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Choudhary HB, Mandlik SK, Mandlik DS. Role of p53 suppression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2023; 14:46-70. [PMID: 37304923 PMCID: PMC10251250 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the top 10 most prevalent malignancies. HCC formation has indeed been linked to numerous etiological factors, including alcohol usage, hepatitis viruses and liver cirrhosis. Among the most prevalent defects in a wide range of tumours, notably HCC, is the silencing of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. The control of the cell cycle and the preservation of gene function are both critically important functions of p53. In order to pinpoint the core mechanisms of HCC and find more efficient treatments, molecular research employing HCC tissues has been the main focus. Stimulated p53 triggers necessary reactions that achieve cell cycle arrest, genetic stability, DNA repair and the elimination of DNA-damaged cells’ responses to biological stressors (like oncogenes or DNA damage). To the contrary hand, the oncogene protein of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a significant biological inhibitor of p53. MDM2 causes p53 protein degradation, which in turn adversely controls p53 function. Despite carrying wt-p53, the majority of HCCs show abnormalities in the p53-expressed apoptotic pathway. High p53 in-vivo expression might have two clinical impacts on HCC: (1) Increased levels of exogenous p53 protein cause tumour cells to undergo apoptosis by preventing cell growth through a number of biological pathways; and (2) Exogenous p53 makes HCC susceptible to various anticancer drugs. This review describes the functions and primary mechanisms of p53 in pathological mechanism, chemoresistance and therapeutic mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena B Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Yoo JJ, Park MY, Cho EJ, Yu SJ, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Kim YS, Yoon JH. Smoking Increases the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093336. [PMID: 37176776 PMCID: PMC10179445 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of smoking with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been reported, but the study of its relationship with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is limited. We aimed to investigate the effect of smoking on the incidence of HCC or CVD in MAFLD patients. Using the Korean nationwide health screening database, we analyzed subjects between 2001 and 2015. A total of 283,088 subjects including 110,863 MAFLD patients and 172,225 controls were analyzed. Smoking status was divided by non-smoker, ex-smoker, or current smoker. In the follow-up period, a total of 2903 (1.0%) subjects developed HCC, and the MAFLD group (1723, 1.6%) had a significantly higher incidence than the control group (1180, 0.7%). In the MAFLD group, current smokers showed significantly higher risk of HCC compared to non-smokers (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.41), whereas the control group did not (adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89-1.30). A total of 18,984 (6.7%) patients developed CVD, and the incidence was significantly higher in the MAFLD group (8688, 7.8%) than in the control group (10,296, 6.0%), similar to HCC. The risk of CVD in current smokers increased by 22% compared to non-smokers in the MAFLD group (adjusted HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.30) and by 21% (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.29) in the control group. Based on sex stratification, men showed increased incidence of both HCC and CVD by smoking, whereas women had only increased risk of CVD. Smoking significantly increases the incidence of HCC and CVD in MAFLD patients; thus, it is highly recommended to quit smoking completely in the population with MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Young Park
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sergi CM. Pediatric Hepatic Angiosarcoma (PHAS) and Vinyl Chloride-A Ghost of the Past May Loom over East Palestine, OH, and beyond: A Critical Commentary. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081412. [PMID: 37189513 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Road accidents are not infrequent everywhere in the world, but when they involve poisonous and dangerous chemical compounds, they represent a hazard and an issue for public health. In this commentary, we briefly review a recent East Palestine event and one of the chemicals primarily involved with a predisposition to initiate a carcinogenetic process. The author reviewed, as a consultant, numerous chemical compounds for the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a trusted agency of the World Health Organization. Something is looming over the territories of East Palestine, Ohio, United States, draining water from the soil. We speculate that there is a dark and opprobrious fate for this area of the United States due to the potential increase in cases of pediatric hepatic angiosarcoma, which will also be revised in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolato M Sergi
- Anatomic Pathology Division, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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4
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Afzal S, Patel C, Kagathur S, Cole CE. A Typical Presentation of an Atypical Condition: Hepatic Angiosarcoma With Peritoneal Bleed. Cureus 2023; 15:e37455. [PMID: 37187657 PMCID: PMC10175041 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic angiosarcoma (HA) is a rare primary malignancy of hepatic endothelial and fibroblastic vascular tissue origin. Patients typically present with vague constitutional symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, and ascites. Hemoperitoneum is a frequent clinical manifestation of HA associated with higher mortality and is underrecognized. Here, we report the case of a patient with HA that was complicated by a peritoneal bleed, its management, and associated poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Afzal
- Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, McLaren Greater Lansing, Lansing, USA
| | - Chintan Patel
- Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, McLaren Greater Lansing, Lansing, USA
| | | | - Craig E Cole
- Hematology and Oncology, Michigan State University, Breslin Cancer Center, Lansing, USA
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5
