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Zhong Y, Zhou L, Wang H, Lin S, Liu T, Kong X, Xiao G, Gao H. Kindlin-2 maintains liver homeostasis by regulating GSTP1-OPN-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105601. [PMID: 38159860 PMCID: PMC10831259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte plays a principal role in preserving integrity of the liver homeostasis. Our recent study demonstrated that Kindlin-2, a focal adhesion protein that activates integrins and regulates cell-extracellular matrix interactions, plays an important role in regulation of liver homeostasis by inhibiting inflammation pathway; however, the molecular mechanism of how Kindlin-2 KO activates inflammation is unknown. Here, we show that Kindlin-2 loss largely downregulates the antioxidant glutathione-S-transferase P1 in hepatocytes by promoting its ubiquitination and degradation via a mechanism involving protein-protein interaction. This causes overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species and excessive oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Kindlin-2 loss upregulates osteopontin in hepatocytes partially because of upregulation of reactive oxygen species and consequently stimulates overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration in liver. The molecular and histological deteriorations caused by Kindlin-2 deficiency are markedly reversed by systemic administration of an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in mice. Taken together, Kindlin-2 plays a pivotal role in preserving integrity of liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sixiong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huanqing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Jiang SX, Hussaini T, Yoshida EM. N-acetylcysteine for non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure: A review. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:85-91. [PMID: 35142656 PMCID: PMC9007071 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_406_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (NAI-ALF) has been increasing despite controversy in its efficacy. National guidelines are in disagreement for NAC use as standard of care; however, many healthcare centers continue to adopt the use of NAC outside of acetaminophen poisoning. While NAC may have multiple mechanisms of action in treatment of ALF, this has not translated to clinical benefit. Murine models have reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as improvement in liver-specific microcirculation. Multiple case studies and series have reported positive outcomes of NAC treatment for ALF of various etiologies. While prospective studies suggested the benefit of NAC treatment, these studies have methodological and statistical shortcomings that affect the validity of the results. In this review, we aimed to summarize the existing literature on the efficacy of NAC for NAI-ALF including mechanism of action, case studies and series demonstrating outcomes, and prospective studies that have led to its current widespread use, along with the reported rate of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Xue Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Trana Hussaini
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric M. Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Address for correspondence: Dr. Eric M. Yoshida, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, 5th Floor-2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC, Canada. E-mail:
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3
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Ligaza γ-glutamylocysteiny – od molekularnych mechanizmów regulacji aktywności enzymatycznej do implikacji terapeutycznych. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstrakt
Glutation (γ-glutamylocysteinyloglicyna, GSH) jest najbardziej rozpowszechnionym tiolowym antyoksydantem wytwarzanym w cytozolu wszystkich komórek ssaków, który pełni ważną rolę ochronną przed stresem oksydacyjnym. GSH jest syntetyzowany de novo przez sekwencyjne działanie dwóch enzymów: ligazy γ-glutamylocysteiny (GCL) i syntetazy glutationowej (GS). GCL katalizuje pierwszy etap biosyntezy GSH, którego produktem jest γ-glutamylocysteina (γ-GC). GCL jest heterodimerycznym enzymem zbudowanym z podjednostki katalitycznej (GCLc) i modulatorowej (GCLm), kodowanych przez dwa różne geny. Podjednostki GCL podlegają złożonej regulacji zarówno na poziomie przed-, jak i potranslacyjnym. Zmiany w ekspresji i aktywności GCL mogą zaburzać poziom GSH i homeostazy redoks. Przyczyną wielu przewlekłych schorzeń związanych ze stresem oksydacyjnym jest upośledzenie aktywności katalitycznej GCL oraz spadek stężenia GSH. Badania przedkliniczne sugerują, że podawanie egzogennej γ-GC podwyższa wewnątrzkomórkowe GSH przez dostarczenie brakującego substratu i może wykazywać potencjał jako terapia uzupełniająca w chorobach związanych z deplecją GSH.
