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Koh JY, Rha MS, Choi SJ, Lee HS, Han JW, Nam H, Kim DU, Lee JG, Kim MS, Park JY, Park SH, Joo DJ, Shin EC. Identification of a distinct NK-like hepatic T-cell population activated by NKG2C in a TCR-independent manner. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1059-1070. [PMID: 35644434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver provides a unique niche of lymphocytes enriched with a large proportion of innate-like T cells. However, the heterogeneity and functional characteristics of the hepatic T-cell population remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS We obtained liver sinusoidal mononuclear cells from the liver perfusate of healthy donors and recipients with HBV-associated chronic liver disease (CLD) during liver transplantation. We performed a CITE-seq analysis of liver sinusoidal CD45+ cells in combination with T cell receptor (TCR)-seq and flow cytometry to examine the phenotypes and functions of liver sinusoidal CD8+ T cells. RESULTS We identified a distinct CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T-cell population characterized by natural killer (NK)-related gene expression and a uniquely restricted TCR repertoire. The frequency of these cells among the liver sinusoidal CD8+ T-cell population was significantly increased in patients with HBV-associated CLD. Although CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T cells exhibit weak responsiveness to TCR stimulation, CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T cells highly expressed various NK receptors, including CD94, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, and NKG2C, and exerted NKG2C-mediated NK-like effector functions even in the absence of TCR stimulation. In addition, CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T cells highly respond to innate cytokines, such as IL-12/18 and IL-15, in the absence of TCR stimulation. We validated the results from liver sinusoidal CD8+ T cells using intrahepatic CD8+ T cells obtained from liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the current study found a distinct CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T-cell population characterized by NK-like activation via TCR-independent NKG2C ligation. Further studies are required to elucidate the roles of liver sinusoidal CD56hiCD161-CD8+ T cells in immune responses to microbial pathogens or liver immunopathology. LAY SUMMARY The role of different immune cell populations in the liver is becoming an area of increasing interest. Herein, we identified a distinct T-cell population that had features similar to those of natural killer (NK) cells - a type of innate immune cell. This distinct population was expanded in the livers of patients with chronic liver disease and could thus have pathogenic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Nam
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
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Rodrigues FM, Adélio JI, Santana VO, De Marco Ornelas E, de Souza RR, Cardoso CG, da Veiga GL, Fonseca FLA, Maifrino LBM. Physical exercise alters hepatic morphology of low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ovariectomized mice. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 52:15-22. [PMID: 29934711 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of physical exercise on the liver of animals in menopause, we analyzed the histomorphometric parameters of the hepatic tissue in ovariectomized and dyslipidemic female mice. The animals were distributed in six groups (n = 5): sedentary control (SC), sedentary ovariectomized control (SOC), trained ovariectomized control (TOC), sedentary LDL knockout (LDL-S), sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout (LDL-SO), and trained ovariectomized LDL knockout (LDL-TO). At the end of the experiment, the liver and the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of animals were removed for morphometric and stereological studies. In the LDL-S and LDL-SO animals, both sedentary, results showed reduction in the area (µm2) and major and minor diameters (µm) of hepatocytes and reduction in the portions of large hepatocytes, and increase in the percentage of Kupffer cells. The trained group showed a tendency of increase in the area and diameter and in the percentage of hepatocytes, as well significant reduction in the percentage of Kupffer cells and interstitial tissue. We suggested that training can prevent cell and tissue damage caused by the process of increase in hepatic fat, lipoperoxidation, and tissue inflammation in animals with privation of estrogen and dyslipidemia, apparently reflecting a better metabolic response of the hepatic tissue in organisms undergoing training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Mercúrio Rodrigues
- Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Aging, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Inácio Adélio
- Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Aging, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Oliveira Santana
- Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Aging, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth De Marco Ornelas
- Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Aging, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Aging, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clever Gomes Cardoso
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiania, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Luciano da Veiga
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC2000, Lauro Gomes Avenue, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC2000, Lauro Gomes Avenue, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-650, Brazil.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Unifesp, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Di Scala M, Gil-Fariña I, Olagüe C, Vales A, Sobrevals L, Fortes P, Corbacho D, González-Aseguinolaza G. Identification of IFN-γ-producing T cells as the main mediators of the side effects associated to mouse interleukin-15 sustained exposure. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49008-49026. [PMID: 27356750 PMCID: PMC5226487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cell growth-factor that regulates lymphocyte function and homeostasis. Its strong immunostimulatory activity coupled with an apparent lack of toxicity makes IL-15 an exciting candidate for cancer therapy, somehow limited by its short half-life in circulation. To increase IL-15 bioavailability we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated vector expressing murine IL-15 (AAV-mIL15) in the liver. Mice injected with AAV-mIL15 showed sustained and vector dose-dependent levels of IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in serum, production of IFN-γ and activation of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages. The antitumoral efficacy of AAV-mIL15 was tested in a mouse model of metastatic colorectal cancer established by injection of MC38 cells. AAV-mIL15 treatment slightly inhibits MC38 tumor-growth and significantly increases the survival of mice. However, mIL-15 sustained expression was associated with development of side effects like hepatosplenomegaly, liver damage and the development of haematological stress, which results in the expansion of hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. To elucidate the mechanism, we treated IFN-γ receptor-, RAG1-, CD1d- and µMT-deficient mice and performed adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells from WT mice to RAG1-defcient mice. We demonstrated that the side effects of murine IL-15 administration were mainly mediated by IFN-γ-producing T-cells. CONCLUSIONS IL-15 induces the activation and survival of effector immune cells that are necessary for its antitumoral activity; but, long-term exposure to IL-15 is associated with the development of important side effects mainly mediated by IFN-γ-producing T-cells. Strategies to modulate T-cell activation should be combined with IL-15 administration to reduce secondary adverse events while maintaining its antitumoral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Di Scala
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Gil-Fariña
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Olagüe
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Africa Vales
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luciano Sobrevals
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Corbacho
- Imaging Unit and Cancer Imaging Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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Role of Corneal Stromal Cells on Epithelial Cell Function during Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020464. [PMID: 29401709 PMCID: PMC5855686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injury, corneal stromal keratocytes transform into repair-phenotype of activated stromal fibroblasts (SFs) and participate in wound repair. Simultaneously, ongoing bi-directional communications between corneal stromal-epithelial cells also play a vital role in mediating the process of wound healing. Factors produced by stromal cells are known to induce proliferation, differentiation, and motility of corneal epithelial cells, which are also subsequently the main processes that occur during wound healing. In this context, the present study aims to investigate the effect of SFs conditioned medium (SFCM) on corneal epithelial cell function along with substance P (SP). Antibody microarrays were employed to profile differentially expressed cell surface markers and cytokines in the presence of SFCM and SP. Antibody microarray data revealed enhanced expression of the ITGB1 in corneal epithelial cells following stimulation with SP whereas SFCM induced abundant expression of IL-8, ITGB1, PD1L1, PECA1, IL-15, BDNF, ICAM1, CD8A, CD44 and NTF4. All these proteins have either direct or indirect roles in epithelial cell growth, movement and adhesion related signaling cascades during tissue regeneration. We also observed activation of MAPK signaling pathway along with increased expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, vimentin, β-catenin and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation. Additionally, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulating transcription factors Slug and ZEB1 expression were enhanced in the presence of SFCM. SP enriched the expression of integrin subunits α4, α5, αV, β1 and β3 whereas SFCM increased α4, α5, αV, β1 and β5 integrin subunits. We also observed increased expression of Serpin E1 following SP and SFCM treatment. Wound healing scratch assay revealed enhanced migration of epithelial cells following the addition of SFCM. Taken together, we conclude that SFCM-mediated sustained activation of ZEB1, Slug in combination with upregulated migration-associated integrins and ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase)-FAK-paxillin axis, may lead to induce type 2 EMT-like changes during corneal epithelial wound healing.
