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Shao G, Liu Y, Lu L, Wang L, Ji G, Xu H. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of digestive inflammatory cancer transformation: Portulaca oleracea L. as a promising drug. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117999. [PMID: 38447616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat various types of inflammation and tumors of the digestive system. Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), has been used in TCM for thousands of years. The chemical composition of POL is variable and includes flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and organic acids and other classes of natural compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer-transforming effects in the digestive system. AIM OF STUDY In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic role of POL in NASH, gastritis and colitis and their associated cancers, with a focus on the pharmacological properties and potential mechanisms of action of the main natural active compounds in POL. METHODS The information and data on Portulaca oleracea L. and its main active ingredients were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures), Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet. RESULTS Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, EPA, DHA, and melatonin were found to improve NASH and NASH-HCC, while kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin played a therapeutic role in gastritis and gastric cancer. Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, lupeol, vitamin C and melatonin were found to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of colitis and its associated cancers. The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. CONCLUSION The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. However, clinical data describing the mode of action of the naturally active compounds of POL are still lacking. In addition, pharmacokinetic data for POL compounds, such as changes in drug dose and absorption rates, cannot be extrapolated from animal models and need to be measured in patients in clinical trials. On the one hand, a systematic meta-analysis of the existing publications on TCM containing POL still needs to be carried out. On the other hand, studies on the hepatic and renal toxicity of POL are also needed. Additionally, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to validate the therapeutic effects of TCM need to be performed, thus hopefully providing a basis for the validation of the clinical benefits of POL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxuan Shao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
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Karimi M, Shiraseb F, Mofidi M, Khadem A, Ebrahimi S, Mirzaei K. The association between dietary diabetic risk reduction score with anthropometric and body composition variables in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8130. [PMID: 37208390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary diabetes risk reduction score (DDRRs) is inversely associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Given the importance of the association between body fat and insulin resistance and the effect of diet on these parameters, this study aimed to investigate the association between DDRRS and body composition parameters, including the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). This study was conducted on 291 overweight and obese women aged 18-48 years old recruited from 20 Tehran Health Centers in 2018. The anthropometric indices, biochemical parameters, and body composition were measured. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate DDRRs. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between DDRRs and body composition indicators. The mean (SD) age of participants was 36.67 (9.10) years. After adjustment for potential confounders, VAI (β = 0.27, 95% CI = - 0.73, 1.27, Ptrend = 0.052), LAP (β = 8.14, 95% CI = - 10.54, 26.82, Ptrend = 0.069), TF (β = - 1.41, 95% CI = 11.45, 17.30, Ptrend = 0.027), trunk fat percent (TF%) (β = - 21.55, 95% CI = - 44.51, 1.61, Ptrend = 0.074), body fat mass (BFM) (β = - 3.26, 95% CI = - 6.08, - 0.44, Ptrend = 0.026), visceral fat area (VFA) (β = - 45.75, 95% CI = - 86.10, - 5.41, Ptrend = 0.026), waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR) (β = - 0.014, 95% CI = - 0.031, 0.004, Ptrend = 0.066), visceral fat level (VFL) (β = - 0.38, 95% CI = - 5.89, 5.12, Ptrend = 0.064), fat mass index (FMI) (β = - 1.15, 95% CI = - 2.28, - 0.02, Ptrend = 0.048) decreased significantly over tertiles of DDRRs, and also there was no significant association between SMM and DDRRs tertiles (β = - 0.57, 95% CI = - 1.69, 0.53, Ptrend = 0.322). The findings of this study demonstrated that participants with higher adherence to the DDRRs had lower VAI (β = 0.78 vs 0.27) and LAP (β = 20.73 vs 8.14). However, there was no significant association between DDRRs and VAI, LAP and SMM, which are mentioned as the primary outcomes. Future studies with larger sample of both genders are needed to investigate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Karimi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mofidi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khadem
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ebrahimi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li Y, Wu S, Zhao X, Hao S, Li F, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhou H. Key events in cancer: Dysregulation of SREBPs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1130747. [PMID: 36969840 PMCID: PMC10030587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism reprogramming is an important hallmark of tumor progression. Cancer cells require high levels of lipid synthesis and uptake not only to support their continued replication, invasion, metastasis, and survival but also to participate in the formation of biological membranes and signaling molecules. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are core transcription factors that control lipid metabolism and the expression of important genes for lipid synthesis and uptake. A growing number of studies have shown that SREBPs are significantly upregulated in human cancers and serve as intermediaries providing a mechanistic link between lipid metabolism reprogramming and malignancy. Different subcellular localizations, including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and nucleus, play an indispensable role in regulating the cleavage maturation and activity of SREBPs. In this review, we focus on the relationship between aberrant regulation of SREBPs activity in three organelles and tumor progression. Because blocking the regulation of lipid synthesis by SREBPs has gradually become an important part of tumor therapy, this review also summarizes and analyzes several current mainstream strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouwang Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiming Hao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Difei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yishu Wang, Honglan Zhou,
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yishu Wang, Honglan Zhou,
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Gunasekar SK, Heebink J, Carpenter DH, Kumar A, Xie L, Zhang H, Schilling JD, Sah R. Adipose-targeted SWELL1 deletion exacerbates obesity- and age-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e154940. [PMID: 36749637 PMCID: PMC10077479 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy expansion of adipose tissue is critical for the maintenance of metabolic health, providing an optimized reservoir for energy storage in the form of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Dysfunctional adipocytes that are unable to efficiently store lipid can result in lipodystrophy and contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome. Leucine-rich repeat containing protein 8a/SWELL1 functionally encodes the volume-regulated anion channel complex in adipocytes, is induced in early obesity, and is required for normal adipocyte expansion during high-fat feeding. Adipose-specific SWELL1 ablation (Adipo KO) leads to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia during caloric excess, both of which are associated with NAFLD. Here, we show that Adipo-KO mice exhibited impaired adipose depot expansion and excess lipolysis when raised on a variety of high-fat diets, resulting in increased diacylglycerides and hepatic steatosis, thereby driving liver injury. Liver lipidomic analysis revealed increases in oleic acid-containing hepatic triacylglycerides and injurious hepatic diacylglyceride species, with reductions in hepatocyte-protective phospholipids and antiinflammatory free fatty acids. Aged Adipo-KO mice developed hepatic steatosis on a regular chow diet, and Adipo-KO male mice developed spontaneous, aggressive hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). These data highlight the importance of adipocyte SWELL1 for healthy adipocyte expansion to protect against NAFLD and HCC in the setting of overnutrition and with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel K. Gunasekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Heebink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Danielle H. Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Litao Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Alba MM, Ebright B, Hua B, Slarve I, Zhou Y, Jia Y, Louie SG, Stiles BL. Eicosanoids and other oxylipins in liver injury, inflammation and liver cancer development. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1098467. [PMID: 36818443 PMCID: PMC9932286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1098467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a malignancy developed from underlying liver disease that encompasses liver injury and metabolic disorders. The progression from these underlying liver disease to cancer is accompanied by chronic inflammatory conditions in which liver macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response. During this process, bioactive lipids produced by hepatocytes and macrophages mediate the inflammatory responses by acting as pro-inflammatory factors, as well as, playing roles in the resolution of inflammation conditions. Here, we review the literature discussing the roles of bioactive lipids in acute and chronic hepatic inflammation and progression to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Alba