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Paoletti C, Rosas-Navarro J, Nicolier A, Cusaro S, Guillon L, Ferreira X, Quinton JF. Spontaneous splenic hemangiosarcoma in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus): 5 cases (2007-2021). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Beier JI, Arteel GE. Environmental exposure as a risk-modifying factor in liver diseases: Knowns and unknowns. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3768-3778. [PMID: 35024305 PMCID: PMC8727918 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are considered to predominantly possess an inherited or xenobiotic etiology. However, inheritance drives the ability to appropriately adapt to environmental stressors, and disease is the culmination of a maladaptive response. Thus “pure” genetic and “pure” xenobiotic liver diseases are modified by each other and other factors, identified or unknown. The purpose of this review is to highlight the knowledgebase of environmental exposure as a potential risk modifying agent for the development of liver disease by other causes. This exercise is not to argue that all liver diseases have an environmental component, but to challenge the assumption that the current state of our knowledge is sufficient in all cases to conclusively dismiss this as a possibility. This review also discusses key new tools and approaches that will likely be critical to address this question in the future. Taken together, identifying the key gaps in our understanding is critical for the field to move forward, or at the very least to “know what we don't know.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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7
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Lucas B, Ravishankar S, Pateva I. Pediatric Primary Hepatic Tumors: Diagnostic Considerations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:333. [PMID: 33670452 PMCID: PMC7922091 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the third most common site of abdominal tumors in children. This review article aims to summarize current evidence surrounding identification and diagnosis of primary hepatic tumors in the pediatric population based upon clinical presentation, epidemiology, and risk factors as well as classical imaging, histopathological, and molecular diagnostic findings. Readers will be able to recognize the features and distinguish between benign and malignant hepatic tumors within different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Lucas
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital—Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjita Ravishankar
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital—Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irina Pateva
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital—Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Barsouk A, Thandra KC, Saginala K, Rawla P, Barsouk A. Chemical Risk Factors of Primary Liver Cancer: An Update. Hepat Med 2021; 12:179-188. [PMID: 33447099 PMCID: PMC7801911 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s278070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer has the sixth highest incidence and fourth highest cancer mortality worldwide. Hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer, though its incidence is decreasing with vaccination. Alcohol is the leading cause of liver transplant, cirrhosis, and cancer in the developed world, and is projected to surpass hepatitis B as the leading hepatic cancer etiology worldwide. Tobacco smoking has shown a positive association with liver cancer in a majority of studies, though not all. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus, is estimated to account for 3–20% of global liver cancer cases, 40% of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa. These statistics are confounded by the prevalence of hepatitis B, which may have a synergistic effect on hepatic carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin is ingested and likely inhaled from agricultural products, placing farmers, food processors, and textile workers in developing nations at risk. Vinyl-chloride is used in the production of PVC plastics and causes rare liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other neoplasms. Arsenic and cadmium are naturally-occurring, hepatocarcinogenic metals with high occupational exposure in industries involving coal, metals, plastics, and batteries. Millions of laborers in waste-disposal and manufacturing are exposed to organic solvents and N-nitrosamines, which vary from carcinogenic (group 1) to possibly carcinogenic (group 2B) in their IARC designation. Insecticide DDT is possibly hepatocarcinogenic (group 2B), though continues to be used for malaria control in the developing world. While suggested by case reports, anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives have not been shown to increase liver cancer risk in large studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barsouk
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Thandra
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Kalyan Saginala
- Plains Regional Medical Group Internal Medicine, Clovis, NM 88101, USA
| | - Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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9
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Yuan TH, Chen JL, Shie RH, Yeh YP, Chen YH, Chan CC. Liver fibrosis associated with potential vinyl chloride and ethylene dichloride exposure from the petrochemical industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139920. [PMID: 32534314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of the relationship between exposure to carcinogenic vinyl chloride (VCM) and ethylene dichloride (EDC) and liver fibrosis is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the associations between the urinary metabolite levels of VCM and EDC and the risk of liver fibrosis in residents living near a petrochemical complex. METHODS Our study comprised 447 adult residents of two townships with questionnaire survey and health examination near the largest petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. The urinary levels of thiodiglycolic acid (TdGA), the metabolite of VCM and EDC, were detected in study subjects. We utilized fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) as the noninvasive liver fibrosis index. Adjusted linear model was applied to evaluate the associations between the distance from the complex and the urinary TdGA levels. Adjusted logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the