Reversibility of chemotherapy-related liver injury

Steatotic liver disease in the context of hematological malignancies and anti-neoplastic chemotherapy

The rising prevalence of obesity-related illnesses, such as metabolic steatotic liver disease (MASLD), represents a significant global public health concern. This disease affects approximately 30 % of the adult population and is the result of metabolic abnormalities rather than alcohol consumption. Additionally, MASLD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic liver disease, and a variety of cancers, particularly gastrointestinal cancers. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a biological state characterized by the expansion of a population of blood cells derived from a single mutated hematopoietic stem cell. The presence of CH in the absence of a diagnosed blood disorder or cytopenia is known as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which itself increases the risk of hematological malignancies and CVD. Steatotic liver disease may also complicate the clinical course of cancer patients receiving antineoplastic agents, a condition referred to as chemotherapy induced steatohepatitis (CASH). This review will present an outline of the various aspects of MASLD, including complications. Furthermore, it will summarize the existing knowledge on the emerging association between CHIP and MASLD and present the available data on patient cases with concurrent MASLD and hematological neoplasms. Finally, it will provide a brief overview of the chemotherapeutic drugs associated with CASH, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and their clinical implications.

Risk of hepatic steatosis with the preoperative treatment of pancreatic cancer and the short-term postoperative outcomes

PURPOSE

We investigated whether the preoperative treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer is a risk factor for hepatic steatosis (HS), and whether preoperative HS affects the short-term postoperative outcomes.

METHODS

Patients who underwent radical surgery for pancreatic cancer between 2010 and 2023 were enrolled. The patients' medical records were reviewed. Albumin and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were measured before and after chemotherapy in the patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. A logistic regression univariate analysis was performed to analyze the factors associated with new-onset HS.

RESULTS

A total of 230 patients who underwent surgery were included. HS was observed on the date of surgery in 11 (10%) and two (2%) patients with and without preoperative chemotherapy, respectively. Female sex, initially borderline resectable or unresectable disease, history of cholangitis, presence of PEI, long-term (≥ 3 months) biliary drainage, preoperative chemotherapy, and serum albumin ≥ 3.9 mg/dl before chemotherapy were identified as risk factors for HS. The incidence of postoperative morbidity did not differ between the patients with and without preoperative steatosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative chemotherapy, a history of cholangitis, the presence of PEI, and ≥ 3 months' duration of biliary drainage were risk factors for the development of HS before surgery for pancreatic cancer. However, preoperative HS did not affect the short-term postoperative outcomes.

Challenges and Opportunities for Precision Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastases

The incidence of colorectal cancer and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is increasing globally due to an interaction of environmental and genetic factors. A minority of patients with CRLM have surgically resectable disease, but for those who have resection as part of multimodal therapy for their disease, long-term survival has been shown. Precision surgery-the idea of careful patient selection and targeting of surgical intervention, such that treatments shown to be proven to benefit on a population level are the optimal treatment for each individual patient-is the new paradigm of care. Key to this is the understanding of tumour molecular biology and clinically relevant mutations, such as KRAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability (MSI), which can predict poorer overall outcomes and a poorer response to systemic therapy. The emergence of immunotherapy and hepatic artery infusion (HAI) pumps show potential to convert previously unresectable disease to resectable disease, in addition to established systemic and locoregional therapies, but the surgeon must be wary of poor-quality livers and the spectre of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). Volume modulation, a cornerstone of hepatic surgery for a generation, has been given a shot in the arm with the advent of liver venous depletion (LVD) ensuring significantly more hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR). The optimal timing of liver resection for those patients with synchronous disease is yet to be truly established, but evidence would suggest that those patients requiring complex colorectal surgery and major liver resection are best served with a staged approach. In the operating room, parenchyma-preserving minimally invasive surgery (MIS) can dramatically reduce the surgical insult to the patient and lead to better perioperative outcomes, with quicker return to function.

Diffuse and focal liver fat: advanced imaging techniques and diagnostic insights

The fatty liver disease represents a complex, multifaceted challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for effective management and research. This article uses conventional and advanced imaging techniques to explore the etiology, imaging patterns, and quantification methods of hepatic steatosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the challenges and advancements in the imaging diagnostics of fatty liver disease. Techniques such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, and elastography are indispensable for providing deep insights into the liver's fat content. These modalities not only distinguish between diffuse and focal steatosis but also help identify accompanying conditions, such as inflammation and fibrosis, which are critical for accurate diagnosis and management.

Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on short-term outcomes after simple and complex minimally invasive minor hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases: A propensity-score matched and coarsened exact matched study

BACKGROUND

In the last three decades, minimally invasive liver resection has been replacing conventional open approach in liver surgery. More recently, developments in neoadjuvant chemotherapy have led to increased multidisciplinary management of colorectal liver metastases with both medical and surgical treatment modalities. However, the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the surgical outcomes of minimally invasive liver resections remains poorly understood.

METHODS

A multicenter, international, database of 4998 minimally invasive minor hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases was used to compare surgical outcomes in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with surgery alone. To correct for baseline imbalance, propensity score matching, coarsened exact matching and inverse probability treatment weighting were performed.

RESULTS

2546 patients met the inclusion criteria. After propensity score matching there were 759 patients in both groups and 383 patients in both groups after coarsened exact matching. Baseline characteristics were equal after both matching strategies. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with statistically significant worse surgical outcomes of minimally invasive minor hepatectomy.

CONCLUSION

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy had no statistically significant impact on short-term surgical outcomes after simple and complex minimally invasive minor hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases.

Contemporary Surgical Management of Colorectal Liver Metastases

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Approximately 20-30% of patients will develop hepatic metastasis in the form of synchronous or metachronous disease. The treatment of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) has evolved into a multidisciplinary approach, with chemotherapy and a variety of locoregional treatments, such as ablation and portal vein embolization, playing a crucial role. However, resection remains a core tenet of management, serving as the gold standard for a curative-intent therapy. As such, the input of a dedicated hepatobiliary surgeon is paramount for appropriate patient selection and choice of surgical approach, as significant advances in the field have made management decisions extremely nuanced and complex. We herein aim to review the contemporary surgical management of colorectal liver metastasis with respect to both perioperative and operative considerations.

Selection of GalNAc-Conjugated siKeap1 as Disease-Specific Delivery System for Chemotherapy-Induced Liver Injury and Chronic Liver Disease

Chemotherapy-induced liver injury (CILI) is a pressing concern in cancer patients. One promising approach involves activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to mitigate CILI. However, selectively activating liver Nrf2 without compromising chemotherapy's efficacy has remained elusive. Herein, two RNAi delivery strategies were explored: lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) delivery systems loaded with siRNA designed to silence Kelch-like-ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) by aiming for liver-specific Nrf2 activation. Remarkably, siKeap1-LNP exhibited unintended tumor targeting alongside liver effects, thereby potentially promoting tumor progression. Conversely, siKeap1-GalNAc did not compromise chemotherapy efficacy and outperformed the conventional Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone, in mitigating CILI. This study proposes siKeap1-GalNAc as a promising therapeutic avenue for liver injury. Importantly, our study bridges a crucial gap concerning the delivery system for liver targeting but not tumor targeting and underscores the importance of selecting nucleic acid delivery systems tailored to specific diseases, not just to specific organs.