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Brittney Hua
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Ielyzaveta Slarve
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Yunyi Jia
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States,Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Unites States,*Correspondence: Bangyan L. Stiles,
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Musazadeh V, Karimi A, Malekahmadi M, Ahrabi SS, Dehghan P. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:327-334. [PMID: 36692292 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been conflicting evidence from meta-analyses on the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, in this umbrella meta-analysis, we are evaluating whether omega-3 PUFA supplementation has any benefit in treating NAFLD. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar were assessed to October 2022. This meta-analysis included all meta-analyses that examined the effect of PUFAs on liver fat and liver function tests [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)]. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. In total, eight articles involving 6,561 participants met the eligibility criteria. Advantageous impacts PUFA supplementation were observed on ALT (ESWMD = -6.72 IU/L; 95% CI: -8.61, -4.84; p < 0.001, and ESSMD = -0.52 IU/L; 95% CI: -0.84, -0.20, p < 0.001), AST (ESWMD = -3.73 IU/L, 95% CI: -5.93, -1.53, p < 0.001, and ESSMD = -0.65 IU/L; 95% CI: -1.08, -0.22, p = 0.003), GGT levels (ESWMD = -4.20 IU/L, 95% CI: -6.85, -1.55, p = 0.002), and liver fat (ESWMD = -5.16; 95% CI: -8.49, -1.82, p < 0.001). Intervention with omega-3 PUFAs improves ALT, AST, GGT, and liver fat in patients with NAFLD. Thus, omega-3 PUFAs could be considered as a therapeutic option in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sana Sedgh Ahrabi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Fornari F, Giovannini C, Piscaglia F, Gramantieri L. Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Applications in Clinical Research. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1263-1278. [DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s347946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Hussein J, El-Bana MA, El-kHayat Z, El-Naggar ME, Farrag AR, Medhat D. Eicosapentaenoic acid loaded silica nanoemulsion attenuates hepatic inflammation through the enhancement of cell membrane components. Biol Proced Online 2022; 24:11. [PMID: 36071378 PMCID: PMC9454130 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-022-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver inflammation is a multistep process that is linked with cell membrane fatty acids composition. The effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) undergoes an irreversible change during processing due to their unsaturated nature; so the formation of nanocarrier for EPA is crucial for improving EPA’s bioavailability and pharmacological properties. Objective In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of EPA alone or loaded silica nanoemulsion on the management of hepatic inflammation induced by diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) through the enhancement of the cell membrane structure and functions. Methods The new formula of EPA was prepared to modify the properties of EPA. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats were classified into: control, EPA, EPA loaded silica nanoemulsion (EPA–NE), DEN induced hepatic inflammation; DEN induced hepatic inflammation treated with EPA or EPA –NE groups. Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), liver hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, and liver oxidant and anti-oxidants were estimated. Urinary 8- hydroxyguanozine (8- OHdG) and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids fractions were estimated by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also, histopathology studies were done to verify our hypothesis. Results It was appeared that administration of EPA, in particular EPA loaded silica nanoemulsion, ameliorated the inflammatory response, increased the activity of the anti-oxidants, reduced levels of oxidants, and improved cell membrane structure compared to hepatic inflammation induced by DEN group. Histopathological examination confirmed these results. Conclusion EPA and notably EPA loaded silica nanoemulsion strongly recommended as a promising supplement in the management of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Hussein
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Behouth St.Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mona A El-Bana
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Behouth St.Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Zakaria El-kHayat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Behouth St.Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Pre-Treatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fabric Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Dalia Medhat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Behouth St.Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Jiao J, Kwan SY, Sabotta CM, Tanaka H, Veillon L, Warmoes MO, Lorenzi PL, Wang Y, Wei P, Hawk ET, Almeda JL, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP, Beretta L. Circulating Fatty Acids Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in South Texas Hispanics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1643-1651. [PMID: 34155064 PMCID: PMC8419070 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hispanics in South Texas have high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver fibrosis severity is the strongest predictive factor of NAFLD progression to HCC. We examined the association between free fatty acids (FA) and advanced liver fibrosis or HCC in this population. METHODS We quantified 45 FAs in plasma of 116 subjects of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, 15 Hispanics with HCC, and 56 first/second-degree relatives of Hispanics with HCC. Liver fibrosis was assessed by FibroScan. RESULTS Advanced liver fibrosis was significantly associated with low expression of very long chain (VLC) saturated FAs (SFA), odd chain SFAs, and VLC n-3 polyunsaturated FAs [PUFA; AOR; 95% confidence interval (CI), 10.4 (3.7-29.6); P < 0.001; 5.7 (2.2-15.2); P < 0.001; and 3.7 (1.5-9.3); P = 0.005]. VLC n3-PUFAs significantly improved the performance of the noninvasive markers for advanced fibrosis - APRI, FIB-4, and NFS. Plasma concentrations of VLC SFAs and VLC n-3 PUFAs were further reduced in patients with HCC. Low concentrations of these FAs were also observed in relatives of patients with HCC and in subjects with the PNPLA3 rs738409 homozygous genotype. CONCLUSIONS Low plasma concentrations of VLC n-3 PUFAs and VLC SFAs were strongly associated with advanced liver fibrosis and HCC in this population. Genetic factors were associated with low concentrations of these FAs as well. IMPACT These results have implications in identifying those at risk for liver fibrosis progression to HCC and in screening this population for advanced fibrosis. They also prompt the evaluation of VLC n-3 PUFA or VLC SFA supplementation to prevent cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suet-Ying Kwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Caroline M Sabotta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Honami Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose Luis Almeda