associations between the urinary TdGA levels and the risk of liver fibrosis. RESULTS The study subjects living in the closer township had significant higher urinary TdGA levels than those living in the more distant township (269.6 ± 200.7 vs. 199.2 ± 164.7 μg/g creatinine) (p < 0.001). It showed that urinary TdGA levels were decreased 0.53-fold when the distances from the complex were increased 1-fold after adjusting for confounding factors. It demonstrated that the study subjects with the highest TdGA levels (>343.3 μg/g creatinine) had a higher risk of FIB-4>1.29 (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.78), and those with higher TdGA levels (232.7 to 343.3 μg/g creatinine) had a marginally higher risk of FIB-4>1.29 (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 0.94, 2.90). CONCLUSION The residents living closer to the VCM/PVC plant in the petrochemical complex had higher urinary TdGA levels, which were associated with an increased risk of fibrosis. This confirmed that the EDC and VCM potentially emitted from the petrochemical industry may have an impact on the liver health of nearby residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Lin Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Hao Shie
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Yeh
- Changhua Health Bureau, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Wahlang B, Hardesty JE, Head KZ, Jin J, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Cave MC, Beier JI. Hepatic Injury Caused by the Environmental Toxicant Vinyl Chloride is Sex-Dependent in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:79-91. [PMID: 31774537 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), a common industrial chemical, has been associated with hemangiosarcoma and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) in men working at rubber-production plants. Our group previously demonstrated that chronic VC inhalation at environmentally relevant levels (< 1 ppm) in male mice exacerbated hepatic injury caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Because VC studies on TASH have only been performed in male models, the objective of this study is to examine VC inhalation in female mice in the context of TASH mechanisms. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed either a low-fat diet or HFD and exposed to VC or room air using an inhalation chamber, for 12 weeks (6 h, 5 days/week); and plasma and liver samples were collected after euthanasia. Compared with males, females were less susceptible to HFD+VC-induced obesogenic effects demonstrated by lower body weight and fat composition. Histological analysis revealed that whereas VC exacerbated HFD-induced steatosis in males, this effect was absent in females. In addition, females were more resistant to VC-induced hepatic inflammation whereas males had increased liver weights and higher hepatic Tnfα mRNA levels. Systemic markers of hepatic injury, namely alanine aminotransaminase and thrombin/antithrombin levels were increased by HFD+VC co-exposures only in males. In addition, females did not show significant cell death as previously reported in males. Taken together, the results suggested that VC inhalation led to sex-dependent liver and metabolic toxicity. This study implicated the importance of assessing sex differences in environmental basic science and epidemiologic studies to better identify at-risk populations in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly Z Head
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Keith C Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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11
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Shayakhmetov S, Zhurba O, Alekseenko A, Merinov A. Dynamics of Excretion of Thiodiacetic Acid into Urine in Polyvinyl Chloride Production Workers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2019; 10:73-79. [PMID: 31041924 PMCID: PMC6524736 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2019.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thiodiacetic acid (TDAA) is the main metabolite of vinyl chloride (VC) and 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) and its urinary level is correlated with the level of exposure to these chemicals. Objective: To study dynamics of the excretion of TDAA into urine of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production workers. Methods: The study sample consisted of 65 workers of VC and PVC divisions with various time intervals following exposure to the chemicals, 10 shift workers from PVC division, and 34 workers not exposed to the chemicals (control group). Analysis of urinary TDAA was carried out with gas chromatography with mass-selective detector. Results: The concentrations of TDAA in the urine of workers of the VC division and in group of primary occupations who had a high level of exposure to the chemicals, were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of workers of the PVC production division and group of auxiliary professions. The highest levels of TDAA in the urine of workers were found at the beginning of the next shift and during a long break, 24–48 hours after the cessation of the exposure. Conclusion: When conducting biomonitoring studies in PVC production workers, the optimal time for collecting urine samples is at the beginning of the next shift or during a long rest, 24–48 hours after the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Shayakhmetov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution (East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research), Angarsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga Zhurba
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution (East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research), Angarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Alekseenko
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution (East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research), Angarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Merinov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution (East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research), Angarsk, Russian Federation
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12