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5
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Hepatectomy leads to loss of TRAIL-expressing liver NK cells via downregulation of the CXCL9-CXCR3 axis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186997. [PMID: 29088306 PMCID: PMC5663402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells express TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a critical molecule for NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing. We previously reported that TRAIL expression in liver NK cells decreases markedly after hepatectomy; however, the mechanism underlying this drastic alteration remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of chemokine signaling in liver-resident NK cells during the perioperative period of hepatectomy. The expression levels of various chemokine receptors on liver-resident NK cells and their associations with TRAIL expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of various intrahepatic chemokines/cytokines was analyzed after 70% hepatectomy in mice by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We further investigated whether polyinosinic—polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-induced NK cell activation could ameliorate TRAIL expression in the liver after 70% hepatectomy in CXCR3-/- and wild-type mice. TRAIL+ NK cells strongly and exclusively expressed CXCR3, and the expression of its ligand CXCL9 was significantly decreased in the liver after hepatectomy. The kinetics of hepatic CXCL9 expression resembled the changes in hepatic TRAIL+ NK cells after hepatectomy. Among liver-resident mononuclear cells, CXCL9 was predominantly secreted by macrophages in response to interferon-γ stimulation. Although the administration of poly I:C, an inducer of interferon-γ, increased hepatic CXCL9 levels in both CXCR3-/- and wild-type mice even after hepatectomy, only wild-type mice exhibited the recovery of TRAIL expression on NK cells. Partial hepatectomy remarkably reduced the proportion of TRAIL-expressing NK cells in the liver via the downregulation of the CXCL9–CXCR3 axis in mice. These findings extend our knowledge of the factors contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after hepatectomy.
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6
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Ma WT, Jia YJ, Liu QZ, Yang YQ, Yang JB, Zhao ZB, Yang ZY, Shi QH, Ma HD, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Modulation of liver regeneration via myeloid PTEN deficiency. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2827. [PMID: 28542148 PMCID: PMC5520744 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that modulate liver regeneration are of critical importance for a number of hepatic disorders. Kupffer cells and natural killer (NK) cells are two cell subsets indispensable for liver regeneration. We have focused on these two populations and, in particular, the interplay between them. Importantly, we demonstrate that deletion of the myeloid phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) leading to an M2-like polarization of Kupffer cells, which results in decreased activation of NK cells. In addition, PTEN-deficient Kupffer cells secrete additional factors that facilitate the proliferation of hepatocytes. In conclusion, PTEN is critical for inhibiting M2-like polarization of Kupffer cells after partial hepatectomy, resulting in NK cell activation and thus the inhibition of liver regeneration. Furthermore, PTEN reduces growth factor secretion by Kupffer cells. Our results suggest that targeting PTEN on Kupffer cells may be useful in altering liver regeneration in patients undergoing liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Jie Jia
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Zhi Liu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen-Ye Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Hua Shi
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
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7
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Arosa FA, Esgalhado AJ, Padrão CA, Cardoso EM. Divide, Conquer, and Sense: CD8 +CD28 - T Cells in Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 7:665. [PMID: 28096804 PMCID: PMC5206803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the rationale for the generation of a pool of highly differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells displaying a weakened capacity to scrutinize for peptides complexed with major histocompatibility class I molecules via their T cell receptor, lacking the “signal 2” CD28 receptor, and yet expressing a highly diverse array of innate receptors, from natural killer receptors, interleukin receptors, and damage-associated molecular pattern receptors, among others, is one of the most challenging issues in contemporary human immunology. The prevalence of these differentiated CD8+ T cells, also known as CD8+CD28−, CD8+KIR+, NK-like CD8+ T cells, or innate CD8+ T cells, in non-lymphoid organs and tissues, in peripheral blood of healthy elderly, namely centenarians, but also in stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions suggests that they are not merely end-of-the-line dysfunctional cells. These experienced CD8+ T cells are highly diverse and capable of sensing a variety of TCR-independent signals, which enables them to respond and fine-tune tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Arosa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André J Esgalhado
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Carolina A Padrão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Elsa M Cardoso
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Jiao J, Ooka K, Fey H, Fiel MI, Rahmman AH, Kojima K, Hoshida Y, Chen X, de Paula T, Vetter D, Sastre D, Lee KH, Lee Y, Bansal M, Friedman SL, Merad M, Aloman C. Interleukin-15 receptor α on hepatic stellate cells regulates hepatic fibrogenesis in mice. J Hepatol 2016; 65:344-353. [PMID: 27154062 PMCID: PMC5048472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and its high affinity receptor interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) are widely expressed in immune cells and hepatic resident cells. IL-15 signaling has important functions in homeostasis of natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT) and cytotoxic T (CD8(+) T) cells, and in liver regeneration. We hypothesized that IL-15 has a protective role in liver fibrosis progression by maintaining NK cell homeostasis. METHODS Fibrosis was induced using two mechanistically distinct models. Congenic bone marrow transplantation was used to evaluate the contribution of IL-15 signaling from various compartments to NK, CD8(+) T and NKT cell homeostasis and fibrogenesis. The gene expression profile of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) from IL-15Rα knockout (IL-15RαKO) mice and wild-type mice were captured using microarray analysis and validated in isolated HSC. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess repressors of collagen transcription. RESULTS IL-15RαKO mice exhibited more fibrosis in both models. IL-15 signaling from specific types of hepatic cells had divergent roles in maintaining liver NK, CD8(+) T and NKT cells, with a direct and protective role on radio-resistant non-parenchymal cells beyond the control of NK homeostasis. HSCs isolated from IL-15RαKO mice demonstrated upregulation of collagen production. Finally, IL-15RαKO HSC with or without transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) stimulation exhibited increased expression of fibrosis markers and decreased collagen transcription repressors expression. CONCLUSIONS IL-15Rα signaling has a direct anti-fibrotic effect independent of preserving NK homeostasis. These findings establish a rationale to further explore the anti-fibrotic potential of enhancing IL-15 signaling in HSCs. LAY SUMMARY We investigated how a cellular protein, Interleukin-15 (IL-15), decreases the amount of scar tissue that is formed upon liver injury. We found that IL-15 and its receptor decrease the amount of scar tissue that is created by specialized liver cells (called stellate cells) and increase the number of a specific subgroup of immune cells (natural killer cells) that are known to eliminate stellate cells. TRANSCRIPT PROFILING ACCESSION NUMBER GSE45612, GSE 68001 and GSE 25097.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kohtaro Ooka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Holger Fey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adeeb H. Rahmman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xintong Chen