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4
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Xiao S, Deng Y, Shen N, Sun Y, Tang H, Hu P, Ren H, Peng M. Curc-mPEG454, a PEGylated curcumin derivative, as a multi-target anti-fibrotic prodrug. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108166. [PMID: 34628270 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that Curc-mPEG454, a curcumin derivative modified with short-chain polyethylene glycol (PEG), not only increased the blood concentration of curcumin, but also retained its anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we aimed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effect of Curc-mPEG454 on a rat liver fibrosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and to explore the underlying mechanisms by integrating our total liver RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with recent liver single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies. 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Curc-mPEG454 treatment significantly reduced the elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) induced by CCl4, and the incidence of liver cirrhosis decreased from 75% to 37% and 35%, respectively. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Curc-mPEG454 significantly upregulated aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) while downregulated cytochrome p450 26A1 (CYP26A1) and cytochrome p450 26B1 (CYP26B1) resulting in restoring liver retinoic acid (RA) level, increased glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) expression to synthesize hepatic glutathione (GSH), and inhibited liver inflammation via down-regulating the Prostaglandin E Synthase 2 (PTGES2)/prostacyclin E2 (PGE2) signaling. Integrating scRNA-seq data revealed that Curc-mPEG454 effectively inhibited the expansion of scar-associated macrophage subpopulation and scar-producing myofibroblasts in the damaged liver, and remodeled the fibrotic niche via regulation of ligand-receptor interactions including platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α) signaling. As a multi-target prodrug, PEGylated curcumin deserves further attention and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Neng Shen
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huadong Tang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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5
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Fu N, Li D, Li W, Zhao W, Zhang S, Liu L, Zhao S, Du J, Kong L, Wang R, Zhang Y, Nan Y. Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit Attenuated Hepatitis C Virus-Related Liver Fibrosis and Suppressed Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:199. [PMID: 33015132 PMCID: PMC7461853 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to clarify the role and molecular mechanism of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) in modulating Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver fibrosis. Twenty patients with HCV-related liver fibrosis and 15 healthy controls were enrolled. Differentially expressed plasma mRNAs were detected by digital gene expression profile analysis and validated by qRT-PCR. Hepatic histopathology was observed by H&E and Masson stained liver sections. The mRNA and protein expression of GCLC, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, and inflammatory and fibrogenic factors were detected in liver tissues from patients with HCV-related hepatic fibrosis and HCV core protein-expressing LX-2. The GCLC-overexpressing LX-2 were established by transfecting puc19-GCLC plasmid. Then, glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured respectively by spectrophotometric diagnostic kit and dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate kit. GCLC were dramatically down-regulated in HCV-related fibrotic livers and activated HSCs, which companied with up-regulation of ER stress-related genes, including inositol-requiring 1 (IRE1) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Also, the proinflammatory and profibrogenic gene, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and transforming growth factor 1(TGFβ1), was highly upregulated. Overexpression of GCLC in hepatic stellate cells could suppress α-SMA and collagen I expression, produce hepatic GSH and reduce ROS, and down-regulate IRE1, GRP78, NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGFβ1 expression. GCLC was a negative regulatory factor in the development of HCV-related liver fibrosis and might be a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fu
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wencong Li
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingdi Liu
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Suxian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinghua Du
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rongqi Wang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuemin Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
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6