Quantification of Hepatic Steatosis on Dual-Energy CT in Comparison With MRI mDIXON-Quant Sequence in Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to evaluate the correlation and diagnostic value of liver fat quantification in unenhanced dual-energy CT (DECT) using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mDIXON-Quant sequence as reference standard in patients with breast cancer.

METHODS

Patients with breast cancer were prospectively recruited between June 2018 and April 2020. Each patient underwent liver DECT and MRI mDIXON-Quant examination. The DECT-fat volume fraction (FVF) and liver-spleen attenuation differences were compared with the MRI-proton density fat fraction using scatterplots, Bland-Altman plots, and concordance correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic curves were established to determine the diagnostic accuracy of hepatic steatosis by DECT.

RESULTS

A total of 216 patients with breast cancer (mean age, 50.08 ± 9.33 years) were evaluated. The DECT-FVF correlated well with MRI-proton density fat fraction ( r2 = 0.902; P < 0.001), which was higher than the difference in liver-spleen attenuation ( r2 = 0.728; P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed slight positive bias; the mean difference was 3.986. The DECT-FVF yielded an average concordance correlation coefficient of 0.677, which was higher than the difference of liver-spleen attenuation (-0.544). The DECT-FVF and the difference in liver-spleen attenuation both lead to mild overestimation of hepatic steatosis. The areas under the curve of DECT-FVF (0.956) were higher than the difference in liver-spleen attenuation (0.807) in identifying hepatic steatosis ( P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Dual-energy CT-FVF may serve as a reliable screening and quantitative tool for hepatic steatosis in patients with breast cancer.

Safety and Survival Outcomes of Liver Resection following Triple Combination Conversion Therapy for Initially Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Triple combination conversion therapy, involving transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has shown an encouraging objective response rate (ORR) and successful conversion surgery rate in initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the safety and long-term survival outcomes of subsequent liver resection after successful conversion still remain to be validated. From February 2019 to February 2023, 726 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study (75 patients received hepatectomy after conversion therapy [CLR group], and 651 patients underwent pure hepatectomy [LR group]). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the preoperative baseline characteristics. After PSM, 68 patients in the CLR group and 124 patients in the LR group were analyzed, and all the matching variables were well-balanced. Compared with the LR group, the CLR group experienced longer Pringle maneuver time, longer operation time, and longer hospital stays. In addition, the CLR group had significantly higher incidence rates of intra-abdominal bleeding, biliary leakage, post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF), and Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complications than the LR group. There were no significant statistical differences in overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.724; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.356-1.474; p = 0.374) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR 1.249; 95% CI 0.807-1.934; p = 0.374) between the two groups. Liver resection following triple combination conversion therapy in initially unresectable HCC may achieve favorable survival outcomes with manageable safety profiles; presenting as a promising treatment option for initially unresectable HCC.

A virtual biopsy of liver parenchyma to predict the outcome of liver resection

The preoperative risk assessment of liver resections (LR) is still an open issue. Liver parenchyma characteristics influence the outcome but cannot be adequately evaluated in the preoperative setting. The present study aims to elucidate the contribution of the radiomic analysis of non-tumoral parenchyma to the prediction of complications after elective LR. All consecutive patients undergoing LR between 2017 and 2021 having a preoperative computed tomography (CT) were included. Patients with associated biliary/colorectal resection were excluded. Radiomic features were extracted from a virtual biopsy of non-tumoral liver parenchyma (a 2 mL cylinder) outlined in the portal phase of preoperative CT. Data were internally validated. Overall, 378 patients were analyzed (245 males/133 females-median age 67 years-39 cirrhotics). Radiomics increased the performances of the preoperative clinical models for both liver dysfunction (at internal validaton, AUC = 0.727 vs. 0.678) and bile leak (AUC = 0.744 vs. 0.614). The final predictive model combined clinical and radiomic variables: for bile leak, segment 1 resection, exposure of Glissonean pedicles, HU-related indices, NGLDM_Contrast, GLRLM indices, and GLZLM_ZLNU; for liver dysfunction, cirrhosis, liver function tests, major hepatectomy, segment 1 resection, and NGLDM_Contrast. The combined clinical-radiomic model for bile leak based on preoperative data performed even better than the model including the intraoperative data (AUC = 0.629). The textural features extracted from a virtual biopsy of non-tumoral liver parenchyma improved the prediction of postoperative liver dysfunction and bile leak, implementing information given by standard clinical data. Radiomics should become part of the preoperative assessment of candidates to LR.

Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the difficulty and outcomes of laparoscopic and robotic major liver resections for colorectal liver metastases: A propensity-score and coarsened exact-matched controlled study

BACKGROUND

Minimal invasive liver resections are a safe alternative to open surgery. Different scoring systems considering different risks factors have been developed to predict the risks associated with these procedures, especially challenging major liver resections (MLR). However, the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) on the difficulty of minimally invasive MLRs remains poorly investigated.

METHODS

Patients who underwent laparoscopic and robotic MLRs for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) performed across 57 centers between January 2005 to December 2021 were included in this analysis. Patients who did or did not receive NAT were matched based on 1:1 coarsened exact and 1:2 propensity-score matching. Pre- and post-matching comparisons were performed.

RESULTS

In total, the data of 5189 patients were reviewed. Of these, 1411 procedures were performed for CRLM, and 1061 cases met the inclusion criteria. After excluding 27 cases with missing data on NAT, 1034 patients (NAT: n = 641; non-NAT: n = 393) were included. Before matching, baseline characteristics were vastly different. Before matching, the morbidity rate was significantly higher in the NAT-group (33.2% vs. 27.2%, p-value = 0.043). No significant differences were seen in perioperative outcomes after the coarsened exact matching. After the propensity-score matching, statistically significant higher blood loss (mean, 300 (SD 128-596) vs. 250 (SD 100-400) ml, p-value = 0.047) but shorter hospital stay (mean, 6 [4-8] vs. 6 [5-9] days, p-value = 0.043) were found in the NAT-group.

CONCLUSION

The current study demonstrated that NAT had minimal impact on the difficulty and outcomes of minimally-invasive MLR for CRLM.