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Liu MC, Little EC. Isolated hepatic hemangiomatosis in 2 septuagenarians. Radiol Case Rep 2018; 13:1097-1103. [PMID: 30233736 PMCID: PMC6138998 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report 2 cases of isolated hepatic hemangiomatosis: a 76-year-old woman who is, to our knowledge, the oldest person with this diagnosis, and a 74-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed T2 hyper intense lesions throughout the liver, peripheral nodular arterial enhancement, and filling of contrast on the portal venous and delayed phases. Computed tomography showed liver lesions with peripheral nodular enhancement in the early phase and a centripetal pattern or "filling in" during the late phase; the lesions opacified after a delay of 3 or more minutes and remained isodense or hyperdense on delayed scans. Both images were consistent with hepatic hemangiomatosis. These cases help increase awareness about benign and unusual liver lesions with radiologic characteristics similar to those of malignant liver tumors. The authors also present a review of 15 other cases of isolated hepatic hemangiomatosis reported in English literature from 1970 to present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C. Liu
- University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Ester C. Little
- University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
- Banner Advanced Liver Disease and Transplant Institute, Banner University Medical Center – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
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13
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The Public Willingness to Pay for Reducing the Incidence of Hazardous Chemical Spill Accidents by Half in South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hazardous chemical spill (HCS) accidents, which occur due to careless workers, transport accidents, etc., can be harmful to humans. Recently, an average of 96 cases of HCS accidents have taken place in South Korea annually. As a result, the government is trying to reduce the incidence of HCS accidents by 50%. Government officials are seeking information about the value that the enforcement of the reduction plan will bring for the public. This knowledge will help government officials decide whether to implement the reduction plan. This article seeks to acquire information about the public willingness to pay (WTP) for the reduction plan, employing the contingent valuation (CV) technique. For this purpose, a total of 1000 households living in South Korea participated in the CV survey in 2017. The data on the WTP were gathered using a dichotomous choice question and analyzed using the spike model. Forty-five percent of the respondents were willing to accept an increase in income taxes to carry out the reduction plan. The mean household WTP estimate was obtained as KRW 3830 (USD 3.41) per annum. The national value expanded from the sample to the population is worth KRW 74.8 billion (USD 66.6 million) per year. This value implies the public value of the reduction plan and can be applied in policy analysis and decision-making concerning the reduction of the incidence of HCS accidents.
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Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most common human cancers with a high mortality rate. Therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain ineffective, due to the heterogeneity of HCC with regard to both the etiology and mutation spectrum, as well as its chemotherapy resistant nature; thus surgical resection and liver transplantation remain the gold standard of patient care. The most common etiologies of HCC are extrinsic factors. Humans have multiple defense mechanisms against extrinsic factor-induced carcinogenesis, of which tumor suppressors play crucial roles in preventing normal cells from becoming cancerous. The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in liver cancer. p53 regulates expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, cell death, and cellular metabolism to avert tumor development due to carcinogens. This review article mainly summarizes extrinsic factors that induce liver cancer and potentially have etiological association with p53, including aflatoxin B1, vinyl chloride, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, iron overload, and infection of hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Link
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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15
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Lotti M. Do occupational exposures to vinyl chloride cause hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis? Liver Int 2017; 37:630-633. [PMID: 28063180 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists about the association between occupational exposures to vinyl chloride and hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Two large multicentre mortality cohort studies, one American and another European, reported higher mortality for primary cancer of liver and biliary tract. However, the American study was not able to rule out misclassification, because based on death certificates and under the heading primary liver cancers, some angiosarcomas, the typical neoplasia associated with vinyl chloride, may have been included. The American study does not report on cirrhosis mortality. The European study also reports higher mortality of primary liver cancer, but contrary to the American study in a further analysis based on 10 verified cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, an exposure-response trend with duration of employment and with cumulative exposure to vinyl chloride was detected. A smaller cohort belonging to this multicentre cohort confirmed these results. Meta-analyses based on the two large cohorts concluded for a small excess of primary liver cancer, although misclassification could not be ruled out. Excess risk of cirrhosis was reported in the European cohort, in a subcohort and in a cross-sectional study. However, a meta-analysis did not confirm this excess. Several critical appraisals of the literature reached antithetical conclusions about hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and occupational exposures to vinyl chloride. For both hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis, a study suggests an additive and multiplicative effect of vinyl chloride exposure with viral hepatitis and alcohol consumption respectively. Pathology reports seem to indicate a possible development of hepatocellular carcinoma but not of cirrhosis after high exposures to vinyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Lotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiologiche Toraciche e Vascolari, Sezione Medicina del Lavoro, Azienda Ospedaliera, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Ledda C, Loreto C, Zammit C, Marconi A, Fago L, Matera S, Costanzo V, Sanzà GF, Palmucci S, Ferrante M, Costa C, Fenga C, Biondi A, Pomara C, Rapisarda V. Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:511-533. [PMID: 28000892 PMCID: PMC5364850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading worldwide cause of cancer‑associated mortalities. Hepatocellular carcinoma, which accounts for the majority of liver tumors, ranks fifth among types of human cancer. Well‑established risk factors for liver cancer include the hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxins, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptives. Tobacco smoking, androgenic steroids, and diabetes mellitus are suspected risk factors. Current knowledge regarding non‑infective occupational risk factors for liver cancer is inconclusive. The relevance of liver disorders to occupational medicine lies in the fact that the majority of chemicals are metabolized in the liver, and toxic metabolites generated via metabolism are the predominant cause of liver damage. However, their non‑specific clinical manifestations that are similar in a number of liver diseases make diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, concomitant conditions, such as viral hepatitis and alcohol or drug abuse, may mask liver disorders that result from occupational hepatotoxic agents and block the demonstration of an occupational cause. The identification of environmental agents that result in human cancer is a long and often difficult process. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the association of non‑infective occupational risk exposure and HCC, to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Andrea Marconi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Fago
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Matera
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Costanzo
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fuccio Sanzà
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- General Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
- Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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17
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Guido M, Sarcognato S, Pelletti G, Fassan M, Murer B, Snenghi R. Sequential development of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver angiosarcoma in a vinyl chloride–exposed worker. Hum Pathol 2016; 57:193-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Huang PC, Liu LH, Shie RH, Tsai CH, Liang WY, Wang CW, Tsai CH, Chiang HC, Chan CC. Assessment of urinary thiodiglycolic acid exposure in school-aged children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:566-572. [PMID: 26657495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-aged children living in the vicinity of vinyl chloride (VCM)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) factories may have an increased risk of exposure to hazardous air pollutants. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the urinary thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) level, as TDGA is a major metabolite of VCM, for students at elementary schools near a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. METHODS We recruited 343 students from 5 elementary schools based on distance to the VCM/PVC factory. First-morning urine and blood samples were obtained from our subjects from October 2013 to September 2014. Urine samples were analyzed for urinary creatinine and TDGA using LC/MS-MS. Hepatitis virus infection were assessed using blood samples. We determined their vitamin consumption, resident location, parent's employment, and other demographic or lifestyle characteristics using a questionnaire. RESULTS Median urinary TDGA levels for 316 students at 5 elementary schools from the closest (<.9km) to the farthest (∼8.6km) with respect to the petrochemical complex were 147.6, 95.5, 115.5, 86.8, and 17.3μg/g creatinine, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, hepatitis virus infection, vitamin B consumption, passive smoking, and home to source distance, we found that urinary TDGA levels for the closest students was significantly higher than those at other schools. Further, median urinary TDGA levels for students during school time were 4.1-fold higher than those during summer vacation. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for confounders, urinary TDGA levels for the school-aged children decreased with increasing distances between the elementary schools and the petrochemical complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Hsuan Liu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Hao Shie
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tsai
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yen Liang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Diversion, Department of Internal medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Shan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Malaguarnera M, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Rigano G, Frazzetto E, Ruggeri MI, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Catania VE, Di Carlo I, Toro A, Bertino E, Mangano D, Bertino G. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:573-90. [PMID: 27168870 PMCID: PMC4858622 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rigano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelise Frazzetto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Irene Ruggeri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito Emanuele Catania
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Toro
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Mangano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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20