- Doctors Hospital at Renaissance and University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Valenzuela R, Ortiz M, Hernández-Rodas MC, Echeverría F, Videla LA. Targeting n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5250-5272. [PMID: 30968772 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190410121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol consumption, in association with Oxidative Stress (OS), a pro-inflammatory state and Insulin Resistance (IR), which are attenuated by n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) C20-C22 (LCPUFAs) supplementation. Main causes of NAFLD comprise high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, with high intakes of saturated FAs. METHODS The review includes several searches considering the effects of n-3 LCPUFAs in NAFLD in vivo and in vitro models, using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. RESULT The LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) have a positive effect in diminishing liver steatosis, OS, and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with improvement of insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. The molecular pathways described for n-3 LCPUFAs in cellular and animal models and humans include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation favouring FA oxidation, diminution of lipogenesis due to sterol responsive element binding protein-1c downregulation and inflammation resolution. Besides, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 activation is elicited by n-3 LCPUFA-derived oxidation products producing direct and indirect antioxidant responses, with concomitant anti-fibrogenic action. CONCLUSION The discussed effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation support its use in NAFLD, although having a limited value in NASH, a contention that may involve n-3 LCPUFA oxygenated derivatives. Clinical trials establishing optimal dosages, intervention times, type of patients and possible synergies with other natural products are needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Merced 333, Curicó 3340000, Chile
| | - María Catalina Hernández-Rodas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Luis Alberto Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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11
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Anti-tumor mechanism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on ovarian tumor model by improving the immunomodulatory activity in F344 rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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12
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Pocha C, Xie C. Hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-one of a kind or two different enemies? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:72. [PMID: 31728429 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a cancer with an overall poor prognosis and an alarming globally rising incidence. While viral etiology of chronic liver disease and HCC is down-trending, alcohol and excess calorie intake have emerged as major culprits. Alcohol related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share similar pathogenetic mechanism of hepatic injury and in promoting development of HCC; yet some genetic and epigenetic features are distinct and may promise clinical utility. Population based intervention are urgently needed to reduce alcohol use and improve metabolic factors such as obesity and diabetes. The goal is to identify at-risk patients, to link these patients to care and to provide effective management of chronic liver disease and HCC. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology including genetic and epigenetic altercation as well as clinical aspects of ALD and NAFLD associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pocha
- Avera McKennnan Hospital and University Medical Center, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Avera McKennnan Hospital and University Medical Center, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Inoue-Yamauchi A, Itagaki H, Oda H. Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates obesity-related hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:28-35. [PMID: 29040439 PMCID: PMC5862334 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of obesity, is an emerging risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accumulating evidence has shown that chronic inflammation represents a plausible link between obesity and HCC and that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 contributes to the development of obesity-related HCC. In the present study, we aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that the development of carcinogen-induced HCC was significantly less in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with EPA than in those fed HFD only, suggesting that EPA attenuates the development of obesity-related HCC. Although EPA did not appear to affect obesity-linked inflammation, it suppressed the activation of the pro-tumorigenic IL-6 effector STAT3, contributing to the inhibition of tumor growth. These findings suggest a clinical implication of EPA as a treatment for obesity-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Itagaki
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Spahis S, Alvarez F, Ahmed N, Dubois J, Jalbout R, Paganelli M, Grzywacz K, Delvin E, Peretti N, Levy E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity and metabolic complications in obese children: impact of omega-3 fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Takakura K, Oikawa T, Tomita Y, Mizuno Y, Nakano M, Saeki C, Torisu Y, Saruta M. Mouse models for investigating the underlying mechanisms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-derived hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1989-1994. [PMID: 29760542 PMCID: PMC5949712 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i18.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by infection with the hepatotropic viruses hepatitis B and hepatitis C decreases, greater attention has become focused on HCC caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which has shown increasing prevalence in correspondence with the overall increase in metabolic syndrome over the recent decades. Several clinical population studies have shown a positive relationship between NASH and HCC, while also providing initial insights into the underlying mechanisms of HCC development from NASH. Research into the pathological progression of NASH to HCC has advanced by use of several beneficial rodent models. In this review, we summarize the established mouse models for preclinical research of NASH-associated HCC and discuss the underlying hepatic mechanisms of NASH-related tumorigenesis identified to date that could lead to new targets for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Chisato Saeki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yuichi Torisu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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16
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Selective insulin resistance with differential expressions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in human NAFLD livers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1544-1555. [PMID: 29717275 PMCID: PMC6160396 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background/objective: Insulin signals, via the regulation of key enzyme expression, both suppress gluconeogenesis and enhance lipid synthesis in the liver. Animal studies have revealed insulin signaling favoring gluconeogenesis suppression to be selectively impaired in steatotic livers. However, whether, and if so how, such selective insulin resistance occurs in human steatotic livers remains unknown. Our aim was to investigate selective insulin resistance in human livers with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Subjects/methods: We examined mRNA expressions of key molecules for insulin signaling, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in human liver biopsy samples obtained from 51 non-diabetic subjects: 9 healthy controls and 42 NAFLD patients, and analyzed associations of these molecules with each other and with detailed pathological and clinical biochemistry data. Results: In NAFLD patients, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 expression was decreased, while those of key enzymes for gluconeogenesis were increased. These alterations of IRS-2 and gluconeogenesis enzymes were induced both in simple steatosis (SS) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), while these expression levels did not differ between SS and NASH. Furthermore, alterations in the expressions of IRS-2 and gluconeogenesis enzymes showed strong negative correlations and were concurrently induced in the early histological stage of NAFLD. In contrast, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression was not decreased in NAFLD, despite IRS-2 downregulation, but correlated strongly with IRS-1 expression. Furthermore, no histological scores were associated with these molecules. Thus, IRS-1 signaling, which is not impaired in NAFLD, appears to modulate FAS expression. Conclusion: These analyses revealed that selective insulin resistance is present in human NAFLD livers and occurs in its early phases. The effect of insulin, during the IRS step, on gene expressions for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis are apparently distinct and preferential downregulation of IRS-2 may contribute to selective resistance to the suppressive effects of insulin on gluconeogenesis.