2-4 weeks is the optimal time to operate on colorectal liver metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is generally accepted for treatment of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRLM), but what is a reasonable interval between the latest NAC and surgery is still unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the proper timing of surgery after NAC. Subjects were 141 patients with CRLM who underwent NAC and then surgery were retrospectively identified from 2008 to 2020. They were divided into a short interval group (SIG, ≤ 4 weeks) and long interval group (LIG, > 4 weeks) using the software X-tile. The SIG was subclassified group into 3 time periods (1-2 weeks, 2-3 weeks, and 3-4 weeks) to assess the incidence of complications. Patients in the SIG were more likely to have significantly better recurrence-free survival (RFS) (3-year RFS of 47.4% vs. 20.5%, P = 0.043) and no difference in overall survival (OS) (3-year OS 76.1% vs. 79.9%, P = 0.635). The postoperative complication rate was 23.5% in the SIG and 14.0% in the LIG (P = 0.198). The postoperative complication rate in the 1-2 weeks subgroup was marginally higher than that in the > 4 weeks subgroup (35% vs. 14.3% P = 0.055). Multivariate analysis revealed that chemotherapy-free intervals of 1-2 weeks were an independent predictor of increased postoperative complications (OR = 0.263, 95% CI 0.7-0.985 P = 0.048). Patients who underwent surgery within 4 weeks of NAC had better RFS. In addition, 1-2 weeks was an independent factor influencing the development of more complications. For patients with CRLM, performing surgery within 2-4weeks of NAC was feasible and safe, and it did not increase the incidence of postoperative complications but it did prolong RFS.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Radiofrequency Ablation May Be a New Treatment Modality for Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Propensity Score Matching Comparative Study

Background: Most colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are not candidates for liver resection. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) plays a key role in selected CRLM patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by liver resection has been widely used for resectable CRLM. Whether NAC followed by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can achieve a similar prognosis to NAC followed by hepatectomy remains is unclear. The present study aimed to provide a new treatment modality for CRLM patients. Methods: This comparative retrospective research selected CRLM patients from 2009 to 2022. They were divided into NAC + RFA group and NAC + hepatectomy group. The propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce bias. We used multivariate cox proportional hazards regression analysis to explore independent factors affecting prognosis. The primary study endpoint was the difference in the progression-free survival (PFS) between the two groups. Results: A total of 190 locally curable CRLM patients were in line with the inclusion criteria. A slight bias was detected in the comparison of basic clinical characteristics between the two groups. RFA showed a significant advantage in the length of hospital stay (median; 2 days vs. 7 days; p < 0.001). The 1- and 3-year PFS in the liver resection and the RFA groups was 57.4% vs. 86.9% (p < 0.001) and 38.8% vs. 55.3% (p = 0.035), respectively. The 1-year and 3-year OS in the liver resection and RFA groups was 100% vs. 96.7% (p = 0.191) and 73.8% vs. 73.6% (p = 0.660), respectively. Conclusions: NAC followed by RFA has rapid postoperative recovery, fewer complications, and better prognosis.

Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy as a Timing Strategy for Conversion Surgery to Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single-Center Real-World Study

Objective

To evaluate whether surgery-related complications are increased after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin for conversion compared with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection and the optimal timing of conversion surgery (CS).

Background

HAIC has been widely used for advanced HCC, especially initially unresectable HCC, to facilitate conversion to curative-intent resection in approximately 23.8% of cases. However, the optimal timing of surgery to reduce surgical complications must be clarified.

Methods

Data from 320 HCC patients, including 107 initially unresectable patients in the HAIC-Surgery group and 213 patients in the Surgery group, were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Survival outcomes and the incidence of surgery-related complications were compared.

Results

There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival (RFS) between the HAIC-Surgery group and the Surgery group (HR: 1.140, 95% CI: 0.8027-1.618, p=0.444). The HAIC-Surgery group had a higher incidence of surgery-related complications than the Surgery group [biliary leakage (10.3% vs 4.2%, p=0.035), abdominal bleeding (10.3% vs 3.8%, p=0.020), pleural effusion (56.1% vs 23.0%, p<0.0001) and ascites effusion (17.8% vs 5.2%, p<0.0001)]. In the HAIC-Surgery group, postoperative liver function decreased and abdominal bleeding increased with more preoperative HAIC cycles (Spearman=0.229, p=0.042, Spearman=0.198, p=0.041, respectively). The pathological complete remission (pCR) rate after 3-5 HAIC cycles was significantly higher than that after 1-2 cycles (29.4% vs 13.2%, p=0.043).

Conclusion

The prognosis of advanced HCC after conversion surgery is comparable to that after direct surgery. Rather than increasing pCR, more HAIC cycles can exacerbate liver dysfunction and surgery-related complications.

Isolated gastric variceal bleeding related to non-cirrhotic portal hypertension following oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: A case report

BACKGROUND

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome has been reported after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, but liver fibrosis and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) are rarely reported.

CASE SUMMARY

Here, we describe the case of a 64-year-old woman who developed isolated gastric variceal bleeding 16 mo after completing eight cycles of oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine chemotherapy after colon cancer resection. Surprisingly, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia were not accompanied by variceal bleeding, which has been reported to have predictive value for gastric variceal formation. However, a liver biopsy showed fibrosis in the portal area, suggesting NCPH. The patient underwent endoscopic treatment and experienced no further symptoms.

CONCLUSION

It is necessary to guard against long-term complications after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Sometimes splenic size and platelet level may not always accurately predict the occurrence of portal hypertension.

Monocrotaline Toxicity Alters the Function of Hepatocyte Membrane Transporters in Rats

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline (MCT) induces sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) in rats characterised by a sinusoidal congestive obstruction. Additionally, MCT administration decreases the biliary excretion of gadobenate dimeglumine (BOPTA), a hepatobiliary substrate used in clinical imaging. BOPTA crosses hepatocyte membranes through organic anion transporting polypeptides, multidrug-resistance-associated protein 2, and Mrp3/4 transporters, and a modified function of these transporters is likely to explain the decreased biliary excretion. This study compared BOPTA transport across hepatocytes in livers isolated from normal (Nl) rats and rats with intragastric administration of MCT. BOPTA hepatocyte influx clearance was similar in both groups, while biliary clearance and bile concentrations were much lower in MCT than in Nl livers. BOPTA efflux clearance back to the sinusoids compensated for the low biliary excretion, and hepatocyte concentrations remained similar in both groups. This SOS-associated changes of transporter functions might impact the pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs that use similar transporters to cross hepatocytes.

Chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis was concomitant with epicardial adipose tissue volume increasing in breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the prevalence of chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis, quantitate the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume in breast cancer patients, and explore the mediating effect of liver fat content on EAT volume in breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).