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Anders LC, Lang AL, Anwar-Mohamed A, Douglas AN, Bushau AM, Falkner KC, Hill BG, Warner NL, Arteel GE, Cave M, McClain CJ, Beier JI. Vinyl Chloride Metabolites Potentiate Inflammatory Liver Injury Caused by LPS in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:312-23. [PMID: 26962056 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant for which human risk is incompletely understood. We have previously reported that high occupational exposure to VC directly caused liver damage in humans. However, whether VC may also potentiate liver injury from other causes is not known. C57Bl/6J mice were administered chloroethanol (CE), a major metabolite of VC, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 24 h after CE. Samples were harvested for determination of liver damage, inflammation, and changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In mice, CE exposure alone caused no detectable liver damage. LPS exposure caused inflammatory liver damage, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and glycogen depletion; the effect of all of these variables was potentiated by CE pre-exposure. In vitro experiments suggest that VC metabolite chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) directly damages mitochondria, which may explain the sensitization effect observed in vivo Moreover, co-exposure of cells to CAA and TNFα caused increased cell death, supporting the hypothesis of sensitization by VC metabolites. Taken together, these data demonstrate that exposure to VC/metabolites at levels that are not overtly hepatotoxic can potentiate liver injury caused by another hepatotoxicant. This serves as proof-of-concept that VC hepatotoxicity may be modified by an additional metabolic stress such as endotoxemia, which commonly occurs in acute (eg, sepsis) and chronic (eg, NAFLD) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne C Anders
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikole L Warner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40292; and
| | | | - Matt Cave
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Medicine Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40206
| | - Craig J McClain
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Medicine Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40206
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21
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Azari MR, Tayefeh-Rahimian R, Jafari MJ, Souri H, Shokoohi Y, Tavakol A, Yazdanbakhsh Z. Exploring a new method for the biological monitoring of plastic workers exposed to the vinyl chloride monomer. Toxicol Ind Health 2015; 32:1921-1926. [PMID: 26319235 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715596663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is widely used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. VCM is recognized as a confirmed human and animal carcinogenic compound. Recent studies have reported poor health of plastic workers, even having exposure at concentrations below the permissible limit to VCM. There has not been any study regarding exposed workers to VCM in Iran. Similarly, no information exists as to the biological monitoring of such workers. The main purpose of this study was to conduct a thorough occupational and biological monitoring of Iranian plastic workers exposed to VCM.A total of 100 workers from two plastic manufacturing plants (A and B) in Tehran along with 25 unexposed workers as controls were studied. The personal monitoring of all nonsmoking workers exposed to VCM at two plastic manufacturing plants (A and B) was performed in the morning shift (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) according to the National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health method no. 1007.Biological monitoring of workers was carried out through collection of exhaled breath of all exposed and control workers in Tedlar bags and with a subsequent analysis using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector.Not only the mean occupational exposure of workers to VCM at plant A was higher than the respective threshold limit value but also the statistical significance was higher than workers at plant B. Similarly, VCM concentration in exhaled breath of workers at plant A was also statistically significantly higher than at plant B. Correlation of occupational exposure of all workers to vinyl chloride with its concentration in exhaled breath was statistically significant.This is the first study on biological monitoring for exposed plastic workers to VCM using exhaled breath. On the basis of the results in this study, a novel method of biological monitoring of plastic workers was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Prevention of Injury Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Raana Tayefeh-Rahimian
- School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohamad Javad Jafari
- School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Souri
- Safety Promotion and Prevention of Injury Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yasser Shokoohi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaheh Tavakol
- School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Yazdanbakhsh
- School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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22
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Li Z, Yu Y, Li Z, Wu T. A review of biosensing techniques for detection of trace carcinogen contamination in food products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2711-26. [PMID: 25694149 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogen contaminations in the food chain, for example heavy metal ions, pesticides, acrylamide, and mycotoxins, have caused serious health problems. A major objective of food-safety research is the identification and prevention of exposure to these carcinogens, because of their impossible-to-reverse tumorigenic effects. However, carcinogen detection is difficult because of their trace-level presence in food. Thus, reliable and accurate separation and determination methods are essential to protect food safety and human health. This paper summarizes the state of the art in separation and determination methods for analyzing carcinogen contamination, especially the advances in biosensing methods. Furthermore, the application of promising technology including nanomaterials, imprinted polymers, and microdevices is detailed. Challenges and perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanming Li
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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23
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Inflammation mediators in employees in chronic exposure to neurotoxicants. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:619-26. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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24