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17
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Wu J. Utilization of animal models to investigate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42762-42776. [PMID: 27072576 PMCID: PMC5173170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver disorders with fat accumulation from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis and NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is a progressive form of NAFLD and requires medical attention. One of 5-10 NASH patients may progress to end-state liver disease (ESLD or cirrhosis) in 5-10 years; meanwhile, life-threatening complications of ESLD and HCC account for major mortality. An increasing burden of NAFLD in clinics, elucidation of its pathogenesis and progression, and assessment of the efficacy of potential therapeutics demand reliable animal models. Most NASH-associated HCC occurs in cirrhotic subjects; however, HCC does appear in NASH patients without cirrhosis. Lipotoxicity, oxidant stress, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered adipokine and lymphokine profiles and gut microbiome changes affect NAFLD progression and constitute key pathobiologic interplays. How these factors promote malignant transformation in a microenvironment of steatotic inflammation and fibrosis/cirrhosis, and lead to development of neoplasms is one of critical questions faced in the hepatology field. The present review summarizes the characteristics of emerging rodent NASH-HCC models, and discusses the challenges in utilizing these models to unveil the mysteries of NASH-associated HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Jump DB, Lytle KA, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a treatment strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:108-125. [PMID: 28723414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obese and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a continuum of chronic liver diseases ranging from benign hepatosteatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Because of its strong association with the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is rapidly becoming a major public health concern worldwide. Surprisingly, there are no FDA approved NAFLD therapies; and current therapies focus on the co-morbidities associated with NAFLD, namely, obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The goal of this review is to provide background on the disease process, discuss human studies and preclinical models that have examined treatment options. We also provide an in-depth rationale for the use of dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3 PUFA) supplements as a treatment option for NAFLD. This focus is based on recent studies indicating that NASH patients and preclinical mouse models of NASH have low levels of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA. This decline in hepatic PUFA may account for the major phenotypic features associated with NASH, including steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Finally, our discussion will address the strengths and limitations of ω3 PUFA supplements use in NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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19
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Yang W, Chen X, Liu Y, Chen M, Jiang X, Shen T, Li Q, Yang Y, Ling W. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity via a PPAR-γ-β-klotho pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
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20
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Tajima-Shirasaki N, Ishii KA, Takayama H, Shirasaki T, Iwama H, Chikamoto K, Saito Y, Iwasaki Y, Teraguchi A, Lan F, Kikuchi A, Takeshita Y, Murao K, Matsugo S, Kaneko S, Misu H, Takamura T. Eicosapentaenoic acid down-regulates expression of the selenoprotein P gene by inhibiting SREBP-1c protein independently of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10791-10800. [PMID: 28465347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein P (encoded by SELENOP in humans, Selenop in rat), a liver-derived secretory protein, induces resistance to insulin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in type 2 diabetes. Suppression of selenoprotein P may provide a novel therapeutic approach to treating type 2 diabetes; however, few drugs inhibiting SELENOP expression in hepatocytes have been identified. The present findings demonstrate that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) suppresses SELENOP expression by inactivating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c, encoded by Srebf1 in rat) in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. Treatment with EPA caused concentration- and time-dependent reduction in SELENOP promoter activity. EPA activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, the inhibitory effect of EPA on SELENOP promoter activity was not canceled with an AMPK inhibitor compound C and dominant-negative AMPK transfection. Deletion mutant promoter assays and computational analysis of transcription factor-binding sites conserved among the species resulted in identification of a sterol regulatory element (SRE)-like site in the SELENOP promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that EPA decreases binding of SREBP-1c to the SELENOP promoter. Knockdown of Srebf1 resulted in a significant down-regulation of Selenop expression. Conversely, SREBP-1c overexpression inhibited the suppressive effect of EPA. These data provide a novel mechanism of action for EPA involving improvement of systemic insulin sensitivity through the regulation of selenoprotein P production independently of the AMPK pathway and suggest an additional approach to developing anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiyo-Aki Ishii
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism.,System Biology, and
| | - Hiroaki Takayama
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism.,System Biology, and
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- System Biology, and.,Advanced Medical Technology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- the Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793
| | - Keita Chikamoto
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism.,the Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- the Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Systems Life Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394
| | | | | | - Fei Lan
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Akihiro Kikuchi
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism.,System Biology, and
| | | | - Koji Murao
- the Department of Advanced Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, and
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- the Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | | | - Hirofumi Misu
- From the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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21
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Spahis S, Delvin E, Borys JM, Levy E. Oxidative Stress as a Critical Factor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:519-541. [PMID: 27452109 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by liver triacylglycerol build-up, has been growing in the global world in concert with the raised prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipemia. Redox imbalance has been suggested to be highly relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Recent Advances: As a major health problem, NAFLD progresses to the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition and predisposes susceptible individuals to liver and cardiovascular disease. Although NAFLD represents the predominant cause of chronic liver disorders, the mechanisms of its development and progression remain incompletely understood, even if various scientific groups ascribed them to the occurrence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OxS) more and more appears as the most important pathological event during NAFLD development and the hallmark between simple steatosis and NASH manifestation. CRITICAL ISSUES The purpose of this article is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NAFLD, essentially focusing on OxS as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Various attempts to translate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by antioxidants into experimental and clinical studies have yielded mostly encouraging results. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although augmented concentrations of ROS and faulty antioxidant defense have been associated to NAFLD and related complications, mechanisms of action and proofs of principle should be highlighted to support the causative role of OxS and to translate its concept into the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 519-541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 GI-Nutrition Unit, Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,4 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
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22
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Minami A, Ogino M, Nakano N, Ichimura M, Nakanishi A, Murai T, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Roles of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in osteoclastogenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:261-267. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Yokohama K, Fukunishi S, Ii M, Nakamura K, Ohama H, Tsuchimoto Y, Asai A, Tsuda Y, Higuchi K. Rosuvastatin as a potential preventive drug for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1499-1506. [PMID: 28025996 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents approximately 85% of all primary liver cancer cases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the risk factors for HCC. NAFLD occurs in patients with components of metabolic syndrome, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, hyperlipidemia also represents a patient population at risk for HCC that can readily be identified. Rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has exhibited a more potent affinity for the active site of HMG-CoA reductase than other statins. In addition, the hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin in rats has been found to be more selective and efficient than that with other drugs. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effects of rosuvastatin against ischemic injury have been clearly reported. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine the role of rosuvastatin as a preventive drug in HCC associated with NAFLD. STAM mice, which developed HCC from NAFLD by being fed a high-fat diet (HFD), were divided into a group in which a HFD was given to the mice for 15 weeks (n=8) and another in which a HFD supplemented with 0.00125% rosuvastatin was given to the mice for 15 weeks (n=8). Rosuvastatin inhibited the development of hepatic tumors in the mice with NAFLD induced by a specific diet both macroscopically and histologically. Rosuvastatin significantly decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatry cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Tumor aggressiveness is mediated by angiogenic factors. Therefore, we examined the hepatic mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The hepatic expression of these factors significantly decreased in the rousvastin-fed mice. Our results thus suggest rosuvastatin that prevents carcinogenesis and improves the hepatic background. Our data suggest that rosuvastatin has potential for use as a preventive drug for the development of HCC associated with NAFLD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yokohama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukunishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ii
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hideko Ohama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuchimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsuda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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24
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Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:1459790. [PMID: 27651787 PMCID: PMC5019889 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1459790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (n-3 PUFAs) in lowering liver fat, liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels), and blood lipids (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL)) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Science Citation Index (ISI Web of Science), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with NAFLD from inception to May 2015. Ten studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results. 577 cases of NAFLD/NASH in ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that benefit changes in liver fat favored PUFA treatment, and it was also beneficial for GGT, but it was not significant on ALT, AST, TC, and LDL. Conclusions. In this meta-analysis, omega-3 PUFAs improved liver fat, GGT, TG, and HDL in patients with NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, n-3 PUFAs may be a new treatment option for NAFLD.