METHODS

From October 2018 to April 2020, patients were retrospectively reviewed and divided into breast cancer non-NAC and NAC groups. The prevalence of chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis was evaluated through quantitative MRI mDIXON-Quant examinations by using defined proton density fat fraction cutoffs of liver fat. The EAT volume was quantified on chest CT by semi-automatic volume analysis software. Bootstrap analysis was used in the breast cancer NAC group to test the significance of the mediating effect of liver fat content on EAT volume.

RESULTS

A total of 662 breast cancer patients (non-NAC group: 445 patients; NAC group: 217 patients) were included. The prevalence of chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis in the NAC group was significantly higher than the prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the non-NAC group (42.8% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.001). EAT volume was measured in 561 of 662 breast cancer patients, and was significantly higher in the NAC group than in the non-NAC group (137.26 ± 53.48 mL vs. 125.14 ± 58.77 mL, p = 0.020). In the breast cancer NAC group, the indirect effect of liver fat content on EAT volume was 2.545 (p < 0.001), and the contribution rate to the effect was 69.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

EAT volume was significantly higher in the BC-NAC group than in the BC-non-NAC group.

KEY POINTS

• The prevalence of CASH was as high as 42.8% in BC patients. • NAC significantly increased the EAT volume in BC patients. • The liver fat content caused the change of EAT volume through mediating effect.

Chemotherapy-Induced Liver Injury in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases: Findings from MR Imaging

Chemotherapy-induced liver injury has been found to be quite common in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Being aware of chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity is important for avoiding errors in detecting liver metastases and for defining the most appropriate clinical management strategy. MRI imaging has proven to be a useful troubleshooting tool that helps overcome false negatives in tumor response imaging after chemotherapy due to liver parenchyma changes. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to describe the characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging of the broad spectrum of liver damage induced by systemic chemotherapeutic agents in order to avoid misdiagnoses of liver metastases and disease progression and to define the most appropriate clinical management strategy.

Is precision medicine for colorectal liver metastases still a utopia? New perspectives by modern biomarkers, radiomics, and artificial intelligence

The management of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer is still debated. Several therapeutic options and treatment strategies are available for an extremely heterogeneous clinical scenario. Adequate prediction of patients’ outcomes and of the effectiveness of chemotherapy and loco-regional treatments are crucial to reach a precision medicine approach. This has been an unmet need for a long time, but recent studies have opened new perspectives. New morphological biomarkers have been identified. The dynamic evaluation of the metastases across a time interval, with or without chemotherapy, provided a reliable assessment of the tumor biology. Genetics have been explored and, thanks to their strong association with prognosis, have the potential to drive treatment planning. The liver-tumor interface has been identified as one of the main determinants of tumor progression, and its components, in particular the immune infiltrate, are the focus of major research. Image mining and analyses provided new insights on tumor biology and are expected to have a relevant impact on clinical practice. Artificial intelligence is a further step forward. The present paper depicts the evolution of clinical decision-making for patients affected by colorectal liver metastases, facing modern biomarkers and innovative opportunities that will characterize the evolution of clinical research and practice in the next few years.

Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies

The liver has remarkable regenerative potential, with the capacity to regenerate after 75% hepatectomy in humans and up to 90% hepatectomy in some rodent models, enabling it to meet the challenge of diverse injury types, including physical trauma, infection, inflammatory processes, direct toxicity, and immunological insults. Current understanding of liver regeneration is based largely on animal research, historically in large animals, and more recently in rodents and zebrafish, which provide powerful genetic manipulation experimental tools. Whilst immensely valuable, these models have limitations in extrapolation to the human situation. In vitro models have evolved from 2-dimensional culture to complex 3 dimensional organoids, but also have shortcomings in replicating the complex hepatic micro-anatomical and physiological milieu. The process of liver regeneration is only partially understood and characterized by layers of complexity. Liver regeneration is triggered and controlled by a multitude of mitogens acting in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine ways, with much redundancy and cross-talk between biochemical pathways. The regenerative response is variable, involving both hypertrophy and true proliferative hyperplasia, which is itself variable, including both cellular phenotypic fidelity and cellular trans-differentiation, according to the type of injury. Complex interactions occur between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, and regeneration is affected by the status of the liver parenchyma, with differences between healthy and diseased liver. Finally, the process of termination of liver regeneration is even less well understood than its triggers. The complexity of liver regeneration biology combined with limited understanding has restricted specific clinical interventions to enhance liver regeneration. Moreover, manipulating the fundamental biochemical pathways involved would require cautious assessment, for fear of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, current knowledge provides guiding principles for strategies to optimise liver regeneration potential.

Imaging of the chemotherapy-induced hepatic damage: Yellow liver, blue liver, and pseudocirrhosis

The liver is the major drug-metabolizing and drug-detoxifying organ. Many drugs can cause liver damage through various mechanisms; however, the liver response to injury includes a relatively narrow spectrum of alterations that, regardless of the cause, are represented by phlogosis, oxidative stress and necrosis. The combination of these alterations mainly results in three radiological findings: vascular alterations, structural changes and metabolic function reduction. Chemotherapy has changed in recent decades in terms of the drugs, protocols and duration, allowing patients a longer life expectancy. As a consequence, we are currently observing an increase in chemotherapy-associated liver injury patterns once considered unusual. Recognizing this form of damage in an early stage is crucial for reconsidering the therapy regimen and thus avoiding severe complications. In this frontier article, we analyze the role of imaging in detecting some of these pathological patterns, such as pseudocirrhosis, “yellow liver” due to chemotherapy-associated steatosis-steatohepatitis, and “blue liver”, including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, veno-occlusive disease and peliosis.

Prediction of esophagogastric varices associated with oxaliplatin administration

Background

Oxaliplatin is a key drug for the chemotherapy of colorectal cancer; however, it is also known to cause non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension. We aimed to identify the characteristics of patients who developed esophagogastric varices (EGVs) after treatment with oxaliplatin.

Methods

This study retrospectively analyzed patients with colorectal cancer who were treated with chemotherapy including oxaliplatin between 2010 and 2016. All patients were evaluated by contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CE‐CT) every 3 months both during and after treatment; and endoscopy was performed when appearance of portal hypertension was suspected.

Results

A total of 106 patients were divided into two groups: EGV formation (n = 6) and EGV non‐formation (n = 100). In the EGV group, platelet counts decreased and the size of the spleen calculated by CT (CT spleen index; CT‐SI) increased markedly. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the change in platelet counts was 0.81 (80% sensitivity and 83% specificity) at 3 months post treatment, and the maximum AUC for CT‐SI was 0.89 (79% sensitivity and 83% specificity) at 6 months post treatment.

Conclusions

EGV formation could be predicted by the assessment of platelet counts and spleen size. If progressive splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia are observed not only during but also after completion of the oxaliplatin‐containing chemotherapy, EGVs should be confirmed by endoscopy for avoiding subsequent rupture.

Chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis

Some drugs may induce hepatotoxic lesions, such as steatosis or steatohepatitis found in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Among these drugs there are some anti-tumoral molecules, such as methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, tamoxifen and l-asparaginase. The hepatotoxic phenotype developed from treatment with such drugs is known as "CASH" for "Chemotherapy-induced Acute Steatohepatitis". The mechanism of toxicity is essentially based on mitochondrial toxicity. These lesions are chronic and often reversible when the treatment is stopped. Contributing factors related to the patient, the disease or the treatment play a major role in the emergence of CASH. It is important to identify chemotherapies with steatosis or steatohepatitis as risk factors in order to improve control of the metabolic risk factors associated with the patient and to reinforce monitoring during treatment. In the particular context of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, a short duration of chemotherapy and a few-weeks delay between chemotherapy and surgery could reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Recovery of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Following Monocrotaline-induced Liver Injury

BACKGROUND/AIM

Although the pathology of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is characterized by damage to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), the processes underlying LSEC repair are incompletely understood. The angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie system contributes to angiogenesis. The present study aimed to examine the processes of LSEC repair and the involvement of the Ang/Tie pathway in LSEC recovery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimentally, SOS was induced by intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT) to C57/BL6 mice.

RESULTS

Levels of LSEC markers were up-regulated during the repair phase of MCT-induced hepatotoxicity. The damaged LSECs recovered from the injury by expanding LSECs expressing lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in the peri-central area of MCT-injured livers, while LSECs in the same area of uninjured livers lacked LYVE-1 expression. Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells did not incorporate into the restored LSECs. Tie2 expression was related to LSEC recovery in MCT-injured liver tissue.

CONCLUSION

The resident LSECs neighboring uninjured tissue replace damaged LSECs in MCT-injured livers. Tie2 is involved in LSEC recovery from MCT-induced hepatotoxicity.

Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy-Associated Steatosis (CAS) in Colorectal Cancer

Chemotherapy-associated steatosis is poorly understood in the context of colorectal cancer. In this study, Stage II–III colorectal cancer patients were retrospectively selected to evaluate the frequency of chemotherapy-associated steatosis and to determine whether patients on statins throughout adjuvant chemotherapy develop chemotherapy-associated steatosis at a lower frequency. Baseline and incident steatosis for up to one year from chemotherapy start date was assessed based on radiology. Of 269 patients, 76 (28.3%) had steatosis at baseline. Of the remaining 193 cases, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 135) had 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 2.79) times the adjusted risk of developing steatosis compared to patients not receiving chemotherapy (n = 58). Among patients who underwent chemotherapy, those using statins for pre-existing hyperlipidemia (n = 37) had 0.71 (95% CI, 0.10 to 2.75) times the risk of developing steatosis compared to patients who were not prevalent users of statins (n = 98). Chemotherapeutic treatment of Stage II–III colorectal cancer appears to be consistent with a moderately increased risk of steatosis, although larger studies are necessary to assess the significance of this observation. Prospective trials should be considered to further explore the potential for protective use of statins in this curative patient population.

Validation of the IMM classification in laparoscopic repeat liver resections for colorectal liver metastases

BACKGROUND

To validate the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification as a difficulty scoring system applicable to laparoscopic repeat liver resections and identify risk-factors of unexpected difficulty.

METHODS

From a prospectively collected database between 2000 and 2019, patients undergoing laparoscopic repeat liver resections were classified according to the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification. Doubly robust estimators (weighted regressions) were used to assess the effect of factors on intra- and postoperative outcomes and allowed for strong adjustment on age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists, carcinoembryonic antigen, number, and size of lesions. Unexpected difficulty was defined as a composite indicator which included substantial blood loss and/or substantial operative time and/or conversion.

RESULTS

Of 205 laparoscopic repeat liver resections patients, 87, 25, and 93 procedures were classified as grade 1, 2, and 3 laparoscopic repeat liver resections, respectively. After doubly robust adjustment, the IMM classification was associated with blood loss (Cohen f² 0.12; P = 0.001), operative time (Cohen f² 0.07; P = .001), and length of stay (Cohen f² 0.13; P = .001), as well as with the risk of both minor and severe complications (odd ratio = 2.94; 95% confidence interval: 2.06-4.20) and the chances of achieving textbook outcome (relative risk = 0.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.81). Independently from the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification, a first major hepatectomy (relative risk = 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.29) as well as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (relative risk = 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.41) were independent risk factors of unexpected difficulty. A first major resection was associated with decreased chances of textbook outcome (relative risk = 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.33-0.85).

CONCLUSION

The Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification is a valuable difficulty scoring system for laparoscopic repeat liver resections procedures, while previous major resection and presence of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome are likely to jeopardize the outcomes.

Virtual Biopsy for Diagnosis of Chemotherapy-Associated Liver Injuries and Steatohepatitis: A Combined Radiomic and Clinical Model in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases

Non-invasive diagnosis of chemotherapy-associated liver injuries (CALI) is still an unmet need. The present study aims to elucidate the contribution of radiomics to the diagnosis of sinusoidal dilatation (SinDil), nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal metastases after chemotherapy (January 2018-February 2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Radiomic features were extracted from a standardized volume of non-tumoral liver parenchyma outlined in the portal phase of preoperative post-chemotherapy computed tomography. Seventy-eight patients were analyzed: 25 had grade 2-3 SinDil, 27 NRH, and 14 NASH. Three radiomic fingerprints independently predicted SinDil: GLRLM_f3 (OR = 12.25), NGLDM_f1 (OR = 7.77), and GLZLM_f2 (OR = 0.53). Combining clinical, laboratory, and radiomic data, the predictive model had accuracy = 82%, sensitivity = 64%, and specificity = 91% (AUC = 0.87 vs. AUC = 0.77 of the model without radiomics). Three radiomic parameters predicted NRH: conventional_HUQ2 (OR = 0.76), GLZLM_f2 (OR = 0.05), and GLZLM_f3 (OR = 7.97). The combined clinical/laboratory/radiomic model had accuracy = 85%, sensitivity = 81%, and specificity = 86% (AUC = 0.91 vs. AUC = 0.85 without radiomics). NASH was predicted by conventional_HUQ2 (OR = 0.79) with accuracy = 91%, sensitivity = 86%, and specificity = 92% (AUC = 0.93 vs. AUC = 0.83 without radiomics). In the validation set, accuracy was 72%, 71%, and 91% for SinDil, NRH, and NASH. Radiomic analysis of liver parenchyma may provide a signature that, in combination with clinical and laboratory data, improves the diagnosis of CALI.

