, 108 had BCS and an age- and gender-matched control group consisted of 108 NBC cases. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores were 19.1 ± 3 and 20 ± 3 for BCS and NBC groups, respectively (p = 0.33). One-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates in the BCS group were as follows: 82%, 78%, 76%, and 76% compared with the NBC rates of 83%, 83%, 83%, and 76%, respectively (p = 0.556). There was no difference between the two groups in complication rates after 6 months. In the later period, vascular thrombosis was more common in BCS.

CONCLUSIONS

Whole-organ LT from deceased donors in patients with BCS had comparable outcomes with LT due to other causes of end-stage liver disease. In most instances, these patients should receive lifelong anticoagulation.

Budd-Chiari syndrome: consensus guidance of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL)

Budd Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a diverse disease with regard to the site of obstruction, the predisposing thrombophilic disorders and clinical presentation across the Asia-Pacific region. The hepatic vein ostial stenosis and short segment thrombosis are common in some parts of Asia-Pacific region, while membranous obstruction of the vena cava is common in some and complete thrombosis of hepatic veins in others. Prevalence of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other thrombophilic disorders in BCS varies from region to region and with different sites of obstruction. This heterogeneity also raises several issues and dilemmas in evaluation and approach to management of a patient with BCS. The opportunity to recanalize hepatic vein in patients with hepatic vein ostial stenosis or inferior vena cava stenting or pasty among those membranous obstruction of the vena cava is a unique opportunity in the Asia-Pacific region to restore hepatic outflow closely mimicking physiology. In order to address these issues arising out of the diversity as well as the unique features in the region, the Asia Pacific Association for Study of Liver has formulated these guidelines for clinicians.

An Update on the Management of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon condition, caused by obstruction to hepatic venous outflow. It is largely underdiagnosed, and a high index of suspicion is required for any patient with unexplained portal hypertension. The understanding of its etiology and pathology is improving with advances in diagnostic techniques. Recent studies reported an identifiable etiology in > 80% of cases. Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is the most common etiology, and genetic studies help in diagnosing latent MPN. Better cross-sectional imaging helps delineate the site of obstruction accurately. The majority of BCS patients are now treated by endovascular intervention and anticoagulation which have improved survival in this disease. Angioplasty of hepatic veins/inferior vena cava remains under-utilized at present. While surgical porto-systemic shunts are no longer done for BCS, liver transplantation is reserved for select indications. Some of the unresolved issues in the current management of BCS are also discussed in this review.

Liver transplantation for rare liver diseases and rare indications for liver transplant

Liver transplantation (LT) is currently considered the gold standard treatment for end-stage liver failure. Compared to the first decades of its use, LT is associated with lower comorbidity and mortality, with a 5-year survival over 70%. Worldwide, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma represent the major indications to LT. However, almost 1% of LT is performed for rare diseases or rare indications, which include non-hepatocellular malignancy, vascular disorders, metabolic and congenital liver disorders. These diseases can lead to hepatocellular necrosis, biliary tree abnormality and/or hepatomegaly. Most of these diseases are not associated with liver failure but in highly selected patients, LT represent an effective therapy improving the overall survival and quality of life. Rare indications for LT often overlap with rare diseases. However, rare LT indications for non-rare diseases are rising in the last decades, especially for benign primary liver tumor, colon rectal liver metastasis, neuroendocrine liver metastasis, and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Non-rare diseases with rare indication for LT and rare adult disease with an indication for LT are categorized and discussed in detail, focusing on some disorders for which the literature provides a more definitive evidence base. Early referral to a transplant center is encouraged to provide an effective therapeutic option in these non-standard indications for LT.

Living Donor Liver Transplant in Patients With Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Single-Center Experience at Our University Hospital

OBJECTIVES

Budd-Chiari syndrome is an infrequent, but potentially fatal, hepatic condition with the clinical manifestation of obstructed venous drainage. This may lead to progressive hepatic congestion, portal hypertension, and, ultimately, liver failure. If medical, interventional, and surgical approaches are not effective, liver transplant offers a rescue modality. The primary objective of this study was to report the perioperative and, above all, the vascular challenges associated with living donor liver transplant in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed demographic and clinical characteristics of 6 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome who underwent living donor liver transplant at our transplant center from April 2004 to July 2020. We also evaluated all data regarding perioperative course, surgical outcome, and the postoperative follow-up period.