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Eicosapentaenoic acid induced SKOV-3 cell apoptosis through ERK1/2–mTOR–NF-κB pathways. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:635-42. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhao J, Liu J, Pang X, Zhang X, Wang S, Wu D. Rosiglitazone attenuates angiotensin II-induced C-reactive protein expression in hepatocytes via inhibiting AT1/ROS/MAPK signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Eritja N, Arjó G, Santacana M, Gatius S, Ramírez-Núñez O, Arcal L, Serrano JCE, Pamplona R, Dolcet X, Piñol C, Christou P, Matias-Guiu X, Portero-Otin M. Oral intake of genetically engineered high-carotenoid corn ameliorates hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis in PTEN haploinsufficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:526-535. [PMID: 26820774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease. Here we show that a mouse model of haploinsufficiency in the lipid and protein phosphatase and tensin homolog protein (PTEN(+/-)) exhibits hepatomegaly, increased liver lipogenic gene expression (SREBP-1C and PPARγ) and hepatic lesions analogous to human NAFLD. The livers of PTEN(+/-) mice also contained lower levels of retinoic acid (RA) than normal, similarly to human NAFLD patients. The RA signaling pathway thus offers a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD although the impact of nutrition in this context is unclear. We therefore fed PTEN(+/-) mice for 36weeks a diet containing genetically engineered high-carotenoid corn (HCAR) to investigate its potential beneficial effects on the hepatic symptoms of NAFLD. The HCAR diet reduced hepatomegaly and promoted the repartitioning of fatty acids in the liver, away from triacylglycerol storage. At the molecular level, the HCAR diet clearly reduced lipogenic gene expression, boosted catabolism, and increased hepatic RA levels. These results set the stage for human trials to evaluate the use of high-carotenoid foods for the reduction or prevention of steatosis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Eritja
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Dept. de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
| | - Gemma Arjó
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Dept. de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Dept. de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Omar Ramírez-Núñez
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Arcal
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - José C E Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavi Dolcet
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Dept. de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Carme Piñol
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain; Institució Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avanc¸ats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Dept. de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Oyster extracts attenuate pathological changes in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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ω-3 Fatty acids reverse lipotoxity through induction of autophagy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition 2015; 31:1423-1429.e2. [PMID: 26429665 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Palanisamy K, Krishnaswamy R, Paramasivan P, Chih-Yang H, Vishwanadha VP. Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents TCDD-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response by modulating MAP kinases and redox-sensitive transcription factors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4726-40. [PMID: 26177858 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress and subsequent activation of inflammatory responses is a widely accepted consequence of exposure to environmental toxins. TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), a well-known environmental toxin, exerts its toxicity through many signalling mechanisms, with liver being the principal organ affected. However, an effective antidote to TCDD-induced toxicity is unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n3 fatty acid, on TCDD-induced toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In cultures of HepG2 cells, the EPA/AA ratio was determined using gas chromatography, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant status, [Ca(2+) ]i , nuclear migration of two redox-sensitive transcription factors, NF-κB p65 and Nrf-2, expression of MAP kinase (p-Erk, p-p38), NF-κB p65, COX-2 and Nrf-2. Cellular changes in ΔΨm, acidic vesicular organelle formation, cell cycle analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed. KEY RESULTS EPA offered significant cytoprotection by increasing EPA/AA ratios in cell membranes, inhibiting ROS generation, enhancing antioxidant status and modulating nuclear translocation of redox-sensitive transcription factors (NF-κB p65 and Nrf-2) and expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2 and Nrf-2. Furthermore, TCDD-induced upstream events of MAPK phosphorylation, the increase in [Ca(2+) ]i levels and cell surface changes in microvilli were significantly inhibited by EPA. EPA treatment maintained ΔΨm and prevented formation of acidic vesicular organelles. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The present study demonstrates for the first time some underlying molecular mechanisms of cytoprotection exerted by EPA against TCDD-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rajashree Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Poornima Paramasivan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Huang Chih-Yang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vijaya Padma Vishwanadha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Murata S, Ogawa K, Matsuzaka T, Chiba M, Nakayama K, Iwasaki K, Kurokawa T, Sano N, Tanoi T, Ohkohchi N. 1,8-Cineole Ameliorates Steatosis of Pten Liver Specific KO Mice via Akt Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12051-63. [PMID: 26023714 PMCID: PMC4490428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-specific Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten)-knockout (KO) mice exhibit hepatic lesions analogous to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 1,8-cineole is a monoterpene oxide and it has several biological effects including hepatoprotective effects. In this study we revealed that 1,8-cineole ameliorates NASH of Pten KO mice. Pten KO mice were assigned to a control group without any medication or to a 1,8-cineole group injected with 50 mg/kg i.p. twice per week for eight weeks. At eight weeks, livers from each group were processed to measure triglyceride (TG) content, gene expression analysis, western blot analysis, and histological examination including Oil red O staining. 1,8-cineole ameliorated hepatic steatosis in Pten KO mice, revealed by TG content and Oil red O staining. Moreover, 1,8-cineole downregulated collagen 1a1 expression and improved liver fibrosis. Thus, 1,8-cineole has potential as a candidate to treat NASH by inactivating the Akt/PI3-kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Murata
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Ken Nakayama
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Iwasaki
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Kurokawa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sano
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomohito Tanoi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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Abdel-Dayem MA, Elmarakby AA, Abdel-Aziz AA, Pye C, Said SA, El-Mowafy AM. Valproate-induced liver injury: modulation by the omega-3 fatty acid DHA proposes a novel anticonvulsant regimen. Drugs R D 2015; 14:85-94. [PMID: 24733439 PMCID: PMC4070460 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-014-0042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polyunsaturated, ω-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), claims diverse cytoprotective potentials, although via largely undefined triggers. Thus, we currently first tested the ability of DHA to ameliorate valproate (VPA)-evoked hepatotoxicity, to modulate its anticonvulsant effects, then sought the cellular and molecular basis of such actions. Lastly, we also verified whether DHA may kinetically alter plasma levels/clearance rate of VPA. Methods and Results VPA (500 mg/kg orally for 14 days in rats) evoked prominent hepatotoxicity that appeared as a marked rise (2- to 4-fold) in serum hepatic enzymes (γ-glutamyl transferase [γ-GT], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), increased hepatic lipid peroxide (LPO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) levels, as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (3- to 5-fold), lowering of serum albumin (40 %), and depletion of liver reduced-glutathione (GSH, 35 %). Likewise, histopathologic examination revealed hepatocellular degeneration, replacement by inflammatory cells, focal pericentral necrosis, and micro/macrovesicular steatosis. Concurrent treatment with DHA (250 mg/kg) markedly blunted the elevated levels of liver enzymes, lipid peroxides, TNFα, and MPO activity, while raising serum albumin and hepatic GSH levels. DHA also alleviated most of the cytologic insults linked to VPA. Besides, in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) mouse convulsion model, DHA (250 mg/kg) markedly increased the latency in convulsion evoked by VPA, beyond their individual responses. Lastly, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that joint DHA administration did not alter serum VPA concentrations. Conclusions DHA substantially ameliorated liver injury induced by VPA, while also markedly boosted its pharmacologic effects. DHA manipulated definite cellular machinery to curb liver oxidative stress and inflammation, without affecting VPA plasma levels. Collectively, these protective and synergy profiles for DHA propose a superior VPA-drug combination regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Abdel-Dayem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (FOP), Mansoura University, 35512, Mansoura, Egypt
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Eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a novel mouse model using melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121528. [PMID: 25816330 PMCID: PMC4376873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to find novel therapeutic strategies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), while their clinical efficacy is unclear. We have recently reported a novel rodent model of NASH using melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient (MC4R-KO) mice, which exhibit the sequence of events that comprise hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma with obesity-related phenotypes. In the liver of MC4R-KO mice, there is a unique histological feature termed hepatic crown-like structures (hCLS), where macrophages interact with dead hepatocytes and fibrogenic cells, thereby accelerating inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we employed MC4R-KO mice to examine the effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a clinically available n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on the development of NASH. EPA treatment markedly prevented the development of hepatocyte injury, hCLS formation and liver fibrosis along with lipid accumulation. EPA treatment was also effective even after MC4R-KO mice developed NASH. Intriguingly, improvement of liver fibrosis was accompanied by the reduction of hCLS formation and plasma kallikrein-mediated transforming growth factor-β activation. Moreover, EPA treatment increased the otherwise reduced serum concentrations of adiponectin, an adipocytokine with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. Collectively, EPA treatment effectively prevents the development and progression of NASH in MC4R-KO mice along with amelioration of hepatic steatosis. This study unravels a novel anti-fibrotic mechanism of EPA, thereby suggesting a clinical implication for the treatment of NASH.