Cancer and hepatic steatosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent and increasing liver disease, which encompasses a variety of liver diseases of different severity. NAFLD can lead to liver cirrhosis with all its complications as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Steatosis of the liver is not only related to obesity and other metabolic risk factors, but can also be caused by several drugs, including certain cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. In patients undergoing liver surgery, hepatic steatosis is associated with an increased risk of post-operative morbidity and mortality. This review paper summarizes implications of hepatic steatosis on the management of patients with cancer. Specifically, we discuss the epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, and management of NAFLD, and its role as a leading cause of liver cancer. We elaborate on factors promoting immunosuppression in patients with NAFLD-related HCC and how this may affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. We also summarize the mechanisms and clinical course of chemotherapy-induced acute steatohepatitis (CASH) and its implications on cancer treatment, especially in patients undergoing liver resection.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can lead to cirrhosis with all its complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Chemotherapy-associated acute steatohepatitis is a side-effect of chemotherapeutic agents and may limit treatment options.

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In this review we summarize current clinical concepts of NAFLD and CASH that help clinicians in their clinical practice.

The Effect of Diffuse Liver Diseases on the Occurrence of Liver Metastases in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of diffuse liver diseases (DLD) on the risk of synchronous (S-) or metachronous (M-) liver metastases (LMs) in patients with solid neoplasms. Relevant databases were searched for systematic reviews and cross-sectional or cohort studies published since 1990 comparing the risk of LMs in patients with and without DLD (steatosis, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, fibrosis) in non-liver solid cancer patients. Outcomes were prevalence of S-LMs, cumulative risk of M-LMs and LM-free survival. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We report the pooled relative risks (RR) for S-LMs and hazard ratios (HR) for M-LMs. Subgroup analyses included DLD, primary site and continent. Nineteen studies were included (n = 37,591 patients), the majority on colorectal cancer. ROB appraisal results were mixed. Patients with DLD had a lower risk of S-LMs (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.76), with a higher effect for cirrhosis and a slightly higher risk of M-LMs (HR 1.11 95% CI, 1.03-1.19), despite a lower risk of M-LMs in patients with vs without viral hepatitis (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40-0.82). There may have been a publication bias in favor of studies reporting a lower risk for patients with DLD. DLD are protective against S-LMs and slightly protective against M-LMs for viral hepatitis only.

Baseline liver steatosis has no impact on liver metastases and overall survival in rectal cancer patients

Background

The liver is one of the most frequent sites of metastases in rectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate how the development of synchronous or metachronous liver metastasis and overall survival are impacted by baseline liver steatosis and chemotherapy-induced liver damage in rectal cancer patients.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with stage II to IV rectal cancer between 2010 and 2016 in our province with suitable baseline CT scan were included. Data on cancer diagnosis, staging, therapy, outcomes and liver function were collected. CT scans were retrospectively reviewed to assess baseline steatosis (liver density < 48 HU and/or liver-to-spleen ratio < 1.1). Among patients without baseline steatosis and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemotherapy-induced liver damage was defined as steatosis appearance, ≥ 10% liver volume increase, or significant increase in liver function tests.

Results

We included 283 stage II to IV rectal cancer patients with suitable CT scan (41% females; mean age 68 ± 14 years). Steatosis was present at baseline in 90 (31.8%) patients, synchronous liver metastasis in 42 (15%) patients and metachronous liver metastasis in 26 (11%); 152 (54%) deaths were registered. The prevalence of synchronous liver metastasis was higher in patients with steatosis (19% vs 13%), while the incidence of metachronous liver metastasis was similar. After correcting for age, sex, stage, and year of diagnosis, steatosis was not associated with metachronous liver metastasis nor with overall survival. In a small analysis of 63 patients without baseline steatosis and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemotherapy-induced liver damage was associated with higher incidence of metachronous liver metastasis and worse survival, results which need to be confirmed by larger studies.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that rectal cancer patients with steatosis had a similar occurrence of metastases during follow-up, even if the burden of liver metastases at diagnosis was slightly higher, compatible with chance.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07980-9.

Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Updates and Future Challenges

Chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI), defined as DILI with persistent liver injury more than one year after the first onset by the latest European guidelines, is a notable challenge globally with big issues of defining causality and establishing effective treatment. About 20% of patients with DILI develop into chronic DILI. Chronic DILI manifests as persistent or repeated inflammatory or diminishing bile ducts, even progresses to cirrhosis and needs liver transplantation eventually. However, research on chronic DILI over the last decades is still lacking, and the incidence, phenotypes, mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment have not been fully understood. In this paper, we reviewed the definition of chronic DILI, updated clinical studies in terms of incidence, special manifestations, and promising risk factors of chronic DILI, along with the recent progress and challenges in glucocorticoid therapy.

Liver surface nodularity: a novel predictor of post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with colorectal liver metastases following chemotherapy

OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between liver surface nodularity (LSN), chemotherapy-associated liver injury (CALI), and clinically relevant post-hepatectomy liver failure (CR-PHLF) (i.e., ≥ grade B) in patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CLM).

METHODS

Preoperative CT scans of patients who underwent chemotherapy followed by hepatectomy for CLM between 2010 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. LSN was measured using semi-automated CT software CT images in patients who had available preoperative CT scans within 6 weeks before hepatectomy, and was computed based on the means of one to 10 measurements by two abdominal radiologists consensually. The association of LSN, CALI, and CR-PHLF was analyzed.

RESULTS

Two hundred fifty-six patients were analyzed (149 men and 107 women; overall median age, 61 [range, 29-88 years]). A total of 26 patients (10.2%) developed CR-PHLF. The optimal LSN cut-off value for detecting CR-PHLF was 2.5, as determined by receiver operative characteristic analysis (p < 0.001). LSN ≥ 2.5 was associated with prolonged chemotherapy (> 6 cycles, p = 0.018), but not with CALIs. After propensity score matching, LSN remained significantly associated with CR-PHLF (p = 0.031). Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified LSN ≥ 2.50 and future liver remnant (FLR) < 30% as significant preoperative predictors of CR-PHLF in 102 patients undergoing major hepatectomy. LSN ≥ 2.50 was more frequent in patients undergoing major hepatectomy despite FLR ≥ 30% (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

LSN quantified on CT is an independent surrogate of CR-PHLF in patients who undergo chemotherapy followed by hepatectomy for CLM and may provide a valuable additional tool in the preoperative assessment of these patients.

KEY POINTS

• LSN was not associated with chemotherapy- associated liver injury but high LSN (defined ≥ 2.5) was associated with prolonged chemotherapy (> 6 cycles). • High LSN was an independent predictor of clinically relevant postoperative liver failure in patients undergoing hepatectomy for CRLM. • LSN ≥ 2.50 was more frequent in patients with PHLF after major hepatectomy despite a future liver remnant ≥ 30%.