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Uccello M, Malaguarnera G, Corriere T, Biondi A, Basile F, Malaguarnera M. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in workers exposed to chemicals. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e5943. [PMID: 23162599 PMCID: PMC3496877 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies on experimental animals have shown liver is a common target of chemical carcinogens; this might suggest that occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. However, the relationship between occupation and liver cancer has not been extensively studied, with the exception of the known association between vinyl chloride and angiosarcoma of the liver. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A MEDLINE and conventional search of the past 50 years of the medical literature was performed to identify relevant articles on incidence and mechanisms of HCC due to occupational exposure to chemicals. Several important edited books and monographs were also identified and reviewed. RESULTS While laboratory data clearly indicate that the liver is an important target of chemical carcinogenesis, epidemiological studies provide very limited evidence on occupational risk factors for HCC. Nevertheless, we found some case reports and epidemiological data showing a moderately increased risk of HCC development in people exposed to vinyl chloride, organic solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and arsenic. CONCLUSIONS Occupational exposure to chemicals may be another risk factor for HCC development, but the interpretation of currently available findings is limited by the small number of studies, questionable accuracy of the diagnosis of liver cancer, and potential confounding or modifying factors such as chronic hepatitis virus infection and alcohol consumption. Further relevant investigations are required for clarifying the actual contribution of occupational exposure to chemicals in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Uccello
- Research Center “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Research Center “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Thea Corriere
- Research Center “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of General Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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25
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Frullanti E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Zocchetti C. Vinyl chloride exposure and cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:775-9. [PMID: 22440240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that vinyl chloride exposure is associated with increased risk of death from cirrhosis, although epidemiologic evidence is limited. METHODS We analyzed the risk of death from cirrhosis by occupational vinyl chloride exposure by conducting a meta-analysis on seven available studies, including more than 40,000 workers exposed to vinyl chloride mostly in North America and Europe, with a total of 203 deaths from cirrhosis. RESULTS All epidemiological studies on vinyl chloride exposure and risk of death from cirrhosis resulted in an overall relative risk of 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.61-0.87). Thus, the epidemiologic evidence does not suggest an excess mortality from cirrhosis in vinyl chloride-exposed workers; this is consistent with histopathological observations in livers of angiosarcoma patients and of vinyl chloride-exposed rodents revealing no signs of cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings indicate the absence of increased risk of death from cirrhosis in vinyl chloride-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Frullanti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Zheng RD, Qu Y, Wu WP, Meng JR, Chen J, Xu MY, Lu LG. Changes of serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology in 18 patients with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-induced hepatotoxicity. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:321-6. [PMID: 22624556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes of serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology in patients with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TTCE)-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS A total of 18 patients were diagnosed as TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity with an incubation period of 11-56 days. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and liver biopsy was performed in 16. RESULTS All patients had fatigue, poor appetite and dark urine, 15 of whom suffered nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and other gastrointestinal disorders. All patients had various degrees of liver function damage, and one died from liver failure. The prothrombin time was significantly prolonged in 6 patients. Histological findings showed varying degrees of necrosis, fatty degeneration and fibrosis in portal areas without cirrhosis. Patients with more severe jaundice had more severe pathologic changes, including piecemeal and bridge necrosis, and cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity may cause the changes in serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology. Most patients might recover with regular treatment. Prevention and early diagnosis of TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dan Zheng
- Research and Therapy Center for Liver Diseases, Dongnan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China
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27
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Jiao J, Feng NN, Li Y, Sun Y, Yao W, Wang W, Zhang GH, Sun SY, Tan HS, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Li Y, Brandt-Rauf PW, Xia ZL. Estimation of a safe level for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride using a benchmark dose method in central China. J Occup Health 2012; 54:263-70. [PMID: 22672882 DOI: 10.1539/joh.11-0157-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate a benchmark dose (BMD) for chromosome damage induced by vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in VCM-exposed workers in central China and validate the published results in Shanghai. METHODS VCM-exposed workers who had been exposed to VCM for at least one year (n=463) and matched subjects not exposed to VCM or other toxins (n=273) were asked to participate in this study. Micronucleus (MN) frequency based on the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) was used as a biomarker for chromosome damage induced by VCM exposure. RESULTS The MN frequency in the VCM-exposed workers was significantly higher than that in the control group, and multivariate Poisson regression suggested that gender, smoking status and VCM exposure were the significant factors influencing the risk of increased MN frequency. When subjects were further stratified according to gender and smoking status, the results showed that female VCM-exposed workers were more susceptible than the males to the risk of increased MN frequency. The MN frequency of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers in the control group. Our study also suggested that there was a strong dose-response relationship between VCM CED and the increased risk of MN frequency in the total group, males and females. The BMDL(10) was found to be 630.6, 670.2 and 273.7 mg-year for all VCM-exposed workers, males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results invite further scrutiny of the current VCM occupational exposure limits and warrant further study of the risk of VCM genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiao