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Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega 3 fatty acids for the treatment of diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49:137-44. [PMID: 24583757 PMCID: PMC4147029 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is common and severe in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although, there are no effective treatments for NASH in diabetic patients, preliminary reports suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be beneficial in these patients. AIM A prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study (NCT 00323414) was performed in NASH patients with diabetes. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00323414). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 37 patients (50.6 ± 9.8 y) with well-controlled diabetes (HbA1C<8.5%) were randomized to receive either PUFA containing eicosapentaenoic acid (2160 mg) and docosahexaenoic acid (1440 mg) daily or an isocaloric, identical placebo containing corn oil for 48 weeks under CONSORT guidelines. Clinical, demographics, biochemical laboratory tests, body composition using DEXA, and liver biopsy were performed at randomization and at the end of treatment. Liver biopsy was scored by the NASH CRN criteria. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS At inclusion, sex, age, body weight, biochemical tests, glucose control, and liver histology were similar in the 2 treatment groups. There was no change in liver enzymes, body weight, or body composition during the study in either group. At the end of the treatment, hepatic steatosis and the activity score improved (P<0.05) and lobular inflammation worsened (P<0.001) with placebo but was unchanged with PUFA. At the end of the treatment, insulin resistance (serum glucose and HOMA) worsened with PUFA but not placebo. CONCLUSIONS PUFA provided no benefit over placebo in NASH patients with diabetes. The effects of PUFA on histology and insulin resistance were inferior to placebo. These data provide no support for PUFA supplements in NASH.
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and ursodeoxycholic acid have an additive effect in attenuating diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e127. [PMID: 25523099 PMCID: PMC4274398 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress into liver cirrhosis; however, no definite treatment is available. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3) has been reported to alleviate experimental NASH, although its beneficial effect was not evident when tested clinically. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the additive effect of omega-3 and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on diet-induced NASH in mice. C57BL/6 mice were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks, at which point the mice were divided into three groups and fed HFD alone, HFD with omega-3 or HFD with omega-3 in combination with UDCA for another 24 weeks. Feeding mice an HFD and administering omega-3 improved histologically assessed liver fibrosis, and UDCA in combination with omega-3 further attenuated this disease. The assessment of collagen α1(I) expression agreed with the histological evaluation. Omega-3 in combination with UDCA resulted in a significant attenuation of inflammation whereas administering omega-3 alone failed to improve histologically assessed liver inflammation. Quantitative analysis of tumor necrosis factor α showed an additive effect of omega-3 and UDCA on liver inflammation. HFD-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation was attenuated by omega-3 and adding UDCA accentuated this effect. In accordance with this result, the expression of sterol regulatory binding protein-1c decreased after omega-3 administration and adding UDCA further diminished SREBP-1c expression. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which may reflect oxidative stress-induced tissue damage, was suppressed by omega-3 administration and adding UDCA further attenuated iNOS expression. These results demonstrated an additive effect of omega-3 and UDCA for alleviating fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis in diet-induced NASH.
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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS-Ca(2+)-JNK mitochondrial pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:926-32. [PMID: 25529445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a well-known dietary n-3 PUFAS, has been considered to inhibit proliferation of tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanism related to EPA-induced liver cancer cells apoptosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of EPA on HepG2 cells proliferation and apoptosis mechanism through mitochondrial pathways. EPA inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and had no significant effect on the cell viability of humor normal liver L-02 cells. It was found that EPA initially evoked ROS formation, leading to [Ca(2+)]c accumulation and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening; EPA-induced HepG2 cells apoptosis was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an inhibitor of ROS), 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM, a chelator of calcium) and CsA (inhibitor of MPTP). The relationship between ROS production, the increase of cytoplasmic Ca and MPTP opening was detected. It seems that ROS may act as an upstream regulator of EPA-induced [Ca(2+)]c generation, moreover, generation of ROS, overload of mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]c, and JNK activated cause the opening of MPTP. Western blotting results showed that EPA elevated the phosphorylation status of JNK, processes associated with the ROS generation. Simultaneously, the apoptosis induced by EPA was related to release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm through the MPTP and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These results suggest that EPA induces apoptosis through ROS-Ca(2+)-JNK mitochondrial pathways.