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Chen Y, Manna SK, Golla S, Krausz KW, Cai Y, Garcia-Milian R, Chakraborty T, Chakraborty J, Chatterjee R, Thompson DC, Gonzalez FJ, Vasiliou V. Glutathione deficiency-elicited reprogramming of hepatic metabolism protects against alcohol-induced steatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:127-139. [PMID: 31351176 PMCID: PMC6848780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of glutathione (GSH) is considered a critical pathogenic event promoting alcohol-induced lipotoxicity. We recently show that systemic GSH deficiency in mice harboring a global disruption of the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm) gene confers protection against alcohol-induced steatosis. While several molecular pathways have been linked to the observed hepatic protection, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways, the precise mechanisms are yet to be defined. In this study, to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the protective effects of loss of GCLM, global profiling of hepatic polar metabolites combined with liver microarray analysis was carried out. These inter-omics analyses revealed both low GSH- and alcohol-driven changes in multiple cellular pathways involving the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acid, glucose and nucleic acids. Notably, several metabolic changes were uniquely present in alcohol-treated Gclm-null mouse livers, including acetyl-CoA enrichment and diversion of acetyl-CoA flux from lipogenesis to alterative metabolic pathways, elevation in glutamate concentration, and induction of the glucuronate pathway and nucleotide biosynthesis. These metabolic features reflect low GSH-elicited cellular response to chronic alcohol exposure, which is beneficial for the maintenance of hepatic redox and metabolic homeostasis. The current study indicates that fine-tuning of hepatic GSH pool may evoke metabolic reprogramming to cope with alcohol-induced cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06521, USA
| | - Soumen K Manna
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics-HBNI, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Srujana Golla
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Tanushree Chakraborty
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics-HBNI, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | | | | | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06521, USA.
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Marshall S, Chen Y, Singh S, Berrios-Carcamo P, Heit C, Apostolopoulos N, Golla JP, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Engineered Animal Models Designed for Investigating Ethanol Metabolism, Toxicity and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1032:203-221. [PMID: 30362100 PMCID: PMC6743736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of alcohol is a leading cause of lifestyle-induced morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although long-term alcohol abuse has been shown to be detrimental to the liver, brain and many other organs, our understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is still limited. In tissues, ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde (mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome p450 2E1) and subsequently to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Intracellular generation of free radicals and depletion of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are believed to be key steps involved in the cellular pathogenic events caused by ethanol. With continued excessive alcohol consumption, further tissue damage can result from the production of cellular protein and DNA adducts caused by accumulating ethanol-derived aldehydes. Much of our understanding about the pathophysiological consequences of ethanol metabolism comes from genetically-engineered mouse models of ethanol-induced tissue injury. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of important mouse models in which ethanol-metabolizing and GSH-synthesizing enzymes have been manipulated to investigate alcohol-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pablo Berrios-Carcamo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Apostolopoulos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ratna A, Mandrekar P. Alcohol and Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapies. Biomolecules 2017; 7:E61. [PMID: 28805741 PMCID: PMC5618242 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several scientific and clinical studies have shown an association between chronic alcohol consumption and the occurrence of cancer in humans. The mechanism for alcohol-induced carcinogenesis has not been fully understood, although plausible events include genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant metabolism of folate and retinoids, increased estrogen, and genetic polymorphisms. Here, we summarize the impact of alcohol drinking on the risk of cancer development and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The interactions between alcohol abuse, anti-tumor immune response, tumor growth, and metastasis are complex. However, multiple studies have linked the immunosuppressive effects of alcohol with tumor progression and metastasis. The influence of alcohol on the host immune system and the development of possible effective immunotherapy for cancer in alcoholics are also discussed here. The conclusive biological effects of alcohol on tumor progression and malignancy have not been investigated extensively using an animal model that mimics the human disease. This review provides insights into cancer pathogenesis in alcoholics, alcohol and immune interactions in different cancers, and scope and future of targeted immunotherapeutic modalities in patients with alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ratna