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatiana de Paula
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Vetter
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sastre
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ka Hin Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meena Bansal
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costica Aloman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Jones AM, Griffiths JL, Sanders AJ, Owen S, Ruge F, Harding KG, Jiang WG. The clinical significance and impact of interleukin 15 on keratinocyte cell growth and migration. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:679-86. [PMID: 27460304 PMCID: PMC4990290 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds represent a significant burden to health services and are associated with patient morbidity. Novel methods to diagnose and/or treat problematic wounds are needed. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a cytokine involved in a number of biological processes and disease states such as inflammation, healing and cancer progression. The current study explores the expression profile of IL-15 and IL-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) in chronic wounds and its impact on keratinocytes. IL-15 and IL-15Rα expression were examined in healing and non-healing chronic wounds using qPCR and immunohistochemical analysis. The impact of recombinant IL-15 (rhIL-15) on human adult low calcium temperature (HaCaT) keratinocyte growth and migratory potential was further examined. IL-15 transcript expression was slightly, though non-significantly elevated in healing chronic wounds compared with non-healing chronic wounds. IL-15 protein staining was minimal in both subtypes of chronic wounds. By contrast, IL-15Rα transcript and protein expression were both observed to be enhanced in non-healing chronic wounds compared with healing chronic wounds. The treatment of HaCaT cells with rhIL-15 generally enhanced cell growth and promoted migration. Analysis with small molecule inhibitors suggested that the pro-migratory effect of rhIL-15 may be associated with ERK, AKT, PLCγ and FAK signalling. IL-15 may promote healing traits in keratinocytes and the differential expression of IL-15Rα is observed in chronic wounds. Together, this may imply a complex role for this interleukin in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jones
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J L Griffiths
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - A J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - F Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - K G Harding
- Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - W G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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10
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Crane JD, MacNeil LG, Lally JS, Ford RJ, Bujak AL, Brar IK, Kemp BE, Raha S, Steinberg GR, Tarnopolsky MA. Exercise-stimulated interleukin-15 is controlled by AMPK and regulates skin metabolism and aging. Aging Cell 2015; 14:625-34. [PMID: 25902870 PMCID: PMC4531076 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is commonly associated with a structural deterioration of skin that compromises its barrier function, healing, and susceptibility to disease. Several lines of evidence show that these changes are driven largely by impaired tissue mitochondrial metabolism. While exercise is associated with numerous health benefits, there is no evidence that it affects skin tissue or that endocrine muscle-to-skin signaling occurs. We demonstrate that endurance exercise attenuates age-associated changes to skin in humans and mice and identify exercise-induced IL-15 as a novel regulator of mitochondrial function in aging skin. We show that exercise controls IL-15 expression in part through skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of metabolism, and that the elimination of muscle AMPK causes a deterioration of skin structure. Finally, we establish that daily IL-15 therapy mimics some of the anti-aging effects of exercise on muscle and skin in mice. Thus, we elucidate a mechanism by which exercise confers health benefits to skin and suggest that low-dose IL-15 therapy may prove to be a beneficial strategy to attenuate skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Crane
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren G MacNeil
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Lally
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam L Bujak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ikdip K Brar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, University of MelbourneFitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Yokota S, Yoshida O, Dou L, Spadaro AV, Isse K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Kimura S, Du Q, Demetris AJ, Thomson AW, Geller DA. IRF-1 promotes liver transplant ischemia/reperfusion injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6045-56. [PMID: 25964490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury following liver transplantation (LTx) is an important problem that significantly impacts clinical outcomes. IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a critical role in liver injury. Our objective was to determine the immunomodulatory role of IRF-1 during I/R injury following allogeneic LTx. IRF-1 was induced in liver grafts immediately after reperfusion in both human and mouse LTx. IRF-1 contributed significantly to I/R injury because IRF-1-knockout (KO) grafts displayed much less damage as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase and histology. In vitro, IRF-1 regulated both constitutive and induced expression of IL-15, as well as IL-15Rα mRNA expression in murine hepatocytes and liver dendritic cells. Specific knockdown of IRF-1 in human primary hepatocytes gave similar results. In addition, we identified hepatocytes as the major producer of soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in the liver. IRF-1-KO livers had significantly reduced NK, NKT, and CD8(+) T cell numbers, whereas rIL-15/IL-15Rα restored these immune cells, augmented cytotoxic effector molecules, promoted systemic inflammatory responses, and exacerbated liver injury in IRF-1-KO graft recipients. These results indicate that IRF-1 promotes LTx I/R injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production and suggest that targeting IRF-1 and IL-15/IL-15Rα may be effective in reducing I/R injury associated with LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yokota
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lei Dou
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony V Spadaro
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark A Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Qiang Du
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - David A Geller
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Liver Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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12