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Mitchel EB, Lavine JE. Review article: the management of paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:1155-70. [PMID: 25267322 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern given the recent increase in its prevalence and link to obesity and other metabolic comorbidities. Current treatment strategies involve lifestyle changes. Other surgical and pharmacologic interventions have been proposed; however, limited randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the paediatric population restrict their use. AIM To review the current management of paediatric NAFLD, including lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, and to formulate recommendations for study design for future studies. METHODS A MEDLINE, Pubmed and Cochrane Review database search used a combination of keywords, including NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), paediatric, treatments, lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, orlistat, metformin, thiazolidinediones, vitamin E, cysteamine bitartrate, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, pentoxyfylline, farnesoid X receptor agonist and toll-like receptor modifiers. The articles were selected based on their relevance to the review. RESULTS Lifestyle interventions involving diet and exercise remain first-line treatment for paediatric NAFLD. Bariatric surgery, orlistat, insulin sensitisers and UDCA have been evaluated but are not recommended as first or second-line therapy. Medications such as cysteamine bitartrate, probiotics, polyunsaturated fats and pentoxyfilline share beneficial effects in trials, however, there is a paucity of adequately powered RCTs in which liver histology is evaluated. Vitamin E has been shown to be effective and safe in improving NASH histology in children. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle intervention should be first-line treatment for paediatric NAFLD. Vitamin E should be considered for those with biopsy-proven NASH or borderline NASH failing first-line therapy. Other therapeutics show promising results but require larger RCTs with convincing endpoints. Improved screening techniques, objective validated inclusion criteria and outcome measures as well as rigour in study design are necessary for propelling therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Mitchel
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Monteiro J, Leslie M, Moghadasian MH, Arendt BM, Allard JP, Ma DWL. The role of n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Funct 2014; 5:426-35. [PMID: 24496399 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. CVD remains the number one cause of mortality in the West, while NAFLD is the most common liver disease. Growing evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence risk factors including circulating lipids and inflammation on the development of CVD and NAFLD. N - 6 and n - 3 PUFA are comprised of distinct family members, which are increasingly recognized for their individual effects. Therefore, this review examines what is currently known about the specific effects of the major n - 3 and n - 6 PUFA on CVD and NAFLD. Overall, this review supports a beneficial effect of n - 3 PUFA and highlights distinctive effects between alpha-linolenic acid found in plant oils relative to marine derived eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This review also highlights contrasting health effects between the n - 6 PUFA, linoleic and arachidonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Monteiro
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, 491 Gordon Street, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Provenzano A, Milani S, Vizzutti F, Delogu W, Navari N, Novo E, Maggiora M, Maurino V, Laffi G, Parola M, Marra F. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids worsen inflammation and fibrosis in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2014; 34:918-30. [PMID: 24628836 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ameliorate fatty liver in experimental models, but their effects on inflammation and fibrosis during steatohepatitis are either controversial or lacking. We compared the effects of supplementation with olive oil (OO) alone or OO and n-3 PUFA on the development and progression of experimental steatohepatitis. METHODS Balb/C mice (≥5 mice/group) were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet or a control diet for 4 or 8 weeks. At the same time, mice were supplemented with n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexahenoic acid, 25 mg together with 75 mg OO), or OO alone (100 mg), two times a week by intragastric gavage. RESULTS After 8 weeks, mice on MCD/n-3 had higher ALT levels compared to MCD/OO and more severe scores of inflammation, including a significant increase in the number of lipogranulomas (26.4 ± 8.4 vs. 5.1 ± 5 per field, P < 0.001). Intrahepatic expression of TNF-α and CCL2 was higher in MCD/n-3 mice at both time points. In addition, increased expression of the profibrogenic genes TIMP-1 and TGF-β, and more severe histological scores of fibrosis were evident in MCD/n-3 mice. After 8 week of MCD diet, portal pressure was higher in mice receiving n-3 than in those on OO alone (5.1 ± 1.4 vs. 7.0 ± 0.9 mmHg, P < 0.05). Analysis of hepatic fatty acid profile showed that supplementation resulted in effective incorporation of n-3 PUFA. CONCLUSIONS In a murine model of steatohepatitis, supplementation with n-3 PUFA and OO is associated with more severe necro-inflammation and fibrosis than in mice treated with OO only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Provenzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Basili S, Raparelli V, Napoleone L, Del Ben M, Merli M, Riggio O, Nocella C, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P, Violi F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids balance affects platelet NOX2 activity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:632-8. [PMID: 24703705 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH-oxidase-2 up-regulation has been suggested in liver damage perpetuation via an oxidative stress-mediated mechanism. n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio derangement has been reported in liver disease. AIM To explore polyunsaturated fatty acids balance and its interplay with platelet oxidative stress in liver cirrhosis. METHODS A cross-sectional study in 51 cirrhotic patients and sex- and age-matched controls was performed. Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidative stress markers (urinary isoprostanes and serum soluble NADPH-oxidase-2-derived peptide) were measured. The effect on platelet oxidative stress of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in vitro and in vivo (1-week supplementation with 3g/daily n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids) was tested. RESULTS Compared to controls, cirrhotic patients had significantly higher n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio correlated significantly with disease severity and oxidative stress markers. In vitro experiments showed that in Child-Pugh C patients' platelets incubation with low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio resulted in dose-dependent decrease of radical oxigen species (-39%), isoprostanes (-25%) and NADPH-oxidase-2 regulation (-51%). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented patients showed significant oxidative stress indexes reduction. CONCLUSIONS In cirrhosis, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids imbalance up-regulates platelet NADPH-oxidase-2 with ensuing oxidative stress. Further study to evaluate if n-3 supplementation may reduce disease progression is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Basili
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Napoleone
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Del Ben
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Merli
- Gastroenterology Unit (Department of Clinical Medicine), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Oliviero Riggio
- Gastroenterology Unit (Department of Clinical Medicine), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Violi
- First Medical Clinic (Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties), Sapienza-University of Rome, Italy.
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41
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Kalafati IP, Borsa D, Dedoussis GVZ. The Genetics of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Role of Diet as a Modifying Factor. Curr Nutr Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Marra F, Lotersztajn S. Pathophysiology of NASH: perspectives for a targeted treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:5250-69. [PMID: 23394092 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the more severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In NASH, fatty liver, hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrogenesis are associated, and this condition may eventually lead to cirrhosis. Current treatment of NASH relies on the reduction of body weight and increase in physical activity, but there is no pharmacologic treatment approved as yet. Emerging data indicate that NASH progression results from parallel events originating from the liver as well as from the adipose tissue, the gut and the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, dysfunction of the adipose tissue through enhanced flow of free fatty acids and release of adipocytokines, and alterations in the gut microbiome generate proinflammatory signals that underlie NASH progression. Additional 'extrahepatic hits' include dietary factors and gastrointestinal hormones. Within the liver, hepatocyte apoptosis, ER stress and oxidative stress are key contributors to hepatocellular injury. In addition, lipotoxic mediators and danger signals activate Kupffer cells which initiate and perpetuate the inflammatory response by releasing inflammatory mediators that contribute to inflammatory cell recruitment and development of fibrosis. Inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators include chemokines, the cannabinoid system, the inflammasome and activation of pattern-recognition receptors. Here we review the major mechanisms leading to appearance and progression of NASH, focusing on both extrahepatic signals and local inflammatory mechanisms, in an effort to identify the most promising molecular targets for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Italy.
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43
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Marra F, Lotersztajn S. Pathophysiology of NASH: perspectives for a targeted treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2014. [PMID: 23394092 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811399990344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the more severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In NASH, fatty liver, hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrogenesis are associated, and this condition may eventually lead to cirrhosis. Current treatment of NASH relies on the reduction of body weight and increase in physical activity, but there is no pharmacologic treatment approved as yet. Emerging data indicate that NASH progression results from parallel events originating from the liver as well as from the adipose tissue, the gut and the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, dysfunction of the adipose tissue through enhanced flow of free fatty acids and release of adipocytokines, and alterations in the gut microbiome generate proinflammatory signals that underlie NASH progression. Additional 'extrahepatic hits' include dietary factors and gastrointestinal hormones. Within the liver, hepatocyte apoptosis, ER stress and oxidative stress are key contributors to hepatocellular injury. In addition, lipotoxic mediators and danger signals activate Kupffer cells which initiate and perpetuate the inflammatory response by releasing inflammatory mediators that contribute to inflammatory cell recruitment and development of fibrosis. Inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators include chemokines, the cannabinoid system, the inflammasome and activation of pattern-recognition receptors. Here we review the major mechanisms leading to appearance and progression of NASH, focusing on both extrahepatic signals and local inflammatory mechanisms, in an effort to identify the most promising molecular targets for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Italy.