Combined APRI/ALBI score to predict mortality after hepatic resection

Background

Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index (APRI) and albumin–bilirubin grade (ALBI) are validated prognostic indices implicated as predictors of postoperative liver dysfunction after hepatic resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the combined APRI/ALBI score for postoperative clinically meaningful outcomes.

Methods

Patients undergoing hepatectomy were included from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The association between APRI/ALBI score and postoperative grade C liver dysfunction, liver dysfunction-associated and overall 30-day mortality was assessed.

Results

A total of 12 055 patients undergoing hepatic resection from 2014 to 2017 with preoperative blood values and detailed 30-day postoperative outcomes were included (exploration cohort: January 2014 to December 2016; validation cohort: 2017). In the exploration cohort (8538 patients), the combination of both scores (APRI/ALBI) was significantly associated with postoperative grade C liver dysfunction, 30-day mortality, and liver dysfunction-associated 30-day mortality, and was superior to either score alone. The association with postoperative 30-day mortality was confirmed in multivariable analysis. A predictive model was generated using the exploration cohort. The predicted incidence of events closely followed the observed incidence in the validation cohort (3517 patients). Subgroup analyses of tumour types were used to generate disease-specific risk models to assess risk in different clinical scenarios. These findings informed development of a smartphone application (https://tellaprialbi.37binary.com).

Conclusion

The predictive potential of the combined APRI/ALBI score for clinically relevant outcomes such as mortality was demonstrated. An evidence-based smartphone application will allow clinical translation and facilitation of risk assessment before hepatic resection using routine laboratory parameters.

Prospective study of change in liver function and fat in patients with colorectal liver metastases undergoing preoperative chemotherapy: protocol for the CLiFF Study

INTRODUCTION

Preoperative chemotherapy in patients undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastases (CLM) improves oncological outcomes. However, chemotherapy-associated liver injury (occurring in two patterns: vascular and fat deposition) is a real clinical concern prior to hepatic resection. After major liver resection, regeneration of the residual liver is a prerequisite for recovery and avoidance of liver failure, but this regenerative capacity may be hindered by chemotherapy. Thus, there is a need to predict for this serious complication. Over the past two decades, several tests and derived indices have been developed, which have failed to achieve clinical utility, mainly as they were indirect measurements of liver function. Here, we will use a novel test of liver function (the liver maximum capacity (LiMAx) test), and measure liver fat using MRI.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This prospective study will assess changes in liver function longitudinally, measured by the LiMAx test, and liver fat, measured by advanced MRI using both MR spectroscopy and the modified Dixon method, in up to 35 patients undergoing preoperative chemotherapy for CLM. The primary outcomes will be the changes in liver function and fat compared with baseline prechemotherapy measurements. Secondary outcome measures include: routinely measured liver function blood tests, anthropometric measurements, postoperative histology and digital quantification of fat, postoperative complications and mortality and quality of life.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study was approved by a National Health Service Research Ethics Committee and registered with the Health Research Authority. Dissemination will be via international and national conferences and the National Institute for Health Research network. Manuscripts will be published.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

This study is registered online at www.clinicaltrials.gov (registration number NCT03562234).

The Impact of Modern Chemotherapy and Chemotherapy-Associated Liver Injuries (CALI) on Liver Function: Value of 99mTc-Labelled-Mebrofenin SPECT-Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy is increasingly used before hepatic resection, with controversial impact regarding liver function. This study aimed to assess the capacity of 99mTc-labelled-mebrofenin SPECT-hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) to predict liver dysfunction due to chemotherapy and/or chemotherapeutic-associated liver injuries (CALI), such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) activity score (NAS).

METHODS

From 2011 to 2015, all consecutive noncirrhotic patients scheduled for a major hepatectomy (≥ 3 segments) gave informed consent for preoperative SPECT-HBS allowing measurements of segmental liver function. As primary endpoint, HBS results were compared between patients with versus without (1) preoperative chemotherapy (≤ 3 months); and (2) CALI, mainly steatosis, NAS (Kleiner), or SOS (Rubbia-Brandt). Secondary endpoints were (1) other factors impairing function; and (2) impact of chemotherapy, and/or CALI on hepatocyte isolation outcome via liver tissues.

RESULTS

Among 115 patients, 55 (47.8%) received chemotherapy. Sixteen developed SOS and 35 NAS, with worse postoperative outcome. Overall, chemotherapy had no impact on liver function, except above 12 cycles. In patients with CALI, a steatosis ≥ 30% significantly compromised function, as well as NAS, especially grades 2-5. Conversely, SOS had no impact, although subjected to very low patients number with severe SOS. Other factors impairing function were diabetes, overweight/obesity, or fibrosis. Similarly, chemotherapy in 73 of 164 patients had no effect on hepatocytes isolation outcome; regarding CALI, steatosis ≥ 30% and NAS impaired the yield and/or viability of hepatocytes, but not SOS.

CONCLUSIONS

In this first large, prospective study, HBS appeared to be a valuable tool to select heavily treated patients at risk of liver dysfunction through steatosis or NAS.

Chemotherapy-associated liver injury in colorectal cancer

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have benefited significantly from advances in multimodal treatment with significant improvements in long-term survival. More patients are currently being treated with surgical resection or ablation following neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. However, several cytotoxic agents that are administered routinely have been linked to liver toxicities that impair liver function and regeneration. Recognition of chemotherapy-related liver toxicity emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary planning to optimize care. This review aims to summarize current data on multimodal treatment concepts for CRC, provide an overview of liver damage caused by commonly administered chemotherapeutic agents, and evaluate currently suggested protective agents.

The continuous rediscovery and the benefit-risk ratio of thioguanine, a comprehensive review

Introduction: In the 1950s, thioguanine (TG), a thiopurine-derivative together with azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP), were developed for the treatment of childhood leukemia. Over the years, the use of TG was also explored for other, mainly immune-mediated and inflammatory, diseases such as in the field of dermatology and rheumatology (e.g. psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) and gastroenterology and hepatology (e.g. inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), autoimmune hepatitis).Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive overview of all the clinical uses of TG and describes its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features, and toxicity.Expert opinion: Thioguanine has shown beneficial clinical effects in hematological (particularly leukemia) and several immune-inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, SLE, polycythemia vera, Churg-Strauss syndrome, IBD, collagenous sprue, refractory celiac disease, and autoimmune hepatitis. Thioguanine is not effective in treating solid-cancers. At relatively low dosages, i.e. 0.2- 0.3mg/kg/day or 20 mg/day, TG has a favorable risk-benefit ratio and is a safe and effective drug in the long-term treatment of amongst other IBD patients. Thioguanine toxicity, especially myelotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver, is limited when dosed adequately. The occurrence of NRH appears dose-dependent and has been especially described during high dose TG above 40 mg/day.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Highlights of the Recent Literature