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
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Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the bladder: report of a new case with immunohistochemical profile and review of the literature. Pathology 2011; 43:290-3. [PMID: 21436648 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e328344e2fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fedeli U, Mastroangelo G. Vinyl chloride industry in the courtroom and corporate influences on the scientific literature. Am J Ind Med 2011; 54:470-3. [PMID: 21456080 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pressure from the vinyl chloride (VC) industry on researchers involved in industry-sponsored studies and on regulatory agencies has been documented since 1970s. This commentary describes the influence of a lawsuit pursued by workers of an Italian VC plant on the recent scientific debate on VC exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Original studies carried out by consultants of the public prosecutors and by independent researchers supported the above association. VC-industry consultants published two reviews during the lawsuit, claiming that liver angiosarcoma was the only VC-related cancer. The judges concluded that the evidence of the association between HCC and VC was still not convincing. After the trial, the risk of HCC was confirmed by a re-assessment of VC carcinogenicity from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, but other subsequent industry-funded reviews criticized the new evidence. Industry-funded authors cited each other, and rarely disclosed conflicts of interest. Based on a network of collaborating researchers, industrial interests can shape the literature enhancing the background noise surrounding the scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Fedeli
- SER-Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Castelfranco Veneto (TV), Italy.
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Villanueva A, Newell P, Hoshida Y. Inherited hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:725-34. [PMID: 20955973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inherited liver disorders that cause chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis can lead to the development of liver cancer. Because of the rarity and diversity of some of these syndromes, the relative risk of developing HCC in these patients and the age at which tumours typically arise cannot be accurately estimated. Among patients with hereditary hemachromatosis (HH), the annual incidence of HCC is 4% once cirrhosis has been established. Fibrosis and portal hypertension associated with HH can be partially reversed with therapeutic phlebotomy, but it is unclear whether this treatment alters the incidence of HCC in these patients. Importantly, it seems likely that coincidence of these genetic disorders with known HCC risk factors such as alcoholism and viral hepatitis would amplify their oncogenic potential. For this reason, patients with known genetic disorders of the liver should be repeatedly counselled to avoid environmental and toxic injury to the liver. Treatment of HCC in patients with inherited liver disease mirrors that of HCC associated with other etiologies. Unfortunately, there are case series which suggest these patients with inherited liver disease and HCC tend to present at more advanced stages and are therefore not eligible for curative therapies, causing overall decreased survival relative to patients with HCC of viral or other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Villanueva
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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Axelsson G, Barregard L, Holmberg E, Sallsten G. Cancer incidence in a petrochemical industry area in Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4482-4487. [PMID: 20619881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from petrochemical industries may contain suspected or established carcinogens. As increased incidence of cancer in residential areas close to petrochemical industries has been reported in the literature, we conducted a study of cancer incidence in Stenungsund, Sweden, where petrochemical industries were established in the mid 1960s. A number of cancer cases in the central parts of Stenungsund were collected from the regional cancer registry for each year between 1974 and 2005. In addition to the total number of cases, the numbers of leukemia, lymphoma, liver cancer, lung cancer, and brain cancer were also collected. Expected numbers for each year were calculated based on age- and sex-specific incidence rates in reference areas. Levels of carcinogenic volatile hydrocarbons (VOC) were estimated from measurements and emission data. A dispersion model was used to classify Stenungsund into a "low" and "high" ethylene level area. Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) for all cancer for the entire period was 1.02 (95% CI 0.97-1.08). The occurrence of leukemia, lymphoma, and cancer in the central nervous system was slightly lower than expected for the entire period. SIR for lung cancer was 1.37 (95% CI 1.10-1.69), and SIR for liver cancer was 1.50 (0.82-2.53). VOC levels were low. Taking estimated exposure and demographic factors into account, our assessment is that occurrence of cancer was not affected by industrial emissions in any of the studied sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gösta Axelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Mastrangelo G, Martines D, Fedeli U. Vinyl chloride and the liver: misrepresentation of epidemiological evidence. J Hepatol 2010; 52:776-7. [PMID: 20347172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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