RESULTS

All patients displayed advanced liver disease with a Child-Pugh score C. The mean calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was 32. The causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome were factor V Leiden thrombophilia in 1 patient, myeloproliferative disorder in 3 patients, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in 1 patient, and a protein C deficiency in 1 patient. The mean age of patients was 40 years. One of the 6 patients was female. All patients had living donor liver transplant from immediate kin according to Jordanian allocation rules. The mean graft-to-recipient weight ratio was 0.9, and the median follow-up period was 89 months. Cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5-year-survival rates were 84%, 67%, and 67%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Good survival rates are achievable with living donor liver transplant for patients with advanced Budd-Chiari syndrome, particularly by means of posterior cavoplasty for enlargement of the cava orifice. Therefore, in countries with insufficient deceased donor programs, such as Jordan, living donor liver transplant may be a lifesaving therapeutic possibility.

Venous thrombosis of the liver: current and emerging concepts in management

Venous thrombosis within the hepatic vasculature is associated with a distinct array of risk factors, characteristics, and potential complication. As such, it entails unique management considerations and strategies relative to the more common categories of venous thromboembolic disease. Although broadly divided into thrombosis of the afferent vasculature (the portal venous system) and efferent vasculature (the hepatic venous system), presentations and management strategies within these groupings are heterogeneous. Management decisions are influenced by a variety of factors including the chronicity, extent, and etiology of thrombosis. In this review we examine both portal vein thrombosis and hepatic vein thrombosis (and the associated Budd-Chiari Syndrome). We consider those factors which most impact presentation and most influence treatment. In so doing, we see how the particulars of specific cases introduce nuance into clinical decisions. At the same time we attempt to organize our understanding of such cases to help facilitate a more systematic approach. Critically, we must recognize that although increasing evidence is emerging to help guide our management strategies, the available data remain limited and largely retrospective. Indeed, current paradigms are based largely on observational experiences and expert consensus. As new and more rigorous studies emerge, treatment strategies are likely to be continually refined, and paradigm shifts are sure to occur.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for Budd-Chiari syndrome: A comprehensive review

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a relatively rare clinical condition with a wide range of symptomatology, caused by the obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow. If left untreated, it has got an high mortality rate. Its management is based on a step-wise approach, depending on the clinical presentation, and includes different treatment from anticoagulation therapy up to Interventional Radiology techniques, such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). TIPS is today considered a safe and highly effective treatment and should be recommended for BCS patients, including those awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. In this review the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment options of BCS are presented, with a special focus on published data regarding the techniques and outcomes of TIPS for the treatment of BCS. Moreover, unresolved issues and future research will be discussed.

What did the European Liver Transplant Registry bring to liver transplantation?

Since its foundation in 1985, the European Liver Transplant Registry has evolved to become an important tool to monitor the liver transplantation activity in Europe. The vast amount of data collected on 169 473 liver transplantations performed in 153 238 recipients has also resulted in scientific publications. Without doubt, several of these have influenced the daily practice of liver transplantation. This paper gives an overview of the development, the functioning, and the scientific activity of the European Liver Transplant Registry during more than three decades. Indeed, it can be said that the registry helped to advance the practice of liver transplantation not only in Europe but also worldwide.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome: An Uncommon Cause of Chronic Liver Disease that Cannot Be Missed

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), or hepatic venous outflow obstruction, is a rare cause of liver disease that should not be missed. Variable clinical presentation among patients with BCS necessitates a high index of suspicion to avoid missing this life-threatening diagnosis. BCS is characterized as primary or secondary, depending on etiology of venous obstruction. Most patients with primary BCS have several contributing risk factors leading to a prothrombotic state. A multidisciplinary stepwise approach is integral in treating BCS. Lifelong anticoagulation is recommended. Long-term monitoring of patients for development of cirrhosis, complications of portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, and progression of underlying diseases is important.

Is There Still a Role for Surgical Shunts in the Treatment of Budd-Chiari Syndrome? A 25-Year Experience

PURPOSE

To investigate the long-term results of shunt surgery in the treatment of Budd-Chiari Syndrome.

METHODS

Medical records of patients treated with Budd-Chiari Syndrome between 1993 and 2006 were reviewed.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven patients (26 female, 11 male) were identified, with a median age of 30 years (range 14-51). Median duration of symptoms was 3 months (range 1 month to 10 years). Twenty-five patients, all in acute or subacute stages of disease, were treated surgically. Constructed shunts were mesoatrial in 17, portocaval in five (one was converted from a failed portorenal shunt) and mesocaval in three. Median portal pressure decreased from 44 cm H₂O (range 31-55) to 20 cm H₂O (range 5-27). Seven patients (28%) died in the perioperative period. Eighteen patients (72%) were followed up for a median of 186 months (24-241 months). Seven patients died during follow-up, five due to reasons related to the underlying cause and treatment. Remaining 11 patients (61%) were alive at a median of 18 years (13-25 years) with patent shunts. One-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates in patients undergoing shunt surgery were 78%, 72%, and 66%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Portosystemic shunts may still be considered when expertise for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation is not available.