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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9
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Fiorillo M, Sotgia F, Sisci D, Cappello AR, Lisanti MP. Mitochondrial "power" drives tamoxifen resistance: NQO1 and GCLC are new therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20309-20327. [PMID: 28411284 PMCID: PMC5386764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we identified two new molecular targets, which are functionally sufficient to metabolically confer the tamoxifen-resistance phenotype in human breast cancer cells. Briefly, ~20 proteins were first selected as potential candidates, based on unbiased proteomics analysis, using tamoxifen-resistant cell lines. Then, the cDNAs of the most promising candidates were systematically transduced into MCF-7 cells. Remarkably, NQO1 and GCLC were both functionally sufficient to autonomously confer a tamoxifen-resistant metabolic phenotype, characterized by i) increased mitochondrial biogenesis, ii) increased ATP production and iii) reduced glutathione levels. Thus, we speculate that pharmacological inhibition of NQO1 and GCLC may be new therapeutic strategies for overcoming tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer patients. In direct support of this notion, we demonstrate that treatment with a known NQO1 inhibitor (dicoumarol) is indeed sufficient to revert the tamoxifen-resistance phenotype. As such, these findings could have important translational significance for the prevention of tumor recurrence in ER(+) breast cancers, which is due to an endocrine resistance phenotype. Importantly, we also show here that NQO1 has significant prognostic value as a biomarker for the prediction of tumor recurrence. More specifically, higher levels of NQO1 mRNA strongly predict patient relapse in high-risk ER(+) breast cancer patients receiving endocrine therapy (mostly tamoxifen; H.R. > 2.15; p = 0.007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiorillo
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, 87100, Italy.,The Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Sisci
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, 87100, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, 87100, Italy
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
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10
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Chronic Glutathione Depletion Confers Protection against Alcohol-induced Steatosis: Implication for Redox Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29743. [PMID: 27403993 PMCID: PMC4940737 DOI: 10.1038/srep29743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is not well established. However, oxidative stress and associated decreases in levels of glutathione (GSH) are known to play a central role in ALD. The present study examines the effect of GSH deficiency on alcohol-induced liver steatosis in Gclm knockout (KO) mice that constitutively have ≈15% normal hepatic levels of GSH. Following chronic (6 week) feeding with an ethanol-containing liquid diet, the Gclm KO mice were unexpectedly found to be protected against steatosis despite showing increased oxidative stress (as reflected in elevated levels of CYP2E1 and protein carbonyls). Gclm KO mice also exhibit constitutive activation of liver AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and nuclear factor-erythroid 2–related factor 2 target genes, and show enhanced ethanol clearance, altered hepatic lipid profiles in favor of increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and concordant changes in expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. In summary, our data implicate a novel mechanism protecting against liver steatosis via an oxidative stress adaptive response that activates the AMPK pathway. We propose redox activation of the AMPK may represent a new therapeutic strategy for preventing ALD.
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11
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Irie M, Sohda T, Anan A, Fukunaga A, Takata K, Tanaka T, Yokoyama K, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Shakado S, Sakisaka S. Reduced Glutathione suppresses Oxidative Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2016; 6:13-18. [PMID: 29201718 PMCID: PMC5578552 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Insulin resistance and cytokine production are key mechanisms leading to fatty change in the liver and may produce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Oxidative stress may also contribute to clinical progression from simple fatty liver (FL) to NASH. A therapy for insulin resistance and antioxidant has been applied to treat NASH, yet these treatments are not fully established. In the present study, we have evaluated whether an antioxidant agent, glutathione, prevents the development of NASH from FL. Materials and methods Five patients with FL and 10 with NASH were enrolled in the study. Three hundred milligrams per day of glutathione was given orally to patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) every day, and an oxidative stress marker and biochemical tests were analyzed before treatment and 1 and 3 months after starting the treatment. We measured serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Immunohistochemistry for glutathione was performed on formalin fixed liver specimens obtained from liver biopsies. Results Before treatment, the NASH group had higher serum 8-OHdG and lower serum glutathione levels than the FL group. Immunohistochemistry revealed that a strong expression of glutathione was observed in zone 3 in both NASH and FL before treatment. Serum levels of alanine transaminase and 8-OHdG were significantly decreased after treatment in the NASH group. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was decreased after treatment, although the decrease was statistically not significant. Discussion The present pilot study demonstrated that antioxidant therapy with glutathione may reduce the pathological oxidative stress in the liver in NASH, preventing the progression from NAFLD to NASH. How to cite this article Irie M, Sohda T, Anan A, Fukunaga A, Takata K, Tanaka T, Yokoyama K, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Shakado S, Sakisaka S. Reduced Glutathione suppresses Oxidative Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2016;6(1):13-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Irie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sohda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Anan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Merry TL, Ristow M. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NFE2L2, Nrf2) mediates exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and the anti-oxidant response in mice. J Physiol 2016; 594:5195-207. [PMID: 27094017 DOI: 10.1113/jp271957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) regulate exercise-induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) expression in skeletal muscle. NFE2L2 is required for acute exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis genes, such as nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A, and anti-oxidant genes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, SOD2 and catalase. Following exercise training mice with impaired NFE2L2 expression have reduced exercise performance, energy expenditure, mitochondrial volume and anti-oxidant activity. In muscle cells, ROS and NO can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis via a NFE2L2/NRF-1-dependent pathway. ABSTRACT Regular exercise induces adaptations to skeletal muscle, which can include mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced anti-oxidant reserves. These adaptations and others are at least partly responsible for the improved health of physically active individuals. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced during exercise and may mediate the adaptive response to exercise in skeletal muscle. However, the mechanisms through which they act are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) in acute exercise- and training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and the anti-oxidant response. We report that ROS and NO regulate acute exercise-induced expression of NFE2L2 in mouse skeletal muscle and muscle cells, and that deficiency in NFE2L2 prevents normal acute treadmill exercise-induced increases in mRNA of the mitochondrial biogenesis markers, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), and the anti-oxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and 2, as well as catalase, in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, after 5 weeks of treadmill exercise training, mice deficient in NFE2L2 had reduced exercise capacity and whole body energy expenditure, as well as skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass and SOD activity, compared to wild-type littermates. In C2C12 myoblasts, acute treatment with exogenous H2 O2 (ROS)- and diethylenetriamine/NO adduct (NO donor) induced increases in mtTFA, which was prevented by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA knockdown of either NFE2L2 or NRF-1. Our results suggest that, during exercise, ROS and NO can act via NFE2L2 to functionally regulate skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-oxidant defence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases: Therapeutic Possibilities of N-Acetylcysteine. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30269-308. [PMID: 26694382 PMCID: PMC4691167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is highly prevalent in the world. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the most important pathogenetic events in liver diseases, regardless the different etiology and natural course. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (the active form) (NAC) is being studied in diseases characterized by increased OS or decreased glutathione (GSH) level. NAC acts mainly on the supply of cysteine for GSH synthesis. The objective of this review is to examine experimental and clinical studies that evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of NAC in attenuating markers of inflammation and OS in hepatic damage. The results related to the supplementation of NAC in any form of administration and type of study are satisfactory in 85.5% (n = 59) of the cases evaluated (n = 69, 100%). Within this percentage, the dosage of NAC utilized in studies in vivo varied from 0.204 up to 2 g/kg/day. A standard experimental design of protection and treatment as well as the choice of the route of administration, with a broader evaluation of OS and inflammation markers in the serum or other biological matrixes, in animal models, are necessary. Clinical studies are urgently required, to have a clear view, so that, the professionals can be sure about the effectiveness and safety of NAC prescription.