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Sutti S, Jindal A, Locatelli I, Vacchiano M, Gigliotti L, Bozzola C, Albano E. Adaptive immune responses triggered by oxidative stress contribute to hepatic inflammation in NASH. Hepatology 2014; 59:886-97. [PMID: 24115128 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is often associated with the presence of circulating antibodies against protein adducted by lipid peroxidation products. Here we used the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) model of NASH to characterize the possible involvement of adaptive immunity in NASH. In mice fed up to 8 weeks with the MCD diet the extension of liver injury and lobular inflammation paralleled the development of immunoglobulin G (IgG) against malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-derived antigens as well as with the hepatic recruitment of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes responsive to the same antigens. Moreover, in these animals the individual IgG reactivity against MDA-adducts positively correlated with transaminase release and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. To substantiate the role of immune responses triggered by oxidative stress in the progression of NASH, mice were immunized with MDA-adducted bovine serum albumin (MDA-BSA) before feeding the MCD diet. MDA-BSA immunization did not affect control mice livers, but further stimulated transaminase release, lobular inflammation, and the hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokine in MCD-fed mice. The increased severity of NASH in immunized MCD-fed mice involved liver recruitment and the T helper (Th)-1 activation of CD4(+) T cells that, in turn, further stimulated macrophage M1 responses. Moreover, hepatic fibrosis was also evident in these animals in relation with an IL-15-mediated increase of natural killer T-cells (NKT) and the up-regulation in liver production of osteopontin by NKT cells and hepatic macrophages. CONCLUSION These results indicate that oxidative stress can contribute to the progression of NASH by stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses, pointing to the possible role of adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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13
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Guillot A, Hamdaoui N, Bizy A, Zoltani K, Souktani R, Zafrani ES, Mallat A, Lotersztajn S, Lafdil F. Cannabinoid receptor 2 counteracts interleukin-17-induced immune and fibrogenic responses in mouse liver. Hepatology 2014; 59:296-306. [PMID: 23813495 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interleukin (IL)-17 is a proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokine mainly produced by T-helper (Th)17 lymphocytes, together with the hepatoprotective and antifibrogenic cytokine, IL-22. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is predominantly expressed in immune cells and displays anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanism underlying antifibrogenic properties of CB2 receptor and explored its effect on the profibrogenic properties of IL-17. After bile duct ligation (BDL), the hepatic expression of Th17 markers and IL-17 production were enhanced in CB2(-/-) mice, as compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts, and correlated with increased fibrosis in these animals. In contrast, IL-22-induced expression was similar in both animal groups. Inhibition of Th17 differentiation by digoxin lowered Th17 marker gene expression and IL-17 production and strongly reduced liver fibrosis in CB2(-/-) BDL mice. In vitro, differentiation of CD4(+) naïve T cells into Th17 lymphocytes was decreased by the CB2 agonist, JWH-133, and was associated with reduced Th17 marker messenger RNA expression and IL-17 production, without modification of IL-22 release. The inhibitory effect of JWH-133 on IL-17 production relied on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 phosphorylation. Indeed, STAT5 phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus was enhanced in JWH133-treated Th17 lymphocytes, and the addition of a STAT5 inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of the CB2 agonist on IL-17 production, without affecting IL-22 levels. Finally, in vitro studies also demonstrated that CB2 receptor activation in macrophages and hepatic myofibroblasts blunts IL-17-induced proinflammatory gene expression. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CB2 receptor activation decreases liver fibrosis by selectively reducing IL-17 production by Th17 lymphocytes via a STAT5-dependent pathway, and by blunting the proinflammatory effects of IL-17 on its target cells, while preserving IL-22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guillot
- Inserm, U955, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
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14
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Zarling S, Berenzon D, Dalai S, Liepinsh D, Steers N, Krzych U. The survival of memory CD8 T cells that is mediated by IL-15 correlates with sustained protection against malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5128-41. [PMID: 23589611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag-specific memory T cell responses elicited by infections or vaccinations are inextricably linked to long-lasting protective immunity. Studies of protective immunity among residents of malaria endemic areas indicate that memory responses to Plasmodium Ags are not adequately developed or maintained, as people who survive episodes of childhood malaria are still vulnerable to either persistent or intermittent malaria infections. In contrast, multiple exposures to radiation-attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites (Pb γ-spz) induce long-lasting protective immunity to experimental sporozoite challenge. We previously demonstrated that sterile protection induced by Pb γ-spz is MHC class I-dependent and CD8 T cells are the key effectors. IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells that arise in Pb γ-spz-immunized B6 mice are found predominantly in the liver and are sensitive to levels of liver-stage Ag depot and they express CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) markers indicative of effector/effector memory phenotype. The developmentally related central memory CD8 T (TCM) cells express elevated levels of CD122 (IL-15Rβ), which suggests that CD8 TCM cells depend on IL-15 for maintenance. Using IL-15-deficient mice, we demonstrate in this study that although protective immunity is inducible in these mice, protection is short-lived, mainly owing to the inability of CD8 TCM cells to survive in the IL-15-deficient milieu. We present a hypothesis consistent with a model whereby intrahepatic CD8 TCM cells, being maintained by IL-15-mediated survival and basal proliferation, are conscripted into the CD8 effector/effector memory T cell pool during subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasya Zarling
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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15
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NF-κB1 deficiency stimulates the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice by promoting NKT-cell-mediated responses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:279-87. [PMID: 22970906 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation contributes to the pathogenesis of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatisis). Among the NF-κB subunits, p50/NF-κB1 has regulatory activities down-modulating NF-κB-mediated responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of NF-κB1 deficiency on the progression of NASH induced by feeding mice on an MCD (methionine/choline-deficient) diet. Following 4 weeks on the MCD diet, steatosis, ALT (alanine aminotransferase) release, hepatocyte apoptosis, lobular inflammation and TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) production were higher in NF-κB1(-/-) (NF-κB1-knockout) mice than in WT (wild-type) mice. NF-κB1(-/-) mice also showed appreciable centrilobular collagen deposition, an increased number of activated hepatic stellate cells and higher type-I procollagen-α and TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1) mRNA expression. Although NF-κB p50 homodimers regulate macrophage activation, the number of hepatic macrophages and liver mRNAs for iNOS (inducible NO synthase), IL (interleukin)-12p40, CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2) and CXCL10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10) were comparable in the two strains. NASH was associated with an increase in liver infiltrating T-cells that was more evident in MCD-fed NF-κB1(-/-) than in similarly treated WT mice. Flow cytorimetry showed that T-cell recruitment involved effector CD8+ T-cells without changes in the helper CD4+ T-cell fraction. Furthermore, although NASH lowered hepatic NKT cells [NK (natural killer) T-cells] in WT mice, the NKT cell pool was selectively increased in the livers of MCD-fed NF-κB1(-/-) mice. Such NKT cell recruitment was associated with an early overexpression of IL-15, a cytokine controlling NKT cell survival and maturation. In the livers of MCD-fed NF-κB1(-/-) mice, but not in those of WT littermates, we also observed an up-regulation in the production of NKT-related cytokines IFN (interferon)-γ and osteopontin. Taken together, these results indicate that NF-κB1 down-modulation enhanced NASH progression to fibrosis by favouring NKT cell recruitment, stressing the contribution of NKT cells in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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16