Percutaneous stenting of left hepatic vein followed by Ex vivo Liver Resection and Autotransplantation in a patient with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with Budd-Chiari syndrome

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A metal mesh stent was placed in the left hepatic vein of a 45-year-old man who presented with Budd-Chiari syndrome in stage 1.

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After disappearance of ascites and improvement in liver function, ELRA was performed in stage 2.

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Follow-up examination at 6 months showed normal liver function and no evidence of recurrence.

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In selected patients with Budd-Chiari syndreme, percutaneous stenting followed by ELRA represent an curative treatment option.

Background and aims

Infiltration of hepatic venous outflow in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis can lead to development of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Medical treatment of this condition is generally unsatisfactory. Radical hepatic resection is impossible for extensive parasitic involvement of liver. This is a case report on a patient who was successfully treated with percutaneous stenting of left hepatic vein followed by Ex vivo Liver Resection and Autotransplantation (ELRA).

Methods

Using the transjugular approach, a metal mesh stent was placed in the left hepatic vein of a 45-year-old man who presented with Budd-Chiari syndrome. After disappearance of ascites and improvement in liver function, Ex vivo Liver Resection and Autotransplantation were performed.

Results

The patient underwent left hepatic vein stenting for Budd-Chiari syndrome without complication. Three months later, liver biopsy showed fibrous proliferation of interlobular portal areas and normal hepatic lobules. After successful Ex vivo Liver Resection and Autotransplantation, follow-up examination at 6 months showed normal liver function and no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusions

Allotransplantation is an accepted treatment for advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, shortage of organ donors and need for immunosuppression are challenging problems. In selected patients with hepatic vein stenoses presenting as Budd-Chiari syndreme, percutaneous stenting of hepatic veins followed by ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation represent an alternative curative treatment option.

ACG Clinical Guideline: Disorders of the Hepatic and Mesenteric Circulation

Disorders of the mesenteric, portal, and hepatic veins and mesenteric and hepatic arteries have important clinical consequences and may lead to acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, noncirrhotic portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although literature in the field of vascular liver disorders is scant, these disorders are common in clinical practice, and general practitioners, gastroenterologists, and hepatologists may benefit from expert guidance and recommendations for management of these conditions. These guidelines represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. Key concept statements based on author expert opinion and review of literature and specific recommendations based on PICO/GRADE analysis have been developed to aid in the management of vascular liver disorders. These recommendations and guidelines should be tailored to individual patients and circumstances in routine clinical practice.

Budd-Chiari Syndrome Associated With Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Treated by Deceased-Donor Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is very rare, and only a few reports have described its treatment. Furthermore, no report to date has described the performance of liver transplantation for the treatment of BCS associated with HES. We herein describe a 54-year-old man who underwent deceased-donor liver transplantation (DDLT) for treatment of BCS associated with HES.

CASE

A 54-year-old man was found to have an increased eosinophil count during a medical check-up. After exclusion of hematopoietic neoplastic diseases and secondary eosinophilia, idiopathic hypereosinophilia was diagnosed. Oral prednisolone was administered to the patient, and his eosinophil count immediately decreased to a normal level. He had an uneventful course without complications for 11 months but then presented with bloating and malaise. Imaging studies including ultrasonography, enhanced computed tomography, and angiography revealed BCS associated with HES. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt failed because of complete obstruction of the hepatic veins. Therefore, the patient was introduced to our hospital for liver transplantation. DDLT was performed with venovenous bypass 1 month after the patient was placed on the DDLT waiting list. The explanted hepatic veins were completely occluded and organized. The patient's eosinophil count was maintained at a normal level with prednisolone treatment after DDLT.

CONCLUSIONS

Liver transplantation can be a treatment option for BCS associated with HES if neoplastic diseases and secondary eosinophilia have been excluded. Life-long oral steroid therapy is required to control HES even after liver transplantation.

Current knowledge in pathophysiology and management of Budd-Chiari syndrome and non-cirrhotic non-tumoral splanchnic vein thrombosis

Budd-Chiari syndrome and non-cirrhotic non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis are 2 rare disorders, with several similarities that are categorized under the term splanchnic vein thrombosis. Both disorders are frequently associated with an underlying prothrombotic disorder. They can cause severe portal hypertension and usually affect young patients, negatively influencing life expectancy when the diagnosis and treatment are not performed at an early stage. Yet, they have specific features that require individual consideration. The current review will focus on the available knowledge on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of both entities.