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McGarry DJ, Chakravarty P, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ. Altered protein S-glutathionylation identifies a potential mechanism of resistance to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:137-44. [PMID: 26311813 PMCID: PMC4631951 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most commonly used over-the-counter analgesic. However, hepatotoxicity induced by APAP is a major clinical issue, and the factors that define sensitivity to APAP remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that mice nulled for glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP) are resistant to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. This study aims to exploit this difference to delineate pathways of importance in APAP toxicity. We used mice nulled for GSTP and heme oxygenase-1 oxidative stress reporter mice, together with a novel nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology to investigate the role of oxidative stress, cell signaling, and protein S-glutathionylation in APAP hepatotoxicity. We provide evidence that the sensitivity difference between wild-type and Gstp1/2(-/-) mice is unrelated to the ability of APAP to induce oxidative stress, despite observing significant increases in c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in wild-type mice. The major difference in response to APAP was in the levels of protein S-glutathionylation: Gstp1/2(-/-) mice exhibited a significant increase in the number of S-glutathionylated proteins compared with wild-type animals. Remarkably, these S-glutathionylated proteins are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory complexes, drug metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that S-glutathionylation of the rate-limiting glutathione-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase, was markedly increased in Gstp1/2(-/-) mice in response to APAP. The data demonstrate that S-glutathionylation provides an adaptive response to APAP and, as a consequence, suggest that this is an important determinant in APAP hepatotoxicity. This work identifies potential novel avenues associated with cell survival for the treatment of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McGarry
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
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Heit C, Dong H, Chen Y, Shah YM, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Transgenic mouse models for alcohol metabolism, toxicity, and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 815:375-87. [PMID: 25427919 PMCID: PMC4323349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09614-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse leads to tissue damage including a variety of cancers; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this damage occurs remain to be fully understood. The primary enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism include alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1, (CYP2E1), catalase (CAT), and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH). Genetic polymorphisms in human genes encoding these enzymes are associated with increased risks of alcohol-related tissue damage, as well as differences in alcohol consumption and dependence. Oxidative stress resulting from ethanol oxidation is one established pathogenic event in alcohol-induced toxicity. Ethanol metabolism generates free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and has been associated with diminished glutathione (GSH) levels as well as changes in other antioxidant mechanisms. In addition, the formation of protein and DNA adducts associated with the accumulation of ethanol-derived aldehydes can adversely affect critical biological functions and thereby promote cellular and tissue pathology. Animal models have proven to be valuable tools for investigating mechanisms underlying pathogenesis caused by alcohol. In this review, we provide a brief discussion on several animal models with genetic defects in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and GSH-synthesizing enzymes and their relevance to alcohol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Glutathione defense mechanism in liver injury: insights from animal models. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:38-44. [PMID: 23856494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular thiol antioxidant and it exhibits numerous and versatile functions. Disturbances in GSH homeostasis have been associated with liver diseases induced by drugs, alcohol, diet and environmental pollutants. Until recently, our laboratories and others have developed mouse models with genetic deficiencies in glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in the GSH biosynthetic pathway. This review focuses on regulation of GSH homeostasis and, specifically, recent studies that have utilized such GSH-deficient mouse models to investigate the role of GSH in liver disease processes. These studies have revealed a differential hepatic response to distinct profiles of hepatic cellular GSH concentration. In particular, mice engineered to not express the catalytic subunit of GCL in hepatocytes [Gclc(h/h) mice] experience almostcomplete loss of hepatic GSH (to 5% of normal) and develop spontaneous liver pathologies characteristic of various clinical stages of liver injury. In contrast, mice globally engineered to not express the modifier subunit of GCL [Gclm⁻/⁻ mice] show a less severe hepatic GSH deficit (to ≈15% of normal) and exhibit overall protection against liver injuries induced by a variety of hepatic insults. Collectively, these transgenic mouse models provide interesting new insights regarding pathophysiological functions of GSH in the liver.