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), herbal-induced liver injury, and herbal and dietary supplement (HDS)-induced liver injury are an important aspect of drug safety. Knowledge regarding responsible drugs, mechanisms, risk factors, and the diagnostic tools to detect liver injury have continued to grow in the past year. This review highlights what we considered the most significant publications from among more than 1800 articles relating to liver injury from medications, herbal products, and dietary supplements in 2017 and 2018. The US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study highlighted several areas of ongoing study, including the potential utility of human leukocyte antigens and microRNAs as DILI risk factors and new data on racial differences, the role of alcohol consumption, factors associated with prognosis, and updates on the clinical signatures of autoimmune DILI, thiopurines, and HDS agents. Novel data were also generated from the Spanish and Latin American DILI registries as well as from Chinese and Korean case series. A few new agents causing DILI were added to the growing list in the past 2 years, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, as were new aspects of chemotherapy-associated liver injury. A number of cases reported previously described hepatotoxins confirmed via the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM; e.g., norethisterone, methylprednisolone, glatiramer acetate) and/or the DILIN method (e.g., celecoxib, dimethyl fumarate). Additionally, much work centered on elucidating the pathophysiology of DILI, including the importance of bile salt export pumps and immune-mediated mechanisms. Finally, it must be noted that, while hundreds of new studies described DILI in 2017-2018, the quality of such reports must always be addressed. Björnsson reminds us to remain very critical of the data when addressing the future utility of a study, which is why it is so important to adhere to a standardized method such as RUCAM when determining DILI causality. While drug-induced hepatotoxicity remains a diagnosis of exclusion, the diverse array of publications that appeared in 2017 and 2018 provided important advances in our understanding of DILI, paving the way for our improved ability to make a more definitive diagnosis and risk assessment.

Hepatic Steatosis After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: Incidence and Implications for Outcomes After Pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the incidence of new onset hepatic steatosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer and its impact on outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy.

METHODS

Retrospective review identified patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and underwent pancreatoduodenectomy from 2013 to 2018. Preoperative computed tomography scans were evaluated for the development of hepatic steatosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Hypoattenuation included liver attenuation greater than or equal to 10 Hounsfield units less than tissue density of spleen on noncontrast computed tomography and greater than or equal to 20 Hounsfield units less on contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

RESULTS

One hundred forty-nine patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for a median of 5 cycles (interquartile range (IQR), 4-6). FOLFIRINOX was the regimen in 78% of patients. Hepatic steatosis developed in 36 (24%) patients. The median time from neoadjuvant chemotherapy completion to pancreatoduodenectomy was 40 days (IQR, 29-51). Preoperative biliary stenting was performed in 126 (86%) patients. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to 23 (15%) patients. Female gender, obesity, and prolonged exposure to chemotherapy were identified as risk factors for chemotherapy-associated hepatic steatosis. Compared with control patients without neoadjuvant chemotherapy-associated hepatic steatosis, patients developing steatosis had similar rates of postoperative pancreatic fistula (8% (control) vs. 4%, p = 0.3), delayed gastric emptying (8% vs. 14%, p = 0.4), and major morbidity (11% vs. 15%, p = 0.6). Ninety-day mortality was similar between groups (8% vs. 2%, p = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

Hepatic steatosis developed in 24% of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy but was not associated with increased morbidity or mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Risk of chemotherapy-associated liver injury (CALI) in PNPLA3 p.148M allele carriers: Preliminary results of a transient elastography-based study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Liver steatosis is one of the side effects of chemotherapy. The PNPLA3 p.I148M, TM6SF2 p.E167K and MBOAT7 p.G17E variants represent genetic determinants for progressive liver diseases. Here, we investigate their association with chemotherapy-associated steatosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospectively, we recruited 87 patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. Hepatic fat (controlled attenuation parameter, CAP) and liver stiffness (LSM) were measured non-invasively before the initiation of chemotherapy (T0) and after at least two (T1) and four cycles (T2). Genetic variants were genotyped using allelic discrimination assays.

RESULTS

In the final dataset (n = 60) patients demonstrated the following CAP values: T0 - 215.0 ± 55.7 dB/m, T1 - 223.3 ± 53.6 dB/m, T2 - 223.4 ± 56.7 dB/m, consistent with mild steatosis. Initial CAP correlated with BMI (P < 0.01) and serum triglyceride concentrations (P = 0.03). Whereas at T0 none of the variants was associated with CAP or LSM, carriers of the prosteatotic PNPLA3 p.148M allele showed significantly (P = 0.008) higher steatosis at T1 as compared to patients carrying the homozygous wild-type genotype [II].

CONCLUSIONS

Our preliminary results show that patients carrying the PNPLA3 p.I148 M risk allele might be prone to hepatic fat accumulation during chemotherapy. Further studies are be needed to validate the clinical value of these findings.

Thermal Ablation of Metastatic Colon Cancer to the Liver

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is responsible for approximately 10% of cancer-related deaths in the Western world. Liver metastases are frequently seen at the time of diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease. Surgical resection is often considered as it provides long-term survival; however, few patients are candidates for resection. Percutaneous ablative therapies are also used in the management of this patient population. Different thermal ablation (TA) technologies are available including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation (MWA), laser, and cryoablation. There is growing evidence about the role of interventional oncology and image-guided percutaneous ablation in the management of metastatic colorectal liver disease. This article aims to outline the technical considerations, outcomes, and rational of TA in the management of patients with CRC liver metastases, focusing on the emerging role of MWA.

CT and MR imaging of chemotherapy-induced hepatopathy

Chemotherapy-induced hepatopathy includes a wide variety of parenchymal and vascular hepatic changes on imaging, including diffuse or focal hepatopathies (i.e. hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, pseudocirrhosis, or sinusoidal obstruction). These changes can profoundly alter the hepatic parenchyma on imaging and result in both false negative and false-positive diagnoses of hepatic metastases and lead to errors in patient management strategies. It is therefore important for radiologists to have a comprehensive knowledge of the imaging patterns that may develop following chemotherapy. The purpose of this review is to explore the broad spectrum of hepatic parenchymal and vascular chemotherapy-induced changes on CT and MR imaging.

[Liver stereotactic body radiotherapy: Clinical features and technical consequences, results. Which treatment machine in which situation?]

Liver stereotactic body radiotherapy is a developing technique for the treatment of primary tumours and metastases. Its implementation is complex because of the particularities of the treated organ and the comorbidities of the patients. However, this technique is a treatment opportunity for patients otherwise in therapeutic impasse. The scientific evidence of liver stereotactic body radiotherapy has been considered by the French health authority as insufficient for its widespread use outside specialized and experienced centers, despite a growing and important number of retrospective and prospective studies, but few comparative data. This article focuses on the specific features of stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver treatments and the results of published studies of liver stereotactic body radiotherapy performed with classic linear accelerators and dedicated radiosurgery units.