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Pan MH, Lai CS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. Chemoprevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by dietary natural compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:147-71. [PMID: 24302567 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease that is not from excess alcohol consumption, but is often associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD pathogenesis is complicated and involves oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, insulin resistance, inflammation, and excessive dietary fat intake, which increase hepatic lipid influx and de novo lipogenesis and impair insulin signaling, thus promoting hepatic triglyceride accumulation and ultimately NAFLD. Overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines from adipose tissue also affects hepatic metabolic function. Current NAFLD therapies are limited; thus, much attention has been focused on identification of potential dietary substances from fruits, vegetables, and edible plants to provide a new strategy for NAFLD treatment. Dietary natural compounds, such as carotenoids, omega-3-PUFAs, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, terpenoids, curcumin, and resveratrol, act through a variety of mechanisms to prevent and improve NAFLD. Here, we summarize and briefly discuss the currently known targets and signaling pathways as well as the role of dietary natural compounds that interfere with NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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45
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Nishikawa H, Osaki Y. Non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1333-42. [PMID: 23969900 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is related to viral infection, there is a substantial population of HCC patients (5-20%) who are negative for both markers of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection [non-B, non-C (NBNC) hepatitis] in Japan and the incidence of NBNC-HCC has recently tended to increase. The most common cause of liver disease in developed countries is non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its related complications. Increased body mass index and diabetes mellitus are associated with developing NAFLD and NASH, which is a severe form of NAFLD. Furthermore, increasing clinical evidence supports the fact that NAFLD and NASH can progress to liver cirrhosis and even HCC. A detailed understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, molecular mechanism, clinical features and prognosis of NBNC-HCC could improve our screening and therapy of this disease. In this review, we primarily focus on clinical aspects of NBNC-HCC and refer to our current knowledge of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0027, Japan
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46
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Yu J, Shen J, Sun TT, Zhang X, Wong N. Obesity, insulin resistance, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:483-91. [PMID: 23876851 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical data have clearly demonstrated that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) predisposes risk to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, which constellates obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Although the percentage of patients diagnosed annually with NASH-associated HCC is still relatively low, this number signifies a large population due to the rapidly increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes globally. Fundamental studies on lipid storage, regulation of adipose factors, inflammatory cytokine recruitments and oxidative stress have provided insights into NASH as well as metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence also indicates the significant role of genetic factors in contributing to the pathogenesis of NASH and induced hepatic malignancy. In this review, we attempt to collate current research on NASH biology that lead to our understandings on how metabolic disorders may intersect with cancer development. We also discuss study models that have supported discoveries of molecular and cellular defects, and offered a perspective on therapeutic developments. These studies have collectively increased our knowledge on the complex signaling pathways involved in NASH and cancer, and provided the foundation for improved clinical management of patients with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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47
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Walenbergh SMA, Koek GH, Bieghs V, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. J Hepatol 2013. [PMID: 23183522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is hallmarked by lipid accumulation in the liver (steatosis) along with inflammation (hepatitis). The transition from simple steatosis towards NASH represents a key step in pathogenesis, as it will set the stage for further severe liver damage. Yet, the pathogenesis behind hepatic inflammation is still poorly understood. It is of relevance to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in NASH in order to apply new knowledge to potential novel therapeutic approaches. In the current review, we propose oxidized cholesterol as a novel risk factor for NASH. Here, we summarize mouse and human studies that provide possible mechanisms for the involvement of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in NASH and consequent potential novel diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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48
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Depner CM, Philbrick KA, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis without decreasing hepatosteatosis in a Ldlr(-/-) mouse model of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr 2013; 143:315-23. [PMID: 23303872 PMCID: PMC3713021 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.171322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has increased in parallel with the incidence of obesity. While both NAFLD and NASH are characterized by hepatosteatosis, NASH is characterized by hepatic damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. We previously reported that feeding Ldlr(-/-) mice a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing menhaden oil attenuated several markers of NASH, including hepatosteatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Herein, we test the hypothesis that DHA [22:6 (n-3)] is more effective than EPA [20:5 (n-3)] at preventing Western diet (WD)-induced NASH in Ldlr(-/-) mice. Mice were fed the WD supplemented with either olive oil (OO), EPA, DHA, or EPA + DHA for 16 wk. WD + OO feeding induced a severe NASH phenotype, characterized by robust hepatosteatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Whereas none of the C20-22 (n-3) fatty acid treatments prevented WD-induced hepatosteatosis, all 3 (n-3) PUFA-containing diets significantly attenuated WD-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatic damage. The capacity of dietary DHA to suppress hepatic markers of inflammation (Clec4F, F4/80, Trl4, Trl9, CD14, Myd88), fibrosis (Procol1α1, Tgfβ1), and oxidative stress (NADPH oxidase subunits Nox2, p22phox, p40phox, p47phox, p67phox) was significantly greater than dietary EPA. The effects of DHA on these markers paralleled DHA-mediated suppression of hepatic Fads1 mRNA abundance and hepatic arachidonic acid content. Because DHA suppression of NASH markers does not require a reduction in hepatosteatosis, dietary DHA may be useful in combating NASH in obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Depner
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and,The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - Donald B. Jump
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and,The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Di Minno MND, Russolillo A, Lupoli R, Ambrosino P, Di Minno A, Tarantino G. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5839-47. [PMID: 23139599 PMCID: PMC3491590 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major independent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD, a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches. In this review, major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described. n-3 PUFAs, besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis) by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, PPARγ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein], impacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity. In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production, n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) and of oxygen reactive species. Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies, both animal models and human intervention trials, showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory parameters and imaging measurements. Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans, well-designed randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration, with histological endpoints, are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA, as well as other therapies, for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources (fish oil, flaxseeds, olive oil) which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes and, in turn, cardiovascular events. According to these data, it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.
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The role of nutrients in the development, progression, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46:457-67. [PMID: 22469640 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31824cf51e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in adults and children and is currently the third most common indication for liver transplantation in North America. Its pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to multiple "hits" derived from the dietary components, adipose tissue, immune system, and intestinal microbiota. Lack of physical activity may contribute as well. Nutrients may exert their effect directly or through alteration of the intestinal microbiota. Research focusing on specific dietary components predisposing to NAFLD has shown conflicting results. Total energy intake, and macronutrients, has been linked to the development of NAFLD. Fructose not only contributes to hepatic steatosis but may trigger inflammatory signals as well. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The role of vitamins as well as minerals in this field is actively being investigated. In this review, we discuss the evidence-linking macronutrients (such as carbohydrates and fat in general and fructose, fiber, short chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty, and choline specifically) and micronutrients (such as vitamin E and C and minerals) with the development and treatment of NAFLD. We also discuss the literature on physical activity and NAFLD.
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