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Improvements in hepatic serological biomarkers are associated with clinical benefit of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1397-402. [PMID: 23325162 PMCID: PMC3663882 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improves transplant-free survival in early coma grade (I-II) patients with non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure (ALF). We determined whether the clinical benefit was associated with improvements in hepatic function. METHODS In a prospective, double blind trial, 173 ALF patients without evidence of acetaminophen overdose were stratified by coma grade (I-II vs. III-IV) and randomly assigned to receive either intravenous NAC or dextrose (placebo) for 72 h, resulting in four patient groups. INR, ALT, bilirubin, creatinine, and AST obtained on admission (day 1) and subsequent days (days 2-4) were used for secondary analysis performed by fitting longitudinal logistic regression models to predict death or transplantation or transplantation alone. RESULTS Treatment group and day of study in models including bilirubin or ALT were predictors of transplantation or death (maximum p < 0.03). Those patients with early coma grade who were treated with NAC showed significant improvement in bilirubin and ALT levels when compared to the other three groups (maximum p < 0.02 for NAC 1-2 vs. the 3 other treatments) when predicting death or transplantation. Treatment group, day of study, and bilirubin were predictors of transplantation (maximum p < 0.03) in ALF patients. CONCLUSION The decreased risk of transplantation or death or of transplantation alone with intravenous NAC in early coma grade patients with non-acetaminophen induced ALF was reflected in improvement in parameters related to hepatocyte necrosis and bile excretion including ALT and bilirubin, but not in INR, creatinine, or AST. Hepatic recovery appears hastened by NAC as measured by several important lab values.
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Chen Y, Krishan M, Nebert DW, Shertzer HG. Glutathione-deficient mice are susceptible to TCDD-Induced hepatocellular toxicity but resistant to steatosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:94-100. [PMID: 22082335 DOI: 10.1021/tx200242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) generates both hepatocellular injury and steatosis, processes that involve oxidative stress. Herein, we evaluated the role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), comprising catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits, is rate limiting in de novo GSH biosynthesis; GCLM maintains GSH homeostasis by optimizing the catalytic efficiency of GCL holoenzyme. Gclm(-/-) transgenic mice exhibit 10-20% of normal tissue GSH levels. Gclm(-/-) and Gclm(+/+) wild-type (WT) female mice received TCDD for 3 consecutive days and were then examined 21 days later. As compared with WT littermates, Gclm(-/-) mice were more sensitive to TCDD-induced hepatocellular toxicity, exhibiting lower reduction potentials for GSH, lower ATP levels, and elevated levels of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). However, the histopathology showed that TCDD-mediated steatosis, which occurs in WT mice, was absent in Gclm(-/-) mice. This finding was consistent with cDNA microarray expression analysis, revealing striking deficiencies in lipid biosynthesis pathways in Gclm(-/-) mice; qrt-PCR analysis confirmed that Gclm(-/-) mice are deficient in expression of several lipid metabolism genes including Srebp2, Elovl6, Fasn, Scd1/2, Ppargc1a, and Ppara. We suggest that whereas GSH protects against TCDD-mediated hepatocellular damage, GSH deficiency confers resistance to TCDD-induced steatosis due to impaired lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. A mechanistic insight into 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”)-mediated hepatotoxicity. Vet Q 2011; 31:193-205. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.642534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recently published research into the use of dietary cysteine and/or its derivatives as functional food supplements that will enhance antioxidant status and improve outcome in certain diseases. RECENT FINDINGS L-cysteine is now widely recognized as a conditionally essential or (indispensible) sulphur amino acid. It plays a key role in the metabolic pathways involving methionine, taurine and glutathione (GSH), and may help fight chronic inflammation by boosting antioxidant status. In stressed and inflammatory states, sulphur amino acid metabolism adapts to meet the increased requirements for cysteine as a rate-limiting substrate for GSH. Critically ill patients receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition, enriched with cysteine, exhibit decreased cysteine catabolism and improved GSH synthesis. The naturally occurring cysteine-rich proteins, whey or keratin, have the potential to be manufactured into high quality, high cysteine-containing functional foods for clinical investigation. SUMMARY Cysteine-rich proteins, such as keratin, may have advantages over the simple amino acid or its derivatives, as nutraceuticals, to safely and beneficially improve antioxidant status in health and disease.
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, Molendijk J, Nijmeijer SM, Scherpenisse P, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. Induction of glutathione synthesis and conjugation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) in human and rat liver cells, including the protective role of some antioxidants. Toxicology 2011; 289:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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