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Welling TH, Fu S, Wan S, Zou W, Marrero JA. Elevated serum IL-8 is associated with the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma and independently predicts survival. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:689-97. [PMID: 23072563 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.732161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immune responses have prognostic importance to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum cytokines may differentiate HCC patients from cirrhotic patients or have prognostic significance. Serum IL-8 was elevated in 90 HCC patients compared to 180 cirrhotic controls, whereas IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-21, and VEGF were similar. IL-8 predicted HCC presence with an area under the receiver-operator curve (ROC) of 0.68. HCC patients with highest IL-8 had worse survival. Multivariate analysis showed that high IL-8 (HR 2.15; 95%CI:1.21-3.74) and stage (HR 1.92; 95%CI:1.22-3.97) independently predicted mortality; while viral etiology was protective (HR 0.69; 95%CI:0.41-0.98). Therefore, HCC IL-8 mediated events may be worthy of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore H Welling
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Sections of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Michigan Health System, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Hou HS, Liao CL, Sytwu HK, Liao NS, Huang TY, Hsieh TY, Chu HC. Deficiency of interleukin-15 enhances susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44880. [PMID: 23028657 PMCID: PMC3445599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes have a direct necrotic role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI), prolonged secondary inflammatory response through innate immune cells and cytokines also significantly contributes to APAP hepatotoxicity. Interleukin 15 (IL-15), a multifunction cytokine, regulates the adaptive immune system and influences development and function of innate immune cells. To better understand the role of IL-15 in liver injury, we treated wild-type (WT) and IL-15-knockout (Il15⁻/⁻) mice with a hepatotoxic dose of APAP to induce AILI and evaluated animal survival, liver damage, APAP metabolism in livers and the inflammatory response. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was greater in Il15⁻/⁻ than WT mice. Subanalysis of hepatic infiltrated monocytes revealed greater neutrophil influx, along with greater hepatic induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in Il15⁻/⁻ than WT mice. In addition, the level of hepatic hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) was partially suppressed in Il15⁻/⁻ mice, but not in WT mice. Interestingly, elimination of Kupffer cells and neutrophils did not alter the vulnerability to excess APAP in Il15⁻/⁻ mice. However, injection of galactosamine, a hepatic transcription inhibitor, significantly reduced the increased APAP sensitivity in Il15⁻/⁻ mice but had minor effect on WT mice. We demonstrated that deficiency of IL-15 increased mouse susceptibility to AILI. Moreover, Kupffer cell might affect APAP hepatotoxicity through IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsein-San Hou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Cheng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yin W, Xu L, Sun R, Wei H, Tian Z. Interleukin-15 suppresses hepatitis B virus replication via IFN-β production in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Liver Int 2012; 32:1306-14. [PMID: 22380514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to modulate both innate and adaptive immunity. It is suggested that IL-15 may play an important role in the regulation of immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV). AIMS We investigated whether IL-15 could modulate the immune response to HBV. METHODS A mouse model for HBV tolerance was established by hydrodynamical injection of pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmid into C57BL/6 mice. This HBV-carrier mouse was simultaneously hydrodynamically injected with either an IL-15-expression plasmid pLIVE-IL-15 or a mock control vector pLIVE-EGFP. The serum levels of HBsAg and HBeAg were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Hydrodynamic injection of the plasmid pLIVE-IL-15 resulted in sustained high level of IL-15 in mouse serum, along with the markedly decreased serum HBsAg and HBeAg titres and liver HBV DNA levels. IL-15 also induced anti-HBV activity in T cell- and B cell-deficient Rag1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, despite an increase in NK cell numbers in both spleen and liver of IL-15 treated mice, the anti-HBV effect of IL-15 was neither dependent on presence of NK cells nor on production of IFN-γ. Furthermore, IL-15 could exert anti-HBV function independent of the common IL-2γ(c) R. Lastly, we found that IFN-β expression in the liver and serum was significantly up-regulated by liver expression of IL-15, and blockade of IFN-β function abrogated the anti-HBV activity of IL-15. CONCLUSIONS Liver over-expression of IL-15 may suppress HBV replication in an IFN-β-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Yin
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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19
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Feng D, Kong X, Weng H, Park O, Wang H, Dooley S, Gershwin ME, Gao B. Interleukin-22 promotes proliferation of liver stem/progenitor cells in mice and patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:188-98.e7. [PMID: 22484119 PMCID: PMC3384505 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferation of liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs), which can differentiate into hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells, is often observed in chronically inflamed regions of liver in patients. We investigated how inflammation might promote proliferation of LPCs. METHODS We examined the role of interleukin (IL)-22, a survival factor for hepatocytes, on proliferation of LPCs in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and in mice. Proliferation of LPCs in mice was induced by feeding a diet that contained 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). RESULTS Hepatic expression of IL-22 was increased in patients with HBV and correlated with the grade of inflammation and proliferation of LPCs. Mice on the DDC diet that overexpressed an IL-22 transgene specifically in liver (IL-22TG), or that were infected with an IL-22-expressing adenovirus, had increased proliferation of LPCs. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, a component of the IL-22 signaling pathway, was activated in LPCs isolated from DDC-fed IL-22TG mice. Deletion of STAT3 from livers of IL-22TG mice reduced proliferation of LPCs. In addition, the receptors IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 were detected on epithelial cell adhesion molecule(+)CD45(-) LPCs isolated from DDC-fed wild-type mice. Culture of these cells with IL-22 activated STAT3 and led to cell proliferation, but IL-22 had no effect on proliferation of STAT3-deficient EpCAM(+)CD45(-) LPCs. IL-22 also activated STAT3 and promoted proliferation of cultured BMOL cells (a mouse LPC line). CONCLUSIONS In livers of mice and patients with chronic HBV infection, inflammatory cells produce IL-22, which promotes proliferation of LPCs via STAT3. These findings link inflammation with proliferation of LPCs in patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Honglei Weng