Single-Center Retrospective Study of Clinical and Laboratory Features That Predict Survival of Patients With Budd-Chiari Syndrome After Liver Transplant

OBJECTIVES

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare but critical condition that can progress to liver failure and death. For severe cases, orthotopic liver transplant remains the only curative option. The present study aimed to identify predictive parameters to assess outcomes of liver transplant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Medical records of 33 individuals with Budd-Chiari syndrome who received orthotopic liver transplant were retrospectively assessed. Twenty-seven eligible patients were identified and grouped by outcome (survived/deceased) after transplant for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Demographic, clinical, and serum parameters taken at the time of Budd-Chiari syndrome diagnosis were evaluated for prognostic value.

RESULTS

Differences between patients who survived and those who died were found for nausea/vomiting (P < .01) and splenomegaly (P < .01), which were both more common in patients who died after transplant. In addition, patients in the deceased group exhibited significantly lower serum cholinesterase levels (P < .01) and higher alkaline phosphatase levels (P < .01). Scoring systems to assess liver status or Budd-Chiari syndrome severity (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and Child-Pugh scores, Rotterdam score, and the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting prognostic index) did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Nausea/vomiting, splenomegaly, low serum cholinesterase, and high alkaline phosphatase were associated with adverse outcomes after orthotopic liver transplant for Budd-Chiari syndrome. These factors may be surrogate markers for a severely impaired health status at time of diagnosis and should be evaluated prospectively in larger cohorts.

Review article: a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Budd-Chiari syndrome

BACKGROUND

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare but fatal disease caused by obstruction in the hepatic venous outflow tract.

AIM

To provide an update of the pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, management and follow-up of BCS.

METHODS

Analysis of recent literature by using Medline, PubMed and EMBASE databases.

RESULTS

Primary BCS is usually caused by thrombosis and is further classified into "classical BCS" type where obstruction occurs within the hepatic vein and "hepatic vena cava BCS" which involves thrombosis of the intra/suprahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC). BCS patients often have a combination of prothrombotic risk factors. Aetiology and presentation differ between Western and certain Asian countries. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are present in 35%-50% of European patients and are usually associated with the JAK2-V617F mutation. Clinical presentation is diverse and BCS should be excluded in any patient with acute or chronic liver disease. Non-invasive imaging (Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) usually provides the diagnosis. Liver biopsy should be obtained if small vessel BCS is suspected. Stepwise management strategy includes anticoagulation, treatment of identified prothrombotic risk factors, percutaneous revascularisation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt to re-establish hepatic venous drainage, and liver transplantation in unresponsive patients. This strategy provides a 5-year survival rate of nearly 90%. Long-term outcome is influenced by any underlying haematological condition and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

With the advent of newer treatment strategies and improved understanding of BCS, outcomes in this rare disease have improved over the last three decades. An underlying haematological disorder can be the major determinant of outcome.

2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) - 50-year evolution of liver transplantation

The purpose of this registry study was to provide an overview of trends and results of liver transplantation (LT) in Europe from 1968 to 2016. These data on LT were collected prospectively from 169 centers from 32 countries, in the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) beginning in 1968. This overview provides epidemiological data, as well as information on evolution of techniques, and outcomes in LT in Europe over more than five decades; something that cannot be obtained from only a single center experience.

The epidemiology of Budd-Chiari syndrome in France

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiological data is lacking on primary Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in France.

METHODS

Two approaches were used: (1) A nationwide survey in specialized liver units for French adults. (2) A query of the French database of discharge diagnoses screening to identify incident cases in adults. BCS associated with cancer, alcoholic/viral cirrhosis, or occurring after liver transplantation were classified as secondary.

RESULTS

Approach (1) 178 primary BCS were identified (prevalence 4.04 per million inhabitants (pmi)), of which 30 were incident (incidence 0.68 pmi). Mean age was 40 ± 14 yrs. Risk factors included myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) (48%), oral contraceptives (35%) and factor V Leiden (16%). None were identified in 21% of patients, ≥2 risk factors in 25%. BMI was higher in the group without any risk factor (25.7 kg/m² vs 23.7 kg/m², p < 0.001). Approach (2) 110 incident primary BCS were admitted to French hospitals (incidence 2.17 pmi). MPN was less common (30%) and inflammatory local factors predominated (39%).

CONCLUSION

The entity of primary BCS as recorded in French liver units is 3 times less common than the entity recorded as nonmalignant hepatic vein obstruction in the hospital discharge database. The former entity is mostly related to MPN whereas the latter with abdominal inflammatory diseases.

Timing of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent-shunt in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A UK Hepatologist's Perspective

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare but fatal disease caused by the obstruction in hepatic venous outflow tract (usually by thrombosis) and is further classified into two subtypes depending on the level of obstruction. Patients with BCS often have a combination of prothrombotic risk factors. Clinical presentation is diverse. Stepwise management strategy has been suggested with excellent 5-year survival rate. It includes anticoagulation, treatment of identified prothrombotic risk factor, percutaneous recanalization, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to reestablish hepatic venous outflow and liver transplantation in unresponsive patients. Owing to the rarity of BCS, there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) precisely identifying the timing for TIPS. TIPS should be considered in patients with refractory ascites, variceal bleed, and fulminant liver failure. Liver replacement is indicated in patients with progressive liver failure and in those in whom TIPS is not technically possible. The long-term outcome is usually influenced by the underlying hematologic condition and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review focuses on the timing and the long-term efficacy of TIPS in patients with BCS.

Living-Donor Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Case Series

BACKGROUND

Venous reconstruction in living-donor liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) has challenges because the grafts from living donors lack vena cava, and hepatic venous anastomosis must be performed on an already-thrombosed and/or stenosed inferior vena cava. Several techniques are described to overcome this problem, and we represent our experience with 22 patients.

METHODS

Medical recordings of 22 patients were retrospectively collected, and disease-specific data as well as recordings about surgical technique were analyzed.

RESULTS

Creation of a wide, triangular de novo orifice was the main method used for venous drainage, which was used in 19 patients. The remaining 3 patients had totally thrombosed vena cava; thus, direct anastomosis to the supra-hepatic portion of the vena cava was used in 2 patients and an anastomosis to the right atrium was used in 1 patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Venous reconstruction in BCS can be achieved without the use of patch-plasty, and the inferior vena cava can be safely resected in selected patients. Living-donor liver transplantation is a feasible option for the treatment of BCS, considering the scarcity of cavaderic donors.

Hanging Hepato-Atrial Anastomosis in Deceased-Donor Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome With Extensive Vena Cava Obliteration: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Although outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) have improved as the result of progress in surgical procedures, a failure to restore sufficient graft outflow may yield fatal consequences including graft dysfunction and even graft loss to date. In particular, patients with pre-existing obliterated venous drainage, such as those with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), are at high risk of having venous complications followed by conventional LT. In selected cases, the transplant surgeons are compelled to modify the surgical procedures of LT from the conventional procedure.

METHODS

We describe an LT performed in a BCS patient with complete inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction. A procedure that we named "hanging hepato-atrial anastomosis" was performed, in which 2 major modifications were made. One modification was the dissection of the lower inlet of the right atrium by use of a trans-abdominal approach and hepato-atrial anastomosis. This was performed by exposing the thoracic IVC through a trans-abdominal approach. The other modification was the manufacture of a blind pouch from the graft's infra-hepatic IVC without anastomosis.

RESULTS

Modifications were made possible as the result of meticulous examination of the patient's vascular anatomy before the operation. Fortunately, the patient had a heavy network of pre-vertebral veins that drained blood from the lower extremity and both kidneys to the azygos-hemi-azygos veins.

CONCLUSIONS

We learned that a meticulous assessment of vascular anatomy and complete understanding of hemodynamics are the keys to the successful LT for BCS in patients with extensive IVC abnormality. Thoracotomy may not be necessary to explore thoracic IVC when performing hepato-atrial anastomosis in LT for BCS.

Timing of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: An Italian Hepatologist's Perspective

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) management flow-chart is derived from experts' opinion and is not evidence-based. Guidelines suggest BCS management should follow a stepwise strategy: medical therapy as first-line treatment, revascularization or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) if no response to medical therapy, and liver transplant as rescue therapy. Recent evidence suggests that only medical therapy results in a bad long-term outcome. The biggest criticism of guidelines is the indication that BCS should receive further treatment only when hemodynamic consequences of portal hypertension become clinically evident. Recent data support that in BCS liver fibrosis could arise from chronic microvascular ischemia. A reasoning model of BCS physiopathology is that impaired hepatic vein outflow has hemodynamic consequences on portal hypertension development and causes hepatic fibrosis and liver failure through chronic ischemic damage. On this assumption is the concept that relieving liver congestion could ameliorate liver function and prevent development of BCS complications. Recently, early interventional treatment with TIPS for BCS has been reported to be effective. Early TIPS seems to be the best option for BCS management. Future multicenter controlled studies should compare the outcome of BCS treated with early interventional treatment compared with stepwise strategy.