- Molecular Hepatology, II. Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ogyi Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology, II. Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gehring AJ, Koh S, Chia A, Paramasivam K, Chew VSP, Ho ZZ, Lee KH, Maini MK, Madhavan K, Lim SG, Bertoletti A. Licensing virus-specific T cells to secrete the neutrophil attracting chemokine CXCL-8 during hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23330. [PMID: 21876747 PMCID: PMC3158071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell functional plasticity helps tailor antiviral immunity during different phases of infections. We tested whether, during different phases of HBV infection, virus-specific T cells can acquire specific proinflammatory functions that could drive granulocyte/mononuclear cell liver infiltration. Multifunctional analysis of HBV-specific T cells during acute and chronic HBV infection revealed that HBV-specific T cells had the capacity to produce the neutrophil chemokine CXCL-8 but not IL-17. CXCL-8 producing T cells were detectable in the liver of chronic HBV patients with active hepatitis; while in acute HBV patients CXCL-8 production by T cells was temporally limited to the acute phase of disease, concomitant with the peak of liver inflammation. Characterization of the conditions necessary for the development of CXCL-8 producing T cells showed a requirement for IL-7 and IL-15 during T cell expansion. These data show that functional plasticity of virus-specific T cells spontaneously occurs during HBV infection and that an environment rich IL-7 and IL-15 can license T cells with the ability to produce CXCL-8 and potentially influence liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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Yang DW, Yao P. Cell transplantation for hepatic disease: current research status. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1720-1725. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i16.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising way to restore liver function. Treatment of end-stage liver disease with stem cells, especially bone marrow stem cells, has attracted wild attention. There is ongoing research to use mature hepatocytes, liver progenitor cells, bone marrow stem cells and embryonic stem cells to restore liver function in patient with hepatic disease. Here we review the current research status of cell transplantation for hepatic disease in terms of cell biology, animal models and clinical trials.
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Fructose-induced steatosis in mice: role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and NKT cells. J Transl Med 2011; 91:885-95. [PMID: 21423135 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an acute-phase protein known to be involved in alcoholic liver disease and hepatic fibrosis. In the present study, the hypothesis that PAI-1 is causally involved in the onset of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis was tested in a mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6J and PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice were fed with 30% fructose solution or water for 8 weeks. Markers of hepatic steatosis, expression of PAI-1, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), cluster of differentiation 1d (CD1d), markers of natural killer T (NKT) cells, protein levels of phospho-c-Met and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined. Activity of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) was measured in liver tissue. In comparison with water controls, chronic intake of 30% fructose solution caused a significant increase in hepatic triglycerides, PAI-1 expression and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels in wild-type mice. This effect of fructose feeding was markedly attenuated in PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice. Despite no differences in portal endotoxin levels and hepatic TNF-α protein levels between fructose-fed groups, the protective effect of the loss of PAI-1 against the onset of fructose-induced steatosis was associated with a significant increase in phospho-c-Met, phospho Akt, expression of ApoB and activity of MTTP in livers of PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice in comparison with fructose-fed wild types. Moreover, in PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice, expressions of CD1d and markers of CD1d-reactive NKT cells were markedly higher than in wild-type mice; however, expression of markers of activation of CD1d-reactive NKT cells (eg, interleukin-15 and interferon-γ) were only found to be increased in livers of fructose-fed PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice. Taken together, these data suggest that PAI-1 has a causal role in mediating the early phase of fructose-induced liver damage in mice through signaling cascades downstream of Kupffer cells and TNF-α.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is known to be a process involving highly organized and ordered tissue growth triggered by the loss of liver tissue, and remains a fascinating topic. A large number of genes are involved in this process, and there exists a sequence of stages that results in liver regeneration, while at the same time inhibitors control the size of the regenerated liver. The initiation step is characterized by priming of quiescent hepatocytes by factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide. The proliferation step is the step during which hepatocytes enter into the cell cycle's G1 phase and are stimulated by complete mitogens including HGF, TGF-α and EGF. Hepatic stimulator substance, glucagon, insulin, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have also been implicated in regulating the regeneration process. Inhibitors and stop signals of hepatic regeneration are not well known and only limited information is available. Furthermore, the effects of other factors such as VEGF, PDGF, hypothyroidism, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, heat shock proteins, ischemic-reperfusion injury, steatosis and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on liver regeneration are also systematically reviewed in this article. A tissue engineering approach using isolated hepatocytes for in vitro tissue generation and heterotopic transplantation of liver cells has been established. The use of stem cells might also be very attractive to overcome the limitation of donor liver tissue. Liver-specific differentiation of embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changku Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
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Aloman C, Friedman SL, Merad M. Dendritic cells in alcoholic liver injury and fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:776-81. [PMID: 21284665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption impairs the development of innate and adaptive immune responses, however the exact mechanism by which alcohol leads to immune defects remains to be established. Dendritic cells (DCs) form a heterogeneous population of hematopoietic cells that are present in all tissues including the liver. DC are initially described playing a key role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response against specific antigens. In our presentation, we discussed few new aspects of DC development, critical assessment of DC in non-lymphoid organs and the impact of alcohol consumption on DC function. Understanding the mechanism by which DC modulate liver function after alcohol consumption may help uncover novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costica Aloman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Chang CM, Lo CH, Shih YM, Chen Y, Wu PY, Tsuneyama K, Roffler SR, Tao MH. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with adeno-associated virus encoding interleukin-15 superagonist. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:611-21. [PMID: 20064014 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, but effective therapies are still needed. The liver has been identified as an important immune organ and is heavily populated with various lymphocyte subsets known to play important roles in cancer immunosurveillance. We hypothesized that activation of hepatic lymphocytes by interleukin (IL)-15, a cytokine known for its ability to trigger proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T cells, and memory CD8(+) T cells, might offer an alternative therapy for HCC. We employed hepatotropic adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) to deliver an IL-15 superagonist (IL-15-IL-15RalphaS), consisting of IL-15 covalently linked to the N-terminal sushi domain of the IL-15 receptor alpha chain, to achieve local sustained cytokine expression in the liver environment. We observed that a single injection of AAV8 expressing IL-15-IL-15RalphaS, but not IL-15 alone, greatly expanded the number of hepatic mononuclear cells, mainly NK cells, for at least 21 days. AAV8/IL-15-IL-15RalphaS treatment generated potent antitumor activity in a liver metastatic murine HCC model (BNL cells), and significantly prolonged the survival time of treated animals. The antitumor effect depended mainly on NK cells, not on CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, because AAV8/IL-15-IL-15RalphaS treatment greatly enhanced the cytolytic activity of hepatic NK cells and depletion of NK cells abrogated the therapeutic effect. Importantly, no apparent liver toxicity was observed during AAV8/IL-15-IL-15RalphaS treatment. Together, our data demonstrate that AAV8-delivered IL-15-IL-15RalphaS provides an effective and safe therapy against metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
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Correia MP, Cardoso EM, Pereira CF, Neves R, Uhrberg M, Arosa FA. Hepatocytes and IL-15: a favorable microenvironment for T cell survival and CD8+ T cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6149-59. [PMID: 19414768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human intrahepatic lymphocytes are enriched in CD1d-unrestricted T cells coexpressing NKR. Although the origin of this population remains controversial, it is possible to speculate that the hepatic microenvironment, namely epithelial cells or the cytokine milieu, may play a role in its shaping. IL-15 is constitutively expressed in the liver and has a key role in activation and survival of innate and tissue-associated immune cells. In this in vitro study, we examined whether hepatocyte cell lines and/or IL-15 could play a role in the generation of NK-like T cells. The results show that both HepG2 cells and a human immortalized hepatocyte cell line increase survival and drive basal proliferation of T cells. In addition, IL-15 was capable of inducing Ag-independent up-regulation of NKR, including NKG2A, Ig-like receptors, and de novo expression of CD56 and NKp46 in CD8(+)CD56(-) T cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that hepatocytes and IL-15 create a favorable microenvironment for T cells to growth and survive. It can be proposed that the increased percentage of intrahepatic nonclassical NKT cells could be in part due to a local CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell transplantation to restore liver function as an alternative to whole liver transplantation has thus far not been successful in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Adult mature hepatocytes and various populations of liver progenitors and stem cells are being studied for their regenerative capabilities. Hepatocyte transplantation to treat metabolic deficiencies has shown promising early improvement in liver function; however, long-term success has not been achieved. Liver progenitor cells can now be identified and were shown to be capable to differentiate into a hepatocyte-like phenotype. Despite evidence of mesenchymal stem cell fusion in animal models of liver regeneration, encouraging results were seen in a small group of patients receiving autologous transplantation of CD133 mesenchymal stem cells to repopulate the liver after extensive hepatectomy for liver masses. Ethical issues, availability, potential rejection and limited understanding of the totipotent capabilities of embryonic stem cells are the limitations that prevent their use for restoration of liver function. The effectiveness of embryonic stem cells to support liver function has been proven with their application in the bioartificial liver model in rodents. SUMMARY There is ongoing research to restore liver function in cell biology, animal models and clinical trials using mature hepatocytes, liver progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Flohr
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-15: a myokine involved in muscle wasting and adiposity. Drug Discov Today 2008; 14:208-13. [PMID: 19041416 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of IL-15 and its role in T-cell proliferation in 1994, different studies on the effects of the cytokine on metabolic effects have been performed. These studies have mainly been involved with the metabolic pathways involved in lipid and protein metabolism. The present review summarises the metabolic effects of IL-15 at different target tissues and the possibilities and potential for therapeutic interventions based on the cytokine's roles in obesity and wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Strick-Marchand H, Masse GX, Weiss MC, Di Santo JP. Lymphocytes Support Oval Cell-Dependent Liver Regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2764-71. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Arina A, Murillo O, Dubrot J, Azpilikueta A, Gabari I, Perez-Gracia JL, Alfaro C, Berasain C, Prieto J, Ferrini S, Hervas-Stubbs S, Melero I. Interleukin-15 liver gene transfer increases the number and function of IKDCs and NK cells. Gene Ther 2008; 15:473-83. [PMID: 18273053 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface phenotype CD3-NK1.1+DX5+CD11c(int)B220+GR1- has been recently ascribed to a novel subset of mouse leukocytes termed interferon (IFN)-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) that shares functions with natural killer (NK) cells and DCs. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is critical for NK cells but its relationship with IKDC remained unexplored. An expression cassette encoding human IL-15 (hIL-15) has been transferred by hydrodynamic injection into the liver of mice, resulting in transient expression of the cytokine that is detectable during the first 48 h. hIL-15 hydrodynamic gene transfer resulted in an expansion of NK cells and IKDCs. Relative expansions of IKDCs were more dramatic in the IL-15 gene-transferred hepatic tissue than in the spleen. Adoptively transferred DX5+ cells comprising both NK cells and IKDCs proliferated in response to hydrodynamic injection of hIL-15, indicating that quantitative increases are at least in part the result of proliferation from already differentiated cells. Expansion is accompanied by enhanced cytolytic activity and increased expression of TRAIL and CD137 (4-1BB), without augmenting interferon-gamma production. The effects of a single hydrodynamic injection surpassed those of two intraperitoneal doses of the recombinant protein. The novel functional link between circulating IL-15 and IKDCs opens new possibilities to study the biology and applications of this minority cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arina
- Gene Therapy Unit, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Yamaguchi K, Yang L, McCall S, Huang J, Yu XX, Pandey SK, Bhanot S, Monia BP, Li YX, Diehl AM. Diacylglycerol acyltranferase 1 anti-sense oligonucleotides reduce hepatic fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2008; 47:625-35. [PMID: 18000880 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinyl ester (RE) stores decrease during hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis. Although retinol esterification is mostly catalyzed by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1 also does this. In previous reports, LRAT(-/-) mice had reduced hepatic RE but neither excessive HSC activation nor liver fibrosis, and DGAT1(-/-) mice had increased liver levels of RE and retinol. We sought to clarify the role of DGAT1 in liver fibrosis. Expression of DGAT1/2 was compared by real time PCR in freshly isolated, primary mouse HSCs and hepatocytes. To induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, adult male db/db mice were fed methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diets. Half were treated with DGAT1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO); the rest were injected with saline. Results were compared with chow-fed controls. Inhibition of DGAT1 in liver had no effect on hepatic triglyceride content or liver necroinflammation but reduced HSC activation and liver fibrosis in mice with NASH. To evaluate the role of DGAT1 in HSC activation, HSC were isolated from healthy rats treated with DGAT1 ASO or saline. DGAT1 was expressed at relatively high levels in HSCs. HSC isolated from DGAT1 ASO-treated rats had reduced DGAT1 expression and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of LRAT and cellular retinol binding protein-1. During culture, they retained more vitamin A, had repressed collagen a2 (I) transcriptional activity, and expressed less collagen a1 (I) and a2 (I) mRNA. CONCLUSION DGAT1 may be a therapeutic target in NASH because inhibiting DGAT1 favorably altered. HSC retinoid homeostasis and inhibited hepatic fibrosis in mice with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Yamaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Viebahn CS, Yeoh GCT. What fires prometheus? The link between inflammation and regeneration following chronic liver injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:855-73. [PMID: 18207446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) play a major role in the regeneration process after chronic liver damage, giving rise to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Thus, they provide a cell-based therapeutic alternative to organ transplant, the current treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease. In recent years, much attention has focused on unravelling the cytokines and growth factors that underlie this response. Liver regeneration following acute damage is achieved by proliferation of mature hepatocytes; yet similar cytokines, most related to the inflammatory process, are implicated in both acute and chronic liver regeneration. Thus, many recent studies represent attempts to identify LPC-specific factors. This review summarises our current understanding of LPC biology with a particular focus on the liver inflammatory response being associated with the induction of LPCs in the liver. We will describe: (i) the pathways of liver regeneration following acute and chronic damage; (ii) the similarities and differences between the two pathways; (iii) the liver inflammatory environment; (iv) the unique features of liver immunology as well as (v) the interactions between liver immune cells and LPCs. Combining data from studies on the LPC-driven regeneration process with the knowledge in the field of liver immunology will improve our understanding of the LPC response and allow us to regulate these cells in vivo and in vitro for future therapeutic strategies to treat chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia S Viebahn
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M310, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Ueda T, Takeyama Y, Yasuda T, Shinzeki M, Sawa H, Nakajima T, Takase K, Matsumoto I, Fujita T, Ajiki T, Fujino Y, Kuroda Y. Serum interleukin-15 level is a useful predictor of the complications and mortality in severe acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2007; 142:319-26. [PMID: 17723882 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In severe acute pancreatitis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications are contributors to high mortality. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a novel cytokine that shares many biologic properties with IL-2. Serum IL-15 levels have not yet been determined in SAP. METHODS Serum IL-15 concentrations were measured in 54 patients with severe acute pancreatitis on admission. The relationships with severity, organ dysfunction, infection, and prognosis were analyzed. Utility of IL-15 for the prediction of clinical outcome was evaluated by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Serum IL-15 levels were increased significantly in severe acute pancreatitis (5.8 +/- 0.5 pg/mL), and they were correlated with Ranson, APACHE II, and Japanese severity score. Serum IL-15 levels were greater in patients with organ dysfunction, patients with infection, and nonsurvivors (P < 05 each). Incidences of organ dysfunction in patients whose IL-15 levels were less than 3.0, 3.0-5.3, and greater than or equal to 5.3 pg/mL, were 8%, 31%, and 89%, respectively (P < .001). Usefulness of IL-15 for the prediction of organ dysfunction was superior to CRP, IL-6, and IL-8, and it was similar to Ranson, APACHE II, and Japanese severity score. Incidences of infection in patients whose IL-15 levels were less than 5.5, 5.5-9.0, and greater than or equal to 9.0 pg/mL, were 7%, 25%, and 50%, respectively (P < .05). Mortality rates in patients whose IL-15 levels were less than 5.5, 5.5-9.0, and greater than or equal to 9.0 pg/mL, were 11%, 25%, and 80%, respectively (P < .001). Usefulness of IL-15 for the prediction of death was superior to CRP, IL-6, and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Serum IL-15 level is a useful predictor of the complications (especially organ dysfunction) and mortality in severe acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
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Keating R, Yue W, Rutigliano JA, So J, Olivas E, Thomas PG, Doherty PC. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver: armed and ready to kill. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2737-45. [PMID: 17312116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6 mice is a well-characterized model for studying CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Analysis of primary and secondary responses showed that the liver is highly enriched for CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant H2D(b)NP(366-374) (D(b)NP(366)) epitope. Functional analysis established that these liver-derived virus-specific CD8+ T cells are fully competent cytotoxic effectors and IFN-gamma secretors. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of early apoptotic cells showed that these influenza-specific CD8+ T cells from liver are as viable as those in the spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, mediastinal lymph nodes, or lung. Moreover, cytokine profiles of the influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from different sites were consistent with the bronchoalveolar lavage, rather than liver population, being the most susceptible to activation-induced cell death. Importantly, adoptively transferred influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells from the liver survived and were readily recalled after virus challenge. Together, these results show clearly that the liver is not a "graveyard